SHIPBORNE RADAR AND ARPA NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 3 BY CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM era ase, FARMS, MRIN. FNL, FCMML, Mi Maro, Principal LBS. College of Advanced Maritime Studies & Rescarch, fumba VIJAYA PUBLICATIONS 2 CHAITRA, 550 ELEVENTH ROAD, CCHEMBUR, MUMBAI 400 071Preface Every author who writs technical book, does so witha ‘enain purpose in mind, 19st a specific oad. This book is intended ot only to make an officer competent in the use of ‘aa, but also to serve as a reference bock that he would like to any wih im at Sa, {have tried to give radar ploing the importance it deserves by devoting acacy al the Book tot. Wok sheets, shang the working of each exercise, have been ineluded so that quick revisions posible whenever desired. In the sccond elton, minor changes have been made in ‘pr I and IM to keep uptodate especially in view of IMO"s Performance Standards for Navigational Radar or sts fied afer Sepsmber 1984, No ehanges have been made in Part TV ~ ‘dar plotting In the third edition, wo new chapters have been added in Par I, namely “Developments in base radar” and “The raster sean display ‘Aew part- Pat V“ARPAY ~has been added. Tis has beon ‘eetonally included ar she end afer radar plating, with sparats index, so thatthe stadent may’ study radar ist without {Wo much information eoming to him prematurely. Minor revisions have been made throughout to incorporate ‘anges contained ia IMO's “Performance Standards Tor Navigational Radar for radar sts ited after 1" January 1999 My gratefil thanks to my colleagues atthe college for their valuabie suggestions. Mumbai HL SUBRAMANIAM, 26" October 2001 [eonrenrs} CONTENTS Part THEORY chaper Page “Abbreviations v 1. How marine radar works range determination; 1 earn determination. Innpevtantchiractersies of radarset—verical beam with honzantal beam width, pul lent, pulserepettion irequenes, wavelength cme itations of radar et —range 4 ischminaton, bearing discrimination, minimum range. maximus range, range acourtey, bearing actracy 4. Some waveforms used in marine radar AC,DC, 23 Squire spike, ato 5. Thesimpe Bock digram. 26 ©. More about te magnewan, waveguide and % * Mure about the receiver the TR el the miner 34 and LO. the IF ample inca and logarithmic ampiiation The cathode ray tube 38 9 Creation, ation and synchronisation ofthe 2 trae he rotating col stem andthe eating Tel system, 197 Basic comtos time synchronised) Ant-cater, 48 range nngs. variable ange marker electronic ‘earn ine. lecuonic range and Bearing ine Basic entols(non-syelvonised) “LO tuning, St ‘i, stferentnter, bans, f= Bosie eeaols(anmuth)~ beading marker owt, 59 pretre rete, electronic bean ine, letronic Fange and bearing ine, mechanical cursor, yr0- Sassoon a presentation mode swith. Fi basen tes Ot sy. 6lconrenrs) Selec. ange selector. cente shift, performance _snonior sale lumina, sanner on 0 Eifiseney of radar se Siting of components ~seanner. display, ans ever motor altemitors riveree pte pas Developments n base radr~Inescan tcohniques, Video rocesed displays, Collision ‘odanoe Markers The aster sean display ~ Piel, TV-ype raster screen, high esol ater seen, user Companson between CRT and Raster sean Aispiys Part INTERPRETATION CCharastentcs of target eight, horizontal se compostion nate of Bee, aspect: some typ detection ange, ‘Weather tects on radar performance — drizzle, fat, hl, now, og sand storms. Somalis or nstandard propagation — normal parneters distance of raat horizon, he there detection range of target sub- refraction, superefacion, ducing. Shadow rea, shadow sectors and Bling sectors ‘The ada eto and the char Susu cthoes inigc echoes. sd abe chs, mle echocs, second Wace echoes. Radar otrference~spoking, sarin [Accesories nd ad ora —refletion plo, adr efectos, Rama, Racons: emparsen between Ramark and Raton; SART. Part HL PRACTICALS ‘he relative motion dieplay — whats snstabised and gyo-sablised dipayss amparson between them: fFente dpays ae 5 7 91 o7 01 108 10 m2 m a8 CONTENTS) ‘The tue motion display — what i sea subilstion: ground stabilisation the controls provided for TM; block diagram ofa TM anit Advantages and disadvantages of RM and TM, ‘The general procedure fr rdar operation <0 sone an heck is efiseny and sth tof Errors in tad bearings ~ misalignment between "Man scanner: misalignment beeen HIM and baring sale: err of paralla:cenrng err dhl evo of the EBL; some other sources of Evo in radar ranges enor of ange rings eror ofthe VRM The radar logbook - its importance: ts four pars: ‘echt deals. operational record log of ‘urges, maintenance records. The paral inex suns: parallel index vechmigues (Conehing remarks on practical ~ radar assisted fines the ange scale ose the importance a he ‘perting mana ir weather practi, Radar and the ellison epulatios, Part IV - RADAR PLOTTING Radar ploting ~ general eas: some definitions. ‘Relative plating (passive derivations) =o find CPA (nearest approach) and ime of CPA: 0 find ‘he course. speed and aspect of target the repore toma othe Master: predic the positon and ‘he apes fa argel at gen ime; 0 find the set and at of cute: constant bearing eases. Exercise | based on this chapter. Answers oenereie I Relative pling action aken by target) —10 desermine the ation aken by a target when given ' series of observations to find the new CPA and 128 137 uy us 182 15 169 10 18 9 1 12feowrsnrs} TCPA when given a specifi alteration, of our or speed or both, by atarget [Exercise 2 based on this chapter, tos Answers to enereie 2, 202 Relative plotting action aken by own ship)—to 204 Sind he new CPA and TCPA when given specific alteration. of eourse or spec o both, by ‘hn ship: resumption of cour and speed performance delay, special not; head reach Exercise 3 based on this chapter 28 Answers tenet 3 ns Relative plating predict action to tke) given 228 a desired CPA, to find the equted aration of oust to starboard 10 porto alterstion of spec the chogeof ation among the possible alternatives: given one oft actions find the der stven an action to ind when resme aur and speed Exercise 4 based on this chapter. 230 Answers oenecie 4 237 Trueploting the basic tie plot difference 363 hetwoenaelative plot anda tue pot; CPA and TCPA fom a tue plot sel and def of cue Seastaiied te plot ground-stablised tue Dot cautionary note: acon taken by target Sci taken by ov ship ead reach: to predic the action wo tke to achieve a deste CPA range: conciding remarks ‘Adsanced problems in ada plating 21 Part V-ARPA Automatic Rar Ploting Aids (ARPA) ua Indes Radar sa Indes 9~ ARPA a4 Appendix IMO recommended control symbals. 335 Appendix >~ Speed tne dtance able 26 RPM SART sc i vaw vRM wu Abbreviations Altemating cent Automate cuter conta ‘Automate equeney coil Automate Rae Plotting Aid Cathode ray tbe Direct cure etre Bearing ine Exuremely high tension Flecronig range and be Fast ume constant. Horizontal eat width Heading marker, High tension Intermediate equeney Knots Kilowat, Light emiting diode {cal eee Metres. Miles (nautica. Megatler Pale length, Plan position indicator, Pale repestionfequeney Pale with, Radio lrequeney Radar horzon. Relative motion Revolutions per mine. Seareh and rescue transponder. Sensity-ime cout True motion Verve beam width, Variable range marker Wisvelenith11 -HOW RADAR WORKS} CHAPTER I HOW MARINE RADAR WORKS 1 Genera description Manne radar” is on instrument of near perfect, synchronisation. It needs no caleslator or computer todo is have fnctons. Range and bearing ae obtained bythe fet that {ch component does a specific job athe corres time. Mane toda consists mini of four unite ~ the tansmiter, the serial or scaner. the reeiver and the display unit. The transmitter sends out short powerful burs of elesto-magnsic ‘ners called pulses, through the seamner specie nuniber ‘of tues pe second, called the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) ‘or pulse recurtence rte (PRR). These pues travel atthe speed ‘Flight (200 meres per microsecond or 6173 micrsesons pet auteal mle) and when they stike any abject (age) in their Duh, they ate reflected back to the scanner as echoes, The Feceiver process each echo and cases ito shoo" up vsilly 6a bright spt called a blip, onthe sreen ofthe diplay un. The display unit has ckular sereen representing on a Seale an actual area around the ship and is called the pan Postion indicator (PPI) because it gives a bird's eye view (or Pan} ofthe postions of targets. The distance represented by the Fadi of the screen cll the range sede in use and thi ean be varie, by a swath, a dese by the observer. ‘The underside of the sereen 8 coated wth a phosphor compound tht glows when struck by «stream of electrons and ‘hen fades off slowly. This slow fading of, ofthe spot onthe Screen, is called the persistence or afer pow ofthe seen and eps the observer fo wew the scren at eee. Tigpomcomning Wp eed