Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
B 3319
Dieter Jundt
Crystal Technologies Corporation, 1040 East Meadow Circle, Palo Alto, California 94303
1. INTRODUCTION 2. EXPERIMENTS
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) has been used extensively in a We measured dispersion for both pure and MgO-doped
wide variety of optical frequency-conversion devices.1–5 LiNbO3 using the minimum-deviation technique. Crys-
Design of these devices and prediction of their behavior tal prisms were manufactured from poled Czochralski-
depend critically on precise knowledge of the indices of re- grown boules of approximate dimensions 80 mm in diam-
fraction throughout the spectral region of interest. Al- eter by 45 mm in length. The growth direction was the
though the refractive indices of LiNbO3 have been studied ferroelectric Z axis. The melt composition that was used
for many years,6–12 most of the data have been limited to to grow the undoped crystal was congruent (48.38 mol. %
wavelengths in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral re- lithium oxide),24 resulting in a crystal of the same compo-
gions. LiNbO3 is now being considered for infrared sition. The MgO-doped crystal was pulled from a melt of
applications,13–19 so there is a need for improved knowl- congruent Li/Nb ratio with MgO added to achieve 5.0
edge of its refractive indices at wavelengths throughout mol. % MgO in the melt.25 The melt fraction crystalized
the transmission range of this material. We have mea- was below 30% in both cases, ensuring high-purity and
sured the refractive indices of congruently grown LiNbO3 strain-free optical-quality material.
from 0.4 to 5.0 mm and calculated new Sellmeier coeffi- The prisms were x-ray oriented, cut, and polished by
cients that accurately predict refractive indices in this standard techniques. The base faces were Z faces with a
spectral range. With the improved Sellmeier coefficients, 2 min. tolerance. The polished faces were perpendicular
we have been able to predict the signal and idler wave- to these Z faces. When the prism was aligned for mini-
lengths for an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) fabri- mum deviation, the light propagation was along the X di-
cated from periodically poled LiNbO3 that conforms well rection, permitting the measurement of both n e and
to experimental observations throughout the spectral re- n o . The optical apertures were 15 mm by 13.7 mm (Z).
gion of interest. The apex angle was measured optically and was 44.941°
LiNbO3 is subject to photorefractive changes in its op- for the undoped prism and 44.980° for the MgO-doped
tical properties, which is intolerable in many applica- prism.
tions. Devices have therefore been fabricated with A Gaertner L-124 precision spectrometer was used for
LiNbO3 doped with various amounts of magnesium oxide the minimum-deviation measurements. We calibrated
(MgO). Only limited refractive-index data of any kind the spectrometer by measuring indices of a calcium fluo-
are available for this material, and the doping level of the ride prism several times and determining the standard
samples and the spectral range over which the data exist deviation. Our data were within 2 3 1025 of the pub-
vary widely.20–23 We have measured the refractive indi- lished values.26 An Oriel Hg-Xe lamp source was coupled
ces of LiNbO3 doped with 5 mol. % MgO from 0.4 to 5.0 to a Digikrom L 240 monochromator to permit selection of
mm and have calculated new Sellmeier coefficients for this wavelength at which the index was to be measured. The
material. near-IR measurements were made with an Electrophysics
hand-held IR viewer. For measurements from 2.5 to 5 Table 1. Sellmeier Coefficients for Congruently
mm the quartz optics of the spectrometer were replaced by Grown LiNbO3
a single ZnSe collimating lens. An IR imaging camera
(Cincinnati Electronics IRRIS 160 LN) was used in place Coefficient ne no
of the imaging optics to detect the refracted beam. Five A 2.9804 2.6734
separate runs were made throughout the entire spectrum, B 0.02047 0.01764
and the standard deviation of the data at any wavelength C 0.5981 1.2290
was less than 2 3 1024 . The temperature at which the D 0.0666 0.05914
measurements were taken was 21 °C. E 8.9543 12.614
F 416.08 474.6
4. DISCUSSION
To test the validity of the new Sellmeier equations, we
performed calculations to predict the results of a room-
temperature frequency-conversion experiment performed
on a congruently grown LiNbO3 device. We simulated an
experiment performed by Myers et al.16 in which a room-
temperature (25 °C) multigrating OPO, fabricated from
periodically poled LiNbO3, was pumped at 1.064 mm and
the signal was tuned from 1.35 to 1.92 mm by translating
the pumping beam over a series of gratings whose periods
ranged from 26 to 32 mm. We predicted the tuning curve
for phase matching of this process, and the results are
shown in Fig. 3, in which we plot the output wavelengths Fig. 4. Predicted signal and idler wavelengths of a 1.064-mm-
of the OPO, using our Sellmeier equations, and compare pumped OPO in 5-mol. % MgO-doped periodically poled LiNbO3
them with the experimental observations of Ref. 16. The as a function of grating period.
agreement is excellent between the theoretical predic-
tions and the experimental results throughout the spec- Sellmeier equation used by them is different from the one
tral range. The largest deviations occur near the de- that we used it is not obvious how to apply their thermo-
generacy point of the OPO because of the extreme sen- optic data to our Sellmeier equation. In the absence of
sitivity of the phase-matching curve to small accurate thermo-optic data in the IR, we calculated the
(,1 3 1024 ) changes in the refractive index. grating periods required for a device similar to the one de-
There have been few frequency-conversion experiments scribed in Ref. 16 but fabricated from 5% MgO-doped con-
performed at room temperature on MgO-doped gruently grown LiNbO3. The results of these calcula-
LiNbO3,and most of those have involved doubling of tions are shown in Fig. 4. The shape of the tuning curve
near-IR wavelengths.33 Although our data predict the is similar to that from Ref. 16, but the grating periods are
results of these experiments well, our study emphasizes all smaller by ;4 mm.
the IR spectral region, and almost all the frequency-
conversion experiments on MgO-doped LiNbO3 have been
performed at an elevated temperature. Although some 5. CONCLUSION
temperature-dependent refractive-index data on 5% We have measured the refractive indices of congruently
MgO-doped LiNbO3 are available,15 they are limited grown LiNbO3 and 5-mol. % MgO-doped LiNbO3 from 0.4
mostly to wavelengths in the visible where thermo-optic to 5 mm. The modified Sellmeier equations derived from
data are strongly wavelength dependent, making it im- these data give an accurate prediction of experimental re-
possible to extrapolate to longer wavelengths without sig- sults for IR frequency-conversion processes in undoped
nificant errors. The only other discussion of which we periodically poled LiNbO3. The data will be useful to de-
are aware of thermo-optic coefficients near the IR is from signers of devices that will use these materials for IR
Edwards and Lawrence,10 but because the form of the frequency-conversion devices.
3322 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B / Vol. 14, No. 12 / December 1997 Zelmon et al.