IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO.

1, FEBRUARY 2007 441

Frequency-Synchronized Resonant Converters for

the Supply of Multiwinding Coils in Induction
Cooking Appliances
François Forest, Sébastien Faucher, Jean-Yves Gaspard, Didier Montloup, Jean-Jacques Huselstein, and
Charles Joubert

Abstract—The induction heating principle has been successfully

introduced for about 20 years in domestic cooking appliances.
The technical developments now concern the improvement of the
current appliances and the introduction of new functions. So, one
tendency is the design of multiwinding induction coils that are
very adaptive concerning the shape and the power capability. This
paper describes different original converter topologies designed to
supply multiwinding coils, and, in addition, multicoil systems. The
proposed topologies are based on particular use and associations
of zero-voltage switching series-resonant converters. They are all
characterized by a frequency-synchronized operating mode, in
order to prevent any acoustic harm that could result from beating
frequency-interferences. (a) (b)

Index Terms—Frequency-synchronized power converter, induc-

Fig. 1. “Pancake” induction coils. (a) One-winding coil. (b) Concentric two-
tion heating, multiwinding induction coil, zero-voltage switching windings coil.
(ZVS) resonant power converter.

I. INTRODUCTION Section II will describe some original solutions to build a two-

burner module, which constitute the basic subsystem in Europe,
eventually using multiwindings coils, and including frequency-

I NDUCTION heating is now becoming a standard option

in the design of domestic cooking appliances, especially in
Japan and Europe. Because of cultural and technical reasons,
the electronics generators and systems developed for these two
markets are quite different. So, it must be first specified that this
paper will be placed in the European context.
It describes some of the various developments dedicated to
this European market that have been made over the last ten
years, especially by introducing new multiwindings and mod-
ular induction coils. Consequently, one of its major points of
interest is the electronic supply and control of multicoils sys-
tems (the most common system used in Europe is the hotplate
with four burners) or/and of multiwindings coils. The aim of
this paper is to present original topologies and associations of
power electronic converters, frequency-synchronized, able to
give some answers to the future evolutions of the induction
heating cookers, in the way of multiwindings solutions.
In Section I, the main features of the state-of-the-art con-
cerning European induction cookers will be briefly recalled.
synchronized resonant converters.
Section III will finally deal with news topologies of resonant
converters, always frequency-synchronized, dedicated to the
foreseeable future design of “nonlocalized burner” hotplates,
also called “total active surface” hotplate, anywhere the vessels
can be placed on.
II. STATE-OF-THE-ART INDUCTION COOKING APPLIANCES
IN EUROPE
A. Systems
The greatest part of the European domestic hotplates uses
two-burner modules. So, the typical four-burner hotplate in-
cludes an association of two modules. These ones are typically
supplied by a 230- or 240-V ac network, through a normalized
16-A plug, so through a 32-A plug for the four-burner configu-
ration. Consequently, the theoretical total power of a two-burner
module cannot exceed 3600 W. In addition, the most powerful
current burners provide up to 3200 W.

Manuscript received August 30, 2004; revised September 30, 2005. Abstract
published on the Internet November 30, 2006.
F. Forest, S. Faucher, J.-J. Huselstein, and C. Joubert are with the Laboratoire
d’Electrotechnique de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpel-
lier cedex, France (e-mail: forest@univ-montp2.fr).
J.-Y. Gaspard and D. Montloup are with Magtech, 69400 Gleizé, France.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2006.888797
0278-0046/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
B. Induction Coils
The “pancake” induction coils are currently the more typical
[Fig. 1(a)]. They are designed for 20- to 100-kHz frequency op-
erations [9]. In some more advanced products, concentric two-
winding coils have been introduced, with the aim to adjust par-
tially the coil to the vessel size, by only supplying the middle
winding for the smaller vessels [Fig. 1(b)].
442 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2007

(a)

(a) (b)

Fig. 2. Multiwinding induction coils. (a) Elementary square coils. (b) Rectan-
gular elementary coils.

Recently, a new family of induction coils have been devel-

oped, characterized by a multiwindings topology [13]. Real-
ized by the association of square or rectangular elementary coils
(Fig. 2), they allow us to obtain various sizes and shapes of the
burners. They have been operating in some domestic cooking
appliances for a few years.
An important feature concerning the coils is the electrical
modeling that is necessary to realize preliminary studies and
sizing computer-aided, as those presented in the following sec-
tions.
The most simplified model of a loaded burner is the series
circuit. is associated with the total power (losses and
power load) provided to the coil-vessel couple. is associated
with the inductive effect of the coil coupled to the vessel. This (b)
equivalent circuit is a single-frequency model. So, satisfactory
results concerning the power estimation cannot be expected by Fig. 3. Loaded induction coils modeling. (a) Six-parameter electrical model.
using it in time-varying simulation including a converter gener- (b) Comparison between experimental results and model.
ating large harmonic currents.
A more suitable equivalent circuit is given in Fig. 3(a). The
loaded coil is considered as an inductive device whose magnetic
core is the vessel. So, and are the series resistor and the
leakage inductance of the winding, and , , , and
are the parameters corresponding to the flux and to the mag-
netic losses in the vessel, taking partial account of the frequency
dependence for the eddy currents losses. The six parameters
must be extracted by an identification algorithm from the ex-
perimental measurements of the impedance versus frequency,
realized on a loaded coil. These parameters are only available
for a given coil-vessel couple.
Fig. 4. Three switches series-resonant half-bridge.
The graphs in Fig. 3(b) show an example (180-mm “pan-
cake” coil and stainless steel pan) of the good agreement that can
be obtained between the measurements and the model, for the
C. Supply Electronic Converters
equivalent resistor s and the equivalent inductance s of the
loaded-coil, on a large frequency range. Numerous comparisons Because of the inductive behavior of the coil, the supply con-
between experimentations and simulations have shown an av- verters often operate in resonant mode, by associating reso-
erage accuracy below 5% for the peak-to-peak values of voltage nant capacitor to the coil. Various topologies of resonant con-
and current and below 15% for the power (errors can reach 60% verters have been proposed [3], [5], [6], [11], [12], [14] since
with a , model). the emergence of the domestic induction heating. On the 230-V
The satisfying level of its accuracy allows limiting, or to elim- ac network, the more suitable converter is the series-resonant
inate, the first experimental tests. So, they will be systematically half-bridge operating in zero-voltage switching (ZVS) mode (up
employed in the different simulations of the following sections. to the resonant frequency) [1], [2], [6], [11]. Taking advantage
FOREST et al.: FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED RESONANT CONVERTERS
Fig. 5. Control sequence of the three-switches half-bridge.
of the performances characterizing the current 600-V insulated
gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices, this topology leads to a
very good compromise between efficiency, technical simplicity,
and cost. Consequently, it is found in the main European prod-
ucts and the different propositions of the following sections will
include it as a basic element.
In the current two-burner modules, one half-bridge is asso-
ciated with each burner. The main drawback of this choice is
the total power sizing of the electronics that can reach 6 kW (if
the maximal power of each burner is 3 kW), to be compared to
the 3.6-kW maximal power value provided by a 16-A plug. This
question will be approached in one of next propositions.
D. Power Control and Synchronization
The two main control parameters used to adjust the power de-
livered to a coil-vessel couple are, on the one hand, the switching
frequency of the resonant converters (typically, 20–100 kHz),
and on the other hand, a low-frequency modulation (a few hertz)
realizing ON–OFF cycles on integer numbers of ac network pe-
riods (ON, the converter is switching, OFF, all the switches are
in OFF-state). Generally, the two parameters are simultaneously
adjusted in order to cover all the power range required by the
two burners.
This control feature could certainly constitute the subject of
numerous papers but it is not the aim of this paper. It must
only be recalled as here a typical problem associated with the
simultaneous supply of two burners. If different switching fre-
quencies are present in the system, low-frequency beating in-
terferences (a few kilohertz) could appear and be transformed
by the coil-vessel couple in acoustic noise. This is not accept-
able in domestic applications and two options exist to solve this
problem. The first one is the insertion of filters between the dif-
ferent converters. The second one is the frequency synchroniza-
tion of the converters. This second option, more satisfactory but
also more critical with resonant converters, will be adopted in
the following sections.
443
III. FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED TWO-BURNER MODULES
Therefore, in the case of a two-burner module, the design
challenge is to optimize the use of the power available on a
230-V 16-A plug, in accordance with the separated adjustment
of the power provided to each burner required by the function.
The association of a half-bridge to each burner is the most ob-
vious solution concerning this last point but it is not really op-
timal about the sizing (5–6 kW sizing for the two half-bridge,
four IGBT devices).
In this section, original converters will be described. They are
able to supply two coils in a frequency-synchronized mode and
whose topology allow us to reduce the number of IGBT devices
or their stresses and sizing.
A. Three-Switches Series-Resonant Half-Bridge
This first topology only includes three IGBT devices for two
coils (Fig. 4). It makes possible the power regulation on each
coil with the same switching frequency. The three devices can
be held in ZVS conditions in all the power range.
The operating mode is based on a master–slave principle. A
master coil and its resonant capacitor (for example, Coil 1) are
classically supplied by a symmetric voltage square wave, so the
power is adjusted by the variation of the switching frequency .
The slave coil (Coil 2) and its capacitor are supplied by a voltage
pulse, time-included in the previous one and whose width is
variable. So the power on Coil 2 is adjusted by a pulsewidth
modulation (PWM) control mode (duty-cycle D), following the
switching frequency imposed by the master coil. Fig. 5 shows
the control sequence and the succession of the switches states.
To describe analytically the operating mode of this converter,
a simplified , model has been used for the coil-vessel couple,
and a configuration with two identical couples has been consid-
ered. For the first coil, the resonant mode is classical and the
resolution is given in [11]. For the second coil, similar formula-
tions are introduced and lead to four equations, corresponding
to the variations of normalized current and on the
444 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2007

Fig. 7. Control configurations of the three-switches half-bridge .

(a) On the time interval

with

(b)

Fig. 6. Available domains for P and P in ZVS mode. (a) Distribution of The initial and final conditions are obtained by solving the
power versus frequency and duty cycle. (b) Coupled distribution of powers P1
and P2. following:
and , on the
time-interval
two time intervals. The graph of Fig. 5 defines the main param- and ,
eters appearing in the calculus. on the time-interval .
On the time interval The analytic forms of these initial and final conditions, ob-
tained with a symbolic calculus tool, are very heavy and cannot
be detailed here. The resolution gives the complete equations of
current and voltage, so as the power and provided to the
coils, versus frequency, duty cycle, and damping factors. Fur-
thermore, it is interesting to determine the domain of power ,
in which are maintained the ZVS conditions for the three
switches, in case of simultaneous use of the two burners. These
conditions are as follows:
1) , S1 ZVS turn-ON and S3 turn-OFF, ;
2) , S3 ZVS turn-ON and S2 turn-OFF, ;
FOREST et al.: FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED RESONANT CONVERTERS 445

Fig. 8. Examples of simulated operating modes for the three-switches half-bridge.

3) , S2 ZVS turn-ON and S1 turn-OFF, (natural Nevertheless, it can be necessary to have a greater adapt-
operating mode when ). ability of the control and, so, to change the setting of the master
So, by introducing these conditions in the calculus of power coil. Fig. 7 shows the two control configurations corresponding
and , two configurations have been evaluated. The first to the master coil on the high side (Coil 1) or on the low side
one corresponds to identical resonant frequencies for the two (Coil 2).
burners; the second one uses two distinct resonant frequencies, At last, the power control modes using a low-frequency mod-
with . The results are given Fig. 6(a), with an abso- ulation (Section II-D) can be easily applied to this topology, as
lute frequency scale ( k, kHz) to facil- follows:
itate the lecture. The parameters of the burners are 1) By keeping S3 “ON” and by switching S1, S2, only Coil 1
and H. is supplied.
In the mode (curves on the left in Fig. 6(a) for 2) By keeping S1 “ON” and by switching S2, S3, only Coil 2
the two burners), stays often lower than . So, to reach a is supplied.
power domain where , the master and slave coils have The previous study can be only made with the simplified ,
to be inversed (cf., next paragraph). In the mode model and gives a satisfying qualitative-evaluation. It stays
(curves on the left in Fig. 6(a) for the master burner; curves on insufficient to determine accurately the power and in the
the right for the slave burner), the power domain includes the coils, and has been completed by simulations based on the six-
two operating zones ( , ) and the inversion can parameters model.
be eventually avoided. Fig. 6(b) shows another representation The simulation examples of Fig. 8, realized with the model
that defines the accessible surfaces for the couple in of two identical 180-mm pancake coils, loaded by two identical
the two configurations. reference vessels, illustrate the case of two different resonant
446 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2007

frequencies ( kHz, nF, and kHz,

nF).
The observation of the current distribution in the three
switches emphasizes the fact they all operate under ZVS con-
ditions.
For this configuration, the power adjustment of each burner
is very satisfying and the two control parameters, switching fre-
quency, and duty cycle, make possible any distribution of a max-
imal power around 3 kW between the two burners. Fig. 9(b)
shows the power repartition and the good agreement between
the simulations (using the six parameters model) and the exper-
imental results. Characteristics obtained with a basic model
have been added to emphasize its inaccuracy on a large fre-
quency range.
Similar results have been obtained in the various configura-
tions of coil-vessel couple that have been simulated.
Some elements can be provided here about the control part
of the three-switches resonant converter. The scheme of Fig. 10
gives a simplified example of a control strategy that could be
applied to this particular converter, in the case of fixed master
and slave burners (no permutation), and with two different res-
onant frequencies. The control system is supposed to be digital (a)
(digital signal processor or other controller families) and the dif-
ferent control blocks represent functions that would be realized
by algorithms implemented in the controller.
The control strategy is based on the supervision of the cur-
rents in the two coils. They are measured by transformers then
digitalized through analog-to-digital converters [(ADC) block].
The sampling frequency must be up to 1 MHz (fast controllers)
with regards to the value of the switching frequency (few ten
kilohertz).
The control pulses of the switches (frequency and PWM
blocks) contain the information on the state of S1, S2, S3.
So, by neglecting the drop voltage of IGBT and diodes, the
instantaneous voltages and can be easily reconstituted
from the IGBT logic pulses , , and (obviously, with
a delay of a sampling period) and from the value of the dc
supply voltage . In the same way, the switch currents can be
reconstituted by combination of the control pulses with the coil
current measurements. Using these results, two main operations
are achieved.
1) The control of the peak current value and of the switching
conditions, in order to ensure the reliability and the effi-
ciency of the converter, (ipeak and ZVS security blocks).
2) A good estimation of the instantaneous powers then of (b)
the average powers provided to the coils (power building
Fig. 9. Experimental results. (a) Example of experimental waveforms. (b) Sim-
blocks). The estimated power is used to realize the closed- ulated and measured powers.
loops that regulate the power in the coils, from the refer-
ence fixed by the control panel. This closed-loop drives the
frequency generation block (switch S1) and the PWM gen- removing of vessels, inadequate vessels, thermal overloads). To
eration block (switches S2 and S3), the second one being limit the complexity of the scheme, these standard functions are
synchronized on the first one. not represented here.
The security blocks have a preference share on the frequency
and PWM blocks. In limitation operating modes, the frequency B. Full-Bridge Supplying Two Multiwinding Coils
increases and the duty-cycle decreases. The aim of this second topology is quite different compared
Over the basic control of the electronics converters and the to the previous one. It includes two half-bridges, as the typical
power regulation, the control system of any induction hot-plate cooking systems, but associated in a full-bridge configuration
has to include different detections and protections (placing and (Fig. 11), in order to reduce the IGBT devices stresses, for a
FOREST et al.: FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED RESONANT CONVERTERS 447

Fig. 10. Example of a simplified control scheme for the three-switches resonant converter.

Fig. 12. Electromechanical switching of the master–slave configuration.

Fig. 11. Full-bridge configuration.

given power [16]. This solution can only be applied to the supply
of coils constituted of two symmetrical groups of windings, as
those depicted in Fig. 2.
Once more, the main problem is to adjust separately the
power on each burner. To reach that goal, the master–slave
principle is once again introduced. Each part of the master-coil
(Coil 1 and Coil 1 ) is supplied by a half-bridge while the
slave-coil (Coil 2 and Coil 2 ) is really supplied by the
full-bridge. Then, the added parameter necessary for a sepa-
rated power regulation on the two burners is the phase (0 or Fig. 13. “Total active surface” hotplate.
180 ) between the two output voltages and (Fig. 11).
448
Fig. 14. Resonant converters association with commutated dc-link and configuration for Stage B.
The power provided to each part of the master coil is inde-
pendent of this phase and can be classically adjusted by the
switching frequency. Conversely, the slave coil is supplied by
the differential voltage , which is equal to zero for
the 0 -phase value and is a full square wave for the 180 -phase
value. Then, the slave coil power can be adjusted by the respec-
tive durations of the two configurations that could be a multiple
of ac-network periods (low frequency modulation).
The main advantage of this topology is the minimization of
the power sizing that can be directly adjusted to the maximal
power available on the ac-plug. So, one 3-kW full-bridge real-
izes the same function as two independent 3-kW half-bridge.
The maximal current stress on the IGBT device is divided by
two and the losses can be significantly reduced.
As in the previous case (Section III-A), it must be possible
to define any coil as the master one. The scheme of Fig. 12
allows us to change the configuration by the commutation of
electromechanical switches.
In this section, two original solutions have been presented.
Dedicated to the supply of the two-burner module, they lead
to significant improvements of the current systems, either on
number of power devices or on their sizing. They are based on
the series-resonant half-bridge whose good matching to these
applications have been demonstrated for a long time. The fre-
quency synchronization is another of their advantages.
IV. FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED MULTICOILS SYSTEMS
In Section III, the purpose to be achieved was principally
the improvement of conventional current systems including two
or four localized burners. The association of supply converters
using original control strategies with new multiwinding induc-
tion coils is a good example of this working way. In the next few
years, this multiwinding coil approach will probably be the be-
ginning of a major evolution, the design of “total active surface”
hotplates, able to heat a vessel in any part of their area (Fig. 13).
The most natural solution in accordance with this new con-
cept is to constitute a matrix of small coils (for example, square
elementary coils appearing in Fig. 2), each of them being sup-
plied by its own converter. In that case, the elementary-converter
power will have to be lower, below 800 W if an elementary-coil
size lower than a fourth part of a conventional coil is considered.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2007
The concept will introduce some news capabilities, as fol-
lows:
1) The number of vessels on the hot-plate is only limited by
their total size. More than four little vessels can be used, as
well a very large one.
2) The adaptability to various shapes of vessel.
The number and the unit power of the converters make the
design procedure quite different compared to the previous ones.
Consequently, converter topologies or associations, specific to
this particular need have to be studied. In this last section, two
topologies having this aim and once again frequency-synchro-
nized, are proposed
A. Commutated DC-Link
The first proposition (Fig. 14) is a generalization of the
three-switch half-bridge topology (Section III-A). It has some
common features with the switched-dc link or the resonant
dc-link converter topologies that can be found in publications
about soft-switching PWM inverters[4], [7], [8].
The control sequence of the different switches can be deduced
from the three-switch half-bridge one (Fig. 5). The series-res-
onant half-bridges [ , ] supplying the coils operate in
a PWM mode synchronized on the S1 control pulse (constant
duty cycle ). The duty cycles are inde-
pendently adjustable. The master–slave concept is always ap-
plied but the master coil is replaced here by an auxiliary choke
(fixed load), and the ZVS conditions of the switches are
preserved, in any operating mode, by the flow of the auxiliary
current that acts as the master coil current of the three-switch
converter. The value must be negative when the switches
are simultaneously turned-OFF to the end of the switching pe-
riod, that can be summarized by
The current is generated by the group [S1, , Stage B]
and various topologies are usable for the Stage B (Fig. 14).
The options and generate a current with a symmetric
triangular waveform and fixed if the synchronization frequency
is kept constant. The option generates an adjustable current
, whose amplitude depends of the ON-state duration. This
additional current can be cancelled when the used coils are
FOREST et al.: FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED RESONANT CONVERTERS
Fig. 15. Simulation results at low duty cycles.
full-loaded. Then, this stage is adaptive but the counterpart is
the hard-switching operating mode of and . quasi-resonant principles [5], inducing high voltage or/and
The simulation of Fig. 15 shows an example of operating
point, for a simplified two-coils configuration using Stage . The
system is placed in low-power conditions, the most critical con-
cerning the ZVS mode of switches . By observing the , posed. The only difference is an additional clamping-diode
waveforms, the ZVS operating conditions of , can
be verified, despite the positive value of the coil currents when
they are turned-OFF.
B. PWM Resonant Converters
A second working option, natural in a synchronized-fre-
quency way, is the development of resonant converters able to
operate in constant frequency PWM mode. Unfortunately the
resonance principles are not easily compatible with a constant
frequency control. Their mixing generally leads to a no-respect
of the soft-switching conditions in some parts of the power
range, and/or to an oversizing of the devices, two consequences
that degrade the efficiency of the converters. Despite this
difficulty, some soft-switching PWM topologies have been
449
described in publications. In most of the cases, they apply
current stresses on the power switches.
So, a PWM-series resonant converter (Fig. 16), directly de-
rived from the conventional series-resonant half-bridge, is pro-
across the resonant capacitor but it significantly modifies the op-
erating mode. The diode conduction, as the voltage reaches
zero, allows us to keep a negative value of the current coil during
the S2 ON-state, thus to respect ZVS conditions, for any value
of the duty-cycle. Then, a constant frequency PWM mode be-
comes applicable.
The results of simulations of Fig. 16, always based on the
model of a reference coil-vessel couple, show two operating
conditions, with, respectively, low and high duty-cycle. It must
be specified that the electrical stresses on the switches are not
higher than those observed in the conventional series-resonant
half-bridge, for a given power.
Nevertheless, this topology has two drawbacks, especially
critical in case of powerful burners. The first one is the asym-
450
Fig. 16. PWM series-resonant converter. (a) Operating mode at low duty cycle (0,08). (b) Operating mode at high duty cycle (0,5).
metrical behavior due to diode, leading to the appearance of an
average current in the coil, equal to the average current through
the diode. The second one is the added losses due to the diode
conduction.
Conversely, these drawbacks seem widely acceptable for the
low power converters discussed in this section.
Fig. 17 contains some experimental results concerning the
PWM-series resonant converter. Fig. 17(a) clearly shows the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2007
(a)
(b)
large range of the power adjustment resulting of the duty cycle
control, at constant frequency (20 kHz, F). Finally, an
example of electrical waveforms is given in Fig. 17(b).
In this last section, two original solutions, resulting in general
and preliminary investigations about the supply of multicoils
systems, have been presented. Their real characteristics have
to be more precisely evaluated but they seem really usable in
industrial applications.
FOREST et al.: FREQUENCY-SYNCHRONIZED RESONANT CONVERTERS
(a)
(b)
Fig. 17. Experimental results for the PWM series-resonant converter. (a) Simu-
lated and measured powers. (b) Example of experimental waveforms (20 kHz
D = 0:3)
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, after some recalls about the technical context
of domestic induction cooking, different converters topologies
or associations have been presented. They are evaluated for few
years in order to prepare the foreseeable evolutions required by
the induction cooking market.
One important point is the significant improvement of the cur-
rent appliances including two or four burners; another is the de-
velopment of really new systems as the “total active surface”
hotplate. It is obvious that the propositions described in the
paper will not be all applied in the future but it is an R&D ne-
cessity to investigate various ways in order to choose next the
best optimized solutions.
A complementary aim of this paper is to emphasize the very
interesting set of problems that induces this application field,
451
concerning the power electronics part. The opposite require-
ments of low-cost and always more-advanced functions will cer-
tainly lead to industrialization of very original solutions in the
next few years.
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2003.
François Forest, received the degree in electrical en-
gineering from Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan
France, in 1982, and the Ph.D. degree from the Uni-
versity of Paris 6, in 1985.
From 1989 to 1999, he was a Professor in the
Electrical Engineering Department, Ecole Normale
Supérieure de Cachan, and Manager of the Research
Power Electronics Group, Laboratoire Electricité,
Signaux et Robotique [(LESiR) UMR CNRS 8029].
Since 1999, he has been a Professor in the Mont-
pellier University of Sciences, Montpellier, France.
His research activities concern essentially soft-switching converters study from
low-power dc-to-dc stages to high-power PWM inverters, converters reliability,
passive components modeling.
452 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 54, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2007
Sébastien Faucher received the M.S. degree in elec-
trical engineering from Ecole Normale Supérieure de
Cachan France, in 2000, and the Ph.D. degree from
Montpellier University of Sciences, Montpellier,
France, in 2003.
He is currently working at the Laboratoire d’Elec-
trotechnique de Montpellier (LEM), University
of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. His fields of
interest are passive components modeling and planar
hybrid integration for power electronics.
ac–ac converters, and low-power direct drive wind power generation.
Jean-Yves Gaspard received the Ph.D. degree from
Ecole Centrale de Lyon, in 1993, under a work in col-
laboration with Deutch Thomson Brandt, in power
electronics.
From 1994 to 1999, he was a Research Manager
with the Brandt Company before creating his own
company, MagTech, Gleizé, France, in 1999. Since
1997, Dr. Gaspard is the Chairman of the French
Technical Committee 106, working on the Electro-
magnetic field effects on the human body.
Didier Montloup received the electrical engineering
degree in 1986.
From 1991 to 1995, he was with the Thomson
Company, working on electronics and control for
consumer systems. From 1995 to 1999, he developed
industrial detection systems with T2M Company.
Since 1999, he has been in charge of electronics
development for induction cooking systems with
MagTech, Gleizé, France.
Jean-Jacques Huselstein, received the degree
in electrical engineering from Ecole Normale
Supérieure de Cachan, France, in 1988, and the
Ph.D. degree from Montpellier University of Sci-
ences, France, in 1993.
He is currently an Associate Professor at the
University Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, and
is working as a Researcher at the Laboratoire d’Elec-
trotechnique de Montpellier (LEM), University
of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. His research
activities concern IGBTs converters reliability, direct
Charles Joubert received the M.S. degree from the
University of Paris XI-Orsay, in 1991, and the Ph.D.
degree from École Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France,
in 1996.
Since 1997, he has been an Associate Professor
at IUFM, Montpellier, France. He is currently with
the Laboratoire d’Electrotechnique de Montpellier
(LEM), University of Montpellier, Montpellier,
France. His major field of interest is the under-
standing of electromagnetic phenomena taking place
in capacitors for power electronics.