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Unit : Advanced Surveying Techniques

Task : Electronic Surveying Instrument & Software (Task 4)

Student ID : 505772 ENR No. : SKW1468

Candidate Name : G.G.K.S Wimalakeerthi
Date of Submission : 04.01.2018

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 CONTENT

 Use of Electronic surveying instrument

 Benefits of Electronic surveying instrument

 Benefits of the built-in-software on total station

 GPS and their Application

 Use of IT to solve surveying problems

 Reference

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USE OF ELECTRONIC SURVEYING INSTRUMENT
Electronic surveying instruments measure features, orientation and positioning of large-scale objects in
engineering, construction, mapping, defense and other industries. Land surveying equipment assists with
mapping, while construction surveying instruments are used to mark the position and layout of new structures.
Electronic surveying instruments have made life easier for surveyors, who used to do their measurements using
time-consuming conventional equipment such as chains, tapes, compasses and dumpy levels.

Distomat DI 1000
The Distomat is a very small, compact electronic distance measurement device, particularly useful in construction and
engineering works. The Distomat measures distances smaller than 500 meters by simply pointing the instrument to a reflector
and reading the result.

Geodimeter
The Geodimeter is often used for nighttime observations and can measure distances up to 3 kilometers. As this instrument
measures distances based on the propagation of modulated light waves, it requires a prism system at the end of the distance
you are measuring to reflect the waves.

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Tellurometer
The Tellurometer is an electronic distance measurement device that uses high frequency radio waves or microwaves. This
highly portable instrument works on 12 to 24 volt batteries and can be used day or night. Two Tellurometers are required to
measure distances of up to 100 kilometers. A highly skilled person needs to be at each end of the surveyed area to take
measurements. One Tellurometer is then used as the master, and the other as the remote unit.

Electronic Theodolite
The electronic Theodolite is a measurement unit that is used to determine horizontal and vertical angles in a certain area. The
horizontal and vertical readings are displayed simultaneously on an LCD panel.

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Total Station
A Total Station is a light-weight instrument, integrating the technology of an electronic or digital theodolite, an electronic
distance measuring device and a microprocessor in the same unit. It is used for distance and angular measurement, data
processing, digital display of point details and data storage in an electronic field book. The digital panel displays the
distances, angles, heights and the coordinates of the observed area. A microprocessor applies corrections for the Earth’s
curvature and refraction automatically.

Global Positioning System

The U.S. Defense Department developed the Global Positioning System, which is widely used for surveying purposes.
Satellites transfer information about the specific location to a GPS receiver. A surveying GPS receiver will then process the
signals received and calculate the latitude, longitude and elevation of the area. The main benefit of this system is that you no
longer need a line of sight between two surveying points.

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Automatic Level
Automatic levels are electronic surveying instruments that contain optical compensators. This self-leveling feature enables it
to maintain a level line of sight even though the instrument is slightly tilted. After the bubble was manually centered, the
automatic compensator takes over and levels the line of sight.

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BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC SURVEYING INSTRUMENT
The total station instrument is mounted on a tripod and is levelled by operating levelling screws. Within a small
range instrument is capable of adjusting itself to the level position. Then vertical and horizontal reference
directions are indexed using onboard keys.

It is possible to set required units for distance, temperature and pressure (FPS or SI). Surveyor can select
measurement mode like fine, coarse, single or repeated.

When target is sighted, horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distances are measured and by pressing
appropriate keys they are recorded along with point number. Heights of instrument and targets can be keyed in
after measuring them with tapes. Then processor computes various information about the point and displays on
screen.

This information is also stored in the electronic notebook. At the end of the day or whenever electronic note book
is full, the information stored is downloaded to computers.

The point data downloaded to the computer can be used for further processing. There are software like auto civil
and auto plotter clubbed with AutoCad which can be used for plotting contours at any specified interval and for
plotting cross-section along any specified line.

BENEFITS of Using Total Stations

 Field work is carried out very fast.

 Accuracy of measurement is high.
 Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
 Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for temperature and pressure are
automatically made.
 Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-sections. Contour intervals
and scales can be changed in no time.

However, surveyor should check the working condition of the instruments before using. For this standard points
may be located near survey office and before taking out instrument for field work, its working is checked by
observing those standard points from the specified instrument station.

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BENEFITS OF THE BUILT-IN-SOFTWARE ON TOTAL STATION

Distance Measurement
Electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its range varies from 2.8 km to
4.2 km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5 mm to 10 mm per km measurement. They are used with
automatic target recognizer. The distance measured is always sloping distance from instrument to the object.

Angle Measurements
The electronic theodolite part of total station is used for measuring vertical and horizontal angle. For measurement
of horizontal angles any convenient direction may be taken as reference direction. For vertical angle measurement
vertical upward (zenith) direction is taken as reference direction. The accuracy of angle measurement varies from
2 to 6 seconds.

Data Processing
This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor averages multiple observations.
With the help of slope distance and vertical and horizontal angles measured, when height of axis of instrument
and targets are supplied, the microprocessor computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z coordinates.

The processor is capable of applying temperature and pressure corrections to the measurements, if atmospheric
temperature and pressures are supplied.

Display
Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective keys are pressed. The system is
capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical distance, horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations
of two observed points and all the three coordinates of the observed points.

Electronic Book
Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The capacity of electronic note book
varies from 2000 points to 4000 points data. Surveyor can unload the data stored in note book to computer and
reuse the note book.

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 GPS AND THEIR APPLICATION

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space-based radionavigation system owned
by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite
system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there
is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it operates independently of any telephonic or internet
reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. The GPS
provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United
States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

The GPS project was launched by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973 for use by the United States military and
became fully operational in 1995. It was allowed for civilian use in the 1980s. Advances in technology and new
demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation
of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). Announcements from Vice
President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized the
modernization effort, GPS III.

In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because the US government can
selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War, or degrade
the service at any time. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed
contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS
can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and
accurately, to within two meters There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system, China's BeiDou
Navigation Satellite System, India's NAVIC and Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System.

Global positioning system applications generally fall into 5 major categories:

1. Location - determining a position

2. Navigation - getting from one location to another
3. Tracking - monitoring object or personal movement
4. Mapping - creating maps of the world
5. Timing - bringing precise timing to the world

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 USE OF IT TO SOLVE SURVEYING PROBLEMS
MicroSurvey® CAD, built on top of the IntelliCAD engine. You get a complete Desktop Survey and Design
program created for Surveyors, Contractors, and Engineers. No plug-ins or modules are necessary. Complete
Survey Drafting, COGO, DTM, Traversing, Volumes, Contouring and Data Collection interfacing are included.
With MicroSurvey CAD and you get unbeatable functionality at a lower price.

Ultimate and Studio editions let you work with point cloud and LiDAR data sets with ease (including the ability to
automatically extract and draw road lines)! Built on the MicroSurvey CAD Premium edition, it includes the same
rendering engine that is used in products like 3DStudio, Solidworks, Pro Engineer, and Microstation.

MicroSurvey inCAD, uses the same tools and functions as MicroSurvey CAD, but runs as a plug-in for
AutoCAD®.

MicroSurvey embeddedCAD™, combines all the surveying functionality of MicroSurvey CAD wrapped with the
Autodesk®engine. Powered by Autodesk Technology™, embeddedCAD is a stand-alone powerhouse for those that
prefer an AutoCAD environment.

MicroSurvey FieldGenius®, is the most powerful graphics based surveying data collection software available.
FieldGenius allows you to do more in less time by taking advantage of the higher power processors, high definition
displays, and larger memory in modern Windows Mobile powered data collectors and Windows 7 powered tablets.

MicroSurvey STAR*NET, is the most widely used and respected Least Squares Adjustment package. Available in
4 different versions and with numerous data converters, it is the easiest Least Squares with the most understandable
results.

MicroSurvey sells the industry's most powerful, rugged and reliable data collectors. When battery life and
functionality are paramount, we choose only the best data collectors available. Choose from the Nautiz
X8 or Nautiz 10X by Handheld, or Juniper Systems' Archer or Mesa. We also carry the T800 tablet by Getac,
running a cool Windows 8. And, of course, our very own DC5 which flaunts a value second to none.

The MapScenes® System, developed by MicroSurvey, is the premiere software solution for law enforcement
professionals doing crime and accident reconstruction and animation.

Surfer is a Contouring and surface modelling software that is available for windows platfom.

Surfer is used extensively for terrain modeling, bathymetric modeling, landscape visualization, surface analysis,
contour mapping, watershed and 3D surface mapping, gridding, viewshed analysis, volumetrics.

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  Reference

1. https://careertrend.com/list-7168513-electronic-surveying-instruments.html

2. https://theconstructor.org/surveying/total-station-operation-uses-advantage/6605/

3. http://www.academia.edu/15264035/Chapter_09_Total_Station

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