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I. Endocrine Glands
digesting
b. endocrine – secretions go into blood and ECF hormones regulate metabolic processes
ovaries, testes
placenta
D. Hormone output
1. negative feedback
2. gland stimuli
nutrients - insulin
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b. neural – nerve stimuli – NE, EPI
endocrine organs
E. Hormone receptors
hormone
minutes
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II. Hormone Structure and Mode of Action
very diverse
b. ovaries – estrogen
c. testis – testosterone
d. thyroid – thyroxin
2. activate transcription of specific genes – enter nucleus of target cell and form
C. Peptide hormones – short chain amino acids or large proteins attaches to exterior which
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3. phosphodiesterase degrades cAMP
B. Sella turcica
C. Hypothalamic control
venous system
D. Anterior lobe – called master gland because products regulate the release of hormones by
a. somatotropes—GH
b. mammotropes—prolactin
c. thyrotropes—TSH
d. corticotropes—ACTH
e. gonadotropes—FSH and LH
3. function
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a. GH – stimulates body cell enlargement and long bone growth during formative
years – acromegaly
hormones
e. FSH and LH – growth and development of gonads and control output of sex
E. Posterior Lobe
2. pituitary stalk – bundles of nerve fibers, connect hypothalamus to posterior lobe not
a. uterus contraction
a. function causes cells of renal and collecting tubules to become more permeable
to water
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IV. Thyroid Gland
B. Spherical thyroid follicles with colloid surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells – stores
E. Hormone synthesis
F. Hormone secretion—thyroxin
1. TSH—negative feedback
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c. releases T3 and T4
d. degrades thyroglobulin
G. Metabolic effect
1. hyperthyroidism
a. too much
b. high body temperature, sweating, loose weight, high BP, oily skin, irritable
c. Graves disease
2. hypothyroidism
a. too little
3. goiter—lack of I2
a. enlarged thyroid
E. Sources of Ca and P – Ca – 1-2 g. per day but only 10% absorbed – P – abundant in diet,
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F. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D and calcitonin regulate blood Ca
b. 3 sites of action
2. intestines—increases Ca absorption
phosphate reabsorption
2. Vitamin D
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B. Cortex—3 zones and main hormones – outer layer enclosed in fibrous capsule
D. Cortex glucocorticoids
1. cortisol—main
E. Cortex mineralocorticoids
+ +
1. Na absorption and K excretion – by kidneys
1. androgens
G. Medulla Hormones
3. postganglionic fibers—sympathetic
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4. emotional stress sympathetic adrenal medulla – to release hormones in response
5. flight or fight
A. Pancreas
B. Alpha – cells
1. 20%
glucose
C. Beta
1. 70%
2. release insulin
3. secretion
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b. slower, more sustained release – from synthesis and release of additional insulin
digestion triggers the release of hormones and amino acids that stimulate insulin
release
4. actions
c. promotes entry of glucose into cells and enhances its use as an energy source
e. promotes entry of amino acids into cells and stimulates protein synthesis
E. Diabetes
1. insulin absence restricts glucose uptake therefore secreted in urine – only hormone
2. diabetes mellitus
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a. most common of all endocrine disorders – 6 m in US
b. forms
B cell damage
c. Type II—NIDDM—after 40, target tissue loses responsiveness – not sure why
thought to be inherited, treat with diet, exercise and avoid foods that stimulate
insulin
B. Secretes melatonin
IX. Thymus – normal development of immune response is due in part to hormones produced here
Endocrine System
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X. Ovaries and Testes
B. Testis—sperm, testosterone
D. Testosterone
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