ETAP 5.

0 Workshop Transient Stability

June 25-29, 2007 – Irvine, CA

ETAP Workshop

Transient Stability

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc.

Topics
• What is Transient Stability (TS)
• What Causes System Unstable
• Effects When System Is Instable
• Transient Stability Definition
• Modeling and Data Preparation
• ETAP TS Study Outputs
• Power System TS Studies
• Solutions to Stability Problems

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 2

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 1

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

What is Transient Stability

• TS is also called Rotor Angle Stability
¾Something between mechanical system and
electrical system – energy conversion
• It is a Electromechanical Phenomenon
¾Time frame in milliseconds
• All Synchronous Machines Must Remain in
Synchronism with One Another
¾Synchronous generators and motors
¾This is what system stable or unstable means

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 3

What is Transient Stability

• Torque Equation (generator case)

T = mechanical torque
P = number of poles
φair = air-gap flux
Fr = rotor field MMF
δ = rotor angle

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 4

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 2

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

What is Transient Stability

• Swing Equation

M = inertia constant
D = damping constant
Pmech = input mechanical power
Pelec = output electrical power

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 5

What Causes System Unstable

• From Torque Equation

¾T (prime mover)
¾Rotor MMF (field winding)
¾Air-Gap Flux (electrical system)
• From Swing Equation
¾Pmech
¾Pelec
¾Different time constants in mechanical and
electrical systems

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 6

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 3

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

What Causes System Unstable

• In real operation
¾Short-circuit
¾Loss of excitation
¾Prime mover failure
¾Loss of utility connections
¾Loss of a portion of in-plant generation
¾Starting of a large motor
¾Switching operations
¾Impact loading on motors
¾Sudden large change in load and generation
Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 7

Effects When System Is Instable

• Swing in Rotor Angle (as well as in V, I, P,

Q and f)

Case 1: Steady-state stable

Case 2: Transient stable
Case 3: Small-signal unstable
Case 4: First swing unstable

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 8

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 4

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Effects When System Is Instable

• A 2-Machine
Example

• At δ = -180º
(Out-of-Step,
Slip the Pole)

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 9

Effects When System Is Instable

• Synchronous machine slip poles –

generator tripping
• Power swing
• Misoperation of protective devices
• Interruption of critical loads
• Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs
• Damage to equipment
• Area wide blackout
• …
Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 10

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 5

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Transient Stability Definition

• Examine One Generator

• Power Output Capability Curve

• δ is limited to 180º

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 11

Transient Stability Definition

• Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit
¾ After a severe disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady-state operating
condition without a prolonged loss of
synchronism
¾ Limit: δ < 180° during swing

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 12

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 6

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Synchronous Machine

¾ Machine
¾ Exciter and AVR
¾ Prime Mover and Governor / Load Torque
¾ Power System Stabilizer (PSS) (Generator)
Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 13

Modeling and Data Preparation

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 14

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 7

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Typical synchronous machine data

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 15

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Induction Machine
¾ Machine
¾ Load Torque

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 16

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 8

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Power Grid
¾ Short-Circuit Capability
¾ Fixed internal voltage and infinite inertia

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 17

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Load
¾ Voltage dependency
¾ Frequency dependency

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 18

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 9

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Load

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 19

Modeling and Data Preparation

• Events and Actions

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 20

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 10

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Modeling and Data Preparation

Device Type Action
Bus 3-P Fault L-G Fault Clear Fault
Branch Fraction Clear
Fault Fault
PD Trip Close
Generator Droop / Start Loss Exc. P Change V Change Delete
Isoch
Grid P Change V Change Delete
Motor Accelerate Load Delete
Change
Lumped Load Load Delete
Change
MOV Start
Wind Turbine Disturbance Gust Ramp

MG Set Emergency Main

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 21

Power System TS Studies

• Fault
¾ 3-phase and single phase fault
¾ Clear fault
¾ Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
¾ Critical System Separation Time (CSST)
• Bus Transfer
¾ Fast load transferring
• Load Shedding
¾ Under-frequency
¾ Under-voltage
• Motor Dynamic Acceleration
¾ Induction motor
¾ Synchronous motor
Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 22

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 11

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Power System TS Studies

• Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
Fault Clear fault Clear fault Clear fault Clear fault

1 cycle 1 cycle

unstable

unstable

unstable
stable
Cycle
CFCT

• Critical Separation Time (CSST)

Fault Separation Separation Separation Separation

1 cycle 1 cycle
unstable

unstable

unstable
stable

Cycle
CSST

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 23

Power System TS Studies

• Fast Bus Transfer

Motor residual voltage

1

0.8
Vmotor
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
s
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 24

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 12

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Power System TS Studies

• Fast Bus Transfer
ES = System equivalent per unit
δ volts per hertz
EM = Motor residual per unit per
hertz
ER = Resultant vectorial voltage
in per unit volts per hertz

¾Ttransfer ≤ 10 cycles
¾δ ≤ 90 degrees
¾ER ≤ 1.33 per unit (133%)

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 25

Power System TS Studies

• Load Shedding

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 26

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 13

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Power System TS Studies

• Motor Dynamic Acceleration
¾Important for islanded system operation
¾Motor starting impact
¾Generator AVR action
¾Reacceleration

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 27

Solution to Stability Problems

• Improve System Design

¾ Increase synchronizing power
• Design and Selection of Rotating Equipment
¾ Use of induction machines
¾ Increase moment of inertia
¾ Reduce transient reactance
¾ Improve voltage regulator and exciter
characteristics

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 28

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 14

ETAP 5.0 Workshop Transient Stability

Solution to Stability Problems

• Application of Power System Stabilizer

(PSS)
• Add System Protections
¾ Fast fault clearance
¾ Load shedding
¾ System separation
¾Out-Of-Step relay
¾…

Copyright 2007 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 29

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. 15