January 2018 Part One

Kids’ News 1 Issue 1– Spring Issue
KIDS’ NEWS
THE NEW NEWSPAPER FOR KIDS
HAPPY NEW YEAR, EVERYONE!
WELCOME TO 2018 EVERYBODY!

The Vash’s poll is open to all. The one rule is put your opinion, not someone else’s.
Think for your self on this one.
We have a very long science article called “Why are we here?” as well as some others.
Now straight to the headlines below please.
THE HEADLINES
©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

THE HEADLINES
Steven Spielberg’s new movie has finally be. The games console is similar to an VR
come out. Ready Player One is set in a or Virtual Reality console today. The main
futuristic world where everything is a character plays on it quite regularly. We
crumbling reminder of what they used to enter the story just as he sits down to play.
be. The only way to escape is to use an Coming out very soon, Ready Player One
amazing games console, the only thing is a 12A and is based on a book of the
that shows what kind of world it used to same name by Ernest Cline .
THE HEADLINES-
Two shooting incidents have occurred in police service.

London. They were both directed at two
children. The first attack was on a girl. A If you are worried or scared about this issue
short while later, it was found that a boy in the world, please talk to your parents,
had been shot in another incident thirty guardians or a responsible adult like a
miles from the first incident. The two teacher. Please remember that these
incidents are rare.
incidents are currently said to be
unrelated. The girl is now dead and the
boy is seriously injured. Any witnesses
have been asked to call in to London’s
THE HEADLINES
A former spy and his daughter has been “One day they say don’t produce it, the
poisoned with a nerve agent produced next day they say they did but destroyed
solely by Russia. Members of Parliament their stocks,” he says.
are agreeing that Russia did poison the If you are worried or scared about this issue
Skripal family. However, Russia claims that in the world, please talk to your parents,
they do not have anything to do with guardians or a responsible adult like a
murder. The Foreign Secretary says that teacher. Please remember that these
their claims make no sense to the incidents are rare.
parliament.

THE HEADLINES THE EDITORS’ NOTE
A lady has been stabbed in Sheffield. The lady, Welcome to the first Kids’ News
at time of writing, is in hospital in serious but newspaper! This is the second
stable condition. Two men have been arrested newspaper for kids predominantly by
as suspects for murder. kids!
If you are worried or scared about this issue in the
world, please talk to your parents, guardians or a
responsible adult like a teacher. Please remember
that these incidents are rare.
THE HEADLINES-
A tradition that has existed for millennia is out of fashion, nobody knows. Unless you
dying out. The wedding ring is being a stud like pain a lot, you could just have a ring or
in your finger!!! I know what you are put a special earing for the ear. What do
thinking: “WHAT ON EARTH!” and you think? Should we stick with tradition
“OUCH!”. It does have advantages, though. or should the wedding ring roll out the
You can’t lose it for one. It does cause a way for the wedding finger-earing? Let us
pain in the neck if you want to take it out, know by email us on
like if you divorce. Why the ring is going blueblackhole@yahoo.co.uk. Thank you.
Good... ...and Bad
The new song, These Something, which was The amount of trees sea. As these are
Days by Rudimental in the top five of the are declining and coral islands, they do
and Macklemore f.t. same competing. CO2 levels are rising. sink under the sea
Jess Glynn has become The sea level is also but it takes
Also, Earth Hour by the
top in the Vodafone
World Wildlife Fund or rising. This means thousands of years.
Top 40 Tracks.
WWF. You know, the that islands like the Both should not be
Also, Justin Timberlake thing with the panda Maldives and the underwater wonders
has released a new logo and has Coca Cola Galapagos are slowly in fifty years.
album, which includes, for a sponsor? sinking under the
the song, Say

Vash’s Vash’s poll: Should kids have

poll phones?
This month, we will discuss about the topic of kids having phones. Please show your
opinion on the website for Kids’ News. We will show the two opinions on this
argument, then you make your decision. Next month, the results will be displayed on
the website.
Opinion
Kids should have phones Kids should not have phones
Benefits Benefits
Kids would be able to contact their parents and be Kids would not be able to use the internet or
independent. This means the parents would not download things they are not supposed to.
have to worry. It also means they can talk to their They would not get inappropriate materials
friends when they not around. Finally, kids could from friends.
do their homework quicker.
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Friends will be able to send them things they are Kids cannot be independent and think for
not allowed to look at. They can use and down- themselves as they won’t be able to know
load things they are not supposed to. where they are if they are lost. They won’t be
able to entertain themselves if they had no
phone and brought no books, toys and the
like.
Choose your opinion on the website’s section for the polls here:

Science: Why Are We Here?

EVOLUTION AND THE BIG BANG
Introduction
This article is about the Big Bang, evolution, and how life was formed. The article will
start with the Big Bang, then how stars form and die, then how life on Earth formed
and finishing off with evolution. I hope this article answers these two questions: Why
are we here? Why is everything here?
The Big Bang
According to the Big Bang Theory, the entire universe was created by the Big Bang’s
occurrence. But what was the Big Bang?
The Big Bang is the main theory most scientists believe to be accurate about how the
universe was created. According to all the current evidence, the Big Bang or some
other scientific beginning had taken place in order for our universe to be created.
Currently, the theory states that the universe was probably born as a singularity for
reasons unknown and before that there was nothing. However, there is ongoing
research investigating whether there could have been something before the Big Bang.
Earlier, I stated that the universe was probably born as a singularity. This might have
made you wonder what a singularity is.
A singularity is what is at the centre of a black hole. A black hole is something that
‘eats’ anything that goes past its event horizon. Black holes are also areas of extreme
gravitational pressure. Black holes will be discussed in more detail later.
After the Big Bang, the universe inflated or expanded (this means it got bigger) then
cooled down. It still is expanding and cooling down today.
CONTINUED ON PAGE 6

WHY ARE WE HERE?
How do stars form and die?

Stars are amazing to look at in the night sky. However, have you ever wondered
how they were formed?
Stars are formed by other stars exploding or dying. The only exception is the first
stars, which were created by the cooling universe.
The next step is for a nebula to form. Then nuclear fusion occurs which means
that Hydrogen becomes Helium, and Helium becomes other elements. These are
elements you can find on The Periodic Table. All the elements up to the element
of iron on The Periodic Table can be found in a sun-like star or smaller stars.
Following the nuclear fusion, a proto-star forms. This is a big hot swirling ball of
gas. What would happen next is that the proto-star cools down and becomes a
star. The remains from the formation of the star would make a star system.
Million years later this star would die. What happens next depends on the star.
For instance, Sun-size stars would get massive, then make lots of hydrogen and
helium, and become a type of star called Red Dwarfs. At this point, all fusion
starts stopping and a change happens in the star. Following this change, the star
has changed from being a Red Dwarf to a Blue Dwarf. After this change, the star
stops fusion where it then becomes a White Dwarf. Finally, it cools and
becomes a Black Dwarf.
CONTINUED ON PAGE 7

WHY ARE WE HERE?
On the other hand, stars the size of eight to fifteen suns or solar masses go
supernova. The type of supernova at the end of a star’s life is Type II. Type I is
when one star in a binary system takes the matter from the other star in a binary
system. A binary system is a group two stars, or black holes orbiting each other.
Type II occurs when a big star runs out of nuclear fuel and it explodes.
Supernova stars become neutron stars. A neutron star is a ball with a radius of
ten kilometres but its mass is roughly the same as the sun! If a person went to a
neutron star, the energy to lift your head there would be like climbing Mount
Everest on Earth.
Black holes form because of hypernova explosions. A star that goes hypernova
must have twenty-five plus solar masses. Stars called Wolf-Rayet stars become
black holes. A hypernova, which is sometimes called a collapsar, is a very
energetic type of supernova. A hypernova is when a centre of a star that is thirty
or more solar masses collapses and forms a black hole. The black hole is a
rotating black hole and it has twin energetic jets coming out of it. It also has a
disc called an accretion disc which is a disc of matter swirling around it. Jets are
parallel beams of matter that comes from some astronomical objects like water
from a hose. There are different types of jets, depending on the astrophysical
situations. However, the main two types are galactic jets and stellar jets. Galactic
jets are believed to have a single source, which is a supermassive black hole at
the centre of a galaxy.
CONTINUED ON PAGE 8

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Whereas, stellar jets have several origins. Stellar jets are produced by young
stars that are still in the process of forming. This takes place in the planetary
nebulae which mark the final stages of evolution for intermediate and low mass
stars, and in compact objects such as neutron stars and stellar black holes in
binary systems. Going back to the jets which were mentioned about hypernova,
these are two stellar jets.
The collapse of the centre of the star (this is the star that made the black hole)
happened extremely fast and that made the outer parts of the star not get
affected straight away. Then the entire star exploded because there were waves
of Ni56, which is an isotope or type of Nickel, that just formed. At the same time,
shock waves would have gone through the entire star as the jets burst through
the star. Astronomers are scientists who look at the stars and make theories
about other objects in space. They state that gamma-ray bursts should
accompany the jets and Ni56. Astronomers do not know how the gamma rays
are formed but they do know that the gamma-ray burst makes a big cone that
people cannot see unless it is pointing at Earth. It would not be good if they
were pointing at Earth because gamma rays are radioactive, and if it hits us,
which it would do if it was pointing at Earth, it would completely destroy a
person or all life on Earth.
Black holes are also areas of extreme gravitational pressure. In the past, people
thought that once an object went past the event horizon of the black hole it was
gone forever. This is not true.
CONTINUED ON PAGE 9

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Dr Steven Hawking made a theory called Hawking Radiation, which proposes this
idea that black hole should lose mass. This means that the positron (which has
negative mass and negative charge) would fall into the black hole and the
electron (which has positive mass and negative charge) would escape. This
means the black hole would lose mass and eventually the black hole would
disappear.
A theory by Dr. Hawking, which is called The Hawking Paradox proposes that the
information which enters the black hole is lost forever. This theory does not
support his other theory, called Hawking Radiation, which was considered earlier
in this article. The Hawking Paradox is against all laws of physics, although black
holes, especially singularities, have been against all laws of physics since they
were made as a theory. Hawking supported this theory for many years until he
said he was defeated by another scientist called Susskind and ended what was
called the black hole war.
Susskind's theory is more complicated. He thinks all the information is smeared
around the black hole. Also, he thinks that the information is copied and stored
around the edge. He thinks that something similar happens in the universe.
Even light can only escape a black hole through Hawking Radiation. This means
black holes are pretty much invisible. How do people find black holes when they
are invisible? People find black holes through looking at objects near a possible
black hole. If objects are getting sucked towards something you cannot see,
there is a black hole there.
CONTINUED ON PAGE 10

Kids’ News 10 Issue 1– Spring
WHY ARE WE HERE?
How did life form on Earth?

The starting point for life is a long-gone star if it still existed would be near the
solar system.
A star- let’s call it Choco1 star- exploded as a supernova. Then the remains of
Choco1 star started to create a new small star. This is the Sun. Now the
remnants from the making of the star become the planets.
The Moon is thought to have been a molten planet like Earth, and astronomers
call it Theia. Then how did it become the Moon? Scientists have a theory to
explain this and this theory is called the Giant Impact Hypothesis. It proposes
the idea that Theia and Earth hit each other. This theory also explains why some
chemicals on Earth are on the Moon. Figure 1 is an artist’s impression of Theia’
and Earth’s collision.
Figure 1

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Earth’s first Era was called the Hadean Era after the Greek God, Hades. It was
called that when there was no life on Earth. It lasted from 4.6 billion years ago to
4 billion years ago (b.y.a).
Did life begin on another planet or did it start here on Earth? Scientists still do
not know the answer to this.
However, what scientists do know is that around four b.y.a in the Archean Era,
microscopic life formed. Then for the next three billion years, bacteria and
archaea ruled the Earth. After the three billion years, complex life forms ruled
the Earth.
In Figure 2, the Geological Time Scale, which is the scale all earth scientists use,
is shown on the next page.
There are many versions of the Geological Time Scale, and Figure 2. just
illustrates one of them.
The first complex life is thought to have evolved when an archaeon and a
bacterium which is one single bacteria, joined together.
The first complex life evolved in the Protozoic Eon in the Ediacaran or Vendean
Period.
When Earth was formed, there was no oxygen. Animals need oxygen to live. So
how did oxygen form on Earth?

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Figure 2

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Prior to the existence of oxygen on Earth, the sky and the sea was red because
of the Carbon Dioxide or CO2.
Cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic bacteria, release oxygen as waste
product. This appeared in the late Hadean Era but became evolutionary
successful in the Protozoic. They created oxygen to 14% higher than previously
in the billion years preceding.
In the Cambrian Period, there was a geological occurrence, that palaeontologists
and other earth scientists call the Cambrian Explosion. No, it doesn’t mean there
was a big explosion throughout the Cambrian Period. It refers to the explosion of
life. What this means is before the Cambrian, there was not really any diversity
between species. At the beginning of the Cambrian, however, there was a
sudden diversity in-between species. This is the Cambrian Explosion. The first
trilobites, ammonites, and belemnites evolved in the Cambrian. The
predecessors of the Ichthyosaurus also evolved in the Cambrian. The next major
event was the evolution of land-based animals. This was around 360 million
years ago. The first animals on land were the amphibians. Next reptiles went on
to the land.
Then reptiles evolved into mammals. So, the first mammals were our and all
mammals first mammalian ancestor. Then some mammals and reptiles went
back into the sea.

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Following this, dinosaurs and birds evolved, then mammoths evolved and the
mammoths go extinct and many more things have happened but I would not
focus on that in this article. Instead, we will learn about human evolution.
Human Evolution
The first step in human evolution is when a common ancestor of apes and
humans evolved into two different paths. One was the apes, the other was
humans.
Then Australopithecus, which is a type of a hominid, went on two paths.
Hominid is the definition of the species of all human ancestors that evolved as
the result of two groups. One group consisted of apes, and the other consisted
of humans. They both had a common ancestor. Australopithecus were the ones
which evolved into Homo and Paranthropus. The group of Paranthropus goes
extinct, consequently, the group called Homo started ruling. Studies show that
there were subtypes of Homo and whilst all the remaining types were extinct
one kept ruling, and this is the only type remaining and currently existing. That’s
us, the Homo Sapiens. To see how Homo Sapiens was related to other hominids,
see Figure 3.
There are some books and websites I have recommended for further reading,
which are available on the Resource List at the end of this article, should you
wish to read these.

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Figure 3

WHY ARE WE HERE?
What is evolution and what is its very important role for us to be here?
Evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin as a theory, and it is now called
Theory of Evolution, or Evolutionary Theory. He proposed it in the name of his
famous book: On the Origin of Species by The Means Of Natural Selection, Or
the Preservation of Favoured Races in The Struggle for Life. It is now published
as On the Origin of Species by The Means Of Natural Selection or On the Origin
of Species.
Evolution means the process when an animal’s offspring is slightly different from
the source of its origin, which is the offspring’s parent in this case. This would
result in a different species or varieties of the same species. Evolution is
completely random. Sometimes, people manipulate how evolution works. For
example, people made wolves breed and killed the ones they didn’t like. In this
way, people made dogs.
Charles Darwin stated, “Owing to this struggle for life, any variation, however
slight and from whatever cause proceeding, if it be in any degree profitable to an
individual of any species, in its infinitely complex relationship to other organic
beings and to external nature, will tend to the preservation of that individual,
and will generally be inherited by its offspring.” This explains how evolution is
also influenced by our environment.
If someone changed one point in evolution, entire species would never exist and
no-one would know that they existed. Furthermore, animals previously in the
fossil record would not exist.

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Evolution means that all life on earth is related. This is because all multi-cellular
or complex life forms are descended from single-cellular or simple organisms.
For instance, multi-cellular life is humans and animals. On the other hand, single-
cellular life is bacteria and archaea (singular form is archaeon).
This means when you eat sausages, you are eating, in an evolutionary
perspective, a distant family member (the pig). This also means in a sense you
are related to Albert Einstein, Roald Dahl and Elvis Presley. That seagull that
stole your crisps at the seaside is an extremely distant relative. This also means
you are related to dolphins, elephants, dinosaurs and those extremely irritating
insects- what are they called? - ah, mosquitos.
But how could and how did evolution make all life on Earth and in the universe?
Are there aliens in the universe? If so, did evolution have an influence on that
too?
It all begins with a molecule called Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). This makes
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA), which is an acid helps cells to make amino acids. These
are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Amino acids join each
other in order to make proteins. Proteins make up cells, which make up your
body.
DNA is what makes evolution happen. DNA can divide and this contributes to
changes in the DNA. These changes are called mutations. When a DNA molecule
with mutations divides, it can cause cancer or make a species be better adapted
for their environment.

WHY ARE WE HERE
Conclusion
This article looked in depth into the reasons to why we are here and exactly the way
we are. It is our past, it is our present and will be our future. This means evolution,
extinction, and destruction of the solar system.
Furthermore, we considered theories of how the universe might have been developed.
The observable universe is fourteen light years long. In 2016, it was concluded that
there are around 200 billion galaxies in the observable universe at the moment. There
are billions of stars in every galaxy, meaning that there could be many planets. This
indicates that there is a high chance of extra-terrestrial life.
According to approximate numbers put in the Drake Equation, there are supposed to
be many alien civilisations. The Drake Equation is an equation created by Frank Drake.
It says:
N = R*×fp×ne×fl×fi×fc×L
N = The number of civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy whose electromagnetic
emissions are detectable.
R* =The rate of formation of stars suitable for the development of intelligent life.
fp = The fraction of those stars with planetary systems.
ne = The number of planets, per solar system, with an environment suitable for life.
fl = The fraction of suitable planets on which life actually appears.
fi = The fraction of life bearing planets on which intelligent life emerges.

WHY ARE WE HERE?
fc = The fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs
of their existence into space.
L = The length of time such civilizations release detectable signals into space.
These things show us that there is so much more to being discovered about the
universe and life.
Resources
Books:
Space, Stars and Slimy Aliens (Junior Edition) by Nick Arnold
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari
The Illustrated Origin of Species by Charles Darwin abridged & introduced by Richard.E
Leakey
Dead Dinosaurs by Martin Oliver
The Incredible Unlikeliness of Being by Alice Roberts
The Incredible Human Journey by Alice Roberts
Websites:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dinosaurs/index.shtml
http://www.classbrain.com/artmovies/publish/article_50.shtml.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9989-timeline-human-evolution/
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/
https://web.archive.org/web/20101027114913/http://dinosaur.org/

WHY ARE WE HERE?
Places to visit:
Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh, Scotland: www.dynamicearth.co.uk
National Space Centre, Leicester, England:http://spacecentre.co.uk/?gclid=CIiO-
vO1-7ECFYcNfAodTT0AKg
Dinosaur Isle, Isle of Wight. http://www.dinosaurisle.com/newhomepage.aspx.
Dinosaur Expeditions, Isle of Wight. www.dinosaurexpeditions.co.uk/
Natural History Museum. Website: www.nhm.ac.uk/
Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Website: www.oum.ox.ac.uk
TRAPPIST-1
In February 2017, the possibility that there are intelligent life forms out in space has
increased because of the discovery of a star system called Trappist-1. Trappist-1 is a
record-breaking star system because it has seven Earth-like planets, six that could have
life and three in the Goldilocks Zone. However, what is the Goldilocks Zone? What is
special about Trappist-1? Read on to find out more.
What is the Goldilocks Zone?
Before reading this section, I advise you to read the fairy tale called Goldilocks and the
Three Bears. If you have read the book, then reading the book again is not needed. The
important part of the story for this particular article is that there is a girl who has three
bowls of porridge in front of her.

TRAPPIST-1
One bowl is too hot, another is too cold and the one was just right. She tastes the
porridge and after finding the too hot and too cold porridge she finds the perfect
choice.
In the following section, to make it easier to understand, I am using Earth as an
example. The Goldilocks Zone is a zone around any star where a planet would have
Earth-like qualities. This means if Earth was too close to the sun, it will be in the Venus
Zone, meaning that Earth will be too hot and if the Earth was too far from the sun, then
it will be too cold. In the above two examples, these are inhabitable zones which means
that no life can exist. However, there is another zone called the Goldilocks Zone and in
this zone, it is not too cold or too hot.
How far away is Trappist-1?
To see how far away Trappist-1 is from Earth, see figure 1. For information about the
units in astronomy see information below Figure 1.
Unit used in astronomy. How far from Trappist-1 is

in the unit used in
astronomy.
Light Years 39
Astronomical Units (AU) 2466402.0064346
Parsecs (PC) 11.957454358
Kilo-parsecs(KPC) 0.011957454
Mega-parsecs (MPC) 0.000011957
Giga-parsecs(GPC) 0.000000011
Figure 1

January 2018 Part One

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Kids’ News 1 Issue 1– Spring Issue

HAPPY NEW YEAR, EVERYONE!

WELCOME TO 2018 EVERYBODY!

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

Two shooting incidents have occurred in police service.

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

THE HEADLINES THE EDITORS’ NOTE

Good... ...and Bad

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

Vash’s Vash’s poll: Should kids have

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

Science: Why Are We Here?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

How do stars form and die?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

How did life form on Earth?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

WHY ARE WE HERE?

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

Unit used in astronomy. How far from Trappist-1 is

©2018 Vashaanth Gowri-Kriszyk and Kids’ News. All Rights Reserved.

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