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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Potential of Essential


Oil of Medicinal plant Isodon rugosus

Article  in  Journal of essential oil-bearing plants JEOP · January 2018


DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2017.1407677

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Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants

ISSN: 0972-060X (Print) 0976-5026 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop20

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-


bacterial Potential of Essential Oil of Medicinal
plant Isodon rugosus

Iqbal Hussain, Atta U. Khan, Riaz Ullah, Mansour S. Alsaid, Syed Salman,
Sarwat Iftikhar, Gul A. Marwat, Muhammad Sadique, Samin Jan,
Muhammad Adnan & Akash Tariq

To cite this article: Iqbal Hussain, Atta U. Khan, Riaz Ullah, Mansour S. Alsaid, Syed Salman,
Sarwat Iftikhar, Gul A. Marwat, Muhammad Sadique, Samin Jan, Muhammad Adnan & Akash
Tariq (2017) Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial Potential of Essential Oil of
Medicinal plant Isodon rugosus, Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 20:6, 1607-1613, DOI:
10.1080/0972060X.2017.1407677

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TEOP 20 (6) 2017 pp 1607 - 1613 1607
ISSN Print: 0972-060X
ISSN Online: 0976-5026

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-bacterial


Potential of Essential Oil of Medicinal plant Isodon rugosus

Iqbal Hussain 1, Atta U. Khan 1, Riaz Ullah 2*, Mansour S. Alsaid 2, Syed
Salman 1, Sarwat Iftikhar 3, Gul A. Marwat 4, Muhammad Sadique 4,
Samin Jan 3, Muhammad Adnan 5, Akash Tariq 6,7

1
Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
2
Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal, Aromatic & Poisonous Plants Research Center,
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
4
Medicinal Botanic Center, PCSIR Labs Complex Jamrud Road Peshawar KPP Pakistan
5
Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology KUST KPK Pakistan
6
CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &
Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
7
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China
Received 22 August 2017; accepted in revised form 17 November 2017

Abstract: Isodon rugosus is a medicinally valuable herb containing a variety of important secondary
metabolites and essential oil with important chemical constituents of pharmaceutical precursors. The active
components of volatile oil of I. rugosus were analyzed using GC-MS. Anti-oxidant potential of the oil was
assessed with 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Anti-bacterial power of the essential oil accessed disc
diffused method. A total of 19 constituents were quantified and identified with different concentrations in
essential oil. Among which Caryophyllene oxide was 28.99 %. Limonene oxide cis was 26.52 %, (Z, E)-Farnesol
was 17.34 %, followed by 1-erpinen-4-ol 3.33 %, o-Cymene 2.04 while the concentrations of rest of constituents
were between 1.11 to 0.2 %. The investigation showed that the essential oil of I. rugosus possessed significant
antibacterial and antioxidant potential

Keywords: Essential oil, anti-oxidant activity, antibacterial potential

Introduction family is used traditionally by Pakistani practitio-


Isodon is a significant multinational genus be- ners for the treatment of ailments interrelated to
longs to the family Labiatae 1. The species of respiratory, cardio-vascular and gastro-intestinal
this family contain a large number of pharmaceu- complications 4. It is also used traditionally for
tical active components. These species are used the treatment of toothache, hypertension, pyrexia
traditionally as antioxidants, anti-cancer, anthel- and rheumatism 5. The local names of I. rugosus
mintic, insecticidal and as anti-microbial agents 2, are sperkai, phaypush and boi 5-7. I. rugosus is
3
. Isodon rugosus belongs to the same genus and found abundantly in the northern regions of Paki-
*Corresponding author (Riaz Ullah)
E-mail: < rullah@ksu.edu.sa; afridiriaz@yahoo.com > © 2017, Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons
Iqbal Hussain et al., / TEOP 20 (6) 2017 1607 - 1613 1608
stan and northern moderate areas of Himalaya at utilized in pharmaceutical, natural and alternate
the height of 1.5-2.5 Km 8, 9. I.rugosusis charac- medicine, cosmetic and food industries 24, 25. This
terized by fragrant shrub with height of 12-60 cm, study primarily focuses on the Extraction and Gas
having erect stem. Leaves are ovate, opposite with Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis of
serrated margin and ventricle side is covered with essential oil of I. rugosus and evaluation of anti-
dense small hairs. July to September is the flow- bacterial potential.
ering season while in August to October; seeds
of I. rugosus become ripen 10. The fresh and Material and methods
dried leaves extracts of I. rugosus possess An- Collection of plant material and extraction of
thelmintic effect. It emerges a typical fragrance essential oil isolation
and is powerful germicidal, antiseptic and germi- I. rugosus medicinal was collected from
cidal agent utilized in folk medication 11. A rel- Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A sample of
evant organization of brand new leaf extract is plant was placed in Herbarium (Voucher No IG-
used for the treatment of scabies due to its in- 1) after the identification by plant taxonomist Dr.
stant consequence, while for the treatment of Naved Akhter, Department of Botany, Islamia
earache 1-2 drops of this extract are used 12. The College Peshawar. The plant components were
leaves extract are also used for the treatment of rinsed with distilled water to remove of all dirt
rheumatism, hypertension, toothache, and fevers. and extra components. The shade dried plant com-
Branches of I. rugosus have been used making ponents were crushed into fine powder with an
dusters5 , 13. It has been reported that the crude electrical grinder. For extraction of essential oil,
extracts and various solvents fractions possess powdered plant was subjected to hydro-distilla-
significant biological activities including antioxidant, tion hydro-distilled in a Clevenger’s apparatus. The
anticancer, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, phyto- contents (% v/w) of essential oil were anticipated
toxic, antidiarrheal, anticholinesterase, lipoxy- on dehydrated weight basis. For dehydration pur-
genase inhibitory and bronchodilator 4, 7, 8, 10, 14-16. pose, anhydrous sodium sulfate and essential oil
This plant is also used as phytomedication 17. was stored in cool place until further analysis.
The earlier report of phytochemical screening ex-
posed the occurrence of glycosides, terpenoids, Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry
alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, sa- (GC-MS)
ponins, oils, steroids, cardiac glycosides, β-cyanin, GC-MS (Model: Shimadzu Model QP 2010 plus)
coumarins, reducing sugars, diterpenoids, that is, was used for analysis with Column temperature:
rugosinin, effusanin-A, effusanin-B, effusanin-E, 240°C, Electron ionization: 240°C, Interface Tem-
lasiokaurin, oridonin,triterpenoids, plectranthoic perature: 240°C, Pressure: 80 KPa, Carrier gas:
acid A and B, acetyl plectranthoic acid and helium, Split ratio: 1:50. GC program time: 46.67
plectranthadiol 18-20. Its essential oil reported to min, Solvent cut time: 2.5 min, MS start time: 3
be composed of sesquiterpene, δ-amorphene, α- min, MS end time: 46 min, Acquisition mode: Scan
muurolol, phyllocladene, 4-epi-abietal, hydrocar- M/Z: 40 - 500 with 30 m column length, 0.25 mm
bons, β-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, α- diameter and 0.25 μm thickness, (DB-5MS,
humulene, trans-ferruginol, abietatriene, totarene, Agilent technologies, USA). For the preparation
caryophyllene acetate, cubenol, allo-hedycaryol, of sample, 2 mL of CH2Cl2 was added to 40 mg
amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol, (Z)-nuciferol acetate and of sample followed by filtration using 0.45 μm
viridiflorol 9. Herbal essential oils have been uti- membrane filter paper. Using auto injection sys-
lized for diverse purposes 21, 22. Essential oils ob- tem, 1 μL of sample was injected to GC-MS.
tained from plants showed various important bio- The constituents of essential oil components
logical activities like insecticidal, antioxidant, anti- were identified on the basis of retention index (RI)
fungal, antibacterial etc. and has been utilized for using a homologous series of n-alkanes (C8-C30,
the preservation of various food and post-harvest Supelco Bellefonte, PA, USA) under identical
crops 23. As an advantage of bearing antibacte- experimental conditions, co-injection with known
rial property, essential oils have been effectively essential oil constituents, mass spectra library
Iqbal Hussain et al., / TEOP 20 (6) 2017 1607 - 1613 1609
search (NIST/EPA/NIH, version 2.0 g, and Wiley Results and discussion
registry of mass spectral data 9th edition) and by Chemical composition of essential oil
comparing the mass spectral and retention data GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of I.
with literature 26. The relative amounts of entity rugosus showed a total of 19 different analytes
constituents were deliberated on the bases of GC- belonging to different functional groups. The ma-
MS peak area devoid of using a correction fac- jor active constituents of the identified oil were
tor. Caryophyllene oxide (28.99 %), Limonene oxide,
cis- (26.52 %), (Z,E)-Farnesol (17.34 %), Trans-
Protocol for evaluation of antibacterial po- p-Mentha-2,8-dienol (13.15 %), 1-Terpinen-4-ol
tential of I. rugosus essential oil (3.33 %), o-Cymene (2.04 %), Caryophyllene
To determine the antibacterial potential of I. (1.15 %), α-phellandrene (1.11 %), α-Pinene (1.11
rugosus essential oil, Disc diffused method was %), β-Farnesene (1.03 %) as shown in Table 1.
followed and procedure was performed at De- While the minor components of the oils were β-
partment of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar Bisabolene (0.89 %), Germacrene D (0.59 %),
27
. For this purpose, Nutrient agar was used as β-Linalool (0.56 %), p-Menth-1-en-8-ol (0.56 %),
medium. Samples were prepared in DMSO. The Zingiberene (0.42 %), n-Octyl acetate (0.36 %),
bacterial species were spread on agar using ster- Bornyl acetate (0.35 %), Sabinene (0.31 %), p-
ile swab sticks. The desired volume of sample Cimene (0.20 %) as shown in Table 1. The geo-
was dropped in sterile discs in Petri dishes con- environmental factors such as conditions of cli-
taining agar and bacteria. Ciprofloxacin and mate, time of harvesting, soil, irrigation, geographi-
DMSO were used as positive control and nega- cal as well as scientific techniques are the main
tive control respectively. After complete diffus- factors than greatly affect the chemical composi-
ing of samples, the petri dishes were incubated tion of essential oil 12.
for 24 hours at 37°C. Zones appeared after 24
hours and its diameter was recorded as zones of Antibacterial activity of essential oil of I.
inhibition of bacteria 28. rugosus
I. rugosus essential oil was assessed for an-
In vitro Antioxidant activity of essential oil tibacterial activity against five bacterial strains.
of I. rugosus Essential oil at high concentration 90 μL/mL
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed significant anti-bacterial activities
was followed for in vitro antioxidant evaluation against Bacillus cereus, Clavibactor, Xantho-
of the essential of I. rugosus 29. In methanol as monas, S. aureus and Escherichia coil are
solvent, 10 μL/mL, 20 μL/mL, 30 μL/mL, 40 μL/ 17±0.5, 16±0.3, 15±0.8, 15±0.2, 13±0.4 respec-
mL, 50 μL/mL, 60 μL/mL solutions of essential tively. (Table 2). The desired bacterial species
oil of I. rugosus were prepared and to each of were Clavibactor, Escherichia coli ATCC
the solution, 50 μL of DPPH (0.2 mM) was added 739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, Ba-
and incubated at 30oC for 30 minutes. Using cillus cereus, Xanthomonas. A concentration
spectronic 2100 spectrophotometer, the absor- of 30 μL/mL was found to be MIC (minimum
bance was measured at 517 nm taking methanol inhibitory concentration) against all species. The
as a blank while Ascorbic acid as standard. Con- results support the use of essential oil of I.
trol contains all species except sample. The DPPH rugosus for different medicinal and pharma-
scavenged was calculated in terms of percent- ceutical purposes.
age using the following equation 30, 31.
Antioxidant activity of essential oil of I.
I % = (A0 - A)/A0 x 100 rugosus
Where I % is the DPPH inhibition percentage, Table 3 shows results of DPPH free radical
A0 is the absorbance of Control and A is the ab- scavenging assay. Thus it is clear that the essen-
sorbance of tested sample or standard. tial oil of I. rugosus possess excellent antioxidant
Iqbal Hussain et al., / TEOP 20 (6) 2017 1607 - 1613 1610
Table 1. Quantitative results of the essential oil

Entry Name Area Conc. (%) R. Time m/z

1 α-Phellandrene 7373 1.11 8.627 93.00


2 α-Pinene 7373 1.11 8.627 93.00
3 Sabinene 2048 0.31 10.307 93.00
4 o-Cymene 13588 2.04 12.680 119.00
5 β-Linalool 3708 0.56 16.434 71.00
6 1-Terpinen-4-ol 22181 3.33 19.376 71.00
7 p-Menth-1-en-8-ol 3713 0.56 19.820 59.00
8 n-Octyl acetate 2404 0.36 20.365 43.00
9 Bornyl acetate 2331 0.35 21.894 95.00
10 Caryophyllene 7643 1.15 24.376 41.00
11 β-Farnesene 6829 1.03 24.791 69.00
12 Trans-p-Mentha-2,8-dienol 87591 13.15 25.047 190.00
13 Germacrene D 3939 0.59 25.781 161.00
14 Zingiberene 2779 0.42 25.562 119.00
15 β-Bisabolene 5959 0.89 25.650 69.00
16 Limonene oxide, cis- 176673 26.52 26.410 43.00
17 Caryophyllene oxide 193126 28.99 26.817 41.00
18 (Z,E)-Farnesol 115497 17.34 28.049 69.00
19 p-Cimene 1335 0.20 32.549 40.00

Table 2. Antibacterial activity of essential oil of I. rugosus

Tested Micro- Used volume of Essential Oil Positive control


organism 15 μL/mL 30 μL/mL 60 μL/mL 90 μL/mL (Ciprofloxacin)
Zone of Inhibition in mm (taken in triplicate)

Clavibactor 00 04±0.1 09±0.2 16±0.3 25±0.9


Escherichia colil ATCC 739 00 03±0.2 07±0.4 13±0.4 24±0.8
S. aureus ATCC6538 00 06±0.1 11±0.1 15±0.2 21±0.5
Bacillus cereus 00 04±0.5 10±0.6 17±0.5 24±0.7
Xanthomonas 00 06±0.3 08±0.8 15±0.8 26±0.7
Table 3. Antioxidant activity of essential oil I. rugosus

S. No Concentration of Absorbance % DPPH scavenged % DPPH scavenged


μg/mL)
essential oil (μ (nm) by essential oil by standard

1 10 0.062 17.33 21.17


2 20 0.057 24.0 30.59
3 30 0.046 38.66 47.84
4 40 0.039 48.0 59.92
5 50 0.029 61.33 78.0
6 60 0.018 76.0 86.94

Absorbance for Control (DPPH) at 517 is 0.075


Iqbal Hussain et al., / TEOP 20 (6) 2017 1607 - 1613 1611
power. It is obvious from results that the antioxi- the major constituents 34 . Some researchers
dant power of I. rugosus oil increases with in- showed that limonene (2.7 %), α-myrecene (4.0
crease in concentration. Its antioxidant activities %), myrcene (4.0 %), 3-carene (4.8 %),
increases parallel to standard drug with increased germacrene D (20.0 %), spathulenol (21.0 %) and
concentration of samples and standard drugs, Fig. β-caryophyllene (10.6 %), as major component
1. The importance of the above compounds ob- ofessential oil of I. rugosus 35. Consequently, the
tained from I. rugosus to the plant tissue and hu- chemical compositions of I. rugosus scrutinized
mans is still not known fully. Some compounds of in current investigations demonstrated notable
I. rugosus can play role as attractants and phero- quantitative and qualitative differences as com-
mones of some insects. The researchers reported pared to the earlier reported data from different
very different results of chemical composition of global regions of the world. These differences in
essential oil of I. Rugosus. In the past it is char- chemical composition are attributed to the “biotic
acterized by elevated amount of sesquiterpenoids and abiotic factors that greatly influence plant
which is in agreement with the current study 32. growth and biosynthesis” 9. The major constitu-
Weyerstahl et al. reported caryophyllene (22.0 %) ent in current study is caryophyllene oxide which
as active component as the current studied also possessed a number of biological activities such
in agreement showing it main constituent of 28 % as anticarcinogenic, local anaesthetic, antimicro-
32
.Tiwari et al. showed the amount of β- bial, antitermitic activity, anti-inflammatory and in-
caryophyllene (38.4 %) as a main constituents secticidal are attributed caryophyllene 36. These
along with limonene (2.7 %), γ-terpinene (2.8 %), bioactive compounds may provide potent bio po-
p-cymene (3.6 %), α-cadinol (2.2 %) spathulenol tential to the essential oil like antioxidant and anti-
(3.2 %) and germacrene D (23.8 %) 33. Similarly microbial. The identified active ingredients ob-
the same plant collected from different locality tained from I. rugosus were used in the herbal
from Nainital (Kumaon region, western Himalaya) practices. Based on our knowledge and literature
was showing high amount of sesquiterpene hy- survey, this the first report published on the analy-
drocarbons, β-caryophyllene (29.8-36.2 %), along sis of active components of essential oil of I.
with α-farnesene (2.3-3.8 %), humulene (6.6-8.6 rugosus through GC-MS along with its biological
%) and (E)-β germacrene D (25.2-28.2 %), as activates.
100

90

80
% DPPH scavenged

70

60

50 essential oil
40 Standard
30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Concentration (µg/mL)
Fig. 1. Antioxidant activity of essential oil of I. rugosus
Iqbal Hussain et al., / TEOP 20 (6) 2017 1607 - 1613 1612
Conclusion Acknowledgment
The analytical data of essential oil and its The authors are thankful to the support of
biological potential shows that this plant is a good research Center, College of Pharmacy and
source of vital essential oil components which Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud
may play vital applications in the maintenance University Riyadh, KSA.
of human heath particularly in the skin, cosmetics
and against human pathogens if discovered Conflict of Interest
further. Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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