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Simple machines
1. A machines is any tool or object that enables us to do work easily, quickly and
conveniently.
2. There are various types of simple machines:
b) Screw f) Wedge
c) Gear g) Lever
d) Incline plane
3. Pulley is a machines that consists a grooved wheel which can move freely and a
rope or chain which passes around it.
Pulley / takal
4. A screw is a cylindrical object that has a screw thread wrapped around it.
7. Wheel and axle is a tool which consists of wheel that is joined to an axle.
Examples of wheel and axle:
8. Wedge is any tool that has an inclined plane on one or both sides ot its surfaces.
9. Lever consists of a rod that is supported at a fixed point callad fulcrum.
Examples of levers.
Complex macines
1. A complex machines is a tool or object that consists of more than one simple machine.
2. An eclipse of the moon (lunar eclipse) occurs when the earth lies between the sun and
moon.
3. The earth , the moon and the sun are in straight line.
5. The moon will appear dark when the earth block sunlight from reaching the moon.
6. The diagram below shows the movement of the moon during eclipse of the moon.
S T U V
7. When the moon enters the lighter shadow of the earth, a partial eclipse of the moon
occurs.
8. A total eclipse of the moon occurs when the moon passes through the darker shadow of
the earth.
Eclipse of the Sun
2. An Eclipse of the sun occurs when the moon lies between the sun and the earth and the
three of them lies in a straight line.
3. The moon block sunlight from reaching the earth. The moon shadow will cover some
parts of the earth surface.
4. Total eclipse of the sun occurs when the sun and the moon are exactly aligned.
5. The sun looks totally covered by the moon because the position of sun is far away from
the earth.
6. During total eclipse of the sun, the sun looks like a dark disc surrounded by bright ring
called corona.
Corona / korona
7. Only the area that is covered by the darker shadow of the moon will experience a total
eclipse of the sun.
8. A partial eclipse of the sun occurs when part of the sun can be seen.
9. An area that is experience a total eclipse of the sun will become dark just like night time.
Some animals may behave strangely because of this phenomenon.
10. An eclipse of the sun happens for a shorter time than eclipse of the moon.
X Y Z
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste
2. There are many types of waste such as remain the food, chemical waste, glass, paper,
metal and plastic.
3. Waste comes from various sources such as homes, factories, food stalls, market, motor
vehicles and agriculture.
4. Remains of food, plants and animals that are thrown away are called organic waste.
1. Throw away rubbish into the bins provided by the local authority.
2. Sort out waste into different type before throwing them away.
1. Littering
4. Bacteria and fungi cause waste to decay by breaking down dead organisms and waste
material into simple substance. This process is called decomposition.
5. During the process, nutrients are returned to the soil and can be used by plants.
6. Advantages of waste decay:
a) prevents waste from piling up in the environment.
b) Waste returns to the soil as nutrients and makes the soil fertile.
c) Organic waste can be changed into compost by burying in the soil.
7. Disadvantages of waste decay:
a) Gives out poisonous gases.
b) Gives out a bad smell.
MOVEMENT
1. Every object that moves has speed.
Semua objek yang bergerak mempunyai kelajuan.
4. An object which moves faster takes a shorter time to travel a given distance.
Objek yang bergerak laju mengambil masa yang lebih singkat untuk bergerak dalam suatu
jarak yang ditetapkan.
Examples ;
Contoh ;
A lorry takes three hours to reach a destination which is 240 km away. Calculate the speed
of the lorry.
Sebuah lori mengambil masa tiga jam untuk sampai ke destinasi sejauh 240 km. Kirakan
kelajuan lori itu.
2. Friction occurs when two surfaces come into contact while moves.
4. Friction is affected by the type of surface and the weight of the object.
7. Effect of friction;
10. The advantages of friction are allows to walk or run, allow moving object slow down or stop,
enables to hold things and enables to sharpen knife.
.
11. The disadvantages of friction are causes the soles of shoes and the threads of tyres to be worn
out, produce heat and a waste of energy.
FORCE
1. Pushes and pulls are force.
2. Forces cannot be seen but we can see or feel the effects of force.
1. Group animals are animals that live together with other members of their species in a
habitat. They live and hunt for food together
2. Examples of animals that live in groups are lions, ants, wolves, wild, oxen, monkeys and
elephants
Animal interaction
2. Competition occurs when resources are limited between same species or different species
Plants competition
1. Competition between plants occurs whwn there are too many plants growing in the same
area
2. Competition can occur between plants of the same species or of different species for their
needs
3. Plants compete for sunlight, water, nutrients and space
4. Plants get more their needs will grow healthier than weaker plants become stunted or die
2. Dinasour,mammoth, dodo and aquagga become extince because of thr change in the
climate on the Earth.
3. Many species become endangered like tiger, panda, rafflesia because of human activities
such as
Enviromental Destruction