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Editorial
Editorial
I
ndeed, nZEBs will be regulated until 2020,
but the common perspective is already the
creation of a vision towards 2050. Moreover
the Commission is increasingly moving the ques-
tion from the single building level to the building’s
Photo: Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images
A
key role in the design and operation of zero There are basically three aspects that characterize a
energy buildings is played by the systems. It is system for a ZEB. The first one is the need of producing
well known that in the design process, once that on-site at least some of the energy that is consumed.
the energy demand of the building has been reduced up A second aspect, which is characteristic of a ZEB in
to a limit which is a compromise between energy effi- general, is the production from renewable sources that
ciency and financial feasibility, the systems are designed must supply a great portion of the energy requirement.
to reach the net zero energy target (in what way it may This implies the use of systems that exploit renewable
be seen, e.g. site energy, source energy, emissions, costs, sources, with thermal or electric storages and able to
etc.). Due to this reason, latterly there has been a new cope with the variation of the driving forces. The third
generation of systems especially designed for highly effi- characteristic is the increase in the energy efficiency by
cient buildings, Passivhaus and ZEBs able to integrate using heat recovery, new technologies and the principle
different energy sources to cover with the maximum of hybrid system. It is known in fact, that the combina-
efficiency the building energy demand. tion of two or more energy conversion devices and/or
two or more energy sources for the same
Plug loads, Space DHW Space Ventilation
Lighting heating cooling device, when integrated, overcomes the
Electricity limitations that may be inherent in either
9 Air-to-air heat pump (Compact HVAC for Passivhaus)
from grid
Solar
source or device [1].
Natural gas
The energy uses of a ZEB can be summa-
Plug loads, Space DHW Space Ventilation
Lighting heating cooling
rized into:
Electricity 9 C/D units
from & to grid • heating energy for high-tempera-
Solar
Natural gas Cogenerator (ICE, Stirling,..)
ture space heating, at a temperature
between 55°C and 80°C;
Plug loads,
Lighting
Space
heating
DHW Space
cooling
Ventilation • heating energy for low-temperature
Electricity
space heating, at a temperature
9 C/D units
from grid between 35°C and 50°C (radiant
Solar Heat pump-condensig boiler
Natural gas
heating);
• heating energy for DHW produc-
Plug loads, Space DHW Space Ventilation tion, at a temperature between 40°C
Lighting heating cooling
and 65°C;
Electricity
from grid
9
Reversible heat pump HR
C/D units • cooling energy for space cooling,
Solar
at a temperature between 7°C and
Natural gas
19°C;
Figure 1. Classification of some systems for ZEBs as a function of energy • cooling energy for air dehumidifica-
uses (columns) and energy sources (rows). tion, at a temperature below 12°C.
The aspects that characterize the energy demand of a heating systems. In some cases, also the space cooling is
(nearly) ZEB are the followings: required and provided by a packaged system.
• the energy demand for space heating is dramati- Then, due to the small capacities, maintenance and
cally reduced (values can be around 15 kWh/m²a) operation simplifications, integrated solutions are
in comparison with buildings that are in compli- preferred.
ance with the legislative requirements; also the
heating load for space heating is low, especially In the following paragraphs, a classification of some
in zero energy homes (single family houses); of the various new types of systems that were recently
• the heating load for the DHW production is greater developed is presented and some of these systems are
(double or more) than the space heating load, outlined. A detailed review can be found on [2]. Most
concentrated in time but constant throughout of these systems are suitable to single family houses in
the year; north and central Europe climates; on the other hand,
• there is the necessity of recovering the ventila- this is quite understandable since the design ZEBs has
tion heat losses in order to guarantee the high started from single family houses.
performances of the whole building design,
which implies the adoption of a mechanical Integrated systems for mechanical
ventilation system. ventilation
These systems provide the mechanical ventilation
A first consequence of these assumptions is that a together with space heating, domestic hot water produc-
system for a (nearly) ZEB should integrate the ventila- tion and – in some cases – space cooling. One of the first
tion and/or the DHW production into the traditional example of such system has been the compact packaged
Zehnder
HVAC system of the Passivhaus design, that is based the exhaust air and the supply air. Such systems cover
on a air-to-air heat pump of small capacity integrated not only the ventilation heating load but also, to a
with the ventilation heat recovery and supply fan, and certain amount, the space heating load. In mid-season
the domestic hot water production with a suitable water they work in free cooling mode.
storage [3].
Residential CHP
This system is typical of the first Passivhaus and has Many new types of small size CHP for residential
the characteristic of using the air loop of the ventila- applications were recently developed, especially by
tion system to cover the remaining heat load of the manufacturers of boilers, and a valid alternative to
spaces, which in some cases may be a limitation. More traditional internal combustion engines CHP that are
recently, in fact, systems that are similar in its general available on medium sizes, are the external combus-
concept to the first one but that can provide also a tion Stirling engines. This is because they have small
hydronic heating (hot water at moderate temperature capacities (their typical size is 1 kW of electricity
for radiant space heating) were manufactured. The – with an electric efficiency of 15% – 6 kW of heat
heating capacity of the air side is around 2 kW while – with a thermal efficiency of 80% – and a 6–20 kW
the heating capacity of the hydronic circuit is around of additional heating capacity of the gas burner),
or below 10 kW. they run quietly and can be installed close to living
spaces, have less emissions and can possibly make use
If not integrated with the DHW and space heating, of thermal wastes. As can be seen in Figure 4, they
centralized mechanical ventilation units must be used. appear as standard households’ equipment or boilers.
These can have a supplementary electric heating for However the use of a CHP, even though of a small
air heating, can be equipped with a static or a rotary size, into a ZEB should be always carefully evaluated
heat exchanger and, for cooling purposes, can have a because the feasibility of such systems strictly depends
water coil installed on the primary air duct. A further on the running hours, on the feed-in tariff for the
configuration of these centralized units is the one electricity produced and exported outside the ZEB,
equipped with reversible heat pumps working between and on the sizing.
Figure 3. Schematic of an integrated system for ventilation, DHW production and hydronic space heating.
Baxi
production) and a controller. Lower coils receive heat
from solar thermal, heat pumps or heat recovery from Figure 4. An example of a Stirling Engine CHP in a
chillers condensers; intermediate coils receive heat from residential building.
biomass boilers; upper coils produce DHW. Depending
on the circuit, source sides and use sides can be connected ately sized and the problem of legionella should be
hydraulically or by means of a heat exchanger. These addressed;
storages rely on the thermal stratification of the water • a DWH storage with an external heat exchanger:
volume in order to improve the storage efficiency. the storage volume is designed on the DHW
requirement, the external heat exchanger allows
Heat pumps and the problem of the higher efficiency while there are two pumps and
DHW production still the problem of legionella;
In many cases, the heat pump is the preferred choice for • a water storage and an instantaneous heat exchanger
a ZEB. Without entering into the various types of heat for the DHW production: in this case the storage
pumps that can be adopted (air-to-air, water-to-water, volume is larger, there are always two pumps, but
ground source, but also condensing boiler-heat pumps, no risk of legionella proliferation.
gas absorption and gas engine), and into the calcula-
tions and feasibility studies necessary for each case, the Conclusions
main advantages of heat pumps are the possibility to be Systems for ZEBs are usually integrated. The optimisa-
used for space heating and cooling, the possibility of tion of their potential benefits requires a whole building
producing DHW from heat recovery, the integration approach, implemented since the design concept stage
with solar thermal system and the good performance at until the final design. To do this, appropriate manufac-
part loads. A monographic number of REHVA Journal turer data should be made available in order to perform
(5/2014) was recently devoted on heat pumps for ZEB. detailed calculations of the energy performance of the
It is interesting to note here that the main problem to system. Currently, only synthetic data are usually avail-
be faced when installing a heat pump for space heating able from manufacturers (e.g., design efficiencies, mean
into a ZEB is the production of the DHW. seasonal efficiencies calculated at reference conditions,
etc.). This seems the greatest challenge facing up multi-
Due to the many peculiarities of the DHW production energy system in the near future. Their spreading on
within a ZEB context, such as the high thermal levels, the market will depend on the capacity to minimise the
the high design heating load (e.g. 18 kW for 10 l/min mismatch between expected (design) and real (moni-
with a delta temperature 15°C - 40°C, the problems tored) energy performances.
related to the proliferation of legionella and last but not
least the integration with renewable sources, if electric
References
heat pumps are used, the instantaneous production is
[1] J. Manwell, Hybrid Systems, Encyclopaedia of Energy, Elsevier
not feasible and a storage volume is necessary to level
the loads. The storage volume also allows adequate [2] E. Fabrizio, F. Seguro, M. Filippi, Integrated systems for HVAC
temperatures for both use and source (heat pumps) and DHW production for Zero Energy Buildings, Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 40 (2014) 515-541.
sides. Basically, three plant schemes can be designed:
[3] W. Feist, J. Schnieders, V. Dorer, A. Haas, Re-inventing air
heating: convenient and comfortable within the frame
• a DWH storage with an internal coil (water
of the Passive House concept, Energy and Buildings 37
heater): the storage volume is designed on the (2005) 1186-1203.
DHW requirement, the coil should be appropri-
Belimo
The full length version of this article is available at www.rehva.eu > Publications & Resources > HVAC Journal
Heat pumps are ever more frequently is explained in more detail in the following paragraphs,
being used as single generators in heating since you can only ensure complete reliability in every
systems without being coupled to an situation by increasing the number of generators.
emergency boiler. Reliability becomes a
primary requirement to achieve without HP requirements in heating systems
limiting energy efficiency. The best solution The widespread distribution of heat pumps as single
is represented by modular systems that are generators in heating systems has mainly been in new,
able to maximise seasonal energy indices, rather isolated buildings, thus having limited unit loads.
both with summer and winter operation, thus This has enabled the use of low temperature terminals
assuring the same reliability of a system with such as fan coil units and, especially, radiant systems.
multiple generators. However, in order to extend the use of these types of
generators and benefit from their energy efficiency to
Keywords: heat pumps, modular heat reach the targets of 20-20-20, it is also compulsory to
pumps, energy efficiency, renewable work with radiators, which were the most commonly
energies. used terminals in heating systems in the past.
H
eat pumps are generators more complex than New buildings and buildings to restore
boilers or traditional cooling units without There are tens of thousands of buildings to restore
cycle inversion. The complex nature is not to in Europe, the majority of which are residential. The
be considered a defect, if you are able to manage it, nor energy challenge of the future will be in renovating
is it synonymous with poor reliability. existing buildings, and the winner will be the one who
proposes system-engineering technologies that can be
However, the spread of heat pumps in heating systems is installed with minimal interventions. Therefore, if you
very low compared to boilers, and the number of techni- really want to promote the technology of heat pumps,
cians able to intervene rapidly on any malfunction, even they must be designed to also work with radiators.
the most trivial, is still relatively limited. To assure the
unit operating in any situation many designers choose Terminal power supply temperature
double cooling circuit heat pumps, each equipped with A floor radiating system requires water input tempera-
an individual compressor in order to provide sufficient tures between 35°C and 40°C, a radiator system built
redundancy. It is unfortunately a poor solution, which in the 70s was designed with input temperatures higher
Performance of heat
pumps in accordance with
the temperature of
thermal sources
Figure 2 shows the winter
performance of a full load
air hydronic heat pump in
accordance with the temper-
ature of thermal sources, or
according to the change in
outdoor air temperature and
the produced water tempera-
ture. The produced water
temperature affects COP,
however, it is practically
insignificant with regard to
the power capacity.
Figure 4. COP variation on percentage variation of the load (outdoor air temperature 7°C, produced water tempera-
ture 45°C), depending on the cooling circuit partialisation and the content of water (CW).
Total performance of COP during winter months EER performance during the summer season
Figure 5 summarises what has been reported up to this Performance of the EER energy efficiency index during
point, since it shows the performance of different types the summer season is very similar to that described
of heat pumps considering the presence, or otherwise, of for winter operation (Bacigalupo et al, 2000; Vio,
software able to adjust the produced water temperature 2006).
required by the terminals, both with regard to the outdoor
air temperature and the defrost cycles (highlighted by the Advantage of modular systems
discontinuity of the curves). The content of water in the The best solution is represented by modular systems
system was considered high and humidity of outdoor air that are able to maximise seasonal energy indices, both
was always considered equivalent to 80%. In any case, with summer and winter operation, thus assuring the
the best performance is always obtained by modular same reliability of a system with multiple generators.
systems described in the following paragraph 4.
Figure 6. Example of separate production of domestic hot water and hot/cold water for the system.
of Table 2 helps us to understand the energy advantages is to work on energy efficiency, especially by optimising
of a modular system compared to the other types of heat performance of heat pumps in partialisation and using
pumps. software that is able to reduce the temperature of water
production according to actual system requirements.
The energy advantages are also translated into economic Similarly, if the heat pump is to be the only generator
advantages, as shown in Table 3. As we can note, present, it must be completely reliable under any oper-
economic savings are always very high with radiator ating condition: modular systems are the best solution
systems, especially thanks to the ability of modular to fulfil these requirements.
systems to produce water at the precise requested
temperature of the system.
References
It is interesting to point out how modular systems 1. M. Albieri, L. Cecchinato, A. Beghi, C. Bodo, 2007
in Rome and Catania, which are applied to radiator “Nuovo algoritmo per l’efficienza energetica”, CDA
article no.9 October 2007, pp 52 - 58.
systems, obtain better economic results compared to
heat pumps without logic adjustment AFP (also with 2. E. Bacigalupo, C. Vecchio, M. Vio, M. Vizzotto, 2000
“L’efficienza media ponderata dei gruppi frigoriferi a
inverters) connected to radiant systems.
compressione: la proposta AICARR per un metodo di
calcolo”, Milan AICARR convention proceedings.
This shows that it is possible to save energy and money
3. M. Vio, 2006: “La frontiera dell’efficienza energetica:
without substantial initial investments, especially when il comportamento dei gruppi frigoriferi condensati
considering that the cost of a modular system is in line ad aria ai carichi parziali” Milan Aicarr convention
with that of a monobloc unit having the same power, proceedings, March 2006: “Tecnologie, Norme,
thus leaving the existing system unchanged or, at most, Mercato: Responsabilità, Rischi e Opportunità “, pp 113
changing them with new radiators. – 160.
4. M. Vio, D. Danieli 2008: “Le centrali frigorifere”, Delfino
Conclusions Publishing, second edition.
The diffusion of heat pumps in heating systems has just 5. M. Vio, M. Rigo 2010: “Impianti idronici e sistemi VRF-
begun and may be successful if the products proposed VRV: un confronto ragionato in 70 domande”, Delfino
by manufacturers can be also fitted onto traditional Publishing, questions from 18 to 23.
radiator systems. Memory has shown how important it
Energy performance of
radiators with parallel and
serial connected panels
This study reports measurement and simulation results for radiators with
parallel and serial connected panels conducted to quantify a possible
energy saving of Serial radiator. The effect of radiant temperature
was possible to see, but in terms of energy savings there was no
considerable difference between studied radiators. The results do not
support previous claims of about 10% energy saving.
E
Tallinn University of mission losses of heat emitters are The motivation was to show which differ-
Technology important topic especially in the case ences can be measured in the laboratory
mikk.maivel@ttu.ee of low energy buildings. It is reported and how these can be generalized to annual
that radiators with serial connected panels energy performance of conventional and
can provide 11% energy saving (Therm low temperature radiator systems.
X2 technology) and this has been argued
Martin Konzelmann with up to 100% higher radiation heat The limitation of the heat emission
WTP Wärmetechnische transfer and also shorter heating up time standard EN15316-2.1: 2007 is that the
Prüfgesellschaft mbH of radiator. In the case of serial connected calculation procedure is fully based on air
mailbox@WTP-Berlin.de panels, the hot water flows first through temperature. In reality different radiators
the front (room-side) panel and then to the have some effect on radiant temperature
back (wall side) panel, Figure 1. The cooled and the operative temperature is the basic
water then returns to the heating pipework. parameter of thermal comfort standard
The idea of serial connection is to increase ISO 7730:2005. The operative tempera-
the room side surface temperature of the ture is calculated as an average of air and
radiator which will increase radiation heat means radiant temperature and is the
transfer and operative temperature. temperature a human being is sensing. For
exact comparison, the measurements and
The objective of this study was to quantify simulations are needed to be conducted at
the effect of parallel and serial connected the same operative temperature, which was
Jarek Kurnitski radiator panels on emission losses and taken into account in this study.
Tallinn University of energy use with controlled laboratory
Technology measurements and dynamic simulation. Heat output and temperature
jarek.kurnitski@ttu.ee measurements
Heat emissions of two radiators were
measured in the test chamber with cooled
surfaces conforming EN 442-2:2003
requirements. The radiators were 2-panel
Figure 1. Studied radiator types with radiators physically of the same size, 0.6 m
parallel and serial connected panels. height and 1.4 m length, with parallel and
Table 2. Simulation results of EN 442-2 test room described Serial radiator provided heating energy saving of 0.7%
in Ch. 2.3. All values at −22°C outdoor temperature. and slightly higher front panel surface temperature as
shown in Figure 8.
Parallel Serial
Flow temperature, °C 50.0 57.6 Conclusions
Return temperature, °C 39.8 43.4 • Laboratory measurements showed in the first test
Front panel surface temperature, °C 39.8 44.1
3% lower and in the second test 3% higher heat
Rear panel surface temperature, °C 39.8 44.1
emission of Serial radiator. The differences between
Air temperature, °C 20.69 20.58
the tests were higher than the declared accuracy of
Front panel qfront , W 178.7 227.1
the EN 442-2 test room of ±1% and were caused
Convection qcr , W 624.7 576.2
Back side qb , W 0 0
by very small but continues swings in water flow
Total heat output qtot , W 803.4 803.3 rates and temperatures. The measurement setup
used did not reached the complete steady state and
was not able to quantify the differences between
Table 3. Simulation results of a residential room tested radiators, however indicating that these
described in Ch. 2.3. All values are at -22°C outdoor differences were very small if they existed at all.
temperature, except the annual energy use. • Simulated results of EN 442-2 test room with
front panel surface temperatures of radiators iden-
Parallel Serial tical to the measured values showed 0.11°C lower
Flow temperature, °C 53.0 58.7
air temperature in the case of Serial radiator, but
Return temperature, °C 38.3 43.1
exactly the same heat emission of both radiators,
Front panel surface temperature, °C 39.9 44.1
because of more intensive radiation heat exchange
Rear panel surface temperature, °C 39.9 44.1
in the case of Serial radiator.
Air temperature, °C 19.61 19.48
• Simulated results of a typical residential room
Flow temperature for backwall correction, °C 57.7 53
Rear panel surfaces temperature at corrected
showed by 0.3% smaller heat emission at design
41.4 38.4 outdoor temperature and by 0.7% smaller annual
flow temperature, °C
Front panel qfront , W 179.2 227.7 heating energy use in the case of Serial radiator.
Convection qcr , W 446.8 396.8 Therefore the radiator on external wall with higher
Back side qb , W 8.6 9.2 front panel temperature resulted in a quantifi-
Corrected back side qb, corrected , W 8.8 8.4 able energy saving approving the importance of
Total heat output qtot , W 634.6 633.7 radiant temperature as phenomena, but in terms of
Corrected total heat output qtot , W 634.8 632.9 energy savings there was no considerable difference
Annual heating energy use, kWh/(m2 a) 64.9 64.5 between studied radiators with parallel and serial
connected panels.
• Serial radiator had 4°C higher temperature of the
front panel that resulted in slightly higher radiation
share, 18% relative to 15% for Parallel radiator in
50°C test. The rear panel temperature of Serial radi-
ator was by 3°C lower that may have some energy
saving effect in the case of poorly insulated walls.
• Parallel radiator showed slightly faster dynamic
response and higher heat output which resulted in
slightly faster heating up time. By 3% higher heat
output of Parallel radiator at ΔT 50 K increased to
about 10% higher heat output at ΔT 25 K which
gives some advantage to Parallel radiator in low
temperature heating systems.
References
Please see the complete list of references of the article in
the html-version at www.rehva.eu
Figure 8. Duration curve of the radiator front panel -> REHVA Journal
surface temperatures (100% = 8 760 h).
All-in-one high-performing
system for ZEB houses
T
The construction of nearly Zero Energy he Corbioli House is a single-family house situ-
Buildings implies not only a good envelope ated in Ambérieu-en-Bugey, in the French region
design, but also the use of highly efficient of Rhône-Alpes. It was built in 2011 by the
systems for heating, cooling and mechanical construction company “Maison and Résidence Corbioli”.
ventilation. This paper describes a This area is classified by the French thermal regulation
good practice example where the high RT2012 [1] as a H1c zone, where the Cmax for residential
performance of the all-in one HVAC system buildings is equal to 60 kWhep/year [2]. Because of its
was studied through dynamic simulation bioclimatic design and its innovative and efficient HVAC
and resulted in a cost-effective high system, the house represents a good practice for high-
performance. performing single-family houses in that region, which is
a low altitude area with temperate climate.
Keywords: nZEB, dynamic simulation,
monitoring, reversible heat pump, A bioclimatic design
mechanical ventilation, canadian well, The Corbioli House is a two-floors residential building
France. of which the total gross floor area is equal to 155 m².
Figure 1. Picture of the Corbioli House, south front (left) and north front (right).
Coherently with principles of passive houses, in order (R = 6.3 m²K/W), the wooden roof includes 40 cm of
to reduce heat loss due to windows and benefit of solar insulation (R = 12.5 m²K/W) and the floating slab incor-
gains, the maximum of large openings are south-oriented porates 30 cm of insulation material (R = 9.3 m²K/W).
(49% of total glass surface on the south external wall, The use of thermal bridge breakers limits the thermal
19% on the south roof slope) while the percentage of bridge at the intermediate floor. All windows have triple
openings in east and west orientation is less relevant glazing for a thickness of 44 mm (4/16/4/16/4), the solar
(respectively 10% and 15%) and there are only very factor is equal to 0.5 and the thermal transmittance Uw
small north oriented openings (7%). Window area of the entire opening (glasses and frame) is equal to
is approximately 1/5 of the floor area: the minimum 0.7 W/m²K. A blower door test attested the air tightness
imposed by the national regulation, which is equal to of the house equal to 0.6 m³/(h m²).
1/6 of the floor area, is largely exceeded. A roof over-
hang protects south-oriented windows. The heated A compact HVAC system
volume (Figure 2) has a compact shape that minimizes The house is equipped with the Tzen-3000 system,
the exchange surface between the outside and inside provided by Aldes [4], (Figure 4), which is composed
(Surface/Volume ratio is equal to 0.68 m-1). of a mechanical dual flow ventilation system combined
to a cross flow heat exchanger and an air-air reversible
The envelope is well insulated (Figure 3): the external heat pump that are included in the thermodynamic
walls are composed by 20 cm of concrete blocks (thermal central C3000 (Figure 5). Before joining the distribu-
resistance R = 1 m²K/W) and 20 cm of internal insulation tion ducts, after the heat pump, the fresh air passes
Figure 4. T-zen. (1) Extraction, (2) Blowing, (3) External air, (4) Exaust air, (5) Central, (6) Heating module. (Aldes)
Table 1. Heat pump COP in function of indoor and outdoor temperatures, air flow rate and compressor speed.
In a typical French
winter period, the
outside temperature may
reach −10°C. The higher
the heating need, the
higher the heat pump
compressor speed is and
the higher the outlet air
temperature is requested.
In order to maintain
the indoor tempera-
ture equal to 19°C, the
outlet air temperature
can go up to 70°C.
However, for comfort
reasons, the difference
between the outlet air
temperature and the air
temperature of the room
cannot exceed 20°C. Figure 6. C3000. (Left) Heating mode without recycling, (Right) Heating mode with
That is why a recycling recycling.
system for indoor air
is set up to maintain the temperature difference to point value. Heating modules should start only when
20°C maximum. The recycled air, mixed to the the heat pump is not enough to maintain the required
fresh air leaving the heat pump, lowers the outlet air temperature. The Figure 7 reports the global operation
temperatures while increasing the air flow, as shown in of T-zen in January: thanks to the perfect balance of the
Figure 6. Moreover, as already mentioned, the T-Zen volume and the temperature of the blowing air flow,
system is able to adjust outlet temperatures in each the indoor temperature is maintained to 19°C and
room. If in some rooms the air temperature is lower the blowing air temperature never exceed 38°C, while
than the set-point, the auxiliary heating modules start the heat pump power varies depending on outdoor
working in order to adjust the temperature to the set- temperature.
Figure 7. T-zen in January. Outdoor temperature (green), Indoor temperature (red), blowing air temperature in the
living room (pink), heat pump power (black).
Figure 8. T-zen cooling mode (2013, 8/6-7/7). Outdoor temperature (green), Indoor temperature (red), Over-ventila-
tion on/off (pink).
Figure 9. Heat exchanger benefits in cooling mode. Outdoor temperature (pink), Indoor temperature (red), heat
exchanger output temperature (brown).
The need to plan and construct high Roadmap showed that greenhouse gas emissions in this
performing buildings is higher than ever. sector could be reduced by around 90% by 2050 compared
This paper presents an example of low to 1990. The most immediate and cost-effective way of
energy building in Mediterranean climate. achieving this target is through a combination of cutting
energy demand in buildings through increased energy effi-
Keywords: low energy building, ciency and a wider deployment of renewable technologies.
ClimateHouse certification, passive design In order to reduce the growing energy expenditure, the
strategies. European Directive imposes the adoption of measures to
improve the energy efficiency in buildings. The recast of
T
he construction of buildings and their operation the Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings
contribute to a large proportion of total energy defined all new buildings will be nearly zero-energy build-
end-use worldwide; indeed, buildings account for ings by the end of 2020.
40% of the total energy consumption and for 36% of CO2
emissions in the European Union. The sector is expanding, The case study
which is bound to increase its energy consumption. This The case study hereby analysed, called Eco Sil House,
trend raises some environmental issues such as the exhaus- consists of two similar single family houses realized in
tion of energy resources, global warming, the depletion of 2010, which rise up on an actually expanding flat area
the ozone layer and climatic changes. The Commission’s (Figure 1, Figure 2). Located in Trino, in north-west of
Figure 1. The Eco Sil House, south view. Figure 2. Two new buildings located in Trino (VC).
• positioning and orientation of the building for Also the roof, which consists of a wooden structure, is
solar access and cooling breezes; characterized by a high insulation level, with wood-fibre
• super-insulation of the ceiling, walls, floor, insulation panels applied on the internal side. Thermal
windows, the main entrance and exit doors; transmittance reaches a value of 0.18 W/m²K. All
• careful placement of shading devices and wide these solutions enable to totally eliminate every kind
openings for summertime; of thermal bridge; this is fundamental in achieving the
• thermal mass for temperature smoothing. goals of a ClimateHouse A.
The two buildings have been design according to the A decisive role in achieving the energy performance
above principles. Indeed, each building, that has a rectan- goals is played by highly insulated windows. Buildings
gular plan, has been placed with the longer axis running are provided with triple glazed windows, made of wood
east-west, in order to maximize solar heat gain. Living with aluminium-clad exterior, filled with Argon (Ug =
and sleeping rooms are placed toward the southern front; 0.7 W/m²K) or Krypton (Ug = 0.6 W/m²K). In order to
despite of that, on the northern side there are services achieve the best energy performance of the windows, the
and distribution spaces. The openings are present only openings have been wrapped by an insulating tape; in
in the above-mentioned facades; fronts toward East and this way a low U value of 1.20 W/m²K is guaranteed.
West are fully blind. Rolling shutters have been installed
in order to provide shading in summer periods. The thermal masses, used for peak temperature
smoothing typically of Mediterranean summer period,
Buildings are characterised by high insulation levels and are concentrated in the external walls that consists of
compact volumes (Figure 3). An exterior thermal insula- autoclaved aerated concrete blocks.
tion has been adopted. Two different insulating materials
have been used: the former is made of sintered polysty- Another fundamental aspect it’s represented by the air
rene panels, the latter one of cellulose fibre. There is not tightness of the envelope. Once completed the construc-
any particular thermal reason to justify this choice, but tion, the Blower Door test (Figure 4) has been performed
it responds to a curiosity of the architect Gianni Carlo in order to measure the air tightness of the buildings, which
La Loggia of analysing contingent different behaviours have passed the test, resulting within the limits required for
and durability of materials in future. Both choices lead ClimateHouse A classification (n50,lim = 1 h-1).
store.vaisala.com
www.vaisala.com/betterHVAC
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Articles
M
uch has been done over the last
decades regarding the improve-
ment of energy performance
in buildings and sustainable construction
[1]. Nevertheless, for the case of existing
buildings, the constraints are very relevant
[2], not only for technical reasons, but
also because of the risk of compromising
significantly the identity of the building.
In these cases, the technical and identity
qualities should be carefully weighed with
all the possible measures being evaluated
from both perspectives.
its low embodied energy, as well as concrete bricks (which For the windows, the solution consisted in replacing
are less energy intensive than ceramic bricks) and lime the existing ones by new ones with wooden frames and
base mortar. In Figure 3 the relevance of materials selec- double glazing (4 + 6 mm) with a 16 mm air cavity
tion in reduction of embodied energy and environmental between the glasses.
impacts is shown. To improve the energy performance of
the building envelope, cork insulation boards have been The building is equipped with mechanical systems for
used. In the building integrated technical systems priority heating, air extraction in sanitary installations, air insuf-
was given to the use of renewable energy sources. flation in main areas and centralized DHW generation.
No mechanical system for cooling is provided due to the
Energy renovation features small area of glazing, low thermal transmission of exterior
The main principles of the energy saving concept opaque elements (after rehabilitation) and the guarantee of
were limiting the heat losses during winter, use energy a significant indoor thermal inertia. In this case, and given
efficient heating equipment and take advantage of the the mild summer climate of the region, natural ventilation
sunlight to capture the thermal energy. and rational use of shutters shading are enough to achieve
indoor summer comfort, both day and night.
In order to prevent the energy losses during winter,
different solutions were chosen to upgrade the building The system for space heating and DHW is a 16 kW
envelope, relevant not only to improve the energy geothermal heat pump with its main features described
performance but also to improve the thermal comfort. in Table 1. Its primary circuit is placed in contact with
the underground water level in open operating mode.
The solution chosen for the walls was the creation of It includes a weather compensated digital heat pump
an interior closed air space and the placement of insula- control unit RVS 61 with integrated cooling control
tion cork boards (ICB) covered by light elements such function “passive cooling”.
as MDF boards over a wooden support. This solution
Table 1. Geothermal heat pump main features.
allows maintaining the existing materials and avoids new
construction while preserving the external architectural Heating capacity 15.71 kW
identity of the building. Input 3.49 kW
COP 4.5
For the roof, the solution was to create a wooden Flow temperature maximal +55°C
false ceiling, with structural oriented strand boards Refrigerant R407c
(OSB), placement of ICB insulation and a water tight Compressor (count) Copeland SCROLL (1)
covering. Voltage 3 x 400 V / 50 Hz
Figure 3. Embodied CO2eq. amount for current (materials currently used in building renovation in Portugal) and
alternative material selection (materials selected for this renovation project to reduce embodied energy and environ-
mental impacts).
For heating, the emission is provided by radiators. For Table 2. Heat recover box main features.
DHW, the main power supply is the thermal solar system Model Power Box 95 V700 / France Air
with three solar panels connected in series with a total area Air insufflation 620 m³/h; 180 Pa; 355 W
of 6.78 m² and connected to a 300 litre electric storage
Air extraction 530 m³/h; 250 Pa; 355 W
tank that also receives the water heated by the geothermal
heat pump. The solar panels are installed with a 35° incli- Efficiency Up to 91%
nation facing south and the annual expected contribution
of solar thermal energy is 4.2 MWh/y which accounts for Table 3. Thermal characterization of the building before
69% of the total energy needs for DHW. and after the renovation.
Element Area U-value before U-value after
Mechanical ventilation with a heat recover box with (m²) renovation renovation
91% efficiency, guarantees fresh air supply and exhaus- (W/m².°C) (W/m².°C)
tion to all spaces, with insufflation provided through the Exterior 0.45
rooms, living room and kitchen and extraction through 85.0 1.82
Walls (average)
bathrooms and entrance. The totality of the extracted air
is guided to the heat recover box, with its main features Ground Direct contact 0.50
54.0
described in Table 2. floor with soil (average)
It is a compact unit, vertical, leaning on the pavement. Roof 80.4 4.55 0.23
Heat exchange is accomplished through a counterflow Doors 3.0 2.70 0.81
plates recuperator, wherein there is no contact with the Windows 7.8 4.60 2.05
insufflated air against extracted air. Given the configura-
tion of the HVAC system design, the equipment will
not be provided with battery for heat or cold transmis-
sion, carrying only ventilation and heat recovery above Regarding the thermal quality of the envelope, comparing
described. It will bypass the heat exchange to enable free- the U-values proposed for the renovation (Table 3)
cooling, and will have integrated control and condensate with the reference values from the recently published
tray. Ventilation will be performed using filtering with building thermal regulation (D.L. n.° 118/2013 from
F5 quality for insufflation and extraction. 20th of August), only for the case of the external walls
the proposed values are above the reference (0.45 for the
Lighting will be assured by fluorescent and LED based case study and 0.35 in regulation for new buildings),
lamps. with all the other building elements under the reference
and well under the maximum allowed values.
In brief, the adopted energy renovation features are the
following: Impact of the retrofitting
With the chosen renovation solution there are significant
Technologies: comfort improvements. Regarding the energy perform-
• Interior insulation cork board ance of the building, only the calculated values of the
• Wooden framed double glass windows energy needs are possible to present once the original
• Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery building didn’t have non-renewable energy consumption
• Geothermal heat pump and wasn’t able to provide comparable thermal comfort
• Thermal solar panels (for DHW) conditions. Therefore, the calculated heating needs are
reduced in 74%, the cooling needs in 14% and the DHW
Systems: needs in approximately 95%. Table 4 summarizes the
• Heating and DHW: 16 kW geothermal heat pump impact of the retrofitting measures on the heating, cooling
• Cooling: Natural ventilation and wooden shutters and DHW needs including the contribution of the solar
on windows thermal panels. The table also presents the energy label.
• Ventilation: Heat recovery box with 91% efficiency.
Fresh air supply and exhaustion of all spaces In Portugal, the energy certification scheme ranks the
• Lighting: Up to date fluorescent and LED based lighting energy performance of buildings from level G to level
A+, where G is the less efficient. The A+ label means that
Renewable Energy Systems: the calculated primary energy needs are less than 25%
• Thermal solar panels for DHW preparation of the maximum allowed value.
On a broader level, an intervention driven with these (kWh/m².y) DHW 54.8 3.0
sustainable construction principles is always good for the Reduction - 75%
local economy. Tourists enjoying nature can be housed
enjoying comfortable conditions with minimum envi- Energy label F A+
ronmental impact, leading to further attraction of more Primary energy use* 543.1 34.35
tourists with interest in eco-tourism and as consequence
Primary energy use reduction - 94%
it helps to develop the local economy. Furthermore, these
broader economic benefits may also result as a trigger for * Calculated primary energy use considering the use of most common elec-
more retrofitting of local vernacular buildings. trical building integrated systems, for heating, cooling and DHW, in Portugal.
Barriers
The implementation of energy renovation projects in the The global energy consumption reduction reaches 94%
building sector is not just a technical matter. It involves when compared to the hypothetical use of the house,
the economical context, lack or misleading information on its current state. Even for building renovation, the
to the decision maker and sometimes ownership issues materials selection might have significant relevance
with different persons paying the investment and saving for reducing embodied energy and environmental
from the better energy performance (split incentives). impacts.
Energy renovation projects often run into barriers that Although the definition for nearly zero energy buildings
may hold up the project. It is then necessary that owners, is not completely established in Portugal, current case
technical consultants and other entities involved in the study shows that it is possible, even for existing build-
process find solutions to overcome these barriers. ings located in the coldest areas of the country, and
taking into account the preservation of architectural
The main barriers in this case were related with the values, to renovate towards very low energy use using
bureaucracy for obtaining the building permit, finding existing technologies, with significant emphasis to the
funding sources for the renovation works and some miss HVAC system solutions.
information between owners and technical consultants.
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Which difficulties did you encounter during the nZEB ment between all the parties interesting results become
design and construction phases? possible. I like to think that the project is a thought,
M.L.: The building site is a “hostile” place because of which is made of different nuances. The construction
the co-presence of different professional figures. In order company provides not only for skilled manpower but
to achieve the nZEB design goals in terms of architec- also for ideas and support; the designers have to inte-
tural quality there is a strong need for collaboration and grate and implement the project on the basis of these
cooperation between the designers, the director of works technical suggestions, though maintaining the basic
and the construction company: only through an agree- features of the architectural design.
The quality of the final work is surely prime in order to it a new building organism characterized by innovative
achieve the prefixed targets; did you encounter any energetic and architectural performances.
problem in finding materials and trained manpower?
M.L.: No, I didn’t encounter relevant problems thanks M.L.: I agree with the above but I would also like to
to a great synergy with a highly qualified construc- underline that in my opinion there is not a correct or
tion company. The manpower and the technicians wrong model for designing a building: the building
on site revealed to be trained in the construction of quality is the result of a correct balance between several
high quality buildings: the attention given to building elements, different for each project. The CorTau House
details is a fundamental aspect for the achievement of is an example of nZEB located in a rural Po plain
the result. scenario; a good model of nZEB surely fits into the
context and is designed on the basis of the specific
How much does the realization of a nZEB cost with needs, climatic conditions and traditions of the place
respect to a “traditional” building? How long is the in which it is realized.
estimated payback period of the investment extra-costs?
S.P.C.: The costs are clearly related to the adopted Is there any other theme you would like to highlight?
solutions: for example in this case the architectural and S.P.C.: In our climatic conditions the nZEB design
structural use of massive concrete structures has affected challenge can be summarized in two basic concepts:
the construction costs. The investment extra-costs are the careful design of the building considering both the
about 30% higher than the costs to be bared for the winter conditions and the summer ones and the control
realization of traditional buildings, considering standard of humidity – fundamental for a building surrounded
finishes. This percentage of extra-costs is however more by rice fields. The compensation between the building
elevated than for other nZEBs because of a decisive behavior during winter and summer seasons represents
boost to experimentation with regard to the building the basis of the reasoning intended to emphasize the
system, which could be simplified. In relation to the passive design.
investment extra-costs, the payback period has been
estimated of less than a decade, a reasonable period M.L.: I think that this design experience also highlights
considering that the investment is made in a primary another issue: this house represents a good project in
residential property. relation to the urban space, nowadays degraded in Italy.
In this sense the CorTau House can be assumed as a
Are tax deductions or other financial subsidies granted for model for sensitive zones, in order to demonstrate that
the realization of a nZEB at the national or regional level? also controlling costs high results in terms of quality of
In your opinion are they suitable? life are achievable.
S.P.C.: In Italy energy retrofits are strongly subsidized
in terms of tax deductions for interventions of building
renovation and energy efficiency. In 2014 and 2015
for refurbishment works on real estate property it is References
possible to benefit from a tax deduction of 50%, for
building renovation, and of 65%, for energy retrofit [1] Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament
actions, over ten years, on a maximum spending limit and the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy
respectively of 96,000 € and 100,000 € per real estate performance of buildings (recast).
unit. Financial subsidies are nowadays fundamental in
order to incentivize energy efficiency actions. [2] REHVA nZEB technical definition and system
boundaries for nearly zero energy buildings, 2013
This building can be taken as a model for the future revision for uniformed national implementation of
realization of new nZEBs and for their distribution at the EPBD recast prepared in cooperation with European
national and regional levels. Which design and standardization organization CEN. REHVA, Federation
of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
construction “rules” followed for this case study could be
Associations, Report No 4, REHVA 2013.
replicated for other ZEBs?
S.P.C.: The “curmà” is a typology of widely diffuse
building in the Northern Italian rural areas: the CorTau [3] ECOFYS, Towards nearly zero-energy buildings -
Definition of common principles under the EPBD. Final
House shows a new possible way to interpret its renova- report, February 2013.
tion and re-functioning. A replicable “rule” is surely the
idea of preserving the existing structure and adding to
Refurbishment of existing and historical buildings is a Even the energy efficiency measures should pursue the
priority in many European Countries. In 2014 AiCARR above stated purposes, which means considering energy
published guidelines intended for both design engineers efficiency as a tool for protecting - rather than a process
and superintendencies. Due to the need of developing of upgrading that conflicts with the conservation
a harmonized approach focusing on historical build- requirements. It follows that the design choices should
ings, AiCARR developed a specific guidebook entitled be made by consulting with the conservation experts. In
“Energy efficiency in historic buildings” [1] to support this regard, the following criteria set out in the Venice
technicians in carrying out energy retrofit actions in Charter for Conservation and Restoration [3] are of
historical buildings. The guidelines provide the design invaluable help: compatibility, minimum intervention,
engineers with a tool for the energy audit of the historic reversibility, distinguishability, expressive authenticity,
building and offer a framework for the design of possible durability and respect of the original fabric.
energy upgrades, which are conceptually similar to those
provided for non-protected buildings, but appropriately
tailored to the needs and peculiarities of the cultural
heritage. On the other hand, the guidelines provide the
institutions responsible for protecting the building, the
possibility to objectively decide on the level of energy
efficiency achieved as a result of the rehabilitation in
accordance with the conservation criteria.
In historical buildings refurbishment is very important The proposed methodology should be based on an
to respect the relationship between restoration and interdisciplinary approach, the main steps of which are
installations that today is still little explored from a clearly set out in the guidelines. These steps include:
theoretical point of view, and definitely less, for example, following the general principles and concepts; an
than the corresponding relationship between restora- analysis of the plant engineering systems; measuring
tion and the need for full accessibility - or even between the environmental quality and determining the risks
restoration and structural consolidation works. to historical buildings (including identification of the
proposed intervention as it relates to the building and
Even in this case, as for the structural consolidation, the system).
it is necessary to radically rethink the concept, which
is reflected in a new methodological approach, an AiCARR procedure to improve the
example of which is suggested in these guidelines. energy efficiency of historic buildings
Figure 2 shows the flow chart of the proposal made by
If we start from the same experience that some years ago AiCARR regarding the best improvement procedure on
brought about a debate on the problems related to the how to improve energy efficiency.
historical-critical process, and to the scientific-technical
process for consolidation restoration projects, which The procedure involves some preliminary actions aimed
recognized the need of a rigorous method of unity, this at a correct energy audit, downstream of which the
same method should be proposed for the energy effi- actual energy performance index must be calculated.
ciency of a cultural asset.
The energy audit should also be used to evaluate the for protection, enhancement and fruition is therefore an
possible improvement actions, which must be calculated integrated process in which the designer plays a particu-
on the basis of the post-construction energy performance larly important role.
index. Obviously, if the improvement has led to concrete
results it is possible to proceed; otherwise the process It is clear that an improvement in the energy perform-
should be repeated by analyzing the audit levels more ance of a building as a whole must include work to the
thoroughly. installation, unless particular historic, architectural or
functional restrictions make it inadvisable or impossible
HVAC Systems in existing and to carry out.
historical buildings
From the HVAC systems engineering point of view, Regarding the performance of a building envelope,
historic buildings that have not been affected by recent measures are generally taken on the thermal insula-
maintenance work, whether ordinary, extraordinary or tion of opaque and transparent, horizontal and vertical
preventive, are generally equipped with obsolete equip- components by applying materials and/or technologies
ment. HVAC systems, in principle, could be replaced, that increase the thermal resistance and reduce the
but can actually be evidence of the past and as such internal/external thermal exchange. Thermal insulation
have a historical interest; therefore they should be care- may not always be practicable in a historic building
fully recovered, valued and, if possible, made useable. whose facades and/or interior elements are of a historical
Consider the little-known, but extremely interesting or architectural value, whereas such work can be done
Italian San Leucio monumental complex (Figure 3), to an existing building, which in itself has no historical
belonging to the World Heritage List, which includes value but holds a cultural heritage; for example, a newly
the so-called “Bathroom of Queen Mary Caroline”, built museum.
which can be traced to the ancient Roman baths.
A tool to assess landscape integration
It goes without saying that an assessment to possibly To improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings
reutilize HVAC systems that have a historical value can have, more often than not, an impact on the land-
involves problems of protection and often enhance- scape due, for example, to interventions which might
ment. It is an interdisciplinary process that the designer interfere with the characters of historicity and antiquity
has to manage in terms of thermal engineering and also of the building or to plant engineering installations that
requires the typical skills of Cultural Heritage experts. may not be synergistic with the landscape, seen aside
An analysis of historical works to assess the possibilities from the building.
Figure 3. San Leucio complex: an example of renovation (from ©Google Earth 2014).
In these cases, special attention has to be paid to land- assessment and is also useful to for an initial screening
scape integration, which must be assessed at different on the acceptability of the project, in the sense that
scales of intervention for each typological element on interventions, which are not characterized by at least a
the basis of the following criteria: partial degree of integration, cannot be submitted.
Technological Scenic
Opaque surfaces
Cover
Microscale Transparent surfaces
Architecture
Opaque surfaces
Building-
place- Façade
construction Transparent surfaces
HVAC systems
Cover
Mesoscale
Square-block- Façade
surrounding
Installations
Cover
Macroscale
Façade
territory
HVAC systems
Eurovent
Certification
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sampling of the units to be tested, annual test campaigns, downgrading of indicated performance levels in the event
of test failure and subsequent publication of data.
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Articles
Keywords: solar power, photovoltaic, comfort cooling, load matching, passive house, net
zero energy building, low energy building, retirement home.
T
he EU Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy ances such as lighting, printers and computers also
performance of buildings implies that in the increase the need for cooling. In warmer countries, the
next few years all new buildings or existing peeks in the power demand are partly due to the use
buildings that are subject to major renovation have of electricity-driven cooling facilities [2]. Within the
to be so called net zero energy buildings (December European countries, the growing number of cooling
31 2018 for public buildings and December 31 2020 facilities increases the already strong daily variations in
for other buildings) [1]. Apart from having a very electricity demand and thereby also the need for peak
low energy use, a high share of the energy used in load power generation [3] which is associated with
these buildings should come from renewable energy high operating costs and CO2 emissions.
sources, including renewable energy sources on site
or nearby. During summer, power demand for comfort cooling
and solar power generation coincide well since both
A lot of effort has been made to reduce the use of are related to the solar radiation. Therefore, electricity-
energy in Swedish buildings, especially the energy driven compression chillers coupled with photovoltaics
used for heating. However, when the heat demand (PVs) may be an interesting solution to achieve net
is lowered due to improved insulation, the need for zero in energy use for comfort cooling. However, even
cooling increases. Apart from the cooling demand due if the electricity used for cooling may easily be covered
to climatic conditions, growing population and higher by solar power from a PV plant on a monthly basis, is
living standards, increased numbers of technical appli- there a perfect match also on an hourly basis?
Objective
This paper presents and evaluates how well the load
demand and the solar power generation coincide hour by
hour and how this affects the annual coverage rate and the
amount of surplus power generated. The study is a case
study of electricity-driven compression chillers and PVs
located at the retirement home in the passive house area
Vallda Heberg, see the upper left corner in Figure 1.
The performance of the PVs and the compression Table 1. Technical performance of cooling and PV system.
chillers installed are described in Table 1.
Photovoltaics
Measurements and limitations Photovoltaics installed Hanwha SolarOne
HSL 60 Poly
The solar power generation has been measured since
Installed capacity 330 modules,
August 2013. Measurements of electricity in the retire-
245 W/module,
ment home building started in the summer of 2013. total PV area 545 m²
The first tenants moved in October 2013 and the retire- mounted at 6˚
ment home was not fully occupied before the beginning Estimated power generation 61 500 kWh, year
of 2014. Therefore, it is problematic to get a full year of 112.8 kWh/ m², year
representative data concerning the electricity use in the
building. Detailed hourly measurements [kWh] for the Compression chillers
building are listed below.
Chillers installed Two Mitsubishi PUHZ-
P200YHA3 chillers and one
• Solar power generation from the PVs. Mitsubishi PUHZ-P250YHA3
• Electricity use for comfort cooling. chiller
• Electricity use for buildings services, including Installed cooling capacity 60 kW
electricity use for comfort cooling and kitchen (19×2 kW × 2 and 22 kW)
cooling and electricity for lighting (of common Energy efficiency 2.6 for both chiller models
spaces), pumps, fans and elevators. ratio according to the
• Other activity-related electricity use in the building, manufacturer
including electricity to the retirement home activi- Energy efficiency ratio 3 for both chillers (3.04 for
ties such as the industrial kitchen, social areas, according to Eurovent (35°C PUHZ-P200YHA3 and 3.01
outdoor temperature) for PUHZ-P250YHA3) [7]
office areas.
The measurements of the power generated in the PV Table 2. Coverage rates of solar power used for comfort
plant are presented in the right column in Figure 3. In cooling (CC) and building services (BS incl. CC) based on
order to see how much of this electricity that “instantly” monthly and hourly measurements. Note that there is a lack
(on an hourly basis) can be used within the building, of measurements for June 2014, which has been assumed
the column is split into electricity delivered to different to have coverage rates equal to the ones found in May.
appliances and services. They are prioritised as follows:
electricity to the comfort cooling plant, to other building Coverage rates on Coverage rates on
services as well as to other services and appliances in the a monthly basis an hourly basis
retirement home. The remaining power generated is BS BS
delivered to the grid. Month CC CC
(incl. CC) (incl. CC)
The monthly values of surplus electricity delivered to Sep-13 100% 73% 49% 37%
the grid show that only a very small percentage of the Oct-13 100% 28% 51% 23%
electricity generated (6%) cannot be used within the
building on an hourly basis. Evidently, the combina- Nov-13 100% 11% 49% 11%
tion of building service electricity – for cooling and Dec-13 100% 3% 31% 3%
other purposes – and activity-related electricity seem to
provide a very good match to the solar power generation Jan-14 100% 6% 28% 6%
in this particular case. However, a substantially smaller Feb-14 100% 16% 34% 14%
percentage of the total solar power generation can be
used when only building services are accounted for Mar-14 100% 52% 26% 36%
(63% compared to 94%). Apr-14 100% 82% 58% 47%
The coverage rate, the share of electricity for building May-14 100% 100% 85% 60%
services that comes from the PV plant, varies between Jun-14 100% 100% 85% 60%
3% and 60% over the months when considering the
hourly use of electricity, as shown in Table 2. When Jul-14 100% 84% 88% 58%
hourly load match of generation and use is taken into Aug-14 100% 74% 87% 51%
account, the coverage rate on an annual basis will be
considerably lower than if basing the coverage rate
on annual or monthly measurements. The annual
coverage rate for building services based on hourly Using hourly measurements, instead of monthly or
measurements is 35%, which is still close to the 40% annual measurements, when calculating the annual
target set on an annual basis. coverage rate of the power used for all comfort cooling,
Figure 3. Monthly use of electricity (left columns) for comfort cooling (CC) and for other building services (BS excl.
CC) as well as monthly generation of solar power in the PVs (right columns). The power generation is divided into
four different destinations based on the hourly load match and the following prioritisation of usage categories: PV
to comfort cooling (PV to CC), PV to other building services (PV to BS excl. CC), PV to others and PV to grid. Note that
there is a lack of measurements for June 2014, which has been assumed to have PV generation and coverage equal
to the ones found in May.
Figure 4. Hourly production of solar power and hourly use of electricity for cooling and of total building service
electricity (including power used for cooling) one week in July 2014.
Figure 5. Hourly net production of solar power, defined as solar power production minus total building service
electricity (including electricity for cooling) one week in July 2014. A positive result means overproduction and a
negative result means there is need for additional electricity from the grid.
RETTIG
Rettig Lämpö Oy, PL 16, Tupakankatu, FI-68601 Pietarsaari, Finland Tel. 06-786 9111 info@purmo.fi www.purmo.fi
Interview
lenge is keeping in mind that the 3) Which are the most promising
loop “reducing energy demand- HVAC system technologies to
rising energy efficiency-using give a boost to buildings energy
renewable energy- lower CO2 efficiency?
emissions” needs to be faced from – Looking at the Mediterranean
the very beginning of the design countries scenario, the most prom-
process by all the actors together ising technologies in the HVAC
at the same decision-making market sector are the mechanical
table. ventilation systems with heat
recovery and dehumidification,
Stefano Paolo 2) What is the most important because of their poor implemen-
Corgnati, Italy action taken in your country tation in this area. A significant
REHVA Vice-President until 2017 towards nearly Zero Energy increase in these installations can
Buildings? be foreseen for summer and winter
– In Italy, nowadays the major heat recovery systems and for heat
1) What is still the biggest theme of nearly Zero Energy pumps, as the general trend is now
challenge to reach Buildings is coupled with the rapidly moving toward all-electric
20-20-20 target in EU? energy retrofit of the existing buildings, possibly with electricity
– Dealing with buildings, the building stock. At the current produced on site. Of course, this
real challenge is the integra- stage, significant incentives are kind of systems requires a consistent
tion among the three 20-20-20 given for buildings’ retrofit, with improvement in heat pumps energy
targets. Currently, actions are two main measures settled at the efficiency and an increasing use
being implemented for each legislative level: 1. tax cuts for of geothermal and groundwater
of these goals: reducing energy buildings’ refurbishments, 2. heat pumps, when technically and
consumption and increasing tax incentives for implementing economically feasible. Dealing
energy efficiency, increasing the energy efficiency measures, with cooling, another big issue
share of renewable energies and ranging from thermal insulation is finding the tradeoff between
reducing CO2 emissions. In my improvement to testing of inno- natural and mechanical cooling.
opinion, in next years these strat- vative technologies for energy The combined role of thermal mass,
egies, which now are running production. In my view, to make which must be properly designed,
in parallel rails, should become nZEBs economically competi- with natural / mechanical ventila-
organically integrated. To reach tive - objects to be sold in today’s tion strategies is still a theme to
this goal in new and retrofitted buildings market - there is a need be investigated and developed in
buildings design, the new chal- for government subsidies. warm and hot climate.
1) What is still the biggest overheating of buildings. These energy consumption in buildings.
challenge to reach 20-20-20 issues are potential disruption Czech Republic has a long tradi-
target in EU? causes toward the achievement tion in this field: already in the
– Year 2020 is approaching of the 2020 objectives. However, 90s of the last century, during the
and with it the question mark one of REHVA’s priorities is to development of electric direct-
whether the ambitious goals promote holistic solutions for heating, energy evaluations for
of the European Community energy efficient, healthy and buildings with very low heating
in the field of energy perform- smart buildings. Therefore I am energy consumptions were
ance of buildings and reduction confident that these teething developed.
of external environmental load problems of modern buildings
are met. Member States already will be soon overcome and that, 3) Which are the most promising
elaborated steps leading to these thanks to more than 100.000 HVAC system technologies to
goals, European directives are top European experts in our give a boost to buildings
implemented in national legis- member organizations, Europe energy efficiency?
lation and in most countries will continue to pioneer and be – I believe we can expect a
measures to improve the energy a role model in the field of build- breaking period in view of
performance of buildings have ings energy efficiency. HVAC systems used in buildings.
already came into force. However, Dramatic changes in the ratio of
an unsolved question is how the 2) What is the most important energy needs for heating, cooling,
market, investors and users, action taken in your country hot water and lighting necessarily
who largely affect the actual towards nearly Zero Energy require a new approach to study
energy use by their behaviour, Buildings? and develop the energy systems of
will respond to this pressure. A – The definition of nearly zero buildings. The days when heating
warning signal is that, although energy as it was published in was a crucial indicator of the
the requirements for buildings Directive 31/2010 EC gives great energy performance for Central
have tightened considerably in freedom in the interpretation and Europe are over. Modern heating
the recent past, the total energy space for precision at the Member and other energy systems ensuring
consumption did not record States level. Czech Republic the quality of indoor environ-
significant decrease so far. has its own nearly Zero Energy ment must be dynamic, with
Building definition settled in the minimal or zero power consump-
With the implementation of Implementing Regulations to the tion in stand-by condition, which
energy efficiency measures in Act on energy management. This is due to qualify for the building
buildings, new problems are definition, expressed numerically envelope for the large majority
arising, especially dealing with by tightening the requirements of its running time. At the same
indoor environmental quality for thermal insulation of the time, there is clear pressure on the
and its potentially fatal conse- building envelope and for the exploitation of renewable energy
quences: for instances, deaths share of non-renewable primary sources, so we can expect to solve
for CO poisoning in sealed energy, is currently being tested in the problem not only on the
homes with gas appliances, the order to verify that these disposi- conversion side but also in terms
formation of harmful mould, tions entail an actual reduction in of energy storage.
1) What is still the biggest reliable have needed development the gap between the cost optimal
challenge to reach 20-20-20 efforts measured in tens of man- energy calculation methodology
target in EU? years. If authorities do not accept and national energy calculation
– Energy Efficiency is the chal- such tools, many years are needed methods used in the compliance
lenge. EU simply does not seem to develop national ones. EN assessment. Implementing the key
to have enough capacity to reno- standard package under revision elements of the cost optimal meth-
vate as many buildings as needed (2nd generation EPBD standards) odology – delivered and exported
to achieve this target. However, will provide good guidance, but energy and non-renewable primary
many Member States have imple- upgrading and development of energy indicator – to national
mented regulations boosting national tools takes time. energy frames, and allowing the
renovation volumes and deep same tools that have been used in
integrated renovations, which National nZEB applications cost optimal calculations (simula-
are the only way to tackle indoor launched so far have shown major tion tools) could solve the problem
climate and energy performance systemic problems that are not of nZEB national applications.
improvements at the same time. easy to solve in short time perspec- National authorities should under-
tive. The primary energy require- stand that nZEB is not just setting
2) What is the most important ment has been between 20 and couple of new numeric require-
action taken in your country 200 kWh/m²y and in about half ments, but in most cases a major
towards nearly Zero Energy of MS on site renewable energy upgrade of the whole energy calcu-
Buildings? production has been not yet imple- lation and regulatory system. In
– There are some good national mented in energy calculation meth- the communication to MS, guid-
nZEB applications in Denmark, odology. National applications not ance by European Commission is
in Estonia and in few others, but, consistent at all and with different taking a crucial role, as REHVA
as a whole, national energy calcu- level of ambition have made inter- has already published nZEB guid-
lation methodologies and regula- comparison almost impossible. ance and European standards will
tory frameworks still need major soon be available.
developments to enable successful One of the most positive devel-
implementation of nZEB targets opments in EPBD implementa- 3) Which are the most promising
European wide. nZEB require- tion has been the cost optimality HVAC system technologies to
ments do not necessarily need to be approach. Cost optimality of give a boost to buildings energy
too sophisticated at the end of the existing energy performance efficiency?
day they are just primary energy minimum requirements has been – I do not see any problem with
limit values for major building tested in MS with net present HVAC or other technologies
categories. However, to set such value of global cost calculation needed for nZEB. I have written
kWh/m² values (for building cate- method which was launched as one of the most technical books
gories listed in EPBD Annex I), European regulation accompa- on cost optimal and nZEB build-
comprehensive methodology and nying the directive. As a result ings. I do believe that all the
input data definition are needed. of this exercise, many MS have technologies we need are already
Energy calculation methods and already shifted minimum require- there, and, if properly applied, for
tools are an issue – available ments to the cost optimal level. an affordable price. The latter one
commercial simulations tools The problem is that in many MS is the issue we should work in the
which are easy to use, flexible and it has not been possible to bridge building sector.
REDay2014
–Energy Director General, Dominique Ristori
confirms housing as a priority sector
Renovate Europe organised the 3rd edition of the Renovate Europe Day the 5th of November with the title “Securing
our energy future through ambitious renovation of buildings” in Brussels with high-level EU policy speakers and
presenting local examples of refurbishment programmes.
Photo (c): eu2009.cz
D
ominique Ristori confirmed which are in many cases much more from BPIE report on Renovation
in his speech about the place ambitious than their national level strategies of selected EU countries.
of energy efficiency in the governments. The astonishing results show that
EU 2030 energy framework that none of the analysed Roadmaps
housing will be a priority sector MEP Jan Olbrycht praised the are complying with the Energy
within the upcoming EU2030 legis- improved governance structure Efficiency Directive and that the
lative framework. Ristori was asked of the Juncker’s Commission in roadmaps submitted by coun-
for comments on the disappointing which all the related DGs have to tries reported to be advanced like
energy efficiency target approved cooperate and coordinate their Denmark or Germany got law
by the European Council on 23 work. Especially important is the scoring, so the study suggests that
October. He pointed out that after cooperation between DG ENER the EC shall refuse their strategic
having extremely hard negotiations and DG REGIO that can influ- documents. Renovation Roadmaps
with member state governments this ence that European Structural and are to be reviewed each year by
was the only achievable compromise Investment Funds are spent on deep Member States.
and confirmed that the Commission building renovations.
would still keep the 30% target in The presentations will be available in
mind. The EC will also focus its Oliver Rapf, Executive Director the Renovate Europe website.
work also on regions and cities, presented the outcomes of the latest
10 to 14 March 2015
Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
www.ish.messefrankfurt.com
Halton Foundation supports non-profit organisations and initiatives that promote wellbeing of people suffering
from poor indoor environmental quality for environmental or economic conditions. Halton Foundation welcomes
now new applications. Decision on grants will be made in November 2014.
* http://www.halton.com/en_US/about/halton-foundation/applying-for-a-grant
FIRE SAFETY
Our full product range, focusing on limiting the fire and
evacuating the smoke, make us an ideal partner!
SOLUTIONS FOR
In the event of a building fire it is critical for people to
evacuate safely, to minimize property damage and to
give the rescue team better working conditions.
PEOPLE AND Fläkt Woods has well documented Fire Safety solutions
and vast application knowledge to share.
PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT
ECONOMICAL
EXPERTISE
The successful FinnBuild exhibition took place in October 1st -3rd in Helsinki. FinnBuild presented
the best expertise, products, services and solutions for construction in its 21 st fair. The fair
attracted 600 exhibitors that presented their products and services on an over 16 000 m² of
floor area.
• Mr Ismo Grönroos-Saikkala from The • Professor Jarek Kurnitski, REHVA board • Mr Jorma Railio, Chair of REHVA Tech-
European Commission (Energy effi- member (Development of nearly zero nical Committee (CE-mark and energy
ciency in the EU employment and energy buildings in Europe and related labeling of products in Europe)
climate policy) European standards)
During REHVA – FINVAC seminar an award for the most successful trainer of HVAC in continuing education in 2013 was presented.
REHVA
REHVA Annual Meeting
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www.rehva.eu ● info@rehva.eu
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REHVA GuidebooksREHVA
are available
Guidebooks
at www.rehva.eu
are available
or through
at www.rehva.eu
REHVA National
or through
Members
REHVA National Membe
REHVA Journal – November 2014 67
Project news
Integrated Design:
Lessons learned from good practice examples
Integrated design is a proven • The design team was not composed cally reduces system interaction problems
method of achieving high-perform- by the same people during the whole during subsequent phases, as well as
ance buildings that meet the set process but the core team accompanied improves a team’s common understanding
goals without sacrificing architec- the project through the entire process. of the potential future building develop-
tural quality or causing excessive • The multidisciplinary team increased ment and operation problems and possible
costs. Stakeholders start to collabo- the effectiveness of the design phase. related solutions.
rate within the very early phases of Thanks to their expertise they were able It is important that the client understands
the project. to make decisions very quickly. the advantages and benefits of applying
• The team created interfaces between an ID process. In Figure 1, tasks and related
Good practice example Smart individuals and activities in order to costs can be found. Furthermore the role
Campus, Vienna, Austria avoid problems during the process. of an ID facilitator is crucial. If a facilitator
Before initiating the design phase, a “mood- Experts, decision makers, responsible becomes involved – as early as possible
board” was developed together M.O.O.CON for user matters as well as appraisers – various elements can still be influenced
by capturing the corporate identity in and civil engineers supported the core and directed.
images which serve as a significant source of team in every phase of the project. The All design team members must under-
inspiration for architects. The Wiener Netze design of the detailed engineering serves stand how they are expected to contribute
was perceived as: trust worthy, reliable, as a good example. First a pool of user in the various planning phases to the whole
honest, assertive, practical, tolerant, coop- representatives and appraisers was estab- team. There is a huge need of clarity about
erative. The new building should represent lished. Then regular weekly meetings what the design team has to do and how
these characteristics in front of clients and were held and suitable people from the the ID process works. A major challenge is
the surroundings. To comply with these pool were chosen to share their user or to keep the iterative solution methodology
requirements an anonymous, two-stage expert perspective and to help with the ongoing and not falling back into the tradi-
competition for general planners was detailed engineering. This way high user tional way of working.
organized in Europe. Since the company´s satisfaction could be ensured. The result of several projects was that
core business is energy supply, the project there is a need of a better file sharing
shall be exemplary without the employees General lessons learned and system, where project team members can
losing their comfort. The target was to build suggestions from European pilot work in parallel in the same documents at
an energy efficient building and to apply projects the same time. Various programs linked to
renewable energies wisely as well as to Every partner has evaluated each pilot BIM-system have been used.
make users aware of their usage patterns. project and gathered information about
Some more details on the project and lessons learned. In almost all pilot projects Stefan Amann, e7 Energie Markt Analyse
on the ID process. good communication has been mentioned GmbH, stefan.amann@e-sieben.at
• Type of the building: service building as one of the key activities to achieve a
• Gross floor space: 93,000 m² great project result. Good communica- Good practice examples and a
comprehensive report on lessons learned
• Staff: 1,400 tion between the project team members can be found at www.integrateddesign.eu.
• To be completed: 2016 in the initial interaction phases dramati-
• The administrative building is the biggest
Source: ID Process Guide – www.integrateddesign.eu
Integrated Design:
National activities towards widespread use of NZEB
The IEE-project MaTrID project The European
aims to support the implementa- Tool-Kit and its
tion of the Directive on the Energy national adaptations
Performance of Buildings. Therefore, can be found at
an ID Process Guide has been devel- www.integrateddesign.eu.
oped and pilot projects have been To achieve
accompanied. buildings with high
energy performance
Major Outputs it is important that ID
The major outputs and results are the is being used from
following: the very beginning Figure 1. The Integrated Design Process Guide.
• Establishing a global understanding of the project to
among building developers and make sure all energy
designers with respect to the advan- related questions are
tages and requirements of IED; discussed as early
• Strengthening the know-how in applying as possible in the
IED by improving availability of IED proce- planning process.
dures, guidelines and contractual stipula- A well prepared
tions; kick-off workshop is
• Large scale test for integrating IED in mentioned as impor-
design processes in 10 partner countries: tant for a good ID
Austria, Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden, process from several Figure 2. Overview of the ID process.
Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Latvia, UK. projects. Figure 2
• Broad dissemination and promotion of provides an overview of the ID process over Training sessions with experts
IED on the national level as well as on the time. Already 3 training sessions have been
the EU level carried out among Europe. The fourth
Integrated Design in building projects and last training session will be held on 26
The IED Tool-Kit The core of the project is the application of November 2014 in Vienna, Austria. Lessons
In the frame of the project a practical and ID process in the building design phase of learned from ID projects and policy recom-
user friendly tool-kit on integrated energy pilot projects. About 20 pilot projects have mendations will presented. This will be a
design has been elaborated in order to been accompanied from the first idea of the common event between both IEE projects
be directly used by the design teams project until the detailed planning phase. MaTrID and the AIDA.
(property developers, architects, engineers The following issues have been taken into
etc). The core document of the tool-kit account: Stefan Amann, e7 Energie Markt Analyse
is the Integrated Design Process Guide • Suitability for ID GmbH, stefan.amann@e-sieben.at
(Figure 1). • Aim of the project to achieve an energy
Accompanying documents are the Client performance close to NZEB
For more information and downloads
Brief, the Tenant Brief, Scope of Services and • Possibility to influence the design process about the project please visit:
Case Studies referring to ID as a means of from the beginning http://www.integrateddesign.eu
achieving NZEB. • Replication potential
The ID Tool-kit has been translated and • Size: large project with a complex design About MaTrID: MaTrID (Market
Transformation Towards Nearly Zero
adapted to national regulations and circum- process rather than small projects with
Energy Buildings Through Widespread Use
stances. In each participating country the set simple design processes of Integrated Energy Design) is a research
of documents in national language has been project in the framework of the European
“Intelligent Energy Europe“ program
developed including general standards for All pilot projects can be found here: and aims to contribute to a wide spread
ID, templates for architecture briefings and http://www.integrateddesign.eu/pilot-projects/index.php market adoption of Integrated Energy
planning contracts, and national standards Design as a major prerequisite for cost-
efficient nearly zero energy buildings.
for architecture competitions for NZEB.
T his standard deals with the chemical contami- energy, electrical-energy and water
nation of clean environments. It describes the consumption values“
phenomenon as such, metrology and control of air
contamination by gaseous chemicals. This standard
has been harmonised with the standard DIN EN ISO
T his standard applies to the use of characteristic
energy and water consumption values for build-
ings supplied with heating energy, electrical energy
14644-8; the latter, however does not address the and water, especially where values for individual build-
subjects of metrology or control of airborne chemical ings are compared to the averages and standard values
contamination (formerly termed AMC). given in this standard. The values given in this standard
are based on measurements of consumption during
the years 2004 and 2005 in Germany. Where charac-
VDI 2083/9.2 “Cleanroom technology; teristic energy and water consumptions of buildings in
Consumables in the cleanroom” other countries are compared to the standard values
T
VDI 3809/2 “Testing of building installations; his standard specifies the determination and use of
Firefighters lifts” partial characteristics for thermal-energy consump-
along with
ACREX 2015
Knowledge enhancing Workshops & Panel Discussions steered
by Global Experts
DEDICATED PAVILIONS
Curtain Raiser Partner: Platinum Partner: Titanium Partner: Networking Dinner Partner:
Events in 2014 – 2016
Conferences and seminars 2014
November 26 Workshop on Integrated Design Vienna, Austria www.integrateddesign.eu
December 10-12 9th International Conference on System Simulation in Liege, Belgium www.ssb2014.ulg.ac.be
Buildings - SSB2014
February 25-27 World Sustainable Energy Days 2015 Wels, Austria www.wsed.at
April 16-18 International Conference Ammonia and CO2 Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia www.mf.edu.mk/web_ohrid2015/ohrid-2015.html
Refrigeration Technologies
April 27-28 37th Euroheat & Power Congress Tallinn, Estonia www.ehpcongress.org/registration/
May 8-9 REHVA Annual Conference “Advanced HVAC and Natural Riga, Latvia www.hvacriga2015.eu
Gas Technologies”
May 18-20 Healthy Building 2015 Europe Eidhoven, The Netherlands www.hb2015-europe.org
June 27-29 SuDBE 2015 - International Conference on Sustainable Reading, United Kingdom www.sudbe.com
Development in Building and Environment
October 26-28 11th International Conference on Industrial Ventilation Shanghai, China www.ventilation2015.org
Exhibitions 2015
January 26-28 2015 AHR Expo Chicago, Illinois, USA www.ahrexpo.com
Exhibitions 2016
January 25-27 2016 AHR Expo Orlando, Florida, USA www.ahrexpo.com
world sustainable
energy days 2015
25 - 27 February 2015
Wels, AustriA
CONFereNCes:
WSED 2014
european Nearly Zero energy Buildings Conference
european energy efficiency Watch Conference
energy-efficient Commercial Buildings Conference
european Pellet Conference
Young researchers' Conference: energy efficiency & Biomass
trade show "energiesparmesse"
B2B-Meetings
technical site-visits
Poster Presentations
the world sustainable energy days are one of the largest annual conferences in this field in
europe, offering a unique combination of events on sustainable energy.
For more than 20 years, experts from all over the world have gathered in Upper austria to attend
the conference - in 2014, the event attracted over 750 participants from 59 countries.
the conference is held in parallel to the energiesparmesse, a major trade show on energy efficiency
and renewable energy, with more than 1,600 exhibitors and 100,000 visitors annually.
www.wsed.at
Company: Department:
Address:
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E-mail:
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REHVA
REHVA GUIDEBOOKS
REHVA Guidebooks are written by teams of European experts
Ventilation Effectiveness. Improving the ventilation effectiveness Indoor Climate Quality Assessment. This Guidebook gives
No.2 No.14
allows the indoor air quality to be significantly enhanced without building professionals a useful support in the practical measure-
Ventilation the need for higher air changes in the building, thereby avoiding the Indoor
Climate Quality
ments and monitoring of the indoor climate in buildings. Wireless
Effectiveness
higher costs and energy consumption associated with increasing Assessment
technologies for measurement and monitoring have allowed
the ventilation rates. This Guidebook provides easy-to-understand enlarging significantly number of possible applications, especially
Stefano Paolo Corgnati, Manuel Gameiro da Silva (Editors)
Roberta Ansaldi
Elisabeth Mundt (ed) Ehsan Asadi
Hans Martin Mathisen José Joaquim Costa
Peter V. Nielsen Marco Filippi
Jan Kaczmarczyk
Alfred Moser Arsen Krikor Melikov
descriptions of the indices used to measure the performance of a in existing buildings. The Guidebook illustrates with several cases
Bjarne W. Olesen
Zbigniew Popiolek
Pawel Wargocki
rehva rehva
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 2 GUIDEBOOK NO 14
ventilation system and which indices to use in different cases. the instrumentation.
Chilled Beam Cooling. Chilled beam systems are primarily used Energy Efficient Heating and Ventilation of Large Halls.
No.5 No.15
for cooling and ventilation in spaces, which appreciate good indoor This Guidebook is focused on modern methods for design, control
Chilled Beam
Application
environmental quality and individual space control. Active chilled Energy Efficient
Heating and and operation of energy efficient heating systems in large spaces
Ventilation of
Guidebook beams are connected to the ventilation ductwork, high temperature Large Halls and industrial halls. The book deals with thermal comfort, light
Maija Virta (ed.)
David Butler
Jonas Gräslund
Jaap Hogeling
Erik Lund Kristiansen
cold water, and when desired, low temperature hot water system. Karel Kabele (Editor)
Ondřej Hojer
Karel Kabele
Miroslav Kotrbatý
and dark gas radiant heaters, panel radiant heating, floor heating
Primary air supply induces room air to be recirculated through the and industrial air heating systems. Various heating systems are
Mika Reinikainen Klaus Sommer
Gunnar Svensson Dušan Petráš
rehva rehva
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 5 GUIDEBOOK NO 15
heat exchanger of the chilled beam. In order to cool or heat the room illustrated with case studies. Design principles, methods and
either cold or warm water is cycled through the heat exchanger. modelling tools are presented for various systems.
Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices. This Guidebook HVAC in Sustainable Office Buildings – A bridge between
No.6 No.16
shows how to quantify the effects of indoor environment on office owners and engineers. This Guidebook discusses the interaction
Indoor Climate
work and also how to include these effects in the calculation of of sustainability and heating, ventilation and air–conditioning.
HVAC
and Productivity in Sustainable
in Offices Office Buildings
How to integrate productivity
in life-cycle cost analysis
of building services building costs. Such calculations have not been performed previ- – A bridge between
owners and engineers HVAC technologies used in sustainable buildings are described.
Pawel Wargocki, Olli Seppänen (editors)
Johnny Andersson
Atze Boerstra
Derek Clements-Croome
ously, because very little data has been available. The quantitative Maija Virta (ed.)
Frank Hovorka
Andrei Litiu
This book also provides a list of questions to be asked in various
relationships presented in this Guidebook can be used to calculate phrases of building’s life time. Different case studies of sustainable
Klaus Fitzner Jarek Kurnitski
Sten Olaf Hanssen
rehva rehva
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 6 GUIDEBOOK NO 16
the costs and benefits of running and operating the building. office buildings are presented.
No.7
Low temperature
heating and
high temperature
cooling
REHVA Guidebooks
Low Temperature Heating And High Temperature Cooling.
This Guidebook describes the systems that use water as heat-carrier
and when the heat exchange within the conditioned space is more
than 50% radiant. Embedded systems insulated from the main
No.17
Design of energy
efficient ventilation
and air-conditioning
systems
Design of energy efficient ventilation and air-conditioning
systems. This Guidebook covers numerous system components
of ventilation and air-conditioning systems and shows how they
can be improved by applying the latest technology products.
Jan Babiak
Bjarne W. Olesen
Dušan Petráš
building structure (floor, wall and ceiling) are used in all types of Nejc Brelih (ed.)
Olli Seppänen
Thore Bertilsson
Mari-Liis Maripuu
Special attention is paid to details, which are often overlooked in
buildings and work with heat carriers at low temperatures for heating the daily design practice, resulting in poor performance of high
Hervé Lamy
Alex Vanden Borre
rehva rehva
Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 7 GUIDEBOOK NO 17
and relatively high temperature for cooling. quality products once they are installed in the building system.
Computational Fluid Dynamics in Ventilation Design. Legionellosis Prevention in Building Water and HVAC
No.10 No.18
CFD-calculations have been rapidly developed to a powerful Systems. This Guidebook is a practical guide for design, operation
Legionellosis
Computational
Fluid Dynamics
tool for the analysis of air pollution distribution in various spaces. Prevention
in Building Water
and maintenance to minimize the risk of legionellosis in building
in Ventilation Design
However, the user of CFD-calculation should be aware of the basic and HVAC Systems
A Practical Guide for Design, Operation
and Maintenance to Minimize the Risk
water and HVAC systems. It is divided into several themes such as:
Peter V. Nielsen (ed.)
Francis Allard
Hazim B. Awbi
Lars Davidson
principles of calculations and specifically the boundary conditions. Sergio La Mura (Ed.)
Cesare Maria Joppolo (Ed.)
Luca Alberto Piterà (Ed.)
Jean Pierre Angermann
Air conditioning of the air (by water – humidification), Production
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – in Ventilation Design of hot water for washing (fundamentally but not only hot water
Alois Schälin Mark Izard
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GUIDEBOOK NO 10 GUIDEBOOK NO 18
models is written by a working group of highly qualified interna- for washing) and Evaporative cooling tower.
tional experts representing research, consulting and design.
Air Filtration in HVAC Systems. This Guidebook will help the Mixing Ventilation. In this Guidebook most of the known and
No.11 No.19
designer and user to understand the background and criteria for used in practice methods for achieving mixing air distribution are
Mixing
Air Filtration air filtration, how to select air filters and avoid problems associated Ventilation
discussed. Mixing ventilation has been applied to many different
with hygienic and other conditions at operation of air filters. The spaces providing fresh air and thermal comfort to the occupants.
in HVAC Systems Guide on mixing air
distribution design
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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 11 GUIDEBOOK NO 19
requirements.
Solar Shading – How to integrate solar shading in sustainable Advanced system design and operation of GEOTABS build-
No.12 No.20
buildings. Solar Shading Guidebook gives a solid background on ings. This Guidebook provides comprehensive information on
Advanced
Solar Shading
How to integrate solar shading
the physics of solar radiation and its behaviour in window with system design
and operation
GEOTABS systems. It is intended to support building owners,
solar shading systems. Major focus of the Guidebook is on the of GEOTABS
architects and engineers in an early design stage showing how
in sustainable buildings
buildings
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Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations
GUIDEBOOK NO 12 GUIDEBOOK NO 20
installation and operation of solar shading as well as future trends designed, built and run GEOTABS systems.
in integration of HVAC-systems with solar control.
Indoor Environment and Energy Efficiency in Schools – REHVA nZEB Report. In this REHVA Report in cooperation with
No.13 nZEB
Part 1 Principles. School buildings represent a significant part of CEN, technical definitions and energy calculation principles for
the building stock and also a noteworthy part of the total energy nearly zero energy buildings required in the implementation of the
REHVA nZEB technical
Indoor definition and system
Environment and boundaries for nearly
Energy Efficiency zero energy buildings
in Schools
Part 1 Principles use. Indoor and Energy Efficiency in Schools Guidebook describes 2013 revision for uniformed national
implementation of EPBD recast
prepared in cooperation with European
standardization organization CEN
Energy performance of buildings directive recast are presented.
the optimal design and operation of schools with respect to low This 2013 revision replaces 2011 version. These technical defini-
Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano (ed.)
Laura Bellia
Atze Boerstra
Froukje van Dijken
Report No.4
Elvira Ianniello
Gino Lopardo
energy cost and performance of the students. It focuses particularly tions and specifications were prepared in the level of detail to be
Francesco Minichiello
Piercarlo Romagnoni
Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva
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GUIDEBOOK NO 13 rehva
on energy efficient systems for a healthy indoor environment. suitable for the implementation in national building codes.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations
REPORT NO 4