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TYPES OF RESEARCH

Specific to field of study


Graduate students learn about research methods used in their particular field of study.
Whatever methods are used, there are many resources to support research, and any
number of variations to the basic methods. Choose a method or variation that is
manageable in your first years as a new faculty member to be certain to get your
research agenda underway. Often the biggest challenge is often to get started, so
establish research priorities early on, and create a plan to impliment them.

Quantitative research
Quantitative research is inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory,
measured with numbers, and analyzed using statistical techniques. The goal of
quantitative methods is to determine whether the predictive generalizations of a theory
hold true. We will explore some of the issues and challenges associated with
quantitative research in this section. Seek the advice of faculty members who have
conducted quantitative studies for advice, support and encouragement.

Qualitative research
A study based upon a qualitative process of inquiry has the goal of understanding a
social or human problem from multiple perspectives. Qualitative research is conducted
in a natural setting and involves a process of building a complex and holistic picture of
the phenomenon of interest. We will explore some of the issues and challenges
associated with qualitative research in this section. Look for colleagues who engage in
qualitative research to serve as a sounding board for procedures and processes you
may use as a new faculty member.

The quantitative / qualitative debate


These two forms of research, in spite of the differences delineated above, have many
things in common. They do, however, offer different perspectives on a subject under
study. As a result, some researchers are utilizing some combination of the two methods
that both offer a quantifiable look and a more holistic picture of a phenomenon. The
research question will ultimately determine what methods are best employed. As new
faculty members, be open to looking at problems in different ways, or even collaborating
with faculty who may offer a different perspective on the same issue. Be aware of
expectations in your department, college and field of study to be certain the research
undertaken is acceptable for progress toward tenure.
Difference between independent and dependent variables

The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variables.

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific


experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.

A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific


experiment.

The dependent variable is 'dependent' on the independent variable. As the


experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is
observed and recorded.

What is the difference between null and alternative hypothesis?

The null hypothesis is that the researcher's prediction is not true. The alternative
hypothesis is that the researcher's predicted difference is true. So, the two sample t-
test gives us a way to decide between a null hypothesis and an alternative
hypothesis

Descriptive design of research


Descriptive research is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way.
The three main ways to collect this information are: Observational, defined as a method
of viewing and recording the participants. Case study, defined as an in-depth study of
an individual or group of individuals.

SCIENTIFIC
Scientific research is the systematic investigation of scientific theories and hypotheses.
A hypothesis is a single assertion, a proposed explanation of something based on
available knowledge, for something yet to be explained. One that is subject to further
experimentation.
NON-SCIENTIFIC
That which is not science, or a specific non-scientific field. A body, set, or system of
information, methods, beliefs, and hypotheses (such as astrology or chiromancy) that
does not use the scientific method as a basis for observation, or development of a
theory.
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Case study
This type of research method is used to understand a complex subject. A case
study is usually intended to consolidate or extend existing knowledge based
on previous research by using qualitative methods to evaluate contemporary
real-life situations. Start by defining the research question and selecting the
cases you want to probe.

Observation
This kind of research is used to understand the behavior and characteristi cs of
demographics. Market researchers, for instance, use passive and active
observational research and ethnography to understand the behavior of
consumers in a certain area. Observational research involves the use of
sampling to reach a research conclusion.

Survey Research
Survey research is one of the most commonly used research methods in social
sciences. Researchers randomly selects respondents from a population to
answer a standardized questionnaire, or conduct a face -to-face interview or
telephone interview to collect data to assess people's behavior, beliefs and
attitudes.

Archival Research
This type of descriptive research method uses existing data or records to
answer a research question. It involves content and qualitative analysis of
research material.
PRINCIPLES WRITTING OF RESEARCH PAPER

The importance of writing well can never be overstated for a successful professional career, and
the ability to write solid papers is an essential trait of a productive researcher. Writing and
publishing a paper has its own life cycle; properly following a course of action and avoiding
missteps can be vital to the overall success not only of a paper but of the underlying research as
well. Here, we offer ten simple rules for writing and publishing research papers.
As a caveat, this essay is not about the mechanics of composing a paper, much of which has been
covered elsewhere.. Rather, it is about the principles and attitude that can help guide the process
of writing in particular and research in general. In this regard, some of the discussion will
complement, extend, and refine some advice given in early articles of this Ten Simple Rules
series of PLOS .
Assignment
in
English

Miko A. Ignacio
Gr.10-St.Albert

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