^IRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

BEING A N E L E M E N T A R Y TREATISE O N
G R A M M A R W I T H EXERCISES

By
Sir R A M K R I S H N A G O P A L BHANDARKAR
Jkl.A., LL.D., PH.D., K.C.I.E.&C., &C.

Enlarged By

S H R I D H A R R A M K R I S H N A B H A N D A R K A R , M.A.

EDITION
19 7 1

KARNATAK PUBLISHING HOUSE

BOMBAY f9
Rs. 3.5e
 1
Registered for Copy-right under the Government
of India's Act XXV of 1867

Alt rights reserved

FIRST EDITION 1864

SECOND EDITION 1866
F I F T H E D m o N 18'7i
EiOHTH EDITION 1 ^
T W E L F T H EDITION 1 ^
NINETEENTH EDITION 1914
TWENTY-EIGHTH EDITION 1936
THIRTY-FIRST & » T I O N 1947
TniRTY-ffi^coND EDITION 1958
, THIRTY-THIRD ^ I T I O N 1967
THIRTY-FOURTH EDITION 1966
T H I R T V - S I X T H E D I T I O K 1971

Muted by S. y. Chomthide at Sudanhan Art fitatiDg PrcM.

Wadala, Bombajr « , and FublWMd by B. a Dhawalc lor
Kattifetalt Vamaaag Bouae. BS/3I-32 Baehanl l^gar.
Italadi Bombay 64,
 P R E F A C E TO T H E FIRST E D I T I O N

The study of Sanskrit has but recently risen in the ;

estimation of the educated natiyes of this Pre^dency '
and of our educational authorities. The M Sanskrit
College of Poona owed its existence and continuance
rather to a spirit of conciliation and toleration in our '
rulers than to their conviction of the utility of Sanskrit :
as a branch of general education. The modem critical
and progressive spirit was not brought to bear uptMi
it. The old Sastris were allowed to carry all things
in their own way. After about thirty years since its
establishment, the authorities began to exercise active
interference, until at length the College was abolished
and a new system inaugurated, which, to be complete
and effective, requires, in my humble opinkm, a partial
restoration of the old institution.

This newly-awakened and more enlightened zeal in

favour of Sanskrit cannot last, or produce ext«isive
results, unless books are prepared to facilitate the
general study of that language. I have heard studaits
complain that they find Sanskrit more difficult thao
Latin, and many have actually left the study of their
own classical tongue for that of its foreign rival. I do
not know if this complaint has foundation in the struc-
ture of the two languages; but this, at least, I am sure
of, that Sanskrit would be considerably more easy than
it is, if there were men educated in our E n g l i * Colleges
to teach it, and if books specially adapted for beginners
were available. It was with the view of supplying, in
sane measure, this latter desideratum that this bo<* was
prepared about a year and a half ago. Its plan was wigi
nally sketched out by Dr. Haug, (iiough in a few jriaces
6

I found it necessary to deviate fr<mt it. The bode is

intended principally for boys; but, for the benefit of young
men whose minds have already undergone some culture',
I have added a great deal of matter, especially in foot-
notes which perhaps ought not to be introduced into a
book writtoi merdy for children. In preparing the book
I found nothing so difficult as composing from about forty
to fifty sentences. Sanskrit and English, for each lesson,,
since my choice of words and grammatical forms was
considerably limited by the conditions of that lesson.
I have, however, done what I could, and in several placea,
especially at the end, have put in such sentences, occur-
ring in original Sanskrit works, as I remembered. It is
attempted to teach nearly all the dedensicxis, some irre-
gularities tmly being omitted, for conjugations of verbs,
two tenses and one mood, passive forms, and some of
the more important verbal derivatives.

R. G. B .

Poona, March, 1864

P R E F A C E TO T H E SECOND EDITION

One of my aims in giving to this book its peculiar

form was to enable the intelligent student to go through
it without assistance. I am now happy to learn that this
object it remarkably fulfils. To increase its efficacy in
this respect, such explanation as seemed to be called for
have been added in the shape of foot-notes, and a few
other improvements and nradifications been made.

R. G. B .

Ratnapri, 16th November, 1866

 P R E F A C E TO T H E F I F T H EDITION
It has come to my knowledge that, in some of the
schools, in which this book is taught, the teachers
consider it to be their only duty to get their pupils to
translate mechanically from and into Sanskrit the
sentences given in each lesson. They pay little or ho
attention to the grammatical portion. In others, such
books as the common Riipavali are put into the hands
of the pupils, and they are made to learn by heart
the declensional forms given in these. This shows a
misconception of the object of this book, which is
evklently to teach grammar, and to teach it not for
its own sake, but in its connectbn with the language,
not in a manner simply to overburden the pupil's
memory, but in a manner to awaken and encourage
thought. The sentences are intended to serve as exer-
cises in the rules and forms and should be used as
such. The teacher should see that the pupil thoroughly
understands the rules and knows the forms, and, in
going over the sentences, get him frequently to explain
the grammar of the words occurring therein, and such
other points. Repeated exercise is what the teacher
should particularly attend to. To help him in this
portion of his work, and to enable the pupil to digest
what he has learnt into a connected whole, I have
in certain places given examination questions, and
brought together the results of the lessons that {>recede.
Another improvement is a General Glossary of all the
words contained in the book, which will be found at
the end.

I am very glad to hear from my friend, the Curator

of the Government Eodc Depot, that this book is used
in varknis parts of India, and that the donand for
8
copies is daily Incrca'sing and extending over a wider
area. The improvements made in this edition will, I
earnestly hope, increase its usefulness and render it
still more acceptable.
R. G. B .
Bombay. 9th September, 1871

P R E F A C E TO T H E E I G H T H EDITION

A new lesson on the Potential Mood has been added

in the present edition. All the conjugational tenses and
moods of the first group of conjugations have thus
been brought together in the same book.
S. R. 13.
Poona. 17th May, 1888

P R E F A C E TO T H E T W E L F T H EDITION

It has been the intention of the author of this

book to add to the sentences for exercise given in the
various lessons. Time and the opportunity offering
themselves, this intention has been carried out in the
present edition.
There seems to be a feeling anwng some teachers
that the introduction of rules regarding grammatical
forms makes the acquisition of a language very difficult
to beginner and that it would be much easier to
acquire a language, if instead of rules, ready-made
grammatical forms of model words were set before
the student to learn off by heart. But in a language like
Sanskrit in which a great many words in common use
have peculiarities of their own, such model words would
carry a student but a little way. And a scientific study
 9

of the grammar of a dead language, which is not learned

for use in practical life, is certainly to be referred to
a mere empiric study; while, in the case of Sanskrit,
it has, as remarked by the author in the Preface to the
Third Edition of his Second Book, a very high educa-
tional value. The great mission of Sanskrit has been
to communicate a powerful impetus to the philological
thought of Europe and supply it with correct princi-
ples and sound basis and thus to bring Comparative
Philosophy and the Science of Language into existence
as branches of human knowledge. It is the knowledge
of the scientific grammar of the language as elabora-
ted by the great Indian Grammarians which has led to
these results and not the transparency of Sanskrit,
as thought by some scholars, since Sanskrit is no
more transparent than, for instance, Greek and, but
• for the labours of the Indian Grammarians, would
have been as opaque as that language was up to the
discovery of Sanskrit. And such a knowledge alone
will enable our students to understand those results
and to carry on similar investigations, at least as
regards the Vernaculars of the Country. And, as
observed by the author in the place above indicated,
grammar learnt scientifically is more easily and
longer remembered than when learnt empirically.
For these reasons a scientific study of the grammar of
Sanskrit cannot be begun too early; but, if anybody
for any reason whatever prefers the empiric method,
he may follow it even in using this book. He has
simply to confine his attention to the model words and
ready-made forms given there. Those too, who object
to the introduction, in the first lessons, of the rules
about gma and about the change of the final vowel of
roots of the first conjugation on the ground of difficulty
10
to beginnw, ought not to fwget what the author
stated thirty-two years ago in the Preface to the First
Editiwi, viz., that the matter given in foot-notes is
specially intended for young men whose minds have
already undergone some culture; and they will see
that the student, who finds it difficult to master those
two or three rules, can without any inconvenience
whatsoever disregard them altogether until he is well
advanced in his study of the book.
S. R . B .
Bombay, 24th April. 1896

P R E F A C E TO T H E N I N E T E E N T H EDITION

At the suggestion of some teachers the samdhi rules

and rules relating to Syntax occurring in the foot-notes
are in this edition gathered together, for convenience of
reference, in an A^Jendix placed before the Glossaries.
S. R. B .
Bombay, 1st November, 1914

PREFACE TO T H E TWENTY-EIGHTH EDITION

The diacritical marks used in the previous editions
of this bode were those that had been in vogue when
the first edition was published in 1864. Oriental
Societies in India and elsewhere have since adopted
a practically uniform system for transliterating the
Sanskrit and allied alphabets; and finding it desir-
able that students should be familiar with it from
the commencement of their study of Sanskrit. I have
introduced in this edition the diacritical marks adopted
in that system.
Indore, 17th August. 1936
A. S. BHANDARKAR
 T A B L E OF CONTENTS

THE ALPHABET .. 1
VERBS-PARASMAIPADA—PRESENT TENSE:
L Angular Terminations .. 4
n . Plural Ternm.atic»i8 . . 6
HI. Dual Terminations 8
IV, On the Present Tense generally .. 9
General Results and Examination . . . 11
PREPOSITIONS . . 1 3
NOUNS ENDING IN « | AND * MASCULINE AND
NEUTER:
V. Nominative Case .. . . 14
VI. Accusative Case . . 18
VII. In^mentel Case . . 22
VIII. Dative and Ablative Cases . . 25
IX. Genitive, Locative and Vocative Cases 30
General Results and Examination .. 34
ADVERBS . . 36
VERBS—ATMANEPADA—PRESENT TENSE:
X. Singular N u n ^ .. 37
XI. Dual and Plural Numbers .. 40
XII. Passive and Impersonal Forms .. 43
General Results and Examination .. 46
FEMININE NOUNS ENDING IN AND | :
XIII. Nominative and Accusative Cases . . 47
XIV. Instrumental, Dative, and Ablative Cases 50
XV. G«iitive, Locative, and Vocative Cases 54
General Results and Examnation . . 58
VERBS—IMPERFECT OK FIRST PSETERIIC:
XVI. Parasmaipada, Singular and Dual
Numbers .. 59
XVII. Parasmaipada, Plural Number, and
Atmanepada, Angular number .. 61
xn CONIENIS

LESSON PACE
X V I I I . Atmaiwpada, Dual and Plural Numbers 64
General Results and Examination 68
N O U N S ENDING IN OTHER VOWELS, AIASCULINE,
NEUTER AND FEMININE:
NEUTER AND F&MININE:
XIX. The first four cases of nouns ending in
g and SR Masc. and Neut .. 68
X X . The last four cases .. 74
Examination .. 78
X X I . Feminine nouns ending in ^ a n d 7 9
Examination .. .. 85
VERBS—IMPERATIVE MOOD:
X X I I . Parasmaipada .. 85
X X I I I . Atmanepada . . 8 8
X X I V . Some of the more important Verbal
Derivatives .. .. 90
Examination .. .. 95
N O U N S ENDING IN CONSONANTS:
XXV. . . 9 6
Examination .. . . 103
XXVI. ^ and ^ij; . . . . 104
Examination .. .. .. I l l
X X V I I . «[^, and or .. I l l
Examination .. . . 118
X X V I I I . VERBS—Potential Mood . . 119
Examination .. .. . . 124
PRONOUNS
X X I X . Demonstrative, Relative and Interrogative 125
Examination / .. . . 131
X X X . Of the 1st and 2nd Perswis . . 132
X X X l . vt^ and ..136
Examination .. . . 142
X X X I I . S E L E C T I O N S , P O E T I C A L & P R O S E 142
APPENDIX ' ..147
GLOSSARY, S A N S K R I T A N D E N G L I S H . . 155
ENGLISH A N D SANSKRIT . . 191
. FIRST BOOK'OF SANSKRT

A L P H A B E T

Vowels

« a, w a, f i, t i , 3 «, g ; » , ^ r, ^ f, ^

(Anusvara) tit : (Visarga) ft

Consonants

Gutturals ?5 A, 1g, f n,
Palatals ^ c , ^ n,
Linguals ^t.
Dentals n.t. ^ n,
Labials %p. ^bh. K»t,

i
Palatal q^y,
Lingual ^ r.
Semi-vowels
Dental BL/.
Dental and Labial %v,

r Palatal sg^i
Sibilants • lingual s,
. Dental ^ s,

Aspirate |[ A.
The last three letters erf each of the first five
dasses together with the semi-vowels and the aspirate,
are called S(^t consonants.
The rest are called surds or hard consonants.
S. B. 1-2
2 P K S T BOOK OP SAKSiqtT

The vowel letters assume the following forms

when added to consonants —

The addition of «r is to be known by the oblitera-

tion of the nether stroke; and for «n, t, 3,31,5R, % 5j,
«?, k, ?l>,wehaveT, P , X ^» ^
"y, respectively, as in the following instances, in
which these vowels are added on to ^ — ^ ka, ka,
^ k i , # k i , f ku, f ku, f kf, * k^, S|klu, % ke,
% kai, ^ ko, ^ kau.

The principal conjxmct consonants are these—

«k-ka j«t g-r-ya St-ta «|t-pa

"!i;k-ta JSSg-Ia Wt-ya SI t-p-ra
k-t-va »^g-va ^th-ya ?Bt-pha
W k-na F gh-na 5 th-ra ^ t-ma
TO k-ma HT gh-ya f tl-ga BTt-ya
Wk-ya H gh-ra ^ d-ma ?It-ra
!Ek-ra Bj gh-va W d-ya «T t-r-ya
Sk-Ia gn-ka 1 d-va ?B|t-va
«pk-va S n-k-ta m dh-ya Wt-sa
eirk-sa 9 c-ca ootn-na t-s-na
Jioi k-s-na ^ c-cha ojT n m a ?PTt-s-ya
!fq k-s-ma ^ c-ch-ra iRT n-ya Kd-ga
j«?r k-s-ya ^ c-ch-va <rer n-va ;d-da
k-s-va ^ c-ma "at-ta g[d-dha
Wkh-ya •HI c-ya !I t-t-ra B[d-ba
»7g<lha isji-ja Wt-tha K d-b-ra
Hg-na ai-ra th-ya 3? d-bha
Rg-ra s^i-va STt-na Wd-ma
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 3

nd-ya p-sa ^ 1-ma ^s-pa

^d-ra 53 b-ja 1-ya ^ s-pra
fS d-r-ya 5? b-da Sl-la s-ma
5 d-va suf b-dha 5f 1-va SI s-ya
ar d-v-ya STb-ya wr v-ya «f s-va
K d-v-ra 5? b r a 9 v-ra ^s-ka
fl dh-na wn bh-na «ar^-ca ?i3s-kha
«T dh-ma w» bh-na vt^-na ^s-ta
Of dh-ya WT bh-ya 5Jt s-nia ^ s-tha
H dh-ra W bh-ra 5T^ya ^ s-na
«f dh-va KI bh-va « ^-ra ?st s-p-ra
«rn-na *JT m-ma ^s-la s pha
^ n-ma *w m-ya gs-va s-ma
n-ya S m-ra ^s-ka 511 s-ya
jgn-va »5J m-la «5B s-k-ra m s-ra
Bp-ta »g m-va Ss-ta f h-na
«SI p-t-ya 55W y-va «si s-t-ya gh-na
Hp-na irjf r-n-ya S s-t ra H h-ma
^ p-ma ^ r-dh-va % s-t-va BJhya
«^P-ya 1-ka S -tha gh-ra
sjp-ra «nl-ga «Sj s-th-ya 6h-la
ap-la 5ql-pa wis-na 1 h-va
4 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON I

VERBS

Parasmaipada *—^Present tense

SINGULAR TERMINATIONS

1st Pers. <Jr, 2nd Pers. fe, 3rd Pers. ^ .

Roots of the First Conjugation

*r[ 1" ] to go ^ ) to know ^ t o protect

Jft-(si^t n to lead, orimderstand to speak
to carry \{ Wl) to be, to ^ t o dwell
qg^to fall become q (JSR ) to move

• There are two sets of conjugational terminations in Sanskrt;

Parasmaipada and Atmanepada. Some roots take exclusively the
former, and some the latter; while there are others which take
either.
t The substitutes and other changes which some roots undergo
before the conjugational sign (such as that mentioned in rule, p. 5 )
are shown within rectangiilar brackets.
t The final vowel and the penultimate short of roots take their
gU(ia substitute before the sn (see rule, p. 5 ) of the first conju-
gation. The gupa of 9 or j is 7, of 9 or 3; is si), of or ^ is si}
and of (Sis 3n^.
Thus «ft becomes ^ to which « i s to be joined, and then the
termination fil. In Sanskrt, two vowels cannot come together without
coalescing, and the rule to be observed in the persent case is, that
the preceding q, aD, $ and 3^ become st% 3f(, and respec-
tively; and then the following vowel is added on to them;
%-f-ai=sj^-(-3l=5ni; and with fit, snrf^. Similarly, ij^-f «[=>f)-|-3f=
q^-l-3i=»W5 and withfit,>wfi>. The forms, which roots assume in
consequence of such vowd changes, are enclosed within circular
brackets.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 5

* Roots cf the Second Conjugation — < to be,

? to eat.
3! is added on to the roots of the first conjugatioh
before the terminations. In the second conjugation
the terminations are applied directly.

Before the terminations of the first person beginning

with ^ a n d ^ t h e preceding «J is lengthened.

i w ^ i siferi

1st Conjugation

^ to go, to walk to bum q ^ t o cook

^t^to lire si^to bow to,
?H^to abandon to salute

(Thou) speakest. (I)dweU. (He) moves.

(He) speaks. (Thou) fallest. (I) become.
(Thou) goest. (Thou) walkest. (Thou) eatest.
(I) go. (He) knows. (I) am.
(He) dwells. (Thou) leadest. (Thou) art. X

• As the Second Conjugation is very difficult only two

roots are given in this book. It is fully treated of in the
Second Book.

t Before hard consonants, the preceding consonants,

except nasals, substitute the first (». e., hard unaspirate)
letter of their class; as + m*!! = and w i f +
"raft = WH<RnH.
X 3 ^ loses its final before f^.
6 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

(He) Uvea. (Thou) bumest. (He) cooks.

(He) abandons. (I) protect (I) abandon.
(Thou) bowest (He) walks.
(I) cook. (I)Uve.

LESSON n

V E R B S (Cotttd.)

PLURAL TERMINATIONS

1st Pers. 2nd Pers. q , 3rd Pers. *

4th Conjugation 6th Conjugation
it^to perish to wish
^ t o dance [ ? « ^ ] to ask.
g^to nourish ^° ^ release
^ to be silly, to lose ^!l_to enter
sense, to faint ^pi^to abandon, to create
gji^to covet to touch
In the fourth conjugation *l« and in the sixth «|, are
added on to the roots before the terminations. +
The «n of the root s i ^ is dropped before the plural
and dual terminations.

• Thfe preceding v is dropped before a termination with

an i n i t i a l s .
t In these conjugations the vowels do not take t h ^
gufui substitute as in the first
]: At the end of words ff, whe&er followed tajr any lettor or
not, and t HSUowed by a hard omaonant or by nothing,
are changed to a visarga.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

fSSfscI I
I ^'sg'a I

1st Conj. 4th Conj. 6th Conj.

^ ( s i q ; ) to conquer s i ^ to throw to throw
CEt^[q5q;] to see f(a[^ embrace to inflict pain
lilf^torun to be pleased on
IF [fi^] to drink or satisfied to show
«rq^ to worship to wallow f « \ [ f « s ^ ] to
^5 to bear, to blow, g ^ t o dry sprinkle
to flow
W ( W ^ ) to remember
K to take away,
to remove

(You) speak. (You) live. (We) drink.

(We) go. (They) nourish. (You) worship.
(They) know. (We) perish. (They) bear.
(You) lead. (They) dance. (We) remember.
(They) become. (You) are silly. (You) throw.
(We) dwell. (We) covet. (They) embrace.
(You) eat. (They) touch. (We) are satis-
(We) are. (We) conquer. fied.
(They) bum. (You) take away. (They) dry.
(We) live. (They) see. (You) wallow.
(They) inflict pain. (We) throw. (You) sprinkle.
8 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON ra

VERBS ( Contd.)

DUAL TERMINATIONS

1st Pers. 2nd Pers. 3 r d Pers. rRJ,

* Roots of the Tenth Conjugation
mq^to tell f^!^ to contem- STsj^to publish
to count plate sft (sSt^) to please
to pro- (^) to steal ^f^to arrange
claim ^ to give pain ^ to desire
to, to afflict
Roots of the tenth conjugation take ^ t before the
terminations.

• Roots of the 10th conjugation are, as a general rule, both

Parasmaipadi and Atmanepadi.
t Before the final vowels and the penultimate ai (ex-
cept in some cases, as I'H, &C. ) take their vrddhi
substitute; the vrddhi of « is 31T; ot f, § or q is of
a; or aJt is a^, of SR or ^ is 3^(5 and of t i is aiRj. The
penultimate short vowel (except in some cstses, as ^
&c.) takes its guna substitute. Thus, i%r becomes %, which
with 3?Ti is ^ m , and with fit, «grnrt5> j -t-m = -f W =
awrr, and with fi(, mnjfilt a n - ( - m = ^ X + = ^
vwth fit, ^t^.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 9

1st Conj. 4th Conj. 6th Conj.

„ •) to wander, fqc to be angry g s f to glean
3 to ramble g»3[.to be agitated f ^ t o plough
^ to go, to move f ^ t o embrace ^jp; to throb
3re<^to prate, prattle
Pp5[ to censure
5iq[^to praise or tell
10th Conj.
^^Xo adore, sr^to extol or describe, ^iFSJ^to appease.
(You two) steal. ( Y o u two) are ( Y o u two) speak.
(They „ )give pain. angry. ( They ,, )become.
(We „ ) tell. (They „ ) plough. ( Y o u „ ) cook.
(You „ ) count. ( W e „ ) adore. ( W e „ ) under-
(They „ )see. (You „ ) ramble. stand.
(We „ ) arrange. (They „ ) are agi- (They „ ) eat.
(You „ ) desire. tated.
(They „ ) proclaim. ( W e „ ) glean. ( W e „ ) are satisr
(We „ ) contem- (They „ ) extol. fied.
plate. ( W e „ ) embrace. ( Y o u „ ) covet.
(You „ ) publish. ( Y o u „ ) prate. (They „ ) wallow.
(They „ ) please. (They „ ) appease. ( W e „ ) touch.
(We „ ) censure. ( W e „ ) praise. ( You „ ) ask.

LESSON I V
VmBS {Contd.)
PRESENT T E N S E GENERALLY
1st Conj. 4th Conj.
% ( Vt:) to waste away [*n^ ] to be mad, to err.
J ^ ( ^ ^ to water, to be wet Iwi) to be or become
'%(tli[)togrow calm, cool or tranquil
[fir^] to stand iwt) to be weary
it(«n)tocaU
10 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

lOih Conj.

airaL ( vm) to wash off ^te,) to weigh

( ^ ) to beat iJ5(^ to adorn

9 ^ 1 5"^' 1
iprf^ 1
^hnJT: 1 PRf^ 1
1 'mR: 1
idrfJr 1 1 ^^«r 1 1
1 1 ^RS^f^ 1 M^^^Pd 1
?y?Td: 1 <I^W: 1
^ 1 1
g^fii 1 1
^wm: 1 rq-5T«11 »mf?T 1
?1M|H.* 1

( H e ) nourishes. ( H e ) is silly. (It) wastes away.

( I ) dance. (They) are satisfied. (Thou) tellest.
( Y o u ) covet. ( I ) conquer. ( H e ) weighs.
( H e ) enters. (You) go. (They) Steal.
( T h o u ) wishest. ( T h o u ) art weary. ( Y o u ) arrange.
( I ) adore. ( I ) wish. ( H e ) proclaims.
(Thou) givest pain. ( W e two ) drink. ( I ) remember.
(It) grows. ( Y o u ) bum. (They two) dwell
( W e ) call. ( T h e y ) wash off. ( W e ) take.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 11

( Y o u ) tell. ( H e ) steals. ( T h e y ) beat.

(Thou) touchest. (We two) are. ( W e t w o ) cook.
( T h e y ) desire. (Thou) pleasest. (You) adore.
(You two) go. ( I ) enter.

GENERAL RESULTS AND EXAMINATION

PRESENT TENSE

1st Conjugation

Sing. Du. PI.

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.

4th Conjugation

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.

6th Conjugation

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.

10th Conjugation

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
12 PntST BOOK OP 8AMSKRT

1. What are the

(a) Gutturals,
(b) Palatals,
(c) Linguals,
U) Dentals,
(e) Labials,
(/) Semi-vowels,
(g) Soft consonants,
(h) Hard consonants

2. Give the Gum and Vrddhi of

(A) 3,.

( d ) 55.
3. What are the characteristics of the

(a) First conjugation,

(6) Fourth „
(c) Sfacth
U ) Tenth „
( e) Second „
4. Repeat the terminations of the Present Tense.
5. What change does the preceding «i undergo
before ^ a n d i ^ o f the 1st person ?
6. T o what syllables are ^ and ^ changed,
when followed by a vowel ? Give instances.
7. Explain the change a consonant undergoes when
followed by a hard consonant. Give instances.
8. What are final ^ and 5 changed to? Under
what drciunstances does the latter undergo the
change?
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 13

9. Give the forms of the Present Tense of — [ As

many roots as are necessary to impress the forms
thoroughly on the pupil's memory should be put under
this question by the teacher. ]

Prepositions ( )
Prepositions (^TOJ't) when prefixed to verbs modify
the original sense of the roots. The following are the
principal of these—
sjfil beyjond; ^Ri^Kjfrt goes over or beyond, trans-
gresses.
^ \ over, about, upon; 3)f^«TiS^ goes over or on
1 i. e., knows or gets.
sig after, like; sigwcfij, sifirsal^ goes after, follows.
«rfJl to, unto, near t o ; s j f i m ? ^ goes to or near to.
W down, off, from; steRR^ goes down, descends.
C bounding or limiting, reversing to, as far as;
(. «n»wsrfc» comes, and^fe grows to, ascends.
_ ( up, above, superior; 3 ? ; ^ falls up, jumps ;
( •ii*^^ goes up, rises,
near, less, next t o ; yi^h^icl approaches.
^ in, down; ft#rf?t sits down.
TO opposite, or opposed to; MihiNcI defeats,
pfit reverted, again; si^t^n^^ speaks in return, replies,
n forth, before; JWlft goes forth,
ft privation, apart, away; ftf^^i^ separates.
? m being conjoined with; becomes united,
imites.
at the end of a word or particle, followed by a con-
sonant in general, is changed to an anusvara optionally,
and necessarily when it is followed by q, ^, j , or 5.
When it is not changed to an anusvara it is changed to the
nasal of the class to which the following letter belongs and
*o a nasal ^ ^ 51, when followed by ^. 5;, respectively.
14 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON V

NOUNS
NOMINATIVE CASE

1. Nouns ending in a?

Terminations

Singular Dual Plural

Masculine ^ ^
Neuter ^ ^ «nf»i

SUBSTANTIVES
(Masculine)
fire a man ^ a cloud
a horse ^ a king TO name of
God qsR wind person
a tortoise a son fSSr a tree
a child the sea
5PJ people, a man f«r a wise man ^ a cook
^ 5 life, an animal ^ a fool 5^53 the hand.
• If (J, ^, aj), or follow s? or w , the vowel which takes
the place of both is ^ in the first two cases, and SHV in the
last two.
t When any vowel, short or long, except the last four, is
followed by the same vowel, short or long, the substitute
for both is the same vowel lengthened; t ' f + = InaT^;
+^+53151 ;&c.
Note * p. 6 is not applicable in the case of the forms of
the Nom. and Acc.
J If w or 3fl is followed by f, 7, SR, or cj, short or long,
the corresponding gufia letter is substituted for both.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 15

(Neuter)

a lotus ^•m misery ^ a leaf gisl the mouth

Jjf a house wealth "K^! fruit happiness
sra; water ^ tlie eye ftrai a friend the heart

SENTENCES

• When a visarga is preceded by ai and followed by 3i, or a

soft consonant, it is changed to 3, which, with the preceding 3»,
becomes aft ( see the last note, p. 14 ).
t See note J, page 4.
X Visarga preceded by an and followed by a vowel or a soft
consonant is dropped. It is also dropped when preceded by a? and
followed by any vowel except 3i. The two vowels, thus brought
together by the dropping of visarga, do not coalesce; e. g., sitl ^
for SRI! s-ij ^^sna for gu: 5^31"%.

II ^comingaftersR, I, or<^inthesame wordis changed to^.

This change takes place even if a vowel, a senuvowel (excepted),
the aspirate %, or a letter of the guttural or labial class comes bet-
ween ^ . I, or <^ and 5|, This change does not take place when q ends
a word; as
i See note, page 13.
19 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Kings protect (The two) seas are

( Two) drildren wallow. agitated.
(A) son pleases. ( A ) wise man is cahn.
Horses gallop. Fools prate.
Wiadsbear. ( A ) Mend asks.
God creates. Leaves fall.
Trees grow. (The) heart is satisfied.
( The two) tortoises move. Cooks cook.
Animals perish. People censure.
(The) hand throws. ( A ) man tells.
Fire bums. ( A ) lotus adoms.
(An)^tim>bs. (The) mouth speate.
2. Nouns erdmg in i[

Terminations

Singular Dual Plural

Masculine ^ (none)
In the dual the vowel i[ is lengthened, and before si^of
the plural it takes the guifa substitute.

Neuter (none) | f
Before the temvinations b^jinning with a vowd ^ is
added on to nouns in ^ of the neuter gender. | is lengtii-
ened before the nominative and accusative plural
terminations.

SUBSTANTIVES

( Masculine)

«Sr fire a sword ^ a sage

an enemy ocean a monkey
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 17

a poet qf% Indra's thun- s?nf^ sickness or

ftft a mountain derbolt disease
^fe the god qrfdi the hand gft the name of
Siva a man, or the
a king an ascetic god Indra
if not (indeclinable ).* ^ n. water
SENTENCES

I ^fclt^5I^ I

5 R ^ fg??l?Ici: I 3T[?I^% I

qpnt 5^351 ^ «nfei i

II Siva protects. Ascetics do not desire.
Sages are tranquil.tt ( The) sword falls. [ quer.
Monkeys nm. ( T h e t w o ) enemies con-
( A ) poet describes. Hari becomes angry.
Kings lead. [ cool. (The) hand sprinkles.
(The two) fires become (The) mountain § stands.
Disease afflicts.

• Words which do not take case-terminations, «'. e., axe not

inflected, are indeclinable.
t ^ or visarga preceded by any vowel except or am, and
followed by a vowel or a soft consonant, is changed to j^.
III followed by % is dropped, and the preceding vowel (except SR),
if short, is made long.
It Visarga followed by ^fj, q[, or ^ , is either retained or changed to
^ , % or ^, respectively.
§ Visarga followed by ^ or ^ is changed to ^5 by 5 or
'I to ^ , and 5 or 5 to as f R w © for fR: wWRirft,
 18 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON VI

NOUNS ( Contd. )
ACCUSATIVE CASE

1. Nouns ending in «j
Terminations

Phtral
Masc. Singular Dual
1 ^
Neuter-
The accusative forms
-same as tlie of neuter nouns are always the
nominative.
same as those of the nominative.

SUBSTANTIVES
r Masculine)
«IT1? medicine 5 ^ a man «nBt a tiger
?Jt^ cooked rice a wise man WIN a hunter
RBR a servant ftlTSsacat 5R! a rogue
a treasure Hrem Brahmana 5n an arrow
IT5I an elephant a burden fil«J a pupil
vm a village JTt?ir absolution raf a lion
father ^ a warrior ^ the sun
% the body 1^ Veda (Hindu a thief
^ the foot sacred scrip- ^ heaven
tuijes )
(Neuter)
a forest SPTR atovm ^ cloth
reality, truth qiq sin, evil ^ poison
qjl grass a book gold
com flRl flesh
Roots—10th Conj.
^ to punish; *nn.to eat; SRfii_to seek
 FIRST BOOK OF 8ANSK9T 19

SENTEKCES

it^'. WX^ %lfcT I

1TC t n ^ r f i r I

3R5 I

• When q or a5t at the end of a word or grammatical

form is followed hy in the latter merges into the former,
L «. it is neither pronounced nor written. In its place the
mark* is generally put.
t Verbs implying motion govern the accusative, and
sometimes the dative, of the place to which the motion is
directed.
{ When f, 3 , ?F, and ^ , short or long, are followed by
a dissimilar vowel, ^ \ , t and are respectively sub-
stituted for them
|l A final % when followed by «flc, 5 , q, n, and ^, ^ is
changed to an anusvara and visarga. The visarga is, in the
present case, further changed to«t, (see footnote §, p. 17)
 so FOtST BOOK OP SAMSKfr

Rama sees tigers. (Two) fools drink pdson.

Horses bear (the) treasure. Kmgs punish thieves.
(A) wise man ascends (to) (They) arrange (the) books.
Heaven. (You) eat cooked zk&
lions devour dqjihants.
(He) counts (the) fruits. (His) friends remeoatMr
(The) ascetic goes to (a) Rixaau
forest People praise (thdr) kingg.
(The) warrior disdbaiges Wise men lead people.
(two) arrows. (I) understand (ths) .truJk*
God protects men. (The) Vidas praise (As)
(We) enter (two) villages. sun.
(A) son ideases (his)father. (The) father calls (Ms tms
Men eat tortoises. children.
Monkeys ascend trees. Fools censure wise men.
(He) asks (the) servante. (The) king speaks (to the)
(They) wash (their) feet. warrior.

2. Noiuis ending in f

Termmations

Singular Dual Plural

Masc ^ [none] ^
The ending | is lengthened in the dual and before
the of the plural.

SUBSTANTIVES (Masculine)
a guest qfe an oblation qpRi a crow
«li%r?% a master (food) fti^ fate
aife a bee fi(^ a beggar ^ rice of vari-
q ^ a strife, a a jewel ous kinds (a
quarrel ift tlu sun grain of)
ft^aboar ^ a heap «Rft a charioteer
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 21

ig^lOth conj. tviih sf, to wash

rmlOth conj. to care for, to mind
^ 1st conj. to give, to offer
1st conj. with srfJr, to^rejoice in, to like
jft 1st conj. with str, to bring
^ 1st conj. with sig, to follow
sift (indeclinable) even

SENTENCES

# ^t^^ smf^: I

f JcTCt I

• When ^ or a consonant of the dental class is com-

iwunded with or a consonant of the palatal class, a letter
of the latter class is substituted for the former, and in
this order, viz., for ^, for q, s^, for ^ &c. The same
happens when dentals are combined with linguals, being
substituted for ^ % for ^, ^for % &c.
t There are a few cases in which two vowels, though
coming together, do not coalesce. The rule applicable in
the present case is that when the dual of a noun or a verb
ends in f, g;, or ij, these vowels do not combine with
another following them.
22 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Poets praise Rsis. ( A ) warrior throws (a)

Rama salutes poets.
( A n ) ascetic goes to (the)
mountain.
(I) strike (two) monkeys.
H a d brings heaps.
(He) touches (the) hand.
Medicines remove diseases.
(The) hunter sees (two)
boars.
Hari beats (his) enemy
(I) desire jewels. [ sword.
(He) rambles (over) seas.
(The) man enters fire
(pyre).
(He) asks (two) chario-
teers.
People please (the) kings.
Even kings bow to ascetics.
Horses drink water.
Men offer oblations.

LESSON V U
N O U N S (CoMfrf.)
INSTRUMENTAL CASE
Nouns ending in ^ and ;
Terminations
Singular Dual Plural

Masc.
The preceding is lengthened before w n ^

Nouns ending in «l are in all except

the first two cases declined exactly
Neuter •{ like the corresponding masculine.

* See the rules p. 16. and note li, p. 15.

 FIRST BOOK OF SAKSK?T 23

SUBSTANTIVES
(Masculine)
an orna- ^ a stick W a chariot
ment [shine, ^ God, a god fjm king of
anaq sun (sun- a river Lanka or Cey-
^ god of thunder iTlf^ a sailor lon, the great
gtjfR a present qfrl a foot-soldier enemy of Rama
^ the hand «noi an arrow ftt^ sacred pre-
Vim a lake Jl??I Vedic verse cept
^ f i w a decend- qsmPT a sacrificer
ant of f R r a qsi effort sgt? a verse

sw food family, race a jewel

«iM materials of ^ a wheel srtil the body
worship a nail 5Trei a science
|9iW fuel ynr merit the head
^rf^ a spade i R j a machine ^ a Vedic hymn
ADJECTIVES
^ lame S f ^ many, much, plentiful.
iVbte—Adjectives agree with the substantives they
qualify in number, gender and case.
ROOTS
1st Conj.
Bflt.todig itq^uHthm ^ unth ft, to
with an, to become bait, shine, to appear
to know to bend down beautiful
^ t o move K to strike
I (?n:) 10th* conj. to tear
INDECLINABLE
« f with
• ^, to tear, belongs to the 9th conj. but may be practkally
regarded as belonging to this conj. also.
24 J?tI»ST BOOK OP SANSKttT

SENTENCES

^ ? j r s ^ I qiRwi ^if^^ I

nftwRT ^ j g ^ s j ^ - ftnsli sf^'fejRt, ^K*iRf I

RSma adoms (his) body with jewels.

Man speaks with (his) mouth.
Men nourish (thek) bodies with food.

• ?W governs the instrumental

t SR (short) after any vowel except the last four is
optionally not combined, and the preceding vowel, if long, is made
short
t See note §, page 17.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSK?T 25

( They ) bear loads by (their ) heads.

Hari pleases (the ) sage with efforts.
Kings are pleased with presents.
Chariots move by {means of ) machines.
( The ) Brahmanas invoke (? ) god with (two) hymns.
( H e ) worships God according to (by) (the) sacred precept.
( H e ) praises Rama by (two ) verses.
( The ) man strikes ( his ) enemy with ( a ) sword.
Rama goes with (the ) charioteer.
( A ) lake appears beautiful by ( means of ) lotuses.
People are not pleased even with many jewels.
( We ) go to ( a ) village in ( by ) (a) chariot.
( He) pleases (the) gods with oblations.
( A ) tiger lives on ( by ) flesh.
( H e ) contemplates God in ( b y ) his mind.
Indra strikes mountains with ( his) thunderbolt.
Trees grow by ( means of) water.
Monkeys are satisfied with fruits.
Spring adoms trees with leaves.
Lakes get dry on account of ( by ) (the ) sun.
( The) head bends down with (the ) burden.

LESSON v i n

NOUNS ( Contd.)
DATIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES

Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Nouns ) (Dat. ?r wim vm.
ending r J \ Abl. ^ WIH wjl^;
in aj ) § Neuter—same as the masculine.
S. B. 1-3
26 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Before and ¥?IH3[_ the preceding a» is lengthened,

and before becomes
Singular Dual Plural

<I*<|W1IH.
Nouns •) Masc. ] Dat. q
ending ^ and ( Abl.
in 5 ' Neut.
Dat. + q=
Abl. ^+3n^=
Dat. ^
Abl. cuftoi:
SUBST-iVNTlVES

(Masculine )
name of an island, people, world
a man a continent killihg
airanf preceptor, a golden coin TOf a hog
tutor qla a mountain ftiPI modesty
f i j t ^ a husband- a sinner; ^im the top,
man a^i/. sinful summit
fWl name of a Ufanr a palace <3pJ a caravan, a
person 5 ^ a servant crowd
^ anger JJW a kind of *)«imRl a general,
two miles pulse commander of
^ 9 sesamum sweetmeat an army
qra* a mendicant ^ « a soldier

• The ending? or 7 of masculine nouns takes its gum

substitute before the terminations of the Dative, Ablative, and
Genitive singular.
t The w of 3 ^ is dropped after the preceiding q or 3l>.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 27

(Neuter)

ignorance sijg^i sluggish- silence

3 1 ! ^ sky ness mswi eight miles
ajiaT a seat ^ knowledge Wsq kingdom
3?IB a garden ?TR=i; a star ^ a forest, wood
^S^mi welfaie, a step 5r?I a hundred
good q5:t5! a small fgfl?H a throne
fgiT a flower pond, a pi\ddle one's duty
$?j a tieid <i^f! dniner

AN ADJECTIVE

^ silent

ROOTS

1st Conjugation

iwVft to o'otain ; 3^, to be produced,

ivith Jjft and SIT, to result
to return 9JF V^l^ with 3^, to get
^ iwVA sift, to exchange up, rise
to worship
^a^idth 3q, 6th Conj. to teach, to advise
<2 Con;, to hold, to wear, to owe*
INDECLINABLES

bow I ftsn without hail!

• ^ in this sense governs the dative of the person to

whom something is owing.
t *ra! and govern a dative, and an accusative
instrumental, cr ablative.
28 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

SENTENCES

jTfflf^r n ^ g ^ I ^i^g"Tf^feT i

JTHI^I ft^J fl^frT I

^ ( I j i T f f ^ ' i 5rt?q% I ?ft:J I

* Verbs implying anger, malice, rivalry and jealousy

(i. e., having the sense of wsL, and a i ^ )
govern the dative of the person or thing against whom or
which the feeling is directed. also governs the dative
of the object of wish.
t The preceding consonant (except a nasal) takes the
third consonant of its class as its substitute when com-
pounded with a soft consonant or the initial vowel of a
word.
; See rule in note*, page 21.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 29

Rama goes home for dinner.

Fruits fall from trees.
( I ) give money to mendicants.
Hari owes ( a ) hundred to Asvapati.
( A ) wise man worships God for absolution.
(The) general leads' (his) soldiers from village to village.
Brahmanas obtain wealth from kings.
(The) mountain is two coss {krosa} from (the) sea.
Hari goes to (the) garden for flowers.
Misery results from sin.
( The) gods throw sinners from heaven.
Rama errs from his duties.
( H e ) brings rice from (two ) heaps.
Pupils get knowledge from (their) preceptors.
Kings protect (their) kingdoms from (their) enemies.
( The) king speaks to (his) general from (his) throne.
From sluggishness (he) does not move even ( a) step.
Through modesty (he) stands silent.
( I ) return from (the) garden.
(the) husbandmen plough (the) field for com.
(The) son gets wealth from (his ) father.
Fools prate through ignorance.
( The) hogs drink water from (the) lake.
Stars fall from (the) sky.
Hail to (the) poets!

* There are some roots that govern two accusatives;

Rt, and are instances. The synonyms of these also govern
two.
30 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON I X

NOUNS i Contd.)

GENITIVE, LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE CASES

Terminations

Singular Dual Plural

Nouns c Gen. ^ qpi
ending i- J
in sj J S Loc. 5 ^ 1
Neuter—same as the masculine
The preceding short vowel becomes long before qp^.
The final ^ becomes ^ before ?it^ and g.
Nouns \ o Gen. awj^
ending f J
in 5 J2 Loc. # g
The preceding % is dropped before ^ .
The vocative singular of nouns ending in is the
same as the crude, and that of nouns ending in ^ is formed
by simply changing the f lo m. The dual and plural of the
vocative are in all cases the same as those of the corres-
ponding nominative.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc. mi

* See notes * and t, page 26.

 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 31

Singular Dual Plural

Nouns 1 Gen.
ending }• g
in^ J 2; Loc.
or
Gen.
Loc. iflf^
Voc. sjft or 5nft
SUBSTANTIVES

( Masculine)
room, ^ai^f^ a rich man ^ colour, caste
space q?f duty, virtue arra residence
W9fl conduct Olf^ a store ^ a warrior
W a sword q;[POT exploit f^f a bullock
ift'ST summer qRSSB a protector WI? a beast of
the moon SRBwliglit [grace prey
)ftq a lamp TOR favour, ^PF^ name of
' O T ^ g o d of servant of Rama's charioteer
wealth, Kubera Kubera
(Neuter)
medicine mm evidence, saying;
VPUn cause authority enmity
??r ghee ggr battle ^|?5pf beauty
"^fta the manner
of leading life ^ a herd ^ a mansion
f^mind a tail ^ snow
ADJECTIVES

«agie(9 delight- ^ long salt

ing IPTO first ^ best, superior
censurable JRRq praise-
t hot, fierce worthy
32 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T

ROOTS, & C .

aiTflt. [ SjmjC ] 4lh Conj. to forgive, to pardon

^ with n, to grow
with 3q, to sit
S mrf. where ?

srei^ I ^ WJi < K ^ P d I

^ r a i ^ w;iT55i?5^grf?ci i tjji^ ^Rfit STH

sn^rof: ^ g j i fnR^ i

5i5Rt I
^ 5 P i t 55t%!5 #cmt TO- ^t^am qroft ^ 3 % r i

•See note *, page 29

 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K ? T 33

(The) conduct of 1 tjie two) sons of Hari is praiseworthy.

(There) are lamps in (the) houses.
{The) yaksas are (the ) servants of (the ) god of wealth.
( T h e ) tails of monkeys are long.
Among poets Kalidasa is (the ) first.
( T h e ) man's servant goes to ( a ) village.
Kmgs reside in palaces.
Rich men dwell in mansions.
Rama is (the) best of men.
( T h e ) water of (the ) lakes is salt.
(There) is snow on (the ) tops of ( the) moimtains.
( A ) thief steals (the) wealth of ( a ) Brahmana.
( I ) am pleased at (the) beauty of (the ) gardens.
( H e ) brings ( a ) leaf of ( t h e ) tree.
(I) throw ghee into ( t h e ) fire.
(The) enmity of (the) sailors is (the) cause of (the) battle.
(There) is no medicine for (of) ( a ) fool.
By modesty, 0 Hari, are people pleased.
Clouds move in (the ) sky.
(The) residence of ascetics is in forests.
(There) are many jewels in (the ) ocean.
Flowers adorn (the) trees in (the) garden.
( A ) wise man does not give room to anger in (his) mind.
God pardons (the) sins of sinners.
Lotuses grow in water.
34 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

G E N E R A L RESULTS AND EXAMINATION

Sing. D«. P/.

Nom. sr.
Acc. ^>
Instr. «j.
Dat. ^ .
Abl. q.
Gen. q.
Loc. ^ .
Voc. ?}.

^ JW.

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. ^:
Gen. ^:
Loc.
Voc.

Nom.
Acc.
Instr. ^:
Dat. n^m
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc. 5 ^
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 35

g?|5T adj. M.J. n.

n.

Nom. a.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. A.
Gen. ^.
Loc. «.
Voc. ^.
1. State and explain the rules of Samdhi of the
following, with instances —
a. Similar vowels except the last four.
b. 3! or sn followed by g, ^ , or ^s, short or long.
c. sj or an foUov/ed by ^, ^ or ^ .
d- \, 3, or ^ , thort or long, followed by any
dissimilar vowel.
e. I? or ^ followed by s?.
/. The ending | , ^ , or of dual nouns followed by
a vowel, and 3R after any vowel except the
last four.
g. if^ at the end of a word.
A. ^ and the dentals with 5^. and the palatals.
i. ^, and the dentals with \ and the Unguals.
k. Any consonant of the five classes, except a
nasal, followed by a soft consonant or the
initial vowel of a word.
/. t followed by t.
36 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

2. When is changed to ?
3. Under what circumstances is visarga changed
to 5^, j[, or 5^.and ^ , and when is it dropped ?
4. When is the final \ changed to an anusvara and
Visarga ?
5. What cases do the following verbs and particles
govern :—
a. Verbs implying motion.
b. Verbs implying anger, malice, rivalry, and
jealousy.
c. ^ in the sense of to owe, and
d. , sWs, sfef, and ^pa.
6. Mention any roots governing two accusatives.
7. Decline the nouns — [ Put in as many as may be
necessary, of the masculine and neuter genders, ending
in « or 5 ].
Some of the important Indeclindbles

«Rl5 hence mm., in what man- g^r then

«RI here «S[rwhen? [ner? 3 ^ again [first
«IQ to-day but g?T formerly, at
«!|i!lnow whence ? mi whence {rela-
aift even § ! | or «5 where ? tive ) [ Uve)
ffit so, thus [ ner ^ * and «ra where (rela-
i p i m in this man- ft^ long (time) vm in which
f9 like, as ?ra: thence manner (rela-
1^ only m there [ ner tive) [tive)
ifsmthus ^ in that man- ^ when (rela-

• See notes page 27.

 FIRT BOOK O F SANSKRT 37

^ * or always 10!
fqi in vain everywhere 5?^ yesterday
flq. tomorrow gsweii

LESSON X
V E R B S
A T M A N E P A D A T E R M I N A T I O N S — P m e « / Tense
SINGULAR
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers
^ h

ROOTS
+ 1st Conj.
^ t o see, to take tii^with sji, to 1^ to tremble, to
into account, to begin, to be quake [ hope
care for; (with engaged in i j i ^ with an, to
m, to expect; m to sport, to be to suspect
toith u, to see; diverted fii^ to learn
and with qft, to ^ (^) to g n ^ l s i i K ) to be
examine) please, to be splendid, to be
to shake liked fit.
TOIL with a, to 55*1 to get ^nq; to panegy-
diine ^ to salute rize, to praise,
•m. to speak [ice to be to extol
g ^ ( % ) t o r e j o - f ^ { ^ ) to ??| to endure
i m t o strive increase ^ t o serve
• ^ o r trj is used after each of the parts of speech joined
together, or once only, that is, after them a l l ; «JtR»^
or v n i i f l ^ a }'mv^^'I
t The conjugational peculiarities formerly mentioned
should be remembered in conjugating these roots.
38 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

4th Conj. 6th Conj.

5R(, [ «n ] to be produced,
to result [ * drq:] to die
g^^to fight [ dp^ ] to obtain
10th Conj.
^ with 3j^, to disregard, + n^t. to seek [ stroy
to despise ^ with f?r [ ] to de-
SUBSTANTIVES, &C.

ajwrasf n. study 'nft^tft^ n. a reward

«. worship jRgs ajy. strong
ai^^^T adj. innumerable sipw generally
arasT «. a he, falsehood a disc
srei w. a miraculous weapon *T?R m. a devotee
a i M l i ^ adj. spiritual n. fear
w. coming to birth, H^mi m. a jeweller
appearance lira w . a month [ing
m. exertion, industry 55m m. acquisition, obtain-
^ m. a mat 5fRr m. wind
^ m. pain, distress f^W^RJ m. name of a sage
^ w . punishment ^IRW «. an order
^tlTjR m. bad conduct giPW »«• bright half (of
raiH M. contemplation a month)
^imqiil m. name of a man ?RRR w . good conduct
•n^t nt. ruin, loss ^ w . affection, friendship
m- a school of p^ "lo- ^ W I ^ «. tranquility, peace
sophy

• Roots o£ the 6th Conj. ending in short !B, substitute

for the 5B, ft, which with the following si of the conjuga-
tional sign becomes ftT; e. g., w and ? make and f ^ .
t T h e vowel does not take the gum substitute in this
instance. The root is Stmanepadi only, see page 8, note'.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 39

SENTENCES

i^r I

3 ^ 55iJrsT w t ^ ^ 1
i r t ^ c5*ra I

(I) begin (the) Study of ( A ) warrior fights with

Nyaya. (his ) enemies.
(Thou) endurest pain. (Thou) expectest (a) reward.
Krsna sports with child- ( I ) rejoice at (the) welfare
(The) tree shakes, [ren. of friends.
(Thou) servest (the) king. (The) rogue despises (the)
( I ) obtain wealth. king's orders.
(He) salutes Rsis. ( I ) see (a) monkey,

• ^ and other verbs having the same sense govern the dative
of the person or thing pleased or satisfied.
40 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKJT

Rama shines by (his) in- (He) seeks jewels.

numerable virtues. Generally (a) man strives
From fear of God, (he) does for wealth.
not g)eak (a) lie. ( A ) devotee likes ( the )
The disc of (the) moon worship of God.
increases in ( t h e ) bright ( I ) tremble from fear of
half of (the) month. punishment.
( A ) sinner suspects even ( I ) learn duty from ( my )
friends. preceptor.
( A ) tree looks beautiful by (The) poet panegyrizes
(the) appearance of (the) king.
fruits. ( I ) die by ( t h e ) arrows
Prom sin results spiritual of ( m y ) enemies.
ruin.

LESSON X I
VERBS r c o « / d . ;
DUAL AND PLURAL
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.
Dual sit ^
Plural Jjt v| *«p%
As in the Parasmaipada, the preceding «l is lengthened
brfore the f^and ^^ of the Atmanepada terminations.
Dual ^Pf^
Plural ^^wt
Stmanepadi Roots
1st Conj.
* ^ t o praise, to €t ( S*!;) to fly with ft, to won-
flatter t fii^to beg der, to be dis-
«fmto forgive « n ^ t o beg mayed
imi.with xj, to to throb to taste
swagger fer (^qq;) to smile ;
• See Note f, page 6
t See Note t, page 29.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 41

4th Conj. 10th Conj.

^with a g , to obey 5(1? with sifi?, to salute,
to respect

SUBSTANTIVES & C .

S T O ^ m. fault m. rice ^^psa m. spring

s w g ^ m. rise, i n d . b y day gilW K . sentence,
prosperity ^uf n. money words
aura M. a mango n. the eye ^ R t P R n. w i n d o w
(fruit) m. direction f l f ^ a d ; , various
aiRPW « . propitia- g « r dancing, a f^Sn w . a bird
tion, pleasing dance ^ H c ^ l n. rudeness,
grain m . applica- w . violation, impudence
tion, exertion breaking ^ « . a weapon
dtfl<***r m. a taunt »T>n enjoyment , m . a parrot
^ M. fraud, sensual enjoy- n . singing
deceit ment « m MJ. this
nra « . a l i m b m. a peacock world, worldly
TIH « . singing <H-^Ji\M n. censure, existence
ITR^ w . a song- anything cen- ^ afif;. true
ster surable adj. one's
goj w . merit, own [ ficial
quality, virtue f|cl^ adj. bene-
'sngjf n . s k i l l

SENTEVCES
42 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

SIR^ltr f^flT I »TT<4*l«H*fld f^Rtnrait I

^5Rm?:i«RI«I •»IH«l<- 5^»Tra; f i l ^

( W e ) get fruits in spring. Tigers do not eat (taste)

( You ) speak lies.
Mountains shake.
Stars shine.
(You ) learn dancing.
Narayrna's (two) friends
Strive for (his) welfare.
(We two) serve (the ) king.
( You two ) taste mangoes.
(We ) see ( a ) peacock on
(the) top of (the) palace.
grass and leaves of trees.
( We two ) salute (the )
Rsis.
Misery and happiness are
born of (the) world.
( You two ) fight without
cause.
( T w o ) children sport in
( t h e ) garden.
( We two ) expect good
from Hari.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 43

(You) two forgive (the) ( T h e ) limbs of (the ) fool

faults of ( your) friends,
( T h e y ) extol (the) merits
of wise men.
Distresses result from sin.
Men die.
Beggars beg for rice.
Parrots fly at ( the ) window,
Men obtain ( the ) fruit of
(their) efforts.
grow (increase), but not
(, his) knowledge,
(We two ) endure (the )
taunts of ( our) enemies.
Warriors destroy (their)
enemies with various
weapons.

LESSON X I I
V E R B S (Contd.)
PASSIVE A N D I M P E R S O N A L F O R M S
These" are made up by adding q to the root +, and
then appending the Stmanepada terminations—
eq5(^+ q + ?| = SJ3?J^, R|3!J^, &c.
If a root ends in ^ which is not preceded by a
conjunct consonant, ft is substituted for it before the
^ of the passive ; as ^becomes fe.
The final 5 or g of a root is lengthened before q ; as
(si becomes
• There is no conjugational distinction in the case of
passive forms; that is, they are formed in the same manner
from all roots, subject, however, to certain peculiarities of
the roots themselves. Several roots, therefore, belonging
to conjugations which, as being complicated, have not
been introduced into this book, are given in the text.
The student, of course, will not be able to make up their
active forms.
t The original roots, and not the substitutes which some
roots take before the conjugational sign, as for ^IJ^,
fte for ^«Ji, &c.
44 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

ROOTS

^ with an, to ^ to cry

request command ^ to hear
f to do q^ 1st conj. Par. m [ ^ ] to
g i to know to learn stand
^* [^] to give qj [lit] to drink 5 ^ to kill

SUBSTANTIVES

m. a command « ^ w . a sound
^TO n. wood qR m. an inhabitant of a
^ m. a bow city, a citizen
w. a scholar, a pupil Jlig m. an intelligent man

SENTENCES

• The forms which some roots assume before the passive v are
here enclosed within rectangular brackets.

t Those roots of the tenth conjugation, whose vowels lalce a

g«{ta ar vrddhi substitute in the active voice, undergo the same
change before the v of the passive; as ^ ^v1^ act.; :aT^ff pass.,
not^^.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 45

(An) enemy is Icilled with (The two) horses are being

(an) arrow.
(The) child's hands are
washed with water.
(Thou) art extolled by
poets.
(You) are sought by men.
(I) am served by servants.
(We) are protected by God.
{You two) are known by
people.
Elephants are mounted.
(We two) are requested by
(the) citizens.
(The) world is abandoned
by ascetics.
(The) body is nourished
with food.
taken away by thieves.
Water is being sprinkled
on (the) trees.
Heaps of com are being
arranged.
Krsna's body is adorned
with ornaments.
(The) virtues of wise men
are celebrated by poets.
(A) sound is heard.
Thieves are punished by
kings.
Fruits (two) are eaten by
Hari.
Arrows(two)are discharged
(You)) are commanded by
(the) King.

• See notes f and J p. 17.

t It roots have a penultimate ^ or anusvara, it is dropped
before T, except in certain cases.
46 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Happiness is always wished (The) gods are pleased by

for by men. (means of) good conduct.
(The) waters of (the) sea (The) soldiers are being
are not drunk. counted by (the) general.

G E N E R A L RESULTS AND EXAMINATION

Xtm. ' to smile'

PRESENT TENSE

Singular Dual Plural

1st pers. ^ wm^ mnw^
2nd pers. ^flq^
3rd pers.

Passive—g 'to hear"

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers. ?J?r^
1. What form does the final m. (short) take in the 6th
Conjugation ? In what other case does it assume the
same form ?
2. What modification does the final short vowel
undergo before the n of the Passive ? What substitute
does the sn of ^ and qj ' to drink' take in the same
circrmistances, and how are roots of the tenth conjugation
dealt with?
3. Give the Present Tense of fv^, ? 6th Conj. (and
any number of other Atmanepadi roots necessary).
4. What case do ?s^and other roots having the same
sense govern ? Give an instance.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 47

5. Repeat the passive forms of IR^, ^ (and

any number of other roots, Parasmaipadi and Atmane-
padi, the teacher may deem necessary.)
6. Explain the use of ^ and

LESSON x m
N O U N S

F E M I N I N E N O U N S E N D I N G I N an A N D |

NOMINATIVE A N D ACCUSATIVE CASES

Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Nouns 1 Nom. SI. (none) i
ending in a n t Acc. ^ .
Nom. SI.
\
Acc. ^ . OTI:
Nouns Nom. SI. (none)
ending in ^ Acc.
Nom. SI. TO:
Acc. ft.
SUBSTANTIVES, & C .

{Feminine)

3J^"y<ft name of ^ a story SiTRl forgiveness

the wife of ^fin a daughter. the Ganges
Vasistha, a great a girl olJfft mother
sage ^ an art actress
ansjl a command f q i ^ a virgin river
• See saihdfU rule t, p. 19.
48 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

•Ifd a woman the earth eji^a well

<?sft wife a garland, 5ft*r? beauty
the earth a wreath a female
S15IT subjects; pro- ?3j!ft night friend
geny Sfsnr shame
Un?! a young 5Rn a creeping (rif^O a female
woman plant companion cr
wiPlf wife sgsn a woman mate

SiKf?t^ fljy. one's own siF^n? w. palace, and

vpam m. support n. surface; m ^ l R ^
9|R¥¥T m. beginning the upper surface or
3<m «. garden terrace of a palace
9>S w. neck ^Sn. an army
infST M. departure *R weight
»i. father of Sita, ^Jjjoi «. an ornament
the wife of Rama ^tt n. the universe
STOPB n. play, a drama m. the manager or
aiR? » j . name of a chief actor in a play
heavenly Esi gftm m. a deer

ROOTS

with Atm. to join; # qft, to marry; with

to go or flow together. m to take off, to remove
with «ir, to practise, to do f^?^ with w j , to increase.
?P5I lOth Conj. Atm. to to flourish
tend, to take care of ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. to
^^{^) 1st Conj. Parasm. bewail
to cross, to surmount; g to captivate
with 31=1 to descend
* This is declined like a pronoun.
 FIRST WOK Of S>^SKRT 49

SENTENCE

JTSI^ XJj^i I

f^wr: f5i^^ I

^flid 'a'sfift v i r ^ I
TOP I qiit^ I

NSrada descends from Heaven to (the) earth.

K^aa tells stories of kings.
Young women play in (the ) garden.
(He) wears (two) wreaths of flowers on (his ) neck.
Rama's vnfe salutes Arundhati.
(We) see (two) virgins.
(The) deer's mates follow (the ) deer.

•Seenotet. p. 21.
S.B.I-4
50 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

There are (two) wells in the village.

(The) chief actor (of a play ) calls (the ) acti-ess.
Hari goes to (the) river.
Rama's (two) mothers bewail (his) departure t o ( a )
forest.
Women go to (the) wells.
Subjects obey (the ) king's orders.
( The) daughters of Hari learn dancing.
( The ) arts flourish by industry.
( The ) wise always practise forgiveness.
( The ) beauty of (the) universe captivates ( the ) mind.
( The ) mother rejoices at (the) welfare of (the) children.
In (the) beginning of (the) play, (the) manager calls
( his) wife.
Men protect women.
( The ) stars beautify (the) night.
Shame is conquered by impudence.
Creepers seek (the ) support of trees.
(The) woman leaves (her female) friend tiirough anger.
(The) king tends (his) subjects as his own progeny.

LESSON X I V

N O U N S (Contd.)

INSTRUMENTAL, DATIVE, A N D A B L A T I V E CASES

Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
Nouns , Instr. «n wn»3t. ftra;
mm Dat. >st. ^ wim *m.
and| t Abl. q. aj^ ^am, WIR^
The endktg «n is changed to H before the Instr. sing.
termination.
 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 51

Nouns ending in an take tlie augment and tiiose in

^, tlie augment an, before the terminationsof theDat., Abl.,
Gen., and Loc. singulars; Jim + + <? = ^ R H ^ , ^ +
«n + q = s!^.

Or the following may be regarded as the singular

terminations-

Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc.

•9.
Nouns in an—^
ang aro^
Instr. JJ.
Dat.
Abl. 4.
Insb:. fl,
Dat, 9. nl>
Abl. i «rai:

SUBSTANTIVES, etc.

( Feminine J

a^qsst name of a a[Rft a maid, a JWI light

town, Ujjain maid-servant nftqt a crowned
^pm a female ^gra? deity queen
beloved; wife
^R;n>^ name of qSRft' name of a ^HT speech
a town place
sport, play qi3«IB'I a school «rat pain
ftsai anxiety a town ?ft?ri Rama's
m old age worship wife
52 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T

sjgnn m. love ^ m. an elephant

m. the young ( of an qgS^ m. «. a sprout
elephant) ^rfrE? M. pearl
m. a strife, a quan-el adj. red
ift^ M. a song flrf;. deformed
^ >M. an old man m. a message
^ w . a messenger adj. tranquil
^ arfy. beneficial; n benefit

ROOTS

ilH^ withftr^;,to depart fc^ w7A ^ , to return

^ n, to give
I p l ( ^ ) 1st Conj. Atm.
to shine
t^with 3 ? , to rise up, to
fly up
f qft, to surround.
J^n wi/A a, A/OT. to set
out, to start
9s with K, to send*
S I ^ iO/A Com;, with m, to
delight

SENTENCES

^ q t %3qlr « % q t I ^I^: qftf^ ^ |

qfq^

• Here only the passive forms of this and ft aie uied,

t See note*, p 39,
 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T
Hari appeases (his) friend
by (his) speech.
(The) city is surrounded
by rivers.
From forgiveness (a) man
obtains tranquillity of
mind.
Wise men go to Heaven
from (the) earth.
Vasistha comes with
Arundhati.
Rama gives ornaments to
(his) daughters.
(He) adorns (his) body
with garlands.
(The) queen gets angry
with (her) maid.
(He) derives pleasure from
(the) old man's stories.
53
SRWK:
Rice is cooked by Nara-
yana's wife.
By (the) king's command
(I) go to Avanti.
(The) mother likes (her)
children though
deformed.
(The two) warriors start
from (the two ) towns
with weapons.
(The) sky is adorned by
(the) red light of (the)
sun.
(The) happiness of (the) peo-
ple is increased by arts.
Men desire (the) acquisi-
tion of happiness from
deities.
(An) offering is made by
(two) virgins.
54 FIRST BOOK OP SANSK?T

Pain results from anxiety. (He) brings flowers for

Sita learns songs from ( t h e ) worship of (the)
(her female) friends. gods.
Soldiers come out of (the) ( A ) reward is given by
town by order of (the) ( t h e ) queen to ( h e r )
general. maid.
( T h e ) children delight ( T h e ) bird rises up into
(the) heart of (their) (the) sky from ( t h e )
father.by (their) sport. earth.

LESSON X V

NOUNS (Conid.)

GENITIVE, LOCATIVE A N D VOCATIVE CASES

Terminations

Singular Diial Plural

Nouns ending j Gen. q. RTH
in afn and I ) Loc. ^. ^m, ^ilf^ g
After | , g becomes g. The final an is changed to q:
before ^t^. The Vocative singular of nouns ending
in SJI is made up by changing the final vowel to i j , as
t and of nouns ending i n | by shortening the
vowel, as | »ri^. The dual and plural forms are the
same as those of the corresponding nominative.
(See rule, page 30).
Gen. q. xmrn-. W^: HMHIH.
Loc. ^. tmmi Tm^: wssig
Voc. ^. W% URS AM:
Gen. ^. srai: "J^: H^V'nJ^
Voc. ^. !|?IPRJ, "Wt: 1 ^
Voc. Jrflf ^ TO:
 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 55

WORDS

sra)^ ind. very m, the name J T I ^ n. sweetness

a g i R n. perform- of a king, the ?TTO a human
ance, execution father of the being, a man
apihiqi / . name of hero Rama v^i f. street
a city ^;pr w . a country n, advice,
s r a ^ HI. gather- f^Rfit^Rl adj. un- request
ing, collecting surpassed, full, qgn m. a lover,
^^TJft/. the wife perfect husband
of Indra 9m f. night qfjft / . speech
•aaf^l-ft/. name of PRTI^? ?w. an evil m. marriage
a town, Ujjain spirit, a wicked ^ § ^ 5 s r / . name
3?? n. water person of a woman
^ ?K. desire q ^ adj. very great flRH / . stone
*lj|<^ / . moon- gwq ajy, holy w . name of
light [ a river afg^npl«. establish- a king
?T)a35t?t / , name of ment, establishing tsrss / . confidence
^gep|?'W,a species qg^Jt m. inciting, ^jgrcTw.a collection
of bird establishing m. prepara-
3Pn / . shade si«nf w , flow, tion; plu. WIRF:
3jq5^ m. name of current [ ciency preparations,
Indra's son mq^RI « . profi- requisites [ ing
cfl? w. bank, shore fim adj. beloved <JI<|4H « . sweep-
ifDIl/, thirst, greed 9l|5q n. multi- ( ?RF + t!3 )
as? adj. diligent plicity ind. always
? » 3 ^ / . name of m. a bower adj. affec-
a forest m. a fish tionate
31^ 1st Conj. Parasm. to deserve
^ 4 t h Conj. Parasm. tvith wi., to prosper
i s / Co«y. Parasm. to play
=3^ to stalk abroad
56 FIRST BOOK O F SANMCRT

milat Conj. Parasm. to fructify, to be fulfilled

^with fJr pass, to be checked
a tvith ft, to divert oneself, to amuse, to play

SENTENCES

fjnaw i

S'J^ srw »T^s% I

^^sTt: ^ 5 5^-

s n i g finstqr-

iw! and t are the feminine terminations in Sanskrt.

Adjectives ending in M generally, though not invariably,
take the first.

?R I
 FIRT BOOK OP SANSKRT
(There) are trees on (the)
banks of (the) Ganges.
Jayanta is (the) son of
Indrani. [ city.
Rama's friends live in (the)
(The) chakora is delighted
in moonlight.
( H e ) brings ( a ) flower of
(the) creeper.
Hari praises (the) merits
of (his) daughters.
(There) are fishes in rivers.
( I ) see chariots in (the)
streets of Ayodhya.
Sakuntala deserves ( t h e )
love of (her ) friends.
(There) is sweetness in
Rama's speech. [ Sita ?
Where are (the) sons of
(There) are evil spirits in
Dandaka. [ earth.
(There) are islands on (the)
( I ) see men under (the)
shade oi (the) tree.
57
Generally,evil spirits stalk
abroad in (the) night.
(The) heart of (the) mother
is very affectionate to-
wards (her) daughter.
( The ) waters of (the )
Ganges are holy.
By order of (the) Queen
(the) rogue is punished.
(A) country prospers by (a)
multiplicity of arts.
(The) current of (the) river
is checked by (a) collec-
tion of stones.
( The ) maidservant brings
(the) requisites of
worship.
( I ) go to (the) garden for
gathering (the) flowers
of (the) creepers.
( H e ) is diligent in ( t h e )
execution of (the) king's
orders.
58 FIRST B O O K OF S A N S K ? T

GENERAL RESULTS AND EXAMINATION

5113^ / . an ' establishment'

Singular Dual Plural

Nom.
Acc. ft.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc. 4.

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.

1 DecUne vim etc., etc.

2 What are the feminine terminations in Sanskrt ?

How is the feminine of adjectives ending in ^ generally
formed ?
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 59

LESSON X V I

V E R B S

I M P E R F E C T , OR F I R S T P R E T E R I T E T E N S E

Parasmaipada

Terminations

1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.

Singular ^ 51

Dual ^ ^ ara^
3! is prefixed to roots in this tense.
Singular sraNn^ smbsi:
Dual ajahsira ^^mn, awNrarat.
Tlie conjugational signs are added on to the roots
before the terminations of the Imperfect.
The terminations and ^ take the augment | in
the case of the root SRi ' to be ' and s? in the case of
3ja[' to eat'; as

WORDS

3RI m. goat aw nt. a son ?m «. ditiiculty,

araron/. worth- 3??ra[ ind. in perplexity
lessness front, in the Wtt f. court,
aiRn f. hope presence (of) assembly
fltB M . M. a cowpen Jff^^ m. a buffalo WRJWl «• field
SWT w . a work, a gfg a handful of battle
book ^pm.ind. slowly ^ /. an army
1st Conj. Parasm. to sing.
• Sec page 6, note *.
60 FIRST BOOK O F SAHSKRT

SENTENCES

( T h e ) water of (the ) lake ( W e two) appeased (the)

dried. sages.
( T h e ) general led (his) God created (the) earth.
army to (the) battle- Men (two) entered ( a )
field. garden.
( H i s two) friends remem- ( I ) censured Hari.
bered Rama. ( Y o u two) dwelt in ( a )
(ThouT) wert pleased with forest.
Rama's conduct.

• W h e n a word or form ending in any of the first four

consonants of a class is followed by the i ^ is optionally
thanged to gr, when it is itself fdlowed by a vowel, a
semi-vowel or a nasal.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 61

( T h e ) caravan rambled ( W e t w o ) cooked rice for

from town* to town. dinner.
( I ) published (the ) work. ( The ) queen sang in (the )
(You two ) took away court of (the) king.
fmits from Hari's With handfuls of corn
garden. [ story. 1 ( t h e ) girl fed (the) deer.
(Thou) toldst Rama (a) (Thou) abandonest (thy)
(Two) tigers ran to (the ) wife without (any ) fault.
cow-pen. ( Y o u t w o ) burnt (the)
Krsna washed ( h i s ) feet. village without cause.
(The) warrior protected ( He ) fell from (the ) top of
(the) women from the the tree and perished.
enemy. [slowly. ( T h e ) child danced with
(The) tortoise moved joy.
( I ) then lived without ( any )
hope of prosperity.

LESSON XVII
V E R B S ( Contd.)
I M P E R F E C T T E N S E ( Continued )
Parasmaipada Plural and Atmanepada Singular
Terminations
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.
Parasm. Pi. ^ n ^
ajJJ^I*! aWCnW atn^B^

• If the word be used here, the following sdAidhi or

phonetic rule should''be borne in m e m o r y - A consonant at
the end of a word or grammatical form followed by a
nasal is changed to the nasal of its class optionally; as
q?|3E - f 5 ^ = MH-^flR or i j a ^ f t . This change is necessary,
when the nasal belongs to a nominal termination, as

t qi^i. sometimes governs two accusatives, or the indirect

object may be in the dative or genitive case.
62 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.

Aim. Sing,

Roots beginning witii a vowel take the augment

ajT, instead of si, which with the following | or ?
becomes ^ , with 3 or 3; becomes lit, and with ^
becomes an?, as an + ^ -I- 3 = ^3PRi.

WORDS

an#9ri5 m. a ^5151 arf;. wicked »»• a road

blessing OT. a cage naiW »i, a wicked
<jg^<AH, ddv, q f ^ m. a learn- person, an evil
brightly ed man spirit
iinm.a herdsman m. son of 55^ m, name of a
jPFt n. wreathing "nf, a king son of Rama
^s^iqt^ m. name ^ w, name of a ciggt / . the earth
of a prince king ftnw WJ, a cry
ftjflf! m. name wine adead body
of a mountain m. name 5jni5f m, a jackal
a woman of an individual moving
of distinction; JHi^rr m. wind, to and fro
a goddess or the deity «. a place
i ^ H I ^ m. son of that presides
SSSm, cousin over it.
of qjof

'(^with to give

SENTENCES
 F I B S T BOOK O F S A N S K R T 63

( W e ) sat in (tlie ) shade of R5ma obeyed (the ) com-

(a) tree. mands of (his ) father.
( He) forgave (the ) faults Hari learned music from
of ( his ) servants. Narayaaa.
(The ) Brahmanas fell into ( I ) tasted (the ) fruits of
(the) waters of (the ) ( a ) mango-tree.
Ganges. Messengers w e n t to
Horses ran to (the) battle- Ayodhya.
field. ( Thou ) spokest ( a ) Be.

• See note *, page 29,

64. FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

Krsna rejoiced at ( his) ( We ) drank water in place

friend's prosperity. of wine.
( Y o u ) lived at Kausambi ( Y o u ) took away (the)
then. books hence to ( your )
(He ) wondered at Rama's house.
exploits. (The) sun shone brightly
(Thou) foughtest with {an) yesterday.
enemy. ( The) house was entered
(The) rougev^as beaten by into at night by (a) thief.
(the) king's order. ( We ) saw (the ) general
( You ) counted (the ) and ( his ) army.
niskas. ( They ) bore away (the )
( A ) blessing from (the ) king from the battle-
Rsi was wished for by field.
Rama. (They) discharged* arrows
By favour of (the ) gods at (their ) enemies.
(you) conquered (your) ( I ) began to wreathe ( the
enemies. wreathing o f ) ( a)
garland of flowers.

LESSON XVIII

VERBS ( Conid. )

I M P E R F E C T T E N S E ( Continued )

Atmanepada Terminations ( Continued )

1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.
Dual f«jrat. ?aPi^
Plural ff^ aj^

aiJ95VIW% 9iR5*r3m, SRS*!^

• Use
 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 65

ti^^ 1st Conj. Atm. to perish.

teith m, to disregard.
« m teithft10th Conj. Atm. to invite.
m^6th Conj. Parasm. With ft, to test, to exandtie
^ t o feel happy
sn^ 6th Conj. Atm. to feel shame
^Ist Conj. Atm. to rival
#S 1st Conj. Atm. to drop down
WB.unthfi 1st Conj. Parasm., to laugh in coateti^

WORDS

«ift« n. evil, calamity ?^ n. sight

m<9fm / . a repulse, ^px n. a wicked action
repulsion iiprc m. a leader
arg? m. {in pi.) demons, q^iVirf. however, bol
the enemies of gods ^m m. a traveller
« n d ^ n. planting, sowing nNt / . the east
m. advice, counsel Hlftl^ m. an examiner
Wft f. a braid of hair «F9 n. strength
n. action, work ^ «. seed
m. an individual of a ^ m . a king
class of celestial beings mm m. a lover, husband
H f l n. capture ^ «. heroism, baimVt,
itl m. thief valour
' n. a net ^iRn m. minister
r/. moonli£^t wig m. a ij»dtUild«»
Bun w. leaving a crowd
66 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

%«!rqciq: I
snf^^«:r: q^

TyJWJJ SffTRT ^Jjr

* See rule in note", p. 21.

1 s i ^ becomes j^gj in the passive.
1 g preceded by any of the first four letters of a class is
changed to the fourth letter of that class optionally.
 FIRST B O O K O F S A N S K R T
Monkeys fought with Rak-
sasas (evil spirits).
(We two) spoke to (the)
learned men at Ka^i.
(They) endured (the) taunt
with calmness.
Stars ( t w o ) shone in (the)
east.
( You ) were praised by
men.
( You two ) were command-
ed Rama.
( We ) invited (the ) Rsis
for dinner.
When did (the) messengers
retiu-n.from Ayodhya ?
( We ) did not expect favour
from Hari.
( We ) got books at school.
( The two ) examiners exa-
mined (the two) girls in
dancing.
( We two ) rejoiced at (the )
sight of ( our ) mother.
( You two) did not begin
( t h e ) work.
( We two ) saluted (the)
Rsi.
67
i[The t w o ) suspected a
repulse from (the) king.
( W e ) were born of ( a )
family of Gandharvas.
( The ) birds disregarded
( t h e ) advice of ( their )
leder, and fell into
( t h e ) net.
(The) faults of (the) Brah-
manas were forgiven by
(the ) king.
( You two ) shook with
fear at ( the ) sight of
( t h e ) tiger.
(You) strove for (the) cap-
ture of (the ) elephant.
( The two ) children did
not feel happy without
(their) mother.
Rama's virtues were prais-
ed by poets.
By application (they )
obtained much wealth.
(They two) sought (their )
daughter in (the) forest^
Two mangoes were tasted
by the ( t w o ) travellers.
68 riRSV BOOK OF SANSKBtT

G E N E R A L R E S U L T S A N D EXAMINATI<»4

Singular Dual Plural

Ist pers.
2nd pers. awi:
3rd pers.

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
1. Give tiie forms of the Imperfect of aRC, sj^,
^ Wit ^ uith ft, fir?i, ^,
' i l 31% etc. etc.
2. What change does a final consonant undergo
when compounded with the following nasal ? When
is the change necessary ?
3. What change does 5 undergo when it follows
any of the first four letters of a class ?
4. When is a ^changed to §5 ?

LESSON X I X

N O U N S

M A S C U L I N E A N D N E U T E R NOUNS ENDING IN

3 A N D 3R

Nouns of the masculine gender ending in 3 are

declined like those ending in \ , with this difference
that where \, 1 or ^ occurs in the latter, 3 , 3;,
«5J or ^ should be substituted respectively in the
former.
 FIRST BOOK OF $ANSK^T 69

Nouns of the neuter gender ending in 3 or are

declined lilce «nft, 3; or ^ being substituted for ^, ^ ,
or m for | , and ?it or BH? for

(Masculine)

35 OT.

Singu'ar Dual Plural

Nom. u. g^; Jp? g?^:

Acc. ft. g ^
Instr. (J. g ^ T^tmi
Dat. ^. g^ g^wim g^:

Nom. ancl Acc. >T<?j^

Instr. J»f»n5^ H ^ :
Dat. fl^wn^ *i;gwi:
^ ' d o e r ' n.
Nom. and Acc. ^
Instr SB^wira^, ^jHf:
Dat. ^ *t«T5
Masculine nouns ending in ^ change it to sn? before
the terminations of the nominative and of the singular
and dual of the accusative. A few nouns, such as fiq,
aim?, ^ , ^ and change the final to 9)^.
The nominative singular of all ends in sir, X and the
termination « being dropped.
70 FIRST B O O K O F SANSKRT

Terminations of the First Four Cases

Singular Dual Plural
Nom. q.
Acc.
Instr. an
Dat. 1
Before ^ the preceding 3R is lengthened.
^ m, ' leader.'
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.

Nom. wai araft am:

Acc. SRRH. ^SJRltl
Instr. . ^ijpn^ apj(5T:
Dat. ait aigwjn^ a i ^ :

S U B S T A N T I V E S , etc.

( Masctdine)
^ an arrow ^ the architect "T?5?W a Br&h-
!(^^i1iA name of a of the gods maria hero,
cheek [king § ^ a wicked who extermi-
a preceptor, a person nated the war-
venerable person ^ husband's rior caste
girqR[ a son-in- brother qlf dust
law 1 ^ the Creator ft? father
aHH a tank q a man a lord
a tree an axe an arm
 FIRST BOOK OF SAMSKRT 71

ft^a drop I brother of 5ra an enemy

husband, Rama 51^ the god
master cirg wind Siva
»ftlT name of one ft^ an obstacle fiig an infant, a
of the sons of ftwl a wrong child
Pandu path a charioteer
WW a bee the god Tf^ honey [ nation
flg the Hindu Visnu ^ a country,
legislator ?%TJ defender, 5ig wealth
Masc, and Neuter protector Feminine
^ doer, author Neuter awTO^ Indra's
goer 3W the tip capital
giver, donor 91^ a tear ^ l | j tongue
seer ajg the palate
^ Hater

ADJECTIVES

g(5Ri hungry ^ dark

INDECUNABLES

-.-.^ : frequently the beginning of a

gbut (not used at sentence)

ROOTS

1^ 4th Conj. Parasm. witk q 1st Conj. Parasm. and

si^, to search for Atm. to f i l l ; pass.
with sjg, to go after, iPt^ with to consent to,
to follow to agree to
1st Conj. Parasm. to ni with Pfi^ to produce,
drop to create ; ft#q^ pass.
fif^ pass, to be cut off 1st Conj. Parasm
ift with «, to compose, to to desire
write
72 PntT BtXMC OF SANSXf T

«l prefixed to words beginning with a c<MJ8<Miant

and to those beginning with a vowel express
negation.

SENTENCES

Rama gives sweetmeat to Drops of water fall from

children. (the ) clouds.
(The ) sky is fUled with (The) king called (the)
dust. defenders of (the) town.
ParaSurama struck ( his) (A) child obeys (his) fatho:.
enemies with (an ) axe.
 FIRST BOOK O P SANSKRT 73

{The) lord of Avanti spoke Those who go (the goers )

to (his) ministers. by (the ) wrong path are
Hari touched (his) palate censured by men.
with (his) tongue.
Virtue is ( t h e ) protector
Women went to (the)
of ( a ) country (nation )
garden with (their)
from ruin.
husbands.
( The) Rsis were the seers Honey dwells on (the ) tip
of Manillas. of ( t h e ) tongue of ( a )
People adore Visnu. wicked person, but in
l^Jtuparna spoke To ( his) (his) heart poison.
charioteer. Trees delight travellers
Rama went to (the) foreslr by (their ) shade.
with (his) brother
Rama's departure to ( a )
Lak^maaa.
forest with Vi^vamitra
Ravana's heads were cut
was consented to by
off by Rama with
( his) father.
arrows.
(The) wind is scattering
( A ) work is frequently
f the) dark clouds.
not begun by men for
fear of obstacles. People praise (the) givers
With (his) arms, Bhima of food to (the) hungry.
fought with (his) enemy. Sita's husband and (her)
( T h e ) g o d s punish ( t h e ) husband's brother sear-
doers of evil. ched for Sita.

following a vowel is changed to This change takes

place optionally when the vowel is long and at the end of a word
or grammatical form; but after ifi ( negative particle ) and an
( prepositionr) it is necessary.
.1-5
74 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON X X

N O U N S

NOUNS ENDING I N J AND —MASC. AND NEUT.—

( Continued )

Singular Dual Plural

• A b l . 4. (none) swiffit,
Nouns ? I Gen. q. (none) sife siffit.
in ^ ) IS L o c . f ^ g
The singular of the ablative and genitive cases is
formed by substituting 3 ? for m. Before the ^ of the
locative singular, 5R takes an? as its substitute, and
before siPi. it is lengthened. This latter change is
optional in the case of The vocative singular is
made up by putting ^ for SR, and the dual and plura
are the same as those of the nominative.*

r Masctdine J
Singular Dual
Abl. t
Gen. ^:
Loc « .
Voc. ^. ^aitl
(Neuter)
Alb. *d«ira
Gen. ^jpi:
Loc.
Voc.

• See rule, page 30.

 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 75

(Masctdine)

Singular Dual Plural

Abl. q. ^ :
Gen. q.
Loc. 3^
Voc.^.

(Neuter)
Abl. q.
Gen. ^.
Loc.^.
Voc.?l,

WORDS

«l35n / . permi- sjsRe^Rlq w. as- ^ « . name of a

ssion. cribing some- hero
thing that is m. a stain,
arf;. unpala- not real a spot
table, disliked s j l ^ m, respect SBf^ n. compas-
8 ^ tn. name of m. ascribing sion, kindness
one of the sons ajpf m. a respect- »i. name of a
or Pandu able person; country ( i n pi.)
Bjgfiftq adj. that name of the re- fagar / . grati-
cannot be trans- mote ancestors tude
gressed of the Hindus ^ / . favour
Vf^nd. enough, ^ ^ / . ' w i s h gjifilf m. a relation
away with (used ^ m. the moon ?g adj. small,
with the in- ^fftsi f. anxiety, little
strumental) longing ?JJB m. cotton
« w g n. not a g^OTf »». happi- »». one of the
thing; an unreal ness, cheerful- first three classes
thing ness, energy or castes
76 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

«Ig m. a grandson aig m. a brother ^m.n. a speaker

m. impor- w. intoxica- ^ «. a thing,
tunity tion, insolence a real thing
l«t%a adj. siiarp ^ adj. chief
q«T n. a wliole- Jjn m. deer ^Rft / . intelli-
some tiling, Mj. death gence, news,
wliat is wliole- l | Ml. ( j « the account
some plural) the des- ft»T^ w. wealth
w . a beast cendants of a riches
qia m. fall, falling king named ^ ^^"'S «. name of
nt. paternal /• name of a the celestial
uncle woman abode of the
m.z relation SRfjft / . wife of god Visnu
»4IWt»<if<J m. a Visnu; god-
dess of wealth m. n. a hearer
native of Bha-
ratavarsa or ^ Isl Conj. m. a sage,
India Aim. to trans- a man of piety
« ^ ». a creature, gress, to over- adj. good
an animal come ^ m. «. a creator

SENTENCES

^ I
5np«t5
fqraft 'TOT 311^5 I
 FIRST BOOK OP SANSK?T 77

^ I

W i ^ ^ s w ^ I

Rama was (the) chief of NarSyana saw (the) horses

the Raghus. of Hari's son-in-law.
(I) got a boolc from (the) (The) Sryas lived in (the)
author. Kurus.
Laksmi* was (the) wife (A) parrot sat on (the) tree.
of Visau. (A) servant of Hari's
( He) begs pardon of (his) grandson went to a
hearers. village.
Janaka saw (the) chariot Karna was (the) first
of (liis ) grandsons. among donors.

* This noun takes ^ in the nom. ting.

78 PIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

( T h e ) hon is (the) lord Wise men get knowledge

of beasts.
Hari is (the) friend of
Rama's husband.
The disc of (the) moon
increases and decreases.*
By order of ( his) brother
Rama, Lak^mana aban-
doned Sita in a forest.
Of (From the) Creator was
bom the universe.
(She) obtained news of
( her) husband.
By (the) strength of (his)
arm (lie) conquered (his)
enemies.
(There) is no fear for (the)
mountains even from
( a ) strong wind.
even from children.
Sins afflict ( m y ) heart,
0 ^ambhu I
In sages is seen great love
for God.
Birds sit on (the) branches
of trees.
Servants do not transgress
(the) orders of (their)
lords.
From (her) husband (she)
obtained permission for
going to (her) mother's
house.
( A ) residence in Vaikuntha
is obtained by the
devotees of Visnu.

EXAMINATION

1. Decline S | l m. and n., u^, jg, 5IR?PJ, HT^,

VIPI m., ^ , ^ , ft^ m. and n., mi, ^ m.,
etc., etc.
2. Compare the declensions of masculine nouns
ending in 3 and neuter nouns ending in 3 and m with
those of nouns ending in %.

' Use # Pass.

 FIRST BOOR OF SANSKRT 79

3. What change or changes does the ending m

of masc. nouns undergo in the first five inflexions ?
4. When is ^ changed to ^ ? When is the change*
optional and when necessary ?

LESSON X X I

N O U N S { Contd. )

F E M C N I N E N O U N S E N D I N G I N \ . 3 , 3;, and

Feminine nouns ending in g; are declined like those

in I ; 3, 3;, or ^ i s substituted for the \ , | , or qr occurring
in the latter. The termination of the nominative
singular is ^ .
The termination of the instrumental singular of
feminine nouns ending in 5 or 3 is aw, and that of the
accusative plural is ^ , before which latter the final
vowel is lengthened. In other respects these nouns
are declined Uke the corresponding masculine. The
forms of the dative, ablative, genitive and locative
singulars are optionally made up like those of nouns
ending in ^ or 3; respectively.
Feminine nouns ending in ^ are such as express
relationship. They are ^ ? J , Wig, and qj?.
The accusative plural termination is % before which
the 3R of all these nouns is lengthened. In other
respects is declined like Jl"^ or x^m., and the
rest like

Adjectives ending in ^ such as « i ? , n * ^ &c. form

their feminine by adding | , as w ) ^ , «&c.
80 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. R.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
^.
q.
Gen. ^.
Loc. «.
Voc. ?l. ^

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Ab).
Gen.
Loc. 1 ^
Voc. 1#

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen. ^ :
Loc.
Voc.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 81

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. a. *rrai
Acc. ft.
Instr. 1- ma
Dat.
Abl. •

Gen.
Loc.
Voc.

SUBSTANTIVES

( Feminine )

«n|^S)jj}l husband's igft; absolution

England sister Jffcf an image or
s j g ^ love politics idol
splendour, q^fir ministry; husband's
light disposition, brother's wife
#fif fame nature ^ pleasure; wife
qftfjir image or of the god of
ffir action copy love
nft mode of walk- sSHcT affection, fift night
ing, going; gait satisfaction ^ a young wo-
3nl!l caste, kind f talent man, a daught-
a wicked ^rf^ devotion er-inlaw
action ^jjcT prosperity TOft a place of
5ft? a daughter ^ ground, land ; residence
'aft courage the earth profession,
^ a cow in? mother avocation
82 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

gft hearing; gfft a virtuous remem-

Hindu religious or good action brance ; Hindu
books.the Vedas law-book
mother-in- ^ creation
law ^ praise sister

«IBfSi tn. an Eng- ^ m. a bold take leave of

lishman man as at the time
n. medi- ftsn f, censure of departure
tation Pt^ adj. profi- 5lg adj. many
sum tn. hermit- cient. jjipi »i. god of
age <I5 mth_Z% 4th love
^ ^ J W m. son- Conj. Atm. to fldy. slow
in-law of be produced, to ^1*T m. avarice
and brother-in- result. ftsR^ w. develop-
law of m adj. great, ment
c ^ n ^ n. name of greatest «. a cave
a city, Verul qftopi w . result 5I»«gB w. name of
f with sjftf to au- qsarat after- a person
thorize ; (Pass) wards 5tF^ /. sister of
to be authorized Rama
^ Is< Conj. Pa- fqo? »M. a ball of ^ m. a person
rasm. to go rice given to of the lowest
astray, to go the dead Hindu caste
wrong S l ^ m. intensity, «. valom-
n. a token greatness
Pass.) with i^with 9H4th
««St, to call, [ ] with Conj. Parasm
to name «n, Atm. to to embrace
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 83

* mC^is/CoMj. m. proxi- Q twV/iH to spread

Parasm., mth ft ^'^y' "^^""'^ ^ <^f^;
P , • ^ ' " • a good per- Parasm. to feel
I J to sit gQj,_ a good man affection for

SENTENCES

1 ^ »i g^afcT I

558^5 "TRJ^ fwRJ I

5!^: s i ^ : *raf?r I

qw: j n ^ ^ fq«3i-
84 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Sita bowed to RsyaSrnga, nity of Veru} (there) are

(the) husband of ( h e r ) many images of gods.
husband's sister. Hari passed* (his) nights
Visvamitra was ( a ) Ksa- in meditation.
triya by caste; after- Krsriaf had many daugh-
wards (he) became ( a ) ters.
Brahmana. Valour contributes to (is
^ambuka is ( a ) husband- for) fame.
man by profession. ( A ) man's disposition is
Sita always pleased (her ) known from (the) actions.
mother-in-law. Narayana's ruin is (the )
result of ( his) wicked
( T h e ) king's counsellor is
actions-
proficient in politics.
Courage is the greatest
Among Smttis, Manu's is
ornament of man.
( t h e ) best.
Great love for God is
( T h e ) modesty of young called devotion.
women in Maharastra ( The) development of ( a )
is praiseworthy. man's talent is (the)
Rama saw ( h i s ) sister resuh of teaching.
^anta and bowed to (his) Sita's face is like (the)moon
mother. in ( by ) splendour.
Rama asked (the) man (his) ( A n ) elephant's gait is
caste. slow.
Men desire prosperity. ( T h e ) father gave much
Englishmen come here wealth to (his) daughters.
from England. (The) sister's present was
In (the) caves in (the) vici- ( a ) token of affection.
• Use the root ^ here.
t Use the Gen. of ' Krsna ' and Nom. of ' daughters
and the Sanskrt verb corresponding to 'were '.
The feminine of adjectives ending in s is optionally
the same as the masculine. The other form is made up
by adding f.
 PISST BOOK OF SANSKRl 85

EXAMINATION

1. Compare—{a) The declension of feminine

nouns ending in 3; with that of those i n | .
(b) The declension of feminine nouns in ^ and 3
with that of the corresponding masculine. What do the
optional forms of the former resemble ?
( c ) The declension of jng, fig, and
ipg m. with one another.
2. How is the feminine of adjectives ending in 3
and 3R formed ?
3. Decline SRF!, ^ l i , sn^, ^ f.,
#ft, ^ »i. and/, etc., etc.

LESSON X X U

V E R B S

T H E IMPERATIVE MOOD

Parasmaipada Terminations
Singtdar Dual Plural
*l8t pers.
2nd pers. (none)
3rd pers. g

The conjugational signs are added on to the roots

before the termination of the Imperative.

• The Imperative forms of w « and ^ \ are given in the

Second Book.
86 FIRST BOOK O F SANSK9T

WORDS

n. a false- the way to re- « ^ with ft to rest

hood, an venge [ benefit « ^ « . truth, good-
untruth well-being, ness; an animal,
vwithm, to ex- a creature

^ m. a child ^ ^ 7 A j | , t o err, C O M ; . Parasm.

|»l n. difficulty tofaUoff f^^^^^^ \^ be
OT^ flrfv. firmly, W t«rf. not (pro- pleased
closely hibitive) ind. always
m m. juice ^<*(R w. a gold-
qi3 m. a lesson ^ , , smith
fta rfw. parents . m. a plant
™ Lrthv used in sacri-
^ arf,. worthy ^ ^ . 3 , h i l d fices,or its juice
of honour a compa- tc///' « g to
q f t l ^ / . retalia- nion, friend carry out, to act
tion, revenge, 5 I H / . doubt according to

SENTENCES

^FFB Rrat srnnr i

JT55 cTSf ^ fqsr I qR5w in I

 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 87

Tell (your) brother's name. I^t (him) drink (the) juice

Children, go to school and
learn (your) lessons.
God save (the) K i n g !
*Let (us) follow (the)
counsels of wise men.
(The) gods be satisfied !
Hari and Madhava, do not
prattle.
Leave off doubt as to f
Rama's success.
May (the) enemies of men
thus perish!
Give money to (the) poor.
Candala, do not touch ( a )
Brahmana.
of Soma.
May (he) remember (the)
good deeds of (his) race!
Let (us ) deserve (the )
praises of men.
Let ( us ) forgive (the )
faults of (our) friends.
Embrace closely (thy)
father, boy.
Children, do not give pain
to dumb creatures.
May not Hari's mind be
agitated by anger!
May we not wallow in sin.
Let (the ) herdsman take
(the) kine home.

* Use the Imperative of the infinitive depending on ' L e i '

and put the object of • Let' into the nominative case.
t Use the locative here.
88 FIRST B O O K O F S A N S K R T

May (the) greed of (the ) Let (the ) beggars glean

people for gold decrease ! (the ) ( grains of}
May (the t w o ) sons rice,
please (their) mother! Let (the ) fools prattle.

LESSON X X I U
VERBS (Contd.)

IMPERATIVE M O O D — (Continued )

Atmanepada Terminations
Singular Dual Plural
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.

41<{H

ROOTS

with ft Atm. to conquer to maintain, lo regard

q? withJ^, to step to- ^t^lst Conj. Aim. witk
wards, to do sjw, to resort to, to adopt
1^4ik Conj. Atm. to think, fg^ witk Jj, to set about
SUBSTANTIVES

« l f $ | ^ m . desire qRi ». a deserving person

aURR m. proper conduct, or object
conduct. qiK^m.aking

, .... I J swra m. courtesy, civility

sRsrar / . straight-forward- . ^, . '
Wmf. learning
ness , ,
«BT m. labour
imm.& villain y pje^^y abundance
m. name of a person ^ w. a son
 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 89

SRIWI qrf^5

qw ^ I

^pfm ^ « n g [ i

Tremble, (the) enemies of May (we) obey (the) com-

the king ! mands of God !
Taste (thou a ) mango. Let (the) moon shine.
Begin (you the ) study of Let (thetwo) books be
Sanskrt. brought here.
 mST BOOK 09 SANSKirr

Do not ( you both ) regard Let heaps of com be given

Devadatta ( an ) enemy.
Rejoice at men's pros-
perity.
Die, villain !
May men blush at ( their )
misdeeds!
Let ( the ) virtues of ( the )
medicine be examined.
Let riches be given to
deserving persons.
May men always seek
( the ) truth!
Flatter not sinners.
Let (the) birds fly from
(the ) branches of the
tree.
Let rogues smile at (the)
straight-forwardness of
(the ) good.
to Brahmanas.
May ( a ) son be bom to
( the ) king !
Obtain (thou thy) desires.
May (I) not disregard (the )
orders of ( my ) father !
Let (us two) destroy (our)
enemies.
Let (the two) faults of (the)
servant be forgiven by
(the) master.
Earn wealth by labour,
do not beg.
Let (the two) children taste
(the ) sweetmeats.
May (we two) not be killed
in(the)batUe!

LESSON X X I V
VERBS (Contd.)

S O M E OP T H E MORE IMPORTANT VERBAL

DERIVATIVES
The past passive participle' is formed by adding «
to the root; as g /o hear, ^js heard.
The inflnitive of purpose is formed by adding Q^f
to the root; as ^ to hear, for hearing.

* The feminine of this is formed by adding an.

tThe final vowel or the penuldmate short takes ttt
gufta substitute before this termination.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 91

The indeclinable past participle or absolutive is

formed by adding sn to the root; g to hear, having
heard. ^ takes the place of when a preposition is
prefixed to the root; s i g ^ having experienced, g^is
prefixed to this ^ , when the root ends iti a short vowe;
having imitated.
Before all these terminations except ^ some roots
take the augment \, As a general rule, however, roots
ending in short vowels do not take it. There are some
other modifications which the roots undergo, which are
too various to be noticed here.
To form the present participle, the conjugational
sign* is affixed to the root, and then the termina-
tion 3Ri ( see note* , p. 6 ) is added on to it when the
root takes Parasmaipada terminations, and H H when
it takes Atmanepada terminations, ant, however,
takes the place of Wl when the baset does not end in
ai. Passive present participles are formed by adding
Vl^ to the passive base.
List of Passive Participles of several roots
aiB^ to throw a(R?j g*? to be agitated ^ei
9liq[, to obtain a^g ^ to dig
^ to desire, to love ^pa q^to go m
to draw lines, ^ to hide
to plough f g 51% to be produced STRt
^ t o go g ^ t o be satisfied gg
^ t o be angry f 5 Sj^i;. to abandon
5% to be weary gRT ?5 to burn ^
^ t o forgive ig^ ft^to show
* Or, more generally, take that form which the root assumes
before the 3rd pers. plural termination of the present tense,
and then add on the participial suffix instead of that
termination.
t That form of a noim or root to which the termination is
appended is called the base.
92 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

^ t o be made bad ^ t o be engaged in

VSito see V^to sport
•em to put, to bear ^ to grow
^ to be proud, to dare gn? to obtain
•p^to bow g»3[ to covet
^ to perish q'^to speak
tr%to ccok q« ^ to speak
9?; to go TO q«^to sow 39
^ to nourish 38 ^ ^ to bear 3iS
to ask ftijt to enter %
^ to bind fg[to be
*?3j;^to worship to praise
^ t o eat. to enjoy 51% to be quiet
to mind, to think to embrace
JR3^ to plunge ? r | to endure
g ^ t o liberate ^ t o create.
^ to be foolish ^ or -
^ to die to abandon
to worship to touch m
ga;to join r^to kill

WORDS

3rf5k3! adj. all, whole f n q ^ w . a potter

arfi?^ m. coronation
( to throw ) with
to scatter
323 m. a hut
(past part, of q% Wt/A
3 3 [ ) ready, prepared
sqpj m. a remedy
oBRRJf « . a prison
^ m. a weD
,|i5t M. a field
i s / Co«7. Parasm. and
i4/w. M«/A 3^, to dig,
to excavate
E|3 m. a jar
qj5lft%»«d. silait, silently
ft^ w/Z/t ft^ to indicate
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 93

vn (to put, to bear ) with M. root, foot

ft, to place
g 1st Conj. Parasm. and
Atm. to seize; with. Z%
to save, to release, to
lift up
sft with ft, to educate
^ m. mud
<ft5l/. pain
STRI? ind. in the morning
«l^2s< Conj. Parasm. and
Atm. to resort to, to
have recourse to
with Jjft, to reply
Jlft /•. intellect
fl? m. pride, arrogance
1st Conj. Parasm. to
faint away, to swoon
i r f ^ adj. belonging to a
sacrifice
<M!i^ m. a king's officer
^ with sir, to ascend
frj with sift and ft, to
come back, to return
adj. able, powerful
mm.& serpent
adv. well
CT^T >M. a dog
E 2s/ Co«y. Parasm. and
ifi/A qft, to dispel,
to remove

SENTENCES

WIRT 'ftSTS qfl^^

*In sentences in which the past participle is thus used

the copula « f t i ' is' may be supposed to be understood.
94 f i r s t book o f sanskrt

»I5 srfin?! » m^- ^ : ^ s derail

'fT^j?^ fsirsn sinO sn^- fftim i

The) clouds t have been Having followed (the)

scattered by (the) wind. dog's steps, (he) came to
(The) fields have been (the) place indicated.
ploughed by (the) hus- Siva became satisfied with
bandmen, and com has Ravana's devotion.
been sown. ( T h e ) seed of virtues is
Having well educated (the) placed by God in (the)
pupil, ( the) preceptor heart of men.
gave (him ) permission Be ready to conquer (your)
to marry. enemy.
(The) sea is agitated by Many soldiers were killed
the wind. in ( the ) battle.

• From
t In translating these sentences, use the verbal deriva-
tives taught in this lesson, wherever they can be used.
 FIRST BOOK O F , S A N S K R T 95

Having remembered (her) ( H e ) attempts to lead

dead husband, (she) again villains to (the) path
swooned. of (the) good.
At (the) time of (the) coro- (The) child was abandoned
nation, all men were on (the ) shore of (the)
released from prison. sea.

(The) child wishes to seize Having experienced (the)

(the) moon. sorrows of (the) world,
(he) became (an) ascetic.
(The) fruit of (his) exertion
Many villages were burnt
has been obtained by
Narayana. by the soldiers on ( the)
way.
Having saluted (the) god-
Having replied to ( h i s )
dess, (he) returned from
friend, (he) stood silent.
(the ) temple.
( A ) son is born to Hari's
Hari's faults have been wife.
forgiven by (his) father.
Having got u p ' in ( t h e )
Having ascended (the ) morning, men wash
mountain, (he) saw (a) (their) faces.
lake. (The) thieves were bound
(The) cause of fear is gone. by (the) king's officers.

EXAMINATION

1. Give the Imperative (all numbers and persons)

of 31^, m<, « , 5, ^ Act. and Pass., 11 ' to
drink,' ^ 8 1 ^ fts?, viwith Act. and Pass., ^ i ^ ,
etc., etc.
2, How do you form —
a. The Past Passive Participle ?
b. The Present Participle Active ?
* The ^ o i w is dropped after the preposition 3^.
96 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKET

c. The Present Participle Passive.

d. The Infinitive of purpose.
e. The Indeclinable Past Participle or Abso-
lutive with and withont a preposition ?
3. * Give the Infinitive of purpose and all
participles of ipt,, 5^, ^ sf^, 3 % ,
1%^, etc., etc.
4. When is the intial ^ of dropped ?

LESSON X X V

N O U N S

NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS

The general scheme of case-endings given in

Sanskft Grammars is as follows—
Singular Dual Plural
Nom. and Voc. a., 4 «
Acc.
Instr. ?.
Dat. 'ST.
Abl. q.
Gen. ^. «n%
Loc. a. 1
These terminations are applied without any change
to masculine and feminine noims ending in
consonants, but the crude form itself undergoes
certain modifications, which we will shortly notice.

• The pupil will require the teacher's assistance in

answering this question, which is rather too advanced
for him.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 97

1. There are a number of nouns which undergo on

change, and are declined alike, whether masculine or
feminine; as m., Z^^f., etc.

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. & Voc.
Acc. WW
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen
Loc.

Nom. & Voc. 3(1% t

Acc.
Instr. 9IT(?fl:
Dat.
Abl.
Gen. 511=31%
Loc.

1 * When tliere are more consonants than one at the end

^ of a word, the first is retained and the others dropped; as
with ^ becomes iT5*t^, but ^ is dropped and the form
|jsJ»5!5.
t ^ or at,is changed to ^ before hard consonants and to
• n before any soft consonant except a nasal or a semi-vowel
• This change takes place also when these consonants end a word,
2 even before a nasal or a semi-vowel; -f- = W^ra. A
* consonant (except a nasal) at the end of a word is changed to the
Srst or third of its class.
!: ^ following a vowel except M and an, or a letter of the
guttural class, or i generally becomes \ .
P. B, S. 5
98 FiRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

2. Nouns ending in ^ and J ^ , when masculine, prefix a

Jj^to the final in the first five inflections.

Singular Plural
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen. ww<al:
Loc.
Voc. ^«rasll
3. Present participles differ from this only in th6
nominative singular, the ai of the last syllable being
short, as rpsg^pr. pirt., f i « a ^ « o w . sing.
4. The terminations of the nominative, vocative and
accusative forms of neuter nouns ending in consonants
are as follows:—
Singular Dual Plural
(none) ^ \
Before the \ of the plural, ^ is prefixed to the final
consonant, if it be not a nasal or a semi-vowel. The
other cases are, as i n the case of nouns ending in «r,
formed exactly like those of the corresponding masculine.
Nom., V o c , a n l Acc. mfi smeft
5. Before the | of the nom., v o c , and acc. dual of
the neuter, ^ is prefixed to the final ^ of the present
participles of roots of the 1st, 4th, and 10th conjugations,
and optionally to the ((of those of roots of the 6th
conjugation.
Nom, V o c , a i d Acc. n^ssefi" n^3^?r
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 99

Nom., V o c , and Acc. ft5I»at or ft%lPc«

WORDS

3nq5[/. adversity earth

angsipt adj.* long-lived ?T5RaRja«y. famous
guRcj adj. meritorious ^ / • . speech
3IIJr^ M. the world ft«pt lightning
1ST? f. stone ftq? /. adversity
vi(f{^adj. sensible, talented
ftqg^M. thesky
Pifl^adj. dependent
the autumn
jjfipj?/ the first day of a
lunar fortnight zia^ adj. prosperous
Vfim^adj. divine, majestic ^ f. wealth, prosperity
/»ro«. your Honour ^ ^ n i F ^ adj. happy, those
tn. a king who enjoy happiness
Tfiai tn. wind ; a god m. a friend
tfl^im. adj. having form tn. fire

m. ( si -I-5R55 w . time) 3I?3:^W M. the heart

not the time, improper ^irq^lOlh Conj. Attn, with
time to request, to beg
mpi m. passing away, of, to solicit
destruction ^ ind. here
I m. a debtor it^tviih 3q, to neglect

"The feminine forms of adjectives ending in iiri or

. are formed by adding f; as an^nitn long-lived (she) Of
present participles the fern form ia the same as that of
the neuter nom., voc, and acc dual: as pr. part.
^ w f t /•; fi^Rl pr. part., i^*H(fl or A^Hil / .
100 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

3%gt ind. aloft, nobly 41?)<«=I m. a festival

3 ^ m. b i r t h ^adj. soft
3 ^ (past pass. part, of m. name of the g o d
^ with 3 ? ) proud Krsaa
S R I ^ w . name of a m o n t h w . change of form,
^355 adj. transitory transformation
^ f t ? j n. life ft? 4//j Conj. Aim. to be

!T55 name of a k i n g ftifcl ( past pass. part, of

ftqwi (/ias< ^ass. part, o f ^ wi7/j ft) laid d o w n

wi/A f% ) seated, sitting f?rr M. a stalk

S i f ^ / . predilection ^ 4 arfy. loosened
smm.pl.{ Sim:) life m . doubt
^ ^ i q ^ m r f . often, i n many ind. w h o l l y
cases f i g w . a sacrificial priest

Present Participles

f l ? t doing <Rq?i; seeing ?!<i;(!!>r. j^fly/. of

n^SJi; going "sTHet. dwelling aiflt to be ) being
^ ? q r t driving 51151^* r u l i n g good ; m. a g o o d
conquering or virtuous m a n

SENTENCES

^^wft !i<iT^rnRRr m sr^: w.'om-

• q,is not prefixed to 5 in the Srst five ( mjsculiae ) inflections

in this case. Only before the ( nsuter ) ? of the nom., voc., and
acc. plur. it is prefixed optionally.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT Idl

% ^fl^^ ^ ^ ^ I

iiTlr fln^r^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i

*T5f ^rrerfrr *j»5f?r

• This is a i iastance of the genitive absolute; it has the

sense o f ' notwithstanding
I This is an instance of the locative absolute; the meaning
is like that of the English nominative absolute — Days having
elapsed.
102 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Narayatia is not depend- (The) good do not become

ent.
Deer sit on stones in (a)
forest.
Indra is (the) lord of (the)
gods.
On ( t h e ) first of Kartika (While)
there is (a) festival.
( 0 saw (a) boy going to
school.
In prosperity many per-
sons follow (a) man.
(A) man is abandoned by
( h i s ) friends in adver-
sity.
Krsna saw men driving
horses.
Ascetics regard (the) world
as (a) wilderness.
(A) work is written by
(the) talented NarSyatja.
Even (the) meritorious Fire, ( i f ) touched, burriS
are censured by ( t h e )
wkked.
Men always desire to be
long-lived.
(It) has been so laid down
by (the ) divine Manu.
Anger cools down by soft Rama lived in (the) pro-
Narada descended from
(the)8ky.
proud on account of
(by) wealth.
(it) was advised by ( our )
preceptor (when he was)
going to heaven.
living in (a)
forest Rama and
Laksmana destroyed
many demons.
(I) am very pleased by
seeing ( a sight o f )
your Honour.
(The) talented are honour-
ed at (the ) courts of
kings.
( T h e ) wind takes away
(the) loosened flower
from (the) stalk.
Lightning is considered
by poets as ( t h e ) wife
of (the ) cloud.
even (the ) Hoir.
(The) desire for happiness
of those who enjoy hap-
piness is often increased
by ( t h e i r ) enjoyment of
happiness.
sperous city of Ayodhya.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 103

EXAMINATION

1. Repeat the case terminations occurring in

Sanslcrt Grammar.
2. Compare the declension of nouns in ^ or
with that of present participles, and of these with
that of any ordinary noun ending in a consonant, such
a s ^ .
3. How do you form the neuter dual (nom., v o c -
acc.) or feminine of present participles, and of adjec,
fives in sRjor
4. How is ^ or ^ treated when followed by hard
or soft consonants, or when it is at the end of a word ?
5. In what circumstances is ^ generally changed
to*??
6. Decline n^q?, f^ig^t, ^^n. f. and «., f
m.,/. and n., g^wr^i; m. and n., si^JTtjm. and «., f^5T^
m.,f. and n., q i ^ m . , a?fq?, ^^JTr^w.,/. and n. etc., etc.
7. Explain, with instances, the use of the Loc. and
Gen. absolute.
104 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRIT

LESSON X X V I

N O U N S (Contd.)

N O U N S E N D I N G I N 3iq[_AND ^

1. ^ , the masculine and feminine (see Rule 1, p. 97.)

nominative and vocative singular termination, is dropped
(see note page 97 ).
2. is dropped in the nominative singular, and
before all terminations beginning with consonants.
3. The 31 is lengthened in the first five inflections,
and 5 in the nominative singular only. The rule does
not hold good in the case of neuter nouns. But in the
plural of the nom., voc. and acc. of these (neuter
nouns ), the ^ and ^ are lengthened.
4. 91 is dropped before the vowel Germinations, be-
ginning with the 31^ of the accusative plural but not
incases where the a» is preceded by a conjunct con-
sonant of which »^ or ^ i s the final member. This rule
is applied optionally in the locative singular of mas-
culine and neuter nouns, and in the nom., voc. and
acc. dual of the latter (neuter nouns ).
5. The vocative singular does not differ from the
crude. In the neuter, ^ is optionally dropped.

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. ?I5IR:
Acc. m- §
Instr. ?f=ji ^wiraC. ?I3lf5l:
§ The w of the final syllable being dropped, we have
TRR. By rule of saihihi (see page 21, note *) becomes 3^
which, with the preceding becomes j j .
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 105

Singular Dual Plural

Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.

Nom. sn^JTl m^fm affOIH:

Acc. 3n?Jn5P^ aff^TR^ ancflR:
Instr. siRiisn arnnwrra^ armrw:
Dat. aiRj^ sn«fl»=!TI^ siCTHi:
Abl. mmpm, ^mr^:
Gen. mm: m'^ff^: mmR^
Loc. armft mm^: ^n^qg
Voc. a^jeji^ ansTpf^ aJCTR:

Nom. and Acc. ^ 5TR^-5!I# ^ninft

Instr. iTOF •fWWflfl; siwfi?:
Dat. sTJJTWtn^ W I :
Abl. !IRI: lOTWIP^ Hqwi:
Gen. «IRl: sngt: IRW^
Loc iiwft-«nfe TWg
Voc. 5iOTi|^ !im^-!ii# smnft
 106 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

Singular Dual Plural

Nom.
Acx:.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
vn^n.
Nom, and Acc. *nft *?(^
Voc. *nft9 or vtf^ wfNt »TI#ft
The rest like
WORDS

a n f ^ f t ^ »i. a m. an ffJ?!!^ n. a name

servant attendant on ffi. a bird
?iP?Ri?jR^ w . the the women's srrf^I^wi. an ani-
internal soul, apartments, a mal
the heart chamberlain P l ' R r i ^ adj.
speaking sweetly
mmfk^ adj. ^^5^ n. action
m., n. affec-
guilty, offend- ^ ^ a d j .
tion
ing happy, well "RSSfRn^ ad;.,»».,«.
^ff% m. a
^PftC adj. a fruit-eater
stone
lessening, de- !r8Tq;»j. the Great
«n?JR[ m. the soul,
creasing or
self
*rjft^ adj. what
adj. ^?FTl(J|^ adj.
is to be, future
( Zi^f m. lap) going to a holy
»«. great-
resting in the place ness
lap n. leather w. the head
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRIT 107

^rfts^* adj. n. a way, m. name

talented, in a path of the god^iva
telligent ft^ipi^i^ m. the ^(HX^ n. a house
^Plq^w.an ascetic architect of the ^mi^f. boundary,
5031!^ m. a king gods bounds
sftffq^ nt. little- m. a ^^rwRi; m. a lord
ness mountain I J T ? n. gold

sjiT^ w. disad >«. doing ^I5t55 n. skill,

vantage, evil good to an- proficiency
apariS? ». the other, obliga- (ms/.'. sing.
apartment oc- tion, benefit- of ^BJ^} gradually
cupied by wo- ing another Cow/, to
men in a house
count, to reck-
w. coun
on, to consider
sellor
f^sa (pistpass. adj. long
wm n. the sky
part, of i s / 3WlSBi| m. Creat-
3J4 m. a thing, oc-
currence, event Co«;. P . ) ham- or of the world
pered, impeded / . liveli-
of % with ajJT f u;///f aniftg; [ m- hood
is/ Conj. P. ft«f t ] to mani- n. a. day
descending fest, to show,
^ (past pass,
/ . daugh- to expose
part, of 5 ^ )
ter ^^ff^adv. solely
wicked
WPH m. begin- ^ q t / . name of a
ning, perform- wife of Ddsara- ^ arfi. distant
ance tha ""^ST n. meanness

* The femtniae form of aa adjecdve ending in fa{ is

made up by adding $; as itqiflHl' taleated ' (woman).
t The I of this word becomes ^ and % in the circum-
stances mentioned in note f, page 97.
t See note X, p. 97.
108 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

5 i s / Conj. Pa- 5i2?^fi; ac?/. virtu- ftstRT m. destruc-

rasm. to melt ous tion
with pity l^^n^ w. the first ftgfe/- purity
^ never half ft-am w. confi
M^ipast pjss. dence
(^35/ pass, fl^JTci; length-
part, of m with
part, of ening
f»IRj) created,
with q) pleased s^Tf^/. a tigress
constructed,
f«wf^5^ M. kind- g»T good, vir
formed, made
liness of speech tuaus
ftfRrJT?!! alj.
f l l ; / . intellect 5Tfft^r / . im-
happy purity
i r i l l ^ g {past pass, JJ^lfl^adv. sweetly ?»qni n. h-earing
part, of the m. a pil
m. name of
causal of grim
a person
with ft) placed ^^JOlhCoi with ?n5tl arfy. suspi-
m. the to observe,
cious
second or latter to test, to prove g<g n. ease
half 5!g adj. short #cl?i5 ad;, anxi-
ind. after- qg^cl m. name of ous
wards Krsna's father ?=tJI w. a dream

SENTENCES

^5re«r^ 3 ^ iniff i
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 109

^RmifjTJn ggJsn ^

: 4

• When ^ , % and at the end of a word or gramnutical form

are preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel
they are doubled.

t If a nominal or verbal form ending in q, a^, oi ^ is

followed by a vowel, the ^ and ^ o f the substitute for the former
are optionally dropped. The two vowels thus brought together
by the dropping of ^ or q do not coalesce.
110 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Devadatta is intelligent. Men are often anxious to

( T h e ) father embraced know future events.
( his ) son with affection. ^iva is sought in ( t h e )
Nala was ( t h e ) son of heart by ascetics.
Vi^vakarman.
Burds fly i n (the ) sky. ( His ) foot was placed by
(the) king on (the) heads
Servants follow (their )
of ( his ) enemies.
lord.
Trees grow on mountains. ( A n ) educated man does
( £ ) do not remember (the) not transgress (the )
names of (the ) boys. bounds of good conduct.
Shoes are made of leather.
On hearing intelligence
Hari's ruin is (the) result
of ( his ) happy sons in
of ( h i s ) actions. ( a ) distant country ( h e )
( The) mind of ( a ) guilty rejoiced.
person is always suspi-
dous. Affection for (their ) young
(The ) message of (the ) is shown by even (the )
queen was taken to (the) beasts.
king by (the ) chamber- In ( a ) forest livelihood is
lain. made by fruit-eaters
Though speaking sweetly, with ease.
( I ) speak (the ) truth.
( T h e ) whole creation was ( He ) worshipped guests in
born of Brahman. ( h i s ) house as gods,
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 111

( A ) man becomes famous (The ) littleness of men is

by greatness of intellect. exposed by (their ) own
actions.
( The) confidence of sub-
jects grows in (a) good Brahma created animals
king. and stones and (the) sky.

EXAMINATION

1. In what cases is the ^ of nouns ending in ^

dropped, and in what cases the 31 ? Give examples of
nouns which do not drop the latter.
2. Compare the declension of nouns ending in ^
with that of those in
3. Decline ^ep^, ; T I ^ , qsir^. ^f^f|^. f ^ f e ^ .
911^. q%^. ^4^1 'Stfl'^, etc., etc.
4. How do you form the feminine of adjectives
ending in f!^ ?
5. When are ^ , and 53^ doubled ?
6. What changes take place when the ending ^, cr,
^ , or 4( of a nominal or verbal form is followed by a
vowel ? Give the rules and illustrate them.

LESSON XXVII

N O U N S ( Contd.)

N O U N S E N D I N G I N ^ , ara[ A N D t « R ? , O R q?R^
1. The nom. sing, of nouns ending i n ^ i s formed
by dropping the termination ^ and lengthening 3i if
it precedes. The 5 of the noun is then changed to a
visarga (vide note +, p. 9).
112 FIRST BOOK OF SA^fSKRT

2. Before the terminations beginning with con-

sonants the q^is changed to a visarga, which, in being
compounded with the terminations, follows the
Samdhi rules that have been given ( see note * page 15,
and + and II page 17. ).
3. Nouns in cfR and or cpr^ prefix in the mas-
culine a ^ to the final ^ , and their penultimate si
is lengthened, i n the first five inflections. The nomina-
tive singular ends in aiiq[ and m%
4. The ar of gRg[^is changed to 3 * before the vowel
terminations, beginning with that of the accusative
plural, and before the | of the nom., v o c , and acc. dual
of the neuter ; and the ^ to ?^ or ? before hard or soft
consonantal terminations and in the nom., v o c , and acc.
sing, of the neuter.
5. The rule mentioned in 2 holds also in the case of
^ira: or tpiH.
6. The preceding si, if any, is not lengthened in the
case of the nom., voc. and acc. sing, of neuter nouns.
Before the ^ of the plural, the penultimate vowel is
not lengthened and a nasal is inserted after it.
7. In the vocative singulars of all these, the
penultimate is not lengthened ; as etc

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. ^r??i^
Acc.
Instr. =5r^?ir

• Before this the preceding f, if any, is dropped ; ^ i ' ^ -

^ 1 ^ ' acc. pi
 FIRST BOOK OR SANSKRT ll3

Singular Dual Plural

Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc./
Vo^.

Nom. ftS(?J:
Acc.
Instr. ft8?*^IHi
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc. ftf^)s
Voc.

Ml.

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. :
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.

• In the body of a word or grammatical form is changed

to an anusvara when followed by ^ , % ?i. or 5.

t See note X, p. 97.

 114 PtRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Singular Dual Plural

Nom., Voc.
and Acc.
The rest like
gf^a[ n.
Nom., V o c , f aftaas? ^•^4t *
and A c c {
The rest like ft?w.

Nom. 3»fi^
Acc.
Instr. 3!^irari^
Dat. 3l^WI?H 3#*qf:
Abl. 31^:
Gen.
Loc.
Voc. 3lf^>

WORDS

srs^ft^^ adj. dwelt ^[^m^adj. sat

adj. younger ^3IH;,« light, heat
n. an eye ^ t f * ^ m. an inhabitant of
g5?W3[, »t. the moon
heaven
3 ^ n. Veda
t sqra^fld;'. elder garfeg m. name of a^s^e
?rTf3[^« religious austerity \ir3^ «. a bow
a f l ^ K . darkness «. the sky

* The feminine of adjectives ending in ^ is the same as

the Nora, V o c , and Acc. dual of the neuter; while that of
adjectives in and qrr^ is formed by the simple addition
off.
{ This and ijic^are declined like ^iflt,.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 115

<HRl«. water <(4l*^ ad/, one d\yelling

ItHB. adj. very dear, dearer in a forest
adj. very great, spnj. M. age
gr^iter «. a cloth
JTTH n. mind ftf^ fld;. learned
M. fame, glory l a ^ nt. Brahma
5Kr« «. an evil spirit, a ^m. n. the head
^im. adj. superior, pros-
?3Rl n. dust, pollen perous
^em n. the breast iTOJ. n. lake
«. speech fdra M. an offering

«l<^ m. sin ad/, poor

aispJK^adi'. after ad/, dreadful
8j)|^ f. not ground name of a town
!Tf od/. new
/»ass. part, of ^ wiVA
ft% ad/, motionless
ft) steady
qR%ei (past pass. part, of
m. n a thorn
nt. name of the ^ wj/A qft) worn
commander-in-chief of <^n^R n. an object of
king Virata worship or reverence
m. name of a son of ft^q^ /. name of a female
Rama companion of Sakuntala
fa (^as/ pass. part, o f f ) m name of a king
done, made of the solar race
^ md. for, for the sake
qfRja m. a great king
(of)
ftsf M. sex
i|ftl^ ad/- meritorious
^ {past pass, part cR m. a boon
off) worn out, old ^tmf- a branch
116 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

%a adj. white oppressed by heat

(past pass. part. adj. at once, suddenly
of aq; with heated, n. taking away

ara; 4lh Conj. Parasm. toitk q, to throw ; m% tvitk ft,

to cover; pr. part, toitk 3 ? , a^lcj rising; s i ^ 1st,
Conj. Parasm. to go; ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. and A / w .
wf/ft sjf, to resort to to depend upon ; w. toith m, to eat,
to perform ( a sacrifice ).

SENTENCES

sprat 5 R R ^fRf?! OT-1 % ^ % |

qf^cJ I » | ^ : q?Tif« ^pfH?I

5«t^ ctlflci: # g ^ S g § I r i : l
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 117

^^^^ h^m ^m- m'^^mmm^pj^ i

Hari appeased (liis) mother Priyamvada went to

by ( his ) speech. Durvasas and begged
pardon.
Narayana's younger
brother is at Ka^i.

Panini speaks of ( t h e ) Hari saw with ( his ) eyes

Vedas as chandasas. ( the ) charioteer driving
horses.
(The) wind brings pollen
from flowers.

May (the) glory of ( the) Rama was waited upon

King spread over (the ) (served) by (his) younger
earth ! brothers.

* Ttiat is, their wealth and general prosperity exceeded

their desire
118 PfRST B O O K O F SANSKRT

{The) hermitages of (the) After light comes darkness

forest-dwelling Rsis and after darkness
were made of leaves and comes (the ) light,
branches of trees. Leaving (the) net on (the)
Bhagiratha pleased Ve thorns, (the) birds flew
dhas by (his) austerities. Cthe) sky.
(There) are lotus-flowers (There) is very great sin
in the waters of (the) taking away (the)
lakes. wealth of (the ) poor.

( The) king reveres learned Warriors do not mind

men. even death for the sake
of fame.
As ( a ) man leaves worn-
out clothes ani wears ( T h e ) younger brother
new ones, so (the) soul followed (the) elder
leaves old bodies and brother.
enters new ones.
(He) obtained many boons
Raghu conquered (the) from (the) gods.
earth by (his) bow and
Truth is dearer than life
arrows.
to (the) virtuous.
( The) offerings thrown into
(the) fire are carried by God is sought by ( H i s ) de-
(the ) fire to (the) gods. votees with steady minds.

( The) people who dwelt in ( A ) learned person is

Ayodhya were happy. honoured everywhere.

EXAMINATION

1. Compare the declension of nouns ending in

srat. or and m..
2. When is the n of changed to 3, and how
is the preceding 5, if any, treated in this case ?
 FIRST BOOK O P SANSKRT 119

3. How is tiie feminine of nouns ending in and

or f^Bp^ formed ?
4. Decline 3rfJ»m, / . and «. ; ^^Itm
m., f. and «.; " ^ f ^ M., f. and « ; mmm., f. and n . ;
^^f^ m. a n d / . ; m.,f. and n , c/c, f/c.

LESSON X X V I U

VERBS

OF T H E POTENTIAL MOOD

Terminations

Parasmaipada

Singular Dual Plural

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.

Atmanepada

1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pers.

• These terminations are the same as those of the Imperfect,

with the following exceptions and modifications. - T h e Parasm.
3rd pers, plur. termination is 3 ^ instead of Mq; and those of
the Atm. 3rd pers. p l u , 1st pers. sing., 3rd and 2nd pers.
duals are M , W R I I ^ and strain respectively, instead of si»fi,
t . flint and f « r ^ . T o these terminations | is to be prefixed
when they begin with a consonant and § ^ when they begin
with a vowel.
120 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

The conjugational signs must be added on to the

roots before the terminations of the Potential.

Parasmaipada

Singular Dull Plural

1st pers. q ^
2nd pers. m: ^mf{.
3rd pers. q ^ 'Sf^mfl

Atmanepada

1st pers. g«^JT(|

2nd pers. ^^f: ^i^^PJ^q^ 3v%^q;
3rd pers. g«^?t g^^iam. gvjq?^

The potential ( 1 ) expresses probability, commands,

prayers, wishes, hopes, etc., and ( 2 ) is used in depend-
ent clauses implying these. ( 3 ) It is also used in
conditional t sentences in which one statement depends
on another as its reason or condition. In these two
latter respects it resembles the English subjunctive.

WORDS

3 1 ^ ^ m. ( a i s i ^ / M . a road, ^^JZ( m. harm

m. fatigue) 3irf*r^ (past pass. part, of
the fatigue of a journey \ with srfJi) overcome,
n. pleasing, giving overpowered
delight to n. injury, harm,
gjirfo^ m. an illiterate damage,
person

* The potential forms of S^H, and are given in the

Second Book.
t Except pluperfect conditionals.
 PlRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 121

sngRPl n. covering, obstruc Slftf^ (past pass. part, of

?R» ind. or [ tion with sif?r) obstructed
^Ist Conj.Aim.toheahle i p m g f a H. (SPOT adj.
adj. insignificant, mean first, previous; gf?r n.
1st Conj. Atm. with a good action) a previ-
to bathe in ous good action,
3»Pnq^ m. du. wife and sua (past pass. part, of
husband anjq; wi/A u ) arrived at,
1st Conj. Parasm. come to
to shine, to be ho fwd. out of (used
^Sfimf. night with the A b l . )
gfta adj. thirsty Vfi^lt^f. the Ganges
?nfta n. poverty sjf^ ad/, much [ cle
^ f l f l T ; . poor [fortune t ind. a vocative parli-
5 ^ f. bad state, mis- ?8iPiI n. defence
^4th Conj. Parasm. to ^ / . a rope ^
act the traitor ^ with 9rRr to sit upon, to
rest upon
adj. wise, of fortitude
feJir »!. an obstacle
or patience
fclPT^ / . adversity
ifl^TI^ adj. ( ftwrf w. a wrong path,
anre«n r. name) named evil conduct,
ftg^ ad/, with the face
s^Pra*!! f. ( «TR m. justice, turned away from
/ . court) court of ftawi^ft: ( abl. or gen. sing.
justice [ result of ft«Jm^ m.; Ppum m.
q? twi/i ^ [PM^'] to rest, ^ m. purpose ) for
q^#q tfdj. another's the purpose of rest

• See Note t p. 97.

t drops its ^ when followed by a vowel or a

soft consonant.
FBS—6
122 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

5lt«R adj. good fffi;. fragrant

a?rsr m. resting-place g f r l adj. virtuous, good
Wffil m. an assembly

a good action tvitk ft to forget

SENTENCES

m- w 5ft i^^3*' I
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSK?T 123

(You two) should wash (your) hands and feet when

(you) return home.
Men should not forget (their) friends.
If (thou) wert to taste poison, (thou) wouldst die.
(The two) books may be carried in (the two) hands.
(You two) should learn Nyaya from (your) teacher.
Let (us) sit here in the shade of ( a) tree.
Kings should protect (their) subjects from harm.
Let (us) worship God with (a) pure heart.
(Thou) shouldst give money to poor persons.
(You) should not err in [ from ] (your} duties.
Men should not become agitated without cause.
No man shall covet another's wealth,
124 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

{ The) king ordered that (the two) rogues shouW be

beaten.
( W e ) should obtain fame, if ( w e ) died in defence of
( o u r ) country.
Witnesses shall always tell (the) truth in courts of
justice.
If ( I ) go t o K a s i . ( I ) will bring many Sanskrt books.
If ( y o u ) were to tell ( a ) lie, ( y o u ) would be beaten
by (your) masters.
( T h e ) king led (his) soldiers out of (the) city that (he)
might fight with (his) enemy.
( I ) should be punished by ( m y ) masters, if ( I ) were
seen doing evil (sin).
Would (the) poor Brahmanas get (any) money if (they)
should beg through (the) town?
(I)gavemuch money to (my) sisters that ( m y ) parents
might be pleased.
( A ) wife and husband should worship Agni every day
in (the) house.
( A ) man should not mind trouble in (the) performance
of duty.
Pupils should salute (their) teacher.
Though obstructed by obstacles, ( y o u ) should not
abandon ( a w o r k ) begun.

EXAMINATION

1. Compare the terminations of the Imperfect and

the Potential.
2. In what senses is the Potential used ?
g. When does drop its ^ ?
 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 125

4. Give the Potential (all numbers and persons) of

^ . INL- ^ f3lt, S, ^ CT, 5P^.
qiact. and pass., f pass., \with s i ^ act. and pass.,
gpass., g ^ a c t . and pass., etc., etc.

LESSON X X I X
PRONOUNS

The chief pronouns in Sanskrt a r e — ? l t ' a l l , ' a ?

' that,' i?a? ' this,' ' w h o ' or ' which' ( relative),
' who ' or ' w h i c h ' {interrogative), si?*?? ' I ' or
'we', ' t h o u , ' or ' y o u ' , 'this',
'this'or'that.'
1. The following five terminations are peculiar to
pronouns of the masculine gender ending in 31; in
other respects the pronouns are declined like the
corresponding nouns —
Nom. PI. t
Dat. Sing. ^
Abl. Sing.
Gen. PI. ^
Loc. Sing. ^
Singular Dual Plural
Nom. «t:
Acc. 51^
Instr. ^:
Dat. ?W?*'I1'^
Abl. *l3f«l:
Gen.
Loc.
126 RIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

2. Pronouns of the feminine gender ending i n «lt

take the following peculiar terminations before all of
which, except OT^, the «n is shortened; in other
respects they are declined like nouns in sjt —

Dat. Sing.
Abl. Sing.
Gen. Sing.
Gen. PI.
Loc. Sing.

Singular Dual Plural

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Neut. Nom , Acc. ^ikfi.
The rest like the Masculine
3. g?, qa[, and in the masculine gender
are declined as if they were g, ^ and 9 respectively,
i . e., pronouns ending in 9{. The nom. sing,
forms of a ? and however, are and qs:
respectively.
4. In the feminine gender these pronouns are
declined as if they were ^, C[?a, «n and i. e. ending
m «n. The Nominative smgulars of the first two are
511 and qqi respectively.

* and qr. drop the final or visarga when followed

by a consonant in a sentence; « etc.
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 127

Singular Dual Plural

Neuter Nom.
and Acc.
*ift

5. i ^ : is used optionally for qg in the accuative,

the instrumental singular, and the genitive and locative
dual in the three genders.
MASCULINE

Acc f^^m^ or q i ^ or q4>, qgj^ or qsfR^

Instr. Sing. or q^H
Gen. & Loc. Du. qgqt: or qswt:
FEMININE

Ac?. qiJI^ or qj^^, q^ or q^, qgi: or qsn:

Instr. Sing. qgqi or ippn
Gen. & Loc. D u . qaql: or qswt:
Neut. Acc. qa? or qa? , or t^, qaift or qaift
WORDS

«mR adj. immutable ?8 ( past pass. part, of fp^)

: ad), all, whole wished, desired.

•Esft/. a forest nt. name of great

«^^^2<7/A Cow;. A / m . wttA S|.
to seek, to desire
vmadj. small, little
ad;, pure, noble
sqoTjI m. a son
m. e£fort. trouble
sage
n. gold
adj. bom of a good
family
adj. {jjm merit, and
511 to know ) one who
appreciates merit
^ adj. beautiful
128 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

n. theft JPWT n. Allahabad

sireiT »i. a wretch, a rascal ^dg^adj. a metaphysical
^r^ijon / . money given to philosopher; one k n o w
Brahmanas ing tjjg Brahman
handsome ^ f a d f ; . great

^ ad;, difficult to obtain •„ ^^^^ ^ ^,^^^^1^

y f / n a m e of a goddess ^ ^ ^j,^ ^^^^j^

^ S l ^ ' f r . , m a prince

the sky and ^ „. .^^eping

the earth cj,
— i/Kj n • r, ftg «• wealth
Z'^^^.^'"- ft^(j>a5/ pass. parLoi^
and A / m . o act as m a ^.^^ ^ ^ ^p^^^j^^ ^^pp^^-
dramatic play ^
ftwiRJ ad;. vyeU versed a.
3^ name of the sacred '^^^^^"^
poetical works compris- ^ J'"'
ing the whole b<jdy of knows the F.dfls
Hindu mythology w . name of a kmg of
^ {past pass. part, of «i) the solar race
purified, holy ^KOf adj. obtainable pos-
STO ( past pass. part, of sible to make
with 51) joined with n. power

* The ^ of this is changed to ^ in the nom. s i n g , and

before the consonantal terminations. The is changed to
before soft consonants. (See note t, P- 28.)
t As in the case of nouns in ^ and or q i j ^ (See
rules 3, 6 and 7, p. 112), the penultimate W of this is
lengthened and ^ prefixed to the final q in the first five
inflections of the masculine, and nom., voc, and acc. plural
of the neuter. When compounded as an adjective with
a following substantive, it becomes v.^[.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 129

SENTENCES

^^r^: ^f^'T- ^ ,

^ ; jqnis «,r.^ '^^^^ ^"'^ ^

l|%?T^f^' SnrfsRjft?!?! ^ ^ R ' ^ c ^ c l T ^ ^

' T h e addition of i^fj or wpj to ran in all its genders gives

it an indefinite sense , ^fa^st' something,' or ' anything,'
' somebody,' etc.

t See rule, page, 61, footnote,'

130 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

?r(i^ g ^ j ^ ff5?n
?Ifl<JI 9rRIF5tI9^-

f% ?rarT fei^ ^'OTT

9 qfoici: 9 ^ W ^ ? y w : I
9 « ^ eJrRt 9 =5 ^5^«r5
9^ »pns ^I^fll^PTf^ I)
Who are these ? ( There) are fishes in that
What is their avocation ? river.
She is Hari's daughter. He is followed by her.
What is her name ? Where are the men that
To whom did Rama say have come from those
so ? villages ?
He is Govinda's brother. r r . , , ^^^^ - .
They come from that
I went to school with him. country of which
He saw Narayana playing Sudraka is (the ) king.
with those boys. ( T h e ) queen directed those
Wliich of his friends does of her maids who were
be remember ? near (in proximity with)
 PmST B O O K O F SANSKRT 131

her to bring flowers for done by them (two ).

her. In that forest ( I ) lived for
In this house did (the ) (a) long time.
king of ( t h e ) Mahara- In ( by ) what direction did
$triyas live. the wretch go ?
Which of those girls sing 1 In that temple (there) is
By whom was this book ( a ) beautiful idol of
placed here ? Laksmi
( The ) sky and (the) earth Hari told him (an) incred-
stand upheld by ( t h e ) ible story
power of this immutable How would he, whom
soul. Laksmi seeks, be diffi-
No noble deed has been cult for her to obtain ?

EXAMINATION

1. In what respects does the Pronominal declension

differ from the Nominal ?

2. Do the crude forms of Pronouns (Demonstrative,

Relative, and Interrogative) end in vowels or con-
sonants? Does their declension resemble that of
nouns ending in a vowel or in a consonant ?

3. How is the visarga of 5: and ipi: treated in

combmation in a sentence ?

4. Decline m., f. and n., m., / . and «., fe^m.

/.and n , q a ^ w , / and n., m. n.
132 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON X X X

P R O N O U N S ( Contd. )

P R O N O U N S O F T H E 1ST A N D 2 N O P E R S O N S

«WT<5 ( / or we )
Singular Dual Plural
Nom.
Acc. JTR^or m or #f 3I?flr?q; or SI:
Instr.
Dat. si^JTJcqj^ or ST:
Abl. R^
Gen. *m o r ^ an^: Of ^ SRW^or
Loc.
^sff^ { Thou or you )
Nom.
Acc. tmn. or ?^ gwi^or wra^
Instr. 35JTrf^:
Dat. sj«rnorg g^^nf'm.or ^'.
Abl.
Gen. aw or ^ gW^: or ^ 3 « l W ^ o r 5|:
Loc. ?5jft
WORDS

m. a 3i%a adj. proper with acc.

small fault siM^. of 5RPI or
sRftl^ii: Ml. a
^ 1st Conj. Pa- ^ prefixed to
sacrificial priest
rasm. to protect it, to submit
adj. H.'SHkX adj. of this oneself to
faithless sort ^ w. a con-
a vener- adj. queror
able woman merciful n. beating
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 133

^ Isi Conj. Atm. adj. imm n. an as-

to hasten, to be agitated, tiewil- semblage of
impatient dered clouds

?RI3I5I m. a person qR; lOih Conj. m. the lord

who is a slave Parasm. & Atm. of the Raghus
^^adv.iar to surmount ^ ^ , 3 pa^ticfe

fortune ftqt»T m. separa

!lMt/.agirl 5^3 l"tle, ^.^^
small
ftftrl n. a cause, 6ra « . welfare,
a reason "^^'^''^ happiness
ftwB5! fld;. fruit- ' ' ^ -^^ thought, m. the sun
ipcq view, feeling
'^^^ « l f ^ w . a wit-
qgC M;?/A an, to W p p f t / . a proud "^^^ ^^^^
happen woman ^4{<4IW m. Mon-

SENTENCES

siI5fl"T':i'^ I

fwfet ^ 351^: I

fe^tog I [ I
134 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

iT ^ € sRgjn^rr a TCIT ^ mm i

^ era 'Ti^ cwnr wn m mi

n[?r cR?r% ^mi^ in^^i ^^ni

«Rt 9f^I ^ g 11
q4 ^ ^ ^^fHc«irai^?n^Rra?it:
ft; 5JRIWg5lT ^ ^ ^ g?T II

Thou art ( a ) wise man. Who told thee this story?

Dost thou suspect me to , , . „ .
be (a) faithless person? '°
Who was your guide
when you ascended the he brought many books,
mountain ? and gave them to me.

* Said by a husband to his wife.

t Said to Sita by Vasistha who was the preceptor or
chaplain to the solar race of kings, to which RSma
belonged.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 135

Tell us what happened He got that intelligence

there.
I asked you where my
book was.
Do not be sorry at ( a )
separation from us.
By thy favour, we sur-
mounted all perils.
I remember what was done
by you at the time.
The witnesses were order-
ed by me to come on
Monday.
I gave you heaps of com
when you came to my
house.
Thou being defeated, thy
soldiers submitted to
the conqueror.
We (two ) saw ( the)
hermitages of many Rsis.
These flowers have been
brought by us ( t w o ) .
from me.
You ( t w o ) censure all
men.
I give thee this reward.
From thee was (the) path
of {the) wise known by
me.
Without (any) fault, ( t h e )
sacrificial priests beat
me.
Do not be angry with us,
thy children, ( 0 ) merci-
ful father.
He wandered far from us,
his friends.
( A n ) improper action has
been done by thee in
beating that dog.
Thou being protector, how
would thy subjects
experience adversity ?

Amongst us, Hari is (the) best.

136 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

LESSON X X X I

9f^^ Thai or This, and ^R^This

^B. That or This

MASCULINE

Singular Plural
Nom.
Acc. ^
Instr,
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
FEMININE

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.

• A short way of learning the masc. forms of a q ^ , except

that of the Nom. sing. :—Suppose the word to be
masculine, and decline it like and for f in each form
put and for the vowel following, if it be short, put 3, if
long, 3), for q in the plural put ^ , and you will get the
forms given in the text. The forms of the Instr. sing,
and pi. are to be taken as 3»??n and 3i%Tvr. and not
anda?^.. The rule about the change of ^ to q^ given in a
former note should be applied. The same may be done with
regard to the feminine forms, a i ^ being declined like ^q^.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 137

NEUTER

Singular Dual Plural

Nom. and Acc. spj^
The rest like the Masculine.

This

MASCULINE

Singular Dual Plural

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.

FEMININE

Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
Dat.
Abl. aniwiPi.
Gen. awqf:
Loc.

NEUTER

Nom. and Acc.

The rest like the Masculine.
138 PIRST BOOK OP SANSK?T

WORDS

miCfnf. jealousy «C: Conj. to fill

aipra? ind. or flflf;. to be given, to
s l ^ f t / name of a celestial be given in marriage
woman Sfm m. source
m. a miser
^mm adj. f. beloved,
m. m. poet.l^rw.
dearest
a lord) the lord of poets,
the chief of poets
ftS! ind. verily beloved and siffti /,

f with a^gn^ to beautify, intelligence ) intelligence

about one's beloved
to adorn
finin/. alms
naf/. a pit
ip^RFil w . Jatayu, the lord ad;, f. timid (woman)

of vultuies jrf^^Wt / . a woman with

fascinating eyes
mipast pass. part, of a^)
concealed, covered ffi. a bee
m m. speed W »». a horse
f rfea adi. sorry, sad,
afflicted ^ with ft Parasm. to
^adj. visible stop, to desist
»i. a species of pine (tft f. manner, way
| ? m f l d » . soon, quickly
s a r g f «. a bower of
^Sf^ adj. (gst son. and creepers
f a made ) made a son,
adopted SR5g adj. one whose form
is elegant; handsome,
gc: i « d . before ( space )
beautiful
3(q«n^ adj. having
flowers a wife, a mate
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 13d

mR m. habitation [ fence ^TO m . a confluence

ftUW adj. disliked; n. of- adj. eager for
a road union
f q « r s ^ m. Shiva
a kind of bird
RTP?^ adj. to be ex-
OTfQ «• an adventure
pounded
( I R R ^ n. a temple of Shiva ^Sflt ». a jewel amongst
?ina M companionship, women
friendship ad;, delicious

SENTENCES

• T h e sentences marked with an asterisk on this and the

next page are spoken by a king who, while enjoying the
company of his beloved wife in a grove, suddenly loses her
by some miraculous occurrence, and wanders about asking
bhds and beasts whether they can give him any intelligence
about her.

The second speech bearing this mark is addressed to an

dephant.
140 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

^ro^ ^at5«iyt<uHH. II
t m
35ft*^.S<Ht f W s ^ ^ II
* JTiit^5it fe^TcTw ct%?r i

^'c?fg?^^r^ ^ €gr ft i
* t « sjqr=5g w 5R{?ci( nRKsq:re5r?Tf zm \
55?inil r5m*ra51

^ f%fST^ ^-
Si^Jl'^wfe ^33^?i5 II
qRPwt^ smrat'T^s^t

3fT5 ?TatSfltf«?5«?r II

•IlWWei^rt "^^yc*^?!: II

t Said by a lover to a maid who was afraid of meeting with

a repulse at his hands.

t Said by one to another about a tree which was a great

favourite with Shiva.
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 141

5* ?ririK?I^ a'OT

Bs is my book. I saw ( a ) tiger coming

1 men rejoice at their down from (the ) top of
king's victory. that mountain.
These girls learn to dance I guarded my gold from
(dancing). these (two) thieves.
( There ) are many learned I saw that soldier running
men ia these villages. away from (the) battle-
I do not see with these field. [ path.
eyes. [ this tree. The traveller went by that
There is (a) monkey on Fill these ( t w o ) pits with
There is much water in earth. [the miser,
these rivers. I do not expect alms from
From these mountains The king's palace is ( t w o )
many stones have fallen. coss from this river.
I beat (a) thief with these Give me that delicious
sticks. mango.
I saw these women in (the) What fault has been com-
temple of Shiva. mitted by this deer ?
(The) sources of these (The) confluence of these
rivers are in the ( t w o ) rivers is holy.
Himalaya. Covered by this cloth, I
Give some sweetmeat to become invisible.
these boys, and to those These (two) girta too are
girls. to be given in marriage.

* A dental coasonant followed by ^ i» changed to ^

and ^ to a nasal at, which is written as in the text
142 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

EXAMINATION

1. Which of the pronouns is or are the most

irregular?
2. Decline a i x ^ m., /- and «., m., f and n.,
SRB^and
3 . Explain the shortest way of arriving at the
forms of a j ^ .
4. What change do dentals undergo when com-
pounded with the following a.?

LESSON XXXU

SELECTIONS FOR EXERCISE

t«j:%HTf^ I

3r9t sq^^ =1^ 5T*i^ 5TKf%fr^ I

• Pres. 3rd pers. sing, of 5^1 2nd conj. Parasm. to kill,

tq^ is a pronoun, and should be declined like « i .
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 143

95 9q€ q f ^ s 95 finrajq^ i
^rt^f^Rj 9ff n5! * II ^.

q^aiiii 91?^ 5 ^ vraq^ 11 ^

^ ^55Fii q s R i snsnr q?Pir^»3[ i

51 «t3t w n i r a f f ^ % ^ fl^ci T 5 I J I
^ R J 5 ^ f 5 J J r ^ : g^5If;T9JT: II l^^.

STcrTOJlt ^ 511^ lTf?r «T f«t^^ I

?Tf^ 9Ht5^ 'nq^qr^^ ^wn 11 l ^ .

* Masc. Nom sing, of the Atm. pres. part, of 8th

conj. to do
144 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

5ra 9 n ^ : 9 ^ ^ 3 w f % q ? i f ^ ^ ^ T t ^ II \ \ .

ftm fWT ^ SfJI* ^rrfscffec it%4t

a^fet^pa^ ft Ji5i?*wr^ 111^.

3 1 1 3 ^ ft « 3 « n n n wctc^ Hfiftgt 1

• The word ia declined by simply appending the ter-

minations given at the head of lesson XXV and observing the
Safndhi rules.

t The declension of this word is irregular.

 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 145

^«n«!&src*f*!c 'swq^ nip^ f^jRP i rRi^ii

FBS—7
 APPENDIX

SAMDHI RULES

Gt4na and Vrddhi

1. The Gma of ^ or ^ is q, of or g; is of
or «ic is and of ^ is
2. The Vrddhi of «l is of ^, f or «r is ^, of
g; or siHs ^ , of ^ or ^ is aij^, and of ^ is aiRt.
Vowels

3. In Sanskrt, two vowels cannot come together

without coalescing.

4. There are a few cases, in which two vowels,

though coming together, do not coalesce.

5. When the dual of a noun or a verb ends in | ,

gt, or q, these vowels do not combine with. another
following them: Rrtt + « J R > ? ^ = ft^ « I R W ^ . See
also 13, 37 and 42.

6. ^ (short), after any vowel except the last fow,

is optionally not combined, and the preceding vowel,
if long, is made short; -1- SRf^^ =
or (by 7) s i ^ M ^ .
7. If 31 or »li is followed by ^, 3 , ^R, or ^ , diort
or long, the corresponding Gurm letter is substituted
for both; tRgs + I = »R%.
8. If q, ^, ait or afy follow at or air, the vowel
which takes the place of both is ^ in the first two
cases and 4lf in the last two; ^ + ?ft =
9. When any vowel, short or long, except the last
four, is followed by the same vowel, short or long, the
148 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

substitute for both is the same vowel lengthened;

l a j + « i R = IsnR, ?Bft 4 = ; &c.
10. When!{, 3, =R, and 5S, short or long, are followed
by a dissimilar vowel, and g are respectively
substituted for them; gpnft + = «juiwf^.
11. When q or ait at the end of the word or gram-
matical form is followed by aj, the latter merges into
the former, i. e. it is neither pronounced nor witlen.
In its place the mark S is generally put; ^jqt (by 36)

12. q, ^St, ^, and ^ , when followed by a vowel,

become apj, aif,, anq;, and ajR; respectively; ^ -I- si = gq.
13. If a nominal or verbal form ending in q, ^,
or ^ , is followed by a vowel, the and q of the sub-
stitute for the former are optionally dropped. The
two vowels thus brought together by the dropping of
q; or 5 do not coalesce; aipfflsin. - H'^'mWMH^
or n^pr ansnii^.

Consomnis

14. When there are more consonants than one at

the end of a word, the first is retained and the others
dropped; as with ^ becomes but ^ is
dropped and the form is j ; ^ .
15. A consonant (except a nasal) at the end of a
word is changed to the first or third of its class; W55
or J n ^ .
16. Before hard consonants, the preceding con-
sonants except nasals, substitute the first (t. e. hard
unaspirate) letter of then* class; as +IIRI = 5^«!IRl,
and OT^-J-'Frft = Wl*wf^.
17. The preceding consonant ( except a nasal) takes
the third consonant of its class as its substitute when
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 149

compounded with a soft consonant or the initial

vowel of a word; mmrH + SPP?, = sirai?!^ + mR,
( = HWI1l'4W*(,by 19).
18. A consonant at the end of a word or gramma-
tical form followed by a nasal is changed to the nasal
of its class optionally; as qa5[ + g?ift = q g ^ n i ^ or
qa^n^. This change is necessary, when the nasal be-
longs to a nominal termination; as -1- j p i = ^ R i q .
19. When as[ or a consonant of the dental class is
compounded with ^ or a consonant of the palatal
class, a letter of the latter class is substituted for the
former, and in this order, viz. ^ for ^ , ^ for g^, ^
for ^ & c . ; «ift^-t-3iqft=9ii0^i|^iqft. The same hap-
pens when dentals are combined with Unguals, ^
being substituted for ^ , ^ for cj, 5 for ^ & c . ; ^ +

20. A consonant of the dental class followed by a.

is changed to a^, (*?n3Ri:+#3!l=WI^3^), and ^ t o
a nasal a , which is written as in line 1, page 141.

21. When f , % and ^ at the end of a word or

grammatical form are preceded by a short vowel and
followed by any vowel, they are doubled; q g ^ - h a w -

22. ^ or 3^ is changed to before hard consonants,

and to H_before any soft consonant except a nasal or a
semi-vowel; g ^ + a = gti3. Ttiis change takes place
also when the consonants end a word, even before a
nasal or a semi-vowel; sw^+qa = qpqa.

23. ^ following a vowel is changed to ^ +

feUi^ = arf^gawfl. This change takes place optionally
when the vowel is long and at the end of a word or
150 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

grammatical form; S?fjft+WW=tMHfliJWI or

'WW, but after m (negative particle ) and «n (prepo-
sition ) it is necessary.
24. In the body of a word or grammatical form \
is changed to an anusvara when follpwed by \,
^or^j^lfi^.
25. A final vrfien followed by f, g;, sj^ and ^
5, is changed to an anusvara and visarga; fiRC|^+
ai«<<l^ = (kwi ilSfW^i = ftlTSfsfelWlfit by 39 ).
26. coming after 3R, ^, ^ in the same word
is changed to % This change takes place even if a
vowel, a semi-vowel ( 51 excepted ). the aspirate %, at a
letter of the guttural or labial class comes between %
5, or «^ and This change does not take place
when ^ends a word; as srn^.
27. ^ at the end of a word or particle, followed
by a consonant in general, is changed to an anusvara
optionally; and necessarily when it is followed by ^
%^,or^. When it is not changed to an anusvara.
it is changed to the nasal of the class to which the
following letter belongs and to a nasal ^, ^ a , when
followed by ^ , ^ es, respecively; + =
or CQps^.
28. At the end of the word, followed by a hard
consonant or by nothing, is changed to a visarga; um,

29. ^ followed by ^ is dropped, and the preceding

vowel (except m) if short, is made long; ^^fe? (by
38) + w f i r = ^ w f t .
30. When a word or form ending in any of the first
four consonants of a class is followed by ^ the is
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 151

optionally changed to ^ , when it is itself followed by

a vowel, a semi-vowel or a nasal; + 515: = S R ? ^
(by 19) 515: or s r a ? ^ : .

% 31. The ?^ of is dropped after the preposition

* 8?53? + ^ + - 1 = 3 ^ + m q C =3WrFrby 16).
32. 5 preceded by any of the first four letters of a
class is changed lo the fourth letter of that class op-
tionally ; ( by 17 ) -f- f^: = ^m%, or gWTf^:.
33. The 5 of g q R | becomes and ^ in the circum-
stances mentioned in 22.

34. 5 following a vowel except si and sir, or a

letter of the guttural class, or 5, generally becomes tj^;
^ ( b y 2 2 ) -f- g = q i g .

35. At the end of words, ^ whether followed by

any letter or not. is changed to a visarga; q ? m ^ =

^^ot Visarga

36. When a visarga is preceded by 3» and followed

by 3| or a soft consonant, it is changed to 3 , which,
with the preceding si, becomes (see 7 ) ; ^ : «wfii =
^ «raft.
37. Visarga preceded by sn and followed by a vowel
. or a soft consonant is dropped. It is also dropped
when preceded by «i and followed bv any vowel except
ai. The two vowels, thus brought together bv the
dropping of vtsar^a, do not coalesce, e. g., ^n ^ for
«RI: ^ ; f«r ?S3ft for f^: ^«i!ft.

38. ^ o r visarga preceded by any vowel except an

, or and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant
is changed to %,; ^ i f t s - f ^Sff^ - ^l94'jjft.
152 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

39. Visarga followed b y ^ o r ^ is changed to

by Storsq^to?^; and by ^ or ^ to q ; as f f t a # for

40. Visarga followed by ^i;, «^ or ^ is either retained

or changed to 51;, or ^respectively; + Wf^=
^qq: or =KW5*n«l^.
41. a: and drop the final ^ or visarga when
followed by a consonant in a sentence; g g ^ : , &c.
42. drops its ^ when followed by a vowel or a
soft consonant; ^7t'^+g!q»^= ^

SYNTAX

There are some roots that govern two accusatives;

'ft, Sf5^ and are instances. The synonyms of these
also govern two ; Itft^sTfrt qqfcT.
^ sometimes governs two accusatives, or the
indirect object may be in the dative or genitive case ;
^ or ^svq or ^ q f r t WRrNc..
Verbs implying motion govern the accusative, and
sometimes the dative, of the place to which the motion
is directed; or n^iUi.
ftiW governs an accusative, insirumental or ablative ;
sra, q ^ or gp^RwiR^ ^nwrft.
^ governs the instrumental;

^and other verbs having the same sense govern

the dative of the person or thing pleased or satisfied;

Verbs implying anger, malice, rivalry and jealousy,

( 1 . b i v i n g the sense of ^ f^, and a i ^ )
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 153

govern the dative of the person or thing against whom

or which the feeling is directed; 5^ fQift.
<S25 also governs the dative of the object of the
wish; Jil4%44i: ^^;qft.

? in the sense of ' to o w e ' governs the dative of the

person to whom something is owing; ft^i^ ^nwft
WW.
SW: ann lafta govern a dative; iwt

q or «n is used after each of the parts of speech

joined together, or once only, that is, after them a l l ;
 G E N E R A L GLOSSA.RY

3? aw4 m. a sin
(si and ^) m ail^nft m. a master
improper time srapn Jnd. now
mgfn y. jealousy, rivalry aiwT'H M. study
mid adj, tn. n. immutable ari^ftq^ad'/. m. n. dwelt
s i f i ^ adj. tn. n. all, whole aj^q a<f;. m. n. uncertain
aro? m. medicine ariq^cf m. (^Ksapi^ m. a
sdll tn. fire road, #5 m. fatigue ) the
aw M . the tip fatigue of a journey
a ^ tn. an Englishman m^R^adj. after
3 1 ^ ^ / . England apwi w . a disadvantage,
an evil
a j ^ ^ iMd. soon.
ara ffi. a goat apl5S w . fire
aigtH M. ignorance aiftg M. evil, calamity
ai5 2s/ Conj. Parasm to ajg^^H^ad;. m. n. a ser-
wander, to ramble vant, dependent
aicSt/. a forest a i ^ / . permission
sra: ind. hence a g ? ^ «. pleasing, giving
sifirtir m. a guest delight to
iwrf. greatly, very sjgon m. love [execution
a ^ m. passing away, aiigBH «. performance,
destruction a i ^ M . a falsehood, an
ara ind. here untruth; adj, m. n. false,
apwi or [ eat imtrue
2nd Conj. Parasm. to ail^^Rra i*id. frequently
aw to-day a R i : ^ ». the hearc
iNlvA m. debtor «Rl:gt M . the apartment
156 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

occupied by women in a m. a counsellor

house mrsR. n. the sky
SFawn^ m. the internal a^qlwn /• name of a city
soul, the heart snTq w. a forest
snr n food aift w . an enemy
ajHra ind. in another place sj^wiiat / . name of the
m. an illiterate wife of Vasistha ( a
great sage)
mmi m. a fault [person
3is§ n. materials of worship
STRP^ m. {m^, and
5 3 m. & particle) a 31^!! n. worship
small fault m. one of the sons of
s i q ^ r f ^ a d ; . m. n. guilty, Pandu
offending 10th Conj. Atm. with
mm m. harm srfJr, to -request, to^ beg
sift mrf. even of, to solicit; with ij, to
aiftq fldj. «*' «• disliked, request, to seek, to desire
unpalatable srf w. a thing, on occur-
srfJraPl«. a name rence, an event; wealth
{past pass. part, of 31^ Isl Conj. Parasm. to
sj^iwVA 31^) overcome, deserve
overpowered 3 T ^ ^ m. an ornament
s j f t i ^ f. liking si^ipitq adj. m. n. that
arfJrartr»». desire connot be transgressed
m. coronation tnd. enough, away with
3 r i 5 i ^ ^ ( j « / . o f fiw; wi/A wl^ m. a bee
^ ) to crown 3171 adj. m. n. small, little
3 i ) | ^ / . not the ground;
sq^ 1st Conj. Parasm. to
not the subject or pro- protect
per place m. room, space
m. rise, prosperity 9fSf^ m. gathering, col-
mmStf. Indra's capital lecting
 PIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 157

9m^(pr.part of ^ Is/ araRar /• worthlessness

Conj. Parasm. with ajq) w a sword
descending aug? m. demons, the ene-
mt^adj m. n. pure, noble mies of the gods (plur.)
f. repulsion, re- m n. a miraculous
pulse weapon
mif^f. name of a town, n. injury, harm.
Ujjain damage
aw<^*W (ind. past part. ^
of with a H ) having sn^^i m n. the sky
seen m. an Englishman
aiR^ n. not a thing, an conduct, proper
unreal thing conduct
ansre^ttq m. ascribing g , ] ^ m a preceptor, a
something that is not tutor
real aiJl^/. command
aiftqfea (aij + ftgfea ^ . sun ( sunshine )
past pass. part, of TR5 m^ tn. a son
«;j//i ft ) steady. ^nSRisn /• a daughter
sift^BRq cd/. w . n. faithless gn?i?^m. soul, self
«RJ?PI adj. m. n. helpless ^f^s^ adj. m. n. one's own
SRU^ m. a stone gjj^ »». respect
31^ ». a tear m^ m. a command
ai|« m. a horse anF«nftl^ ad/. m. n.
airaqft w . name of a man spiritual
«F5_2«d Conj. P a m w . to be aspqH «. meditation
«|^4/A Conj. Parasm. to aijn; to obtain ; with aiR
throw; w / A ft^, to or with n, to obtain, to
scatter ; with a. to throw reach; with ft, to cover
a n ^ i ^ adj. m. n. innumer aijiq^/, adversity
^ble SJd^ a mango ( fruit )
n. a lie, falsehood aipiRI nt. effort, trouble
158 FIRST B O O K O P SANSKRT

a n t r a l adj. m. n. long- ^ m. an arrow

lived ^ ( ^as< pass. part, of
aiR»*T m. b)eginaing, per- wished, desued
formance ^ md. here
smu^ n. propitiation, ^ 1st Conj. Atm. to see,
pleasing to take into account, to
sndq m. ascribing care for; with aiq, to
n. planting, sowing expect; tvith gq, to
m^ w. a respectable per- neglect; with qR, to
son ; name of the remote examine; with u, to see
ancestors of the Hindus m. God
anql/. a venerable woman
3 1 1 ^ n. covering, obstruc-
tion (^as/ ^flss. ^ar/. of
mnf. hope q ^ ) spoken, spoken to
siRft^k m. a blessing gftra adj. 7M. « . proper
ajism m. a hermitage 3%^ ind. aloft, nobly
n. a seat
3Sj(lpflr/. name of a town
ailSR* adj. m. n. delighting
Uijain
353gga3C adt;. brightly
3!!^ 6/A Co»;. Parasm. to
5 ^ / . wish
glean
^ ind. so, thus
333 m. a hut
^m^Jl^md. in this maimer
5Rr Jwd. or
S[s^ JM. the moon
3 ^ i 5 r / . anxiety, longing
^ m . god of thunder
at'ara (^as/ ^ass. part.
i p ^ F f t / the vrife of Indra
of tw'/A 3^) dug
H. fuel
(iMd. ^ / part, of
^ ind. like, as [ to wish ^ ttft/A having
^ [^] 6</» Co«i. Parasm. stood up
^4th Conj. Parasm. with adj. m. n. Czm
9 ^ , to search for m. lap) resting on the lap
 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 159

m. a festive occasion 3R
3^in. happiness, cheer- g55?rr / . straightforward-
fulness, energy ness
1^ n. water sKSfl nt. name of a king
3?f6r m. the ocean SKI^SK W- a sacrificial

33R m. coming to birth, priest

appearance ^^4thConj. Parasm. tvith
3a[i!r ( past Pass. part, of to prosper
Wil^with^) proud ^ »i. a sage
3 ^ m. birth w . name of the
3fRr ( past pass. part, of ^f^^son-in-law of ^ i R T and
with 3^) ready, prepared brother-in-law of JJR
3TO m. exertion, industry
3<RTm adi. w . «. (WT like)
pron. one
like exertion.
ijare^i adi. »i. M. of this
3fIR M, garden
sort
3<Bln »i. application, exer
n. name of a dty,
tion
Verul
a r o ? m. doing good to
ind. only
another, obligation, be-
nefiting another.
i p m i « d . thus
3 ' ^ m. advice, counsel
3 ^ M. a garden
3qVR m. a present m. cooked rice

<dMHi^/ ^ shoe
3qpi w. a remedy n. medicine
3qi9KT tn. a taunt ^s^^^m. an attendant on
3 ^ / . name of a celes the women's apartment,
woman chamberlain
160 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

^ m. a mat 4>'i<ft<4't> m« name of an

^12? m. n. a thorn elephant; QifH
^ m. the neck near Karp.
n. an action
^ q ; 25/ Conj. Aim. to
^SSf m. a stain, a spot
praise, to flatter ^ » t . a strife, a quarrel
^eq^lOth Conj. to tell an art
tnd. in what manner ? ^ nt. a strife, a quarrel
a story n. welfare, good
? ^ m . a miser eeft »t. a poet
cesi ind. when ? 55^51 nt. ( 5 f t , t^r nt. a
lord) the lord of poets
*«ftq«: adj. m. n. younger
n. gold
^ q i / . daughter, a girl
^FclT / . a female beloved,
W 2 n. a fraud, a deceit
a wife
^ w . a monkey
^ r P a / . splendour, light
*ft55 m, name of a great
«PPT w . desire
sage
n. a cause
!pqtgr»». the cheek
^mss n. prison
wft / . a braid of hair
^n^IsEod;. nt. n , merciful
5B*^ Isi Conj. Aim. to shake
(intr.)
* I ^ q n. compassion, kind-
ness
^ee^ n. lotus
^ r f ^ nt. name of a month
^ m. the hand
n. an action, a work
m. the young ( of an ^ nt. time, proper time
elephant)
2s< Conj. i4/nt. with q
^ m. name of a hero ; the to shine
ear qjTg n. wood
adj. m. n. what should TOJR nt. a lake
be done nt. a servant
^ adj. nt. n. doer, author f i g md. but
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 161

ftft tn. a boar w . a tortoise

ind. verily f to d o ; with to au-
€ t ^ m . nameof the com- thorise; with SRn^, to
mander in-chief of king beautify, to adorn; with
Virata sjlftg., to manifest, to
#RI/. fame show, to expose
^ R q ^ adj. m. n. one pos- f a (past pass. part, of ^ )
sessed of a family; m. a made, done
member of a family fagar/. gratitude
fP3a(i>tfs/ />flss. ^art. of f f t / - a n action
fn^) hampered, impeded for, for the sake
f a : ind. whence ? (^0
md. where ? [ angry /• favour
^4th Conj. Parasm. tohe ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. or
f m f t f . a virgin f ^f*'"" &
A / m . to plough
fWTWt m. a potter t. u j
»i. a husbandman
m m. name of a country
(in the plural) f«l name of a person
S * t ( M / ' « r / . P a m m . of f ^ ^ ^ ' ^ / » , . to be able
f to do ) doing %q5! adj. m. n. only
fsik {pr. part. Atm. of %q^adt;. solely
f ) doing / . name of one of
f;#«f ad;, m. n. born of a the wives of Da^aratha
good family ^ m. treasure
f5T w . name of a son of ^ t g ^ / . moonlight
^^"^a [ well „ . skill, proficiency
f5lfe;^ad;. m. n. happy, ^ R n » ^ / . name of a town
f« 4th Conj. Parasm. to descendant of
embrace
flower ^ [instr. sing, o f s w )
^ m. a weU gradually
162 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT

sftf 1st Conj. Parasm. ^?l»nftR( adj m. n- going

to play to a holy place
sport, play
{past pass. part, of ^)
m. n. a laoie man
bought
^ m a sword
^4th Conj. Parasm to
lira; Is/ Co«;. Parasm. &
be angry
Atm. to dig; with 3!^, to
m. anger
dig, to excavate
m. two milea
^(ft^ n . a spade
1 ^ m. pain, distress
^ m. a villain
md. where ?
Is/ Con;. Atm. to for- n
give »HfT/. the Ganges.
^ [ mnj 4th Conj. Para- * \ * ^ ( ^ a / " / . of »P3t. Is/
sm. to forgive, to pardon Con;. Parasm. to g o )
Wnf- forgiveness going
^rftq^ad;. m. n. lesseiring; 1^31 nj. an elephant
decreasing n«H^ lOih Conj. to count, to
reckon, to consider, to
89^ 10th Conj. to wash off;
ivith a
care for, to mind
m ( Past pass. part, of mO
% 1st Conj. Parasm. to
waste away gone [ going
nft / . mode of walking,
6th Conj. Parasm. &
Atm. to throw qsg ad!;, m n. goer
HJ^:!^ m. an individual
adi. w , « . insignificant,
of a class of celestial
mean.
beings
^i^4th Conj. Parasm. to
[ T S ^ ] 1st Conj. Para-
be agitated. sm. to go; with «n%, to
gf^RT ad/, m . n. hungry obtain; with S l ^ , to
^ n . a field go after, follow; with
 PIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 163

3151, to know: with ft?;, ^jaWB m. Jatayu, the

to depart; with sift and king of vuliures, who
m, to return; with acc. was friend to Rama's
sing, of 5R>n or q^T pre- father; the lord of vul-
fixed to it, to submit; tures.
with wi^Atm. to join, to ^ «. a house
go or flow together ^ /.
Jm n. departure jst Conj Parasm. to smg
a pit JTI?I M . a family, race
adj. m. n. censurable iit^iqft/. name of a river
m. Ist Conj. Parasm. to rin^.z herdsman
drop nts »M, n . a cowpen
rm. Jst Conj. Atm. tvith j^p^ „ . wreathing
51 to swagger nwj m . a work, book
nra M. a Umb „ j.3pture
m n. singing ^ ^,lagg
mi 1st Conj. Atm. with ^ ^ g^^^^
m, to bathe in
Jlfm m. a songster ^
ftft m. a mountain w . a jar
?ft?l«. a song P . 10th Conj. to proclaim
gm m. a merit, quality, ^ S^***^®
virtue
Wmadj.m. n. (gai, and
5!lto k n o w ) one who ^ ^ species of bird
appreciates ment a wheel
>fldi. w . n. men- ™ ; „ , theeye
3 tonous ^ ad;. „ , . « . transitory
jps adj. m. n. f. long ^ ^ j - . ^ „^ h^t^ figjce
ifl^ m . a preceptor, a vener ^ m. the moon
able person iq^SRq^m. the moon
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKftf

^??I<ft« m . name of a ^ m . a thief

prince 'iNf M. theft
^ 1st Conj. Parasm. to go,
to walk, to stalk abroad;
with m to practise, to do
^ifta «. the manner n. V e d a ; a metre
of leading life str (^«s/ /»ass. ^ar/. of a^)
'^(^n leather concealed, covered
^ 1st Conj. Parasm. gra
m a scholar, a pupil
to go, to move, to go grar/. shade
astray, to go wrong i^ass. to be cut off.
n. skill
•gjq w . a bow 31
'gre adj. m. n. f. beautiful
gpRt«. the world
n. mind
wmi m. Creator of the
m. name of a world
mount
[sn] 4th Conj. Atm. to
ftpg^ 10th Conj. to contem- be produced, to result
plate 3H m. people; a person
ftRH/. anxiety m. a father; father of
f^Pdr< (past pass. part, of Sita, the wife of Rama
) thought sppft / . a mother
m. a jackal
adj. m. n. long (time)
3P»g^({^y. ^ar/. of ^ ) con-
ftro^ado. long (fjwe ) quering
ftif! n. a token 3PFei m. name of Indra's
1?: iO/A Conj. to steal son

•qi^^ra^ ( ^ r . part, of g i ; 3RS m. an old man

J(?/A Co«i. to drive) mf. old age
driving srai!«. water
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 165

3I5H, 1st Conj. Parasm. to 51R n. knowledge

prattle ^Wissa «• ( « •
oiq m. speed nectar ) nectar in the
msi n. sluggishness shape of knowledge
m i past pass. part, of ^mm.adj. m. n. elder
^ ) produced, resulted g q H ^ / . moonlight
3nft / . a caste; a kind ^
m. a son-in law ..,,
'•^ . , fem w . a chdd
sipmat m. du. wife and . . ^
husband ^ *°
3115! M. net ^
Sfi^ a wretch, a rascal COM;, to beat
fil 1st Conj. Parasm. to a s m w . a tank
conquer; unth ft »». rice
to conquer ^ . thence
ftsr/- the tongue ^ „ . reality, truth
n. ( a f i n n. era ind. there
the t i p ) the tip of the ^ ,-„^. i n that manner
tongue ^ then
( ^s/ pass. part, oi son
^ ) worn out, old adj. m. n. f. small, little
1st Conj. Parasm. to gs^ COM;. to
live tend, to take care of
^ j M . life; an animal ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. to
, ,. ... , shine, to be hot
iK^f. hvehhood '
?PW n. religious austerity
!^tft?l«. life , ,
eiTO « . darkness
^ adj. m. n. a conqueror ^jght
91 to know W5 w . a tree
:Qlft m. a relation aftqq^ ad;, m. n. sat
166 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

mPl n. beating ^
^mn. a star ^ adj. m. « . diligent
mm m. (m f. a star, 5 ^ / . ^oney given to
mm. a crowd or clus- Brahmanas
ter) cluster of stars ^ joih Conj. to punish
a ^ « . the palate ^ g ^^^^y.. pu„igj^.
RRJ w . sesamum „,gj,t
^ ». a bank, shore f. name of a forest
g ind. but, however ad;, m. n. poor
Conj. Parasm. n. a sight, seeing
& Atm. to inflict pain on ^ p f t q ad;, m. n. handsome
iWA COM;, to weigh ^STW nt. the name of a
giiq adj. m. n. equal j^'"^' ^^^^^^^ f
^ .f..!. • n X L hero Rama [ burn
aw 4th Con]. Parasm. to be „ - , ^ . „
^ , , . . . . ^ 1st Con]. Parasm. to
pleased or satisfied Z r r. i , • n
?f L«J^] i s / COM;. Parasm.
to give, offer; with J|,
q s ^ t w d . silent,silently to give; with aft, to
n. grass exchange
?ft?l adj. m. n. thirsty ?I [ ^ ^<«ss- ] to give
q«m/. thirst, greed ^ *»• «• giver, donor
\ 1st Conj. Parasm. to ^ «• Poverty
cross, to surmount, vnth ^re"! <»d;- m. n. dreadful
SH. to descend ^ragw w . ( « . a slave,
^^n. light, heat w . a person) a per-
« R Is/ COM;. Paraswi. to son who is a slave
abandon /• a maid, a maid-
«nn. m. leaving ftsi M. a day [servant
as; Is/ Con;. A / n t . to ha- ^ »wd. by day [ heaven
sten, to be impatient ft^^ nt. an inhabitant of
«Br^ nt• the architect of ft^ 6/A COM;. Parasm. &
the gods ^ / m . to show; with VQ,
 PIRST B O O K O F SANSRRT 167

to command; with f f t a (pfls/ pass, par/, of

to teach, advise; tvith ^ ) polluted
Pnj to indicate SSH adp. firmly, closely
fij^. a direction, quarter !5C.["W;] 1st Conj. Parasm.
^ adj. m. n. poor to see
^ m. a lamp a stone
^ adj. m. n. long ^ aaf;'. m. w. visible
n. misery «8 (pas/ pass. par/, ofv^)
5:ftrec fldj. m. M . sorry, sad, seen
atilicced Sfel^n? >M. ( s l l / . seeing,
J . - ^ ^ nt. (^im n. sorrow, Jj?n? w. a favour) favour
3 ^ m. an ocean) the of seeing
ocean of sorrow or pain I 10th Conj. to tear
m. bad conduct
adj. m. n. difficult to^ m. God, a god
obtain ^ a i / . a deity
^ft ». a difficulty ^ct^rt m. name of person
^ / . name of a goddess m. a species of pine
m. a wicked person ^^praT n. a temple
5 ^ / . bad state ^f. a woman of distinc-
g f J ^ ». scarcity, dearth, tion; a goddess
famine ^ m. husband's brother
^ m. country
^^m. m. name of a sage
^ m. a body
a wicked action ^ n. meanness
I pas/ pass. part, of 5^^ n. fortune
4/A Conj. Parasm.) U M I ^ R l ^ / • dtdol the sky
wicked and the earth
g f ^ / . a daughter ^ 1st Conj. Atm, to shine
^m. a messenger ^Kf n. money
^ adj. m. n. distant fit. seer; dof/'. m. n.
adv. far 5 Is/ Co«;. Parasm. to
 PIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

water, to be wet, to ^ tviih m 10th Conj. to

melt with pity disregard, to despise
•^SH^adv. soon, quickly adj. tn. n. wise, of
^ 4ih Conj. Parasm. to fortitude or patience; m.
act the traitor a bold or wise man
grwr/. name of town tn. the god Shiva
^ m. one of the first ^ 2s/ Conj to hold, to
three Hindu castes wear; to owe
tR m. n. an island, a con- ^ ist Conj. Parasm. &
tinent Mm. to seize; with 33[,
l a m. hater; adj. m. n. to save, to release, to
lift up
gft/. courage
M. wealth a cow
^3<iqft w . god of wealth, w j R « . contemplation
Kubera s p afd;. w. «. certain
i^TOHt adj. m. n. f. pos- i s / C O M ; A / W . to
sessor of wealth perish
^ m . a rich m a n ; adj. « ^ g sound
m. n.
1 ^ M . bow
1 ^ w. a duty, virtue ^ ^^t
1^ [ 4 t pass.] with aifii, J J ^ R ^ never
to call, to name; with ft, «. a nail

a town
vug m. the Creator
vim n. com / . an actress
BniS^ »». son of ^ m.
a nver
^Ist Conj. Parasm. to
run spnf/. husband's sister
^ adj. m. n. sensible, ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. wit
talented to rejoice in, to like
 PIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 169

tfP^'it /• a girl ft^^^;^ adv. always

tf^ m. a grandson f^{^ OT. a store
the sky fts^ i s / co«;. Parasm. to
1st conj. Parasm. to censure
bow to, to salute; tvithft5?[ / . censure
m, to become bent, to ftgpi ad;, m. M. proficient
bend down ftra (pas/ pass. paf/. of
•m^ind. bow fl^Jl^ tvith ft) plunged in,
n. the eye immersed
!R w. a man ftftri w. a cause, reason
m m. name of a king fJp[ft;ra adj. m. n. unsur-
•Rt ad/.OT.n. new passed, full, perfect
co»;. Parasm. toft?^ [past pass. part, of
perish. a m 4th conj. to throw
SIB (past pass, part of SR^ ) withft?) scattered
perished f^i?;!^ (past pass. part, of
^ w. an elephant ^ with ft) found out.
5»[^ JO/A COM;, to act as in marked out
a dramatic play R ^ jM. a direction
ifia? «. a play, a drama ft^ m. importunity
!JIJ? mrf. by name, namely
ftfiSa(pas/ pass. part, of
Hm^n. a name m wt/A ft^ to create)
HW? w . a leader created, constructed,
formed, made
TOSMJ. name of a heavenly
Rsi Pf^^m. adj. m. n. happy

>qFm »M. name of a man ftfg (pas/ pass. part, of

^ iw/A ft ) returned
•lift/, a woman
ft^fea (pas/ pass. part, of
m. a sailor /Ae causa/ of fti7 t<;t/A
,1RJ»». ruin ft) placed
*BS—8
170 F I R S T BOOK O F S A N S K R T

ftifn/. night ^qsq «. royalty

ft^g? m. an evil spirit, a adi- m. n. wicked
wicked person ^ K . the eye

f ? l r ^ adj. m. n. sharp %?n^^ m. a follower

Nyaya
f?rag adj. m. n. motionless
^f.a ship, a boat; ^
Prawi [past pass. part, of f. a boat in the shape
^ with ft) seated, sitting the body.
ft^ m. a golden coin HTRT m. a school of philo|
ftroiict (past pass. part, of sophy
2nd conj. with ft ) 'qi'ravn /. {fifm mi
well-versed justice, g*n / . court
Psrfm adj. m. n. fruitless a court of justice.

sft-is/ conj. Parasm. & Atm.

"7
to lead or carry; qr&^ m. a bird
with sw, to take away, q f m. mud
to remove; with an, 2s/ COH;. Parasm.
to bring; with qft,
Atm. to cook
to marry; tvith u, to com-
qsiRzt/. name of a place
pose, write; with ft,
to educate q ^ m. a cage
q^ i s / conj. Parasm. to
5ft%p?q adj. 5ft%^; Bj^qr
/ . name (named j f t ^ ) learn
qP?a m. a learned man
•Wif. politics
qiiq n. price; 5piq<Ri M . |
5 w . a man religious merit as the]
price
^ co«j. Parasm. to
q?j 1st conj. Parasm. toj
dance
fall; with sir, to happen; |
^ «, dancing, a dance with 3^, to rise up, to]
fly up
a king
gqft w. qgR n. falling
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 171

qfta ( past pass. part, of <rt «. a leaf

qq[) fallea adj. tn. n. agitated
^ m. a fooi-soldier q4a m. a mountain
qsft/. a wife m. «. a small pond a
qtqn. a wholesome thing, puddle
what is wholesome m. wind
ij^ 4th conj. Atm. with 3 ^ , qft m. Indra's thunderboh
to be produced, to result; qg m. a beast
withft^,to result; with qautiwd. afterwards
to step towards, ^ f ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f ^ ( ^ )
is/ <»»j, Pflfflsw.] seeing
<R M. a step
q««.alotus qt(f^)i5/co«j. Par.s«.
<W^«. water to drink ; /ws«i;e
fR adj. m. n. great, greatest "n^ m. dust
q^#I ad;, w. « . another's q^ m. lesson
qi;^t«d. however, but ^^55^55, y, a school
m adj. m. n. very great ^ ^ . the hand
V^adj. m. n. dependent
qiogq m. son of TO, a
q^»,.anaxe j^.^^
q ^ T O »«. a Brahmaria hero
who exterminated the "IRt »«• a fall
waiiior caste qi^ n . a deserving person
qfpm m. an exploit or thing
q ^ « . the second or latter qi? »». a foot
half q^q m. a tree
qftomr m. a result q p , w. a traveller
qftj^ar adj. m. n. what
should be shunned !«; ^ '.
qftSaCpas/pass. par/, of sinful;«. asm
qf t«/A qft) worn qr?; 10th conj. to surmount
172 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

qR »n. the Other bank or poetical works compris-

side ing the whole body of
q i ^ H ^ n. a reward " i ^ ^ ^ * ^ "^y'^^'gy
q»f*f w. a king 3^/. a town
q^sp m. a protector ; adj. 3 ^ »»• ^ man
m. n. •^'A conj. Parasm. to
m. a ball of rice given
to the dead g^Wlft'l^ad;. m. n. having
fig m. father; du. parents "^^^''^
(qgai »i. a paternal uncle "^J- «o«^ered
<ft^ 10th conj. to give pain 5 ^ ^ book
qtir/. pain 1^ i^^A <^<"«i- to adore
S«®^ra3»5R«. (gpss^n, a " ^ / - w o r s h i p
tail, SRranaR « . holding ) "^(TPIH n. an object of
holding the tail worship or reverence
n. merit; adj. m. n. fld;. m. n. worthy of
holy honour
^^adj.m. n. virtuous, T^[past pass. part, of %)
meritorious purified, holy
gq m. a son % 10th conj. to fill
gJBRWW adj. m. n. like the '"^ ^ i " * ^^'^
birth of a son ? « ^ / . the earth
.di. ( g . . a n d ^ "^^J^^f ^)
made) made a son, A . , ,..
adopted an inhabitant of a
city, a citizen
gsj? m d . again SRS^ w. intensity, great-
g?: t«d. before ( space ) ^ggg
g??Rj.i«d. in front, in the 5 , ^ ^ . Ugbt
presence ( o f ) ministry; disposi-
^ ind. formerly, at first tion, nature
^ n. name of the sacred S f I ? h ^ adj. m. n. (!>f#,
 P » S T BOOK OF SANSKRT 173

past pass. part, of adj. m. » . to be £^ven,

1st & 4th conj.) to be given in marriage
ready, natural sp^HcRT adj. m. n. chief
!|«|[^] 6th conj. Pa- ^ {past pass. part, of
rasm. to ask; mth an? 4th Conj. with «)
Htm. to take leave of joined with
( as at the time of de- ^dj. m. n. strong
P^"'^) s i ^ m . a source
JOT/, subjects; progeny j ^ y . ijght
iWn,.awiseman ^ a lord
SRI3 adj. m. n. f. little, ^ . ^ ^ ^^^^^^
much
a f t ^ / . an image or copy y ^ ^^^^
qftfi^ /. retaliation, ^.
revenge, the way to «• ^"t^""
nty
revenge ^ ,
„is_^ / JWm « . Sanskrt name of
Jlft5jra(pa5/pa5s. part^ Allahabad
91 u»/A qftr) promised, «'»«^»«"

JlfiW^/.thfefirst day of a ^ ^ ^ ^
lunar fortnight. smf a current, flow
aeram «• establishing, sifte {p<ist pass. part, of
establishment ft^ with n) entered
s^{past pass. part, of y^ predilection; in-
fq^ i«W Jjft) obstructed telligence
W W « . conviction, belief ^ ^ ^
iw: lOth conj. to pubhsh
vm adj. m. n. first
s m g p i « . ( sum first. WW « . courtesy. dviUty
previous, ^§9 n. a good JRW (past pass. part, of
action ) a previous good 1st conj. tafh «)
action pleased
174 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

srai? favour, grace Ut [AoO 10th conj. to

SRjjiftm ( past pass. part, of please
the causal form of «=«n sftft/. affection;satisfaction
mth SI) sent Jtmg. m. n. affection
s i l # / . the east Ipp^ adj. m. n. very dear
SIR! w . an intelligent man
Wl m. plur. hie
iJlluin, w . an animal i}>^ 1st conj. Parasm. to
sra? f«d. in the morning fiucdfy, to be fulfilled
sng ( past pass. part, of fis n. & fruit
am: wj/A SI) arrived at, fm^PHadj. m. n. a fruit-
come to eater
sipra^ind. generally
sffifi^ n. proficiency ^
m. an examiner jpag m . a relation
sirai? m. a palace, and ^ „ strength; an army
n. a surface; JWIRaS! ^ ^ ^ame of a king; an
«. the upper surface or ^y^^^^^ (f^^^)
tarace of a palace ,^ . , ^ / / j _:.u
5 ^ »«d- out of ( used with
fSw adj. m. n. beloved ^jjg )
feqsi^ / . name of a female 5 | adj. m. n. f. many
companion of Sakuntala i„d. often, in many
JsWOT!/. beloved, dearest cases
firaqrf^ ady. »». «. speak ^ »»• a"o^
ing sweetiy ^HWR m. a brother, a rela-
ft?Rrf^ n. kindliness of ^^^^
speech w . a child

/. (ft^ beloved, «™
and af(%) i n t e l l i g e n c e ' l l ^ «• multiplicity
about one's beloved ftvps m. a cat
 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 175

m. a drop & Atm. to worship, to

^ " a disc resort to, to have
^ seed recourse to
f. talent, intellect „. . ,

power) the power of »• fear

talent »»• «• causing
p : i5/ conj. Par asm.& Atm. fear, frightful
to know or understand tn. weight
m. a wise man ^ ^,^^band ; master
^ m the Creator; n. y^ur honour
the soul of the universe ,
adj. m. n. f. a " ^ " ^
metaphysical p h i 1 o- ^ - vicinity) to
sopher, one knowing your honour
the Brahman *f(l«qrft 3rd pers. sing.
H?JR«»T n. name of a forest f»i»re tense of ^
Hfiwi m. a person of the *nHy?8ft/. the Ganges
highest Hindu caste * I R >«. a burden
10 {present tense 3rd pers. Mm^i'^q m. a native of
sing. Atm. of ^ 2nd Bharatavarsa or India
Con;. ) says W R F / . wife
¥t ( 2nd pers. sing. imp.
V% (past pass. part, of ) f f ' '""^"^ f^^T^f H.)
devoted; nt. a devotee ^^el, make; WK^m pass.
«ITO/•. devotion caMSfl/, appears
lO/A conj. to eat credible
Vtm^adj. m. n. divine, « what is
prosperous 'o be, future
a sister i s ' conj. Atm. to
*nfh«J name of a king speak, mth aft, to reply
of the solar race adj. nt. n.
Xf§ m. violation, breaking brilUant, white
Wt, 1st conj. Parasm. fiftg^lst conj. Atm. to beg
176 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

fim f. alms tn. a bee

f ^ i g ? m. a beggar ^ w. a brother
f5R;to break W R i ( past pass. part, oi
jftft / . fear, danger ) bewildered
m. name of the second jj
of the sons of Pa^du
adj. f. timid (woman) ^ Jeweller
^^ist conj. Parasm. to be, ^ Jeweller
to become, vuith fl^'T m. a bower
to experience, toith 3^, JTft / . intellect, thought,
to be produced, to result view, feeling
) ^ n. a creature, an animal M.^ m. a fish
i ^ i p f m. reality JT^ (in^) 4<A conj. Parasm.
^f. prosperity to be mad, to e r r ; luith
^ SI to err, to fall off
J w . a king ^ p^j^g^ arrogance,
/ . ground, land, the insolence, intoxication
earth ^ - the god of love
« ^ fld;. m. n. very great, wine
greater flf^^Rft"/- a woman having
„ ^ fascinating or lovely eyes
^ adj. m. n. much ^ ^^^^^
^ 10th conj. to adorn ^ w. a bee
n. an ornament ^^m..adv. sweet
^ /s/ cow;. Parasm. *l^4/A co;y. 3 / » i . to think;
<6 i l / w . to fill, ^ R R t pass. to maintain, to regard,
ijar m. a servant " ' ' ' ^ ^ > to consent to,
^ m. enjoyment ^^ree to, siw, to
- disregard
a dinner ^. ^
HIJ? ind. a vocative restraint) the restraining
particle of the mind
 F I R S T B O O K O F SANSKRT 177

jm. n. the mind q i ^ n. sweetness

the ffindu legislator ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ human
q s ^ w i t h ft lOlh Conj. ^ d n g
A / w . to invite
R^m.a Vedic verse ^- » P'"""'' ^o^n^n
jp^ arf/. >M. «. slow J T i ^ »i. wind, or the deity
t». a peacock that presides over it
q ^ M . death qiit^ 20/A Cowj. to seek
tm.m. wind, or the ddty ^ ^ ^ road
that presides over i t ; a
JTRST / . a garland, a wreath
adj. m. n. great vmm.a kind of pulse
m. a great soul, a »«• month.
magnanimous person jn?rag8T M . (-ggCT n.
JTIRra w. the great king collection of four ) four
RJSlHm.{^m. an enemy) months, a fourfold
a great enemy month
R^rm^ m. greatness ^ n . a friend
»#sr m. a buffalo mmf. friendship
qjiqig? »i. an evil spirit m ftfe**J (««d. ^as^ ^flr/. of
the form of a buffalo < ^ ) having joined
fflt^/. a crowned queen 9^ {past pass. part, of
i # / . the earth 5^) released. It ft
qfh?R m. a festival ^f.a pearl
qi jwrf. not (prohibitive ) 31%'/- absolution
W i#//Aftflr^to produce, to 3 ^ «• the mouth
create; ftiiHq^ pass. adj. chief
flesh g ^ [ 3 » = \ ] 6 ' A c o M i . Para-
moR* w . name of an sm. & Atm. to leave or
individual release
mother ^ 1st conj. Atm. to rejoige
178 FIRST B O O K O F SANSKRT

gfe m, a handful >n. a priest at the

4th. conj. Parasm. to be ^ Soma sacrifice
silly; to lose sense, to faint M\9 m absolution
adj. m. n. silent, dumb ^ m. sweetmeat
l<i t 1 4rra^ n. pearl
J j ^ /« a fool .s
, . , ,1 '^^^ silence.
J p W a M. (5T?r «. a hundred}
a hundred fools ?T
1^4, 1st conj. Parasm servant of Kubera
to faint away, to swoon p^^^^^_ ^
T^f. an image or idol to worship
v^^Wl adj. m. n. having mffPi m. a sacrificer
m. the head [form c^^J- ^- «• belonging
m n. root, foot ^ ^^^""'^'f
T . 1st conj. Aim. to strive
to die ^ ^
rising
Wl 10th conj.rAtm. to seek i„d. whence ( rc?a/?t;e)
^J\ m. a deer. m, an ascetic
m. death 'T^T w . effort
/ earth /^^^i. whence ( relative )
^%adj ni. n.f. soft vx\ind. in which manner
J^6th conj. Parasm. with ^ relative )
f^, to lest, to examine "^"^ "'^^^n (relative)
flgm.acloud ^ikind.it
n. a machine
qsraR! n. an assemblage fame, glory
of clouds adj. m. n. famous
f. the earth w^'^A sn, to come
-^Tm^adj.m. n. talented, f J ^ a n d ^ , to come
intelligent Pas pass, par^v^
2s< cow;. Parasm. &
m m. union, company Aim. to beg
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 179

qra? m. a mendicant descendants of a Icing

m (past pass. part, of ?n named ^
to g o ) gone ?g[5IRI the lord of the
qi^ / . husband's broilier's Raghus
wife. •fS. 10th co.'ij. to arrange
JJlft^ m. a pilgrim f. a night
Wf^ ind. as long as 17^ f. a r j p e
jafi ( past pass. part. ?5J?^«. dust, pollen
of joined f. pleasure; the wife
ip[ w. a battle (.f th2 god of love
gq; 4th conj. Atm. to fight n. jevel
^\f. a war, a battle m. a chariot
vj^ «. a herd ?«?7 m. a horse
qiffiisj;^ m. an ascetic imf. a street
qtSH /J. eight milss 1st conj Atm. to be en-
^ m. a warrior gaged; with an, to begin
?Jj[_ Isi conj. Aim. to sport,
to be diverted, to feel
if^ i s / co«;. Parasm. to
happy; with ft, Parasm.
protect
to stop, to desist
n. defence
xm m. a lover; husband
vm. rt. an evil spirit, a
xmf. name of a woman
Raksasa
?ft m. the sun
?^(/. protection
m. juice
?%fl (pas/ pass, par/, of
^ ) protected w. a wicked person,
m. a defender, pro- an evil spirit
tector ; adj. m. n. ?t-t 1st conj. Parasm. &
<[fF. adj. m. n. red Xtm. with ft, to shine,
J^m. (in the plural) the to appear beautiful
180 F I R S T B O O K O F SANSKRT

n. {gR «. door) the or ascend; with xj, to grow

door of a king, i. e., \\interj. 0 I Oh I
of a king's house ^ »• crying
m. a king 55
iragsr »i. a prince ^lOthconj with. to
?ragw m. king's officer observe, to test, to prove
7 ^ / . a queen S^qvi m. brother of Rama
im n. a kingdom 5!9pft / . wife of Visnu ;
qsiraNlIfB adj. m.n.{jm goddess of wealth
n. royalty, m. desire, SSfllsr / . a (lucky) con
snfg drawn) drawn by juncture
the desire of royalty ssftq^w. littleness
?lft f. night 5 ^ adj. m. n, / short
m. name of a person 5 ! f ^ 1st conj. Atm, to trans-
Jim m. king of Lanka or gress, to overcome
Ceylon, the great enemy 1st conj. Aim. to feel
of Rama shame
^ m, a heap ^snf. shame
«. a country, a nation sen/, a creeping plant
/ . manner, way ^saRJj «. a bower of
^ Jsi conj. Atm. to please, creepers
to be liked 5^1 1st conj. Atm. to get
^ ^ t o cry. 55»q; Js/ conj, Atm. with
1st conj. Aim, with m, to resort to
to obey 5555;,, y; a woman
^ with Ft pass, to be ss^f m. a particle
checked 5!^ m. the name of a son
Jsf conj. Parasm. to of Rama
grow; unth «n, to mount adj. m. n. salt; s. «.
 FISRT BOOK O F S A N S K ? T 181

n. the tail sprajfe^ adj. m. n. living

. ,^ . in a forest
m m . acquisition, obtain- ^ ^^^y.^ ^

'"^ a forest
«• sex ^ co»y. to
§ 5 4/A cow;. Parasam. salute
to wallow q ^ „ . age
& COM;. qq?q >M. a companion, a
Parasm. to covet, to be friend
fascinated SR >M. a boon
3 k w . people, world adj. m. n. f. one
^ whose form is elegant,
^ m. avarice handsome, beautiful
^ ^m^ind. well
*Tm.race S ^ l f * ' " ^
, m.. lOth con}, to extol or
^ fld; >«. «• a speaker '^^^^^^.^
^ w. the breast ^ w. a caste, colour
. M . saying, advice; ^ i } ^ «. a way
request q^p^ m. a lover, a husband
^pa^ adj. m. n censur- a wife, a mate
able; n. censure, any- ^ 1st conj. Parasm. to
thing censurable ^weU; with ^ , to sit
upon, to rest upon
f w. speech ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ of ^Parasm.)
^nps m. M. cheat dwellmg
^ m. a child /. a place of
arq^ Is/ COM;. Parasm. residence
to speak q^cRM.cloth
^ m. kiUing m. spring
?ri^ / . a young woman; ^ „_ wealth
daughter-in-law q ^ n , . n a m e of Krspa's
!PI M. a forest father
182 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

qgqr / . the earth firaR w. a change of form,

n. a thing, a real thing a transformation
ERI n. cloth m. development
q^ 1st conj. Parasm. ilJlfgf^ m. ( ftq? OT. hosti-
& Atm. to bear, to flow Uty, war; ef^ m. peace)
qr ind. or war and peace
^im^ f. f. clever- ftfl m. an obstacle
ness) cleverness in speech ad;, m n. curious,
ETHT «. sentence, words variegated
ftri n. wealth
(^) conj.
gjs^ Is/ conj. Parasm. to Parasm. & Atm. to obtain
desire ^^4th conj. Atm. to be
q?oft' f. speech % i r / . learning
^ra w . wind /• lightning
^cTPH «. a window ra?^ n. learning, learned-
STFf^ 10th conj. Aim. with ness
sift to salute, to respect
ftl^ ad;, w. M. learned
^<ft / . a well
itl^ w. fate; a sacred
5pra w» a crow
precept
w. wind
firaa ( pas/ pass. pari, of ^
5nfl M. water
with ft) upheld, sup-
cJRTF / . intelligence, news,
ported
account
ft^ adj. m. n. what is to
sua w . habitation, residence
be done
n. cloth
^\\m adj. m. n. made ftsfq m. modesty
fragrant ft?n f«d. without
q i ^ q m. name of the god ftsiRT »«. destruction
Kisna. ftqlrl / . adversity
 F I R S T B O O K O F SANSKRT 183

Hq^ / . misery, adversity ftwa confidence

ftfa^l adj. nt. n. disliked; ft-ara^Roi M. (ftjara w .
n an offence belief, ?Roi «. reason)
iq*Rt m. wealth, riches a reason for belief
(kmw tn. a wrong path.. ftq «, poison
evil conduct
ft«5 w . the god Visnu
adj. m. n. with the
face turned away from ftgrr m. a bird
ft^TcH n. the sky ft%a (pfls/ pass. part, of
ftqtn ni. separation wf/A ft) done, estab-
lished, laid down
m. a cry
adj. m. n. deformed ^f. a road
ftq? n. a cave ^ m . a warrior
flan? m. marriage n. heroism, bravery,
ftftia ddi. n. various valour
1%^ cowj. Parasm. to f with qft, to surround
enter, wfi'/i 3q. to sit
w. a tree
ftgs; (pfls/ pass. part, of
gvj; 4<A conj. Parasm. fci; i s / conj. Atm. to be,
toith ft) pure tvith ^, to return; M;I7A
q?r, to bend back-TOf???,
ftgfe/. purity
having bent back; wi/A
ftwwtat: ai?. or g&n. a, to set about, wj'/A aft,
sing, of ft«rPRig m. and ft, to return, to
(ft«TO jw. rest, ^ m. come back
purpose ) for the purpose / . profession, avocation
of rest f«n ind, in vain
ft>a «. the universe ^fejRL adj. m. n. length-
ft^r^B^ m. the architect of ening
the gods fq^ 1st conj, 'Atm. to in-
fturft?! rn. name of a sage crease; toith la;^, to
184 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

increase, to flourisli 5h3(^ witk «n i s / co»;. Atm.

^ n. a stalk to hope for
f q m . a bullock ^Tfrrar / . name of a woman
iq^iviqgi m. ^iva ^Istconj. Atm. to suspect
I? m. Hindu sacred
^ f f / . doubt
scriptures
^ m . a rogue
^vre^ m. Brahma «. a hundred
^ 1st conj. Atm. to trem- 5ra w. an enemy
ble, to quake 51^qf m. hostility with
%pi5 n. name of the an enemy
celestial abode of the ;iS|g; ind. slowly
god Visnu
%iim n. rudeness, impu- Parasm. to be or
dence become calm, cool or
tranquil
%^ M. enmity
5q?n/. pain 51*^ m. name of a person
sq?|!i M. a difficulty ; addi- 5I»g OT. the god 5iva
?R »i. an arrow
ctedness to anything
sqi^^T adj. m. n. to be ifR^ / , autumn
expounded ^fn n. the body
ana m. a tiger fldj. >n. «. living
«TO »». a hunter in the body, bodily
anfij m. sickness or disease vmf.atxA
a j i ^ / . a tigress mn.a dead body
5rer «. a weapon
ar^ 1st conj. Parasm. to go
mm f. a branch
^tft »». rice of various
kinds, or grain of it 5lRn / . sister of Rama
5 n ( ^ / . peace
/ . an establishment,
5re( 1st conj. Parasm. to a place
praise or tell iaTaitorule
 F I R S T B O O K O F SANSKRT 185

Wfra; (pr. part, of 5n« to m. name of a king

rule) ruling 5jf%^ MI. name of the god
n. an order Siva
?tra n, a science gni5t m. a jackal
T%St 2s/ conj. Aim. to learn
ad;, m. n. good
m. M. a mountain
#>1T/. beauty
f^?^M the head
ftRSf / . a stone M. valour

Rtq w. welfare, happiness 5n^R M. a cemetery, a

f^JfRBI n. a temple of $iva burning-place

RrUlt»«. n. the cold season adj. m. n. dark
f^ig m. an infant, a child 5Trfi»^/. impurity
tlj«I m. a pupil confidence
; M n. the head ? ^ ad;, m. n. credible
OT a parrot [sm^,] 4th Conj.
gUW Ml. ( g u a i ; . Ml. n. Parasm. to be weary;
white, qjir »t. a half with ft, to rest
of a lunar month) the ^ q m. labour
bright half ( of a month ) «l5m M. hearing
1st conj. Parasm. di i s / COM;'. Parasm. &
to bewail Atm..with «n, to resort
1st conj. Atm. to be to, to depend upon
splendid, to become, to fStm^adj. m. M. prosperous
behove m. a proper name
g*I adj. m. n. good, virtu- g to hear
ous ^ f. hearing; Hindu re-
1st conj. Parasm. to dry ligious books, the Vedas
^5 JM. a person of the ^(R^adj. m. «. one who
lowest Hindu caste knows the Vedas
186 F I R S T BOOK O F S A N S K R T

«IB adj. m. n. best, supieme ^ m. a doubt

adj. m. n, superior, ?H?ri^ m. proximity, vici-
prosperous nity
?itg m. a hearer; adj. m. n. ^f^f. wealth, prosperity
adj. nt. n. loosened m. touch, contact
W\ 1st conj. Atm. to m. preparation
a*«|lR «. sweeping
panegyrize, to praise
g?R m. resting place
%^ 4th Conj. Parasm.
?WR tn. the world, mundane
to embrace; with «n, existence, the series of
to embrace the transmigrations of
m. a verse ?rf^ m. a friend [ the soul
mother-in-law a female friend
^ ind. to-morrow qiR » i . name of a king of
m. a beast of prey the solar race
m. minister
^ adj. m. n. white
gg; (pr. part, of aig; to be)
being,good; m. a good
or virtuous man
WR. n. difficulty, per
^TrJr^ «. the real thing
plexity
^ n truth; goodness
tt. friendship, com-
»-q ad;', w. «. t r u e ; « . truth
panionship r/dv. truly
^im m. confluence adv. speedily
4^ tt. song, singing ^ [^] 1st conj.
WH4i<Q^ adj. m. n. eager Parasm. with ara, to
for union decline; a)«7A ft [ f3»*ft3^],
t^csm m. a collection to sit; tvith u, to favour,
to be pleased
?i?RR n. moving to and fro
g ^ / . n. an assembly
^ (past pass. part, of
a ^ tvith m^) heated, md. always
oppressed by heat ^<ilT»H »». good conduct
#51 m. a message 55^af ( ? W + ) always
 P I R S T BOOK O F S A N S K R T 187

n. a house m% m. a sage, man of

^ nom. sing. masc. of ^ Piety; adj. m. n. f. good
pres. part, ot m^^to he W^adj.m. «. obtainable,
f. a court, an assembly P°^^i"« ^o make
adj. m.n.{m adj. ^^^^'^ ''"^^ ^PP«^^^
m n. even, 1 ^ n. mind) ^ ^- P ° ^ f , . ,
even-minded, regarding ^ ' w - a kind of bird
all equally ^ ^ charioteer
- ,, , , mm m. a dog
WTOIfoi n. a field of battle Hl4 ?M. a caravan, a crowd
?TO4ad;. w. M.able, powerful
?fl?rf fld;'. m. n. suspicious
mm w . an assembly jqreigqig;^ comp. ado.
»»• the sea prostration or fall-
snjf w . a multitude; a ing on the eight bodily
crowd members
f. plenty, prosperity n. an adventure
adv. well i?if w . a lion
n. a lake ififra^ M. a throne
m. a serpent fe^ [ ] co«y.
ind. everywhere Parasm. & Aim. to
md. wholly sprinkle
g % md. always ^ / . Rama's wife
?l|q<j w . the sun ^Wi^f. boundary, bounds
^ m. a charioteer 9 ^ ^^efwed /o «o««s ) good

^ twd. with ^ happiness, ease

f. a female com- ^ptm^adj. m. n.f. happy,
panionormate one who enjoys happi-
ind. at once, suddenly ness
a witness ^ [ ^ f T m. (%5T>M. an atom)
graftasjarfi. w . «. what an atom of happiness
should be accomplished ^^^adj. m. M . / . fragrant
188 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

ggfcl n. a virtuous ^maft »i. a general,

or good action commander of an army
g5R m. a good person, ^ 1st conj. Atm. to serve;
a good man with qft, to resort to
tn. name of Rama's ^ f t ^ m. a soldier
cliarioteer
^c4><i5 adi. m. M. anxious
g ^ f l r f j . m.n.f. fragrant
^ m. a plant used in
gspiS M. gold sacrifices, or its juice
^<4UHK nt. a goldsmith ^mm m. Monday
g i r j .ad/, m. «. virtuous, Ht3 {past. pass. part, of
good endured
ind. well ^ff^ n. beauty
5 ^ m. a friend praise
^ n. a Vedic hymn ^ JM. thief
^irtM M . a jewel amongst
m. the manager
chief actor in a play women
^ [ i s / conj Parasm.
^ 10th conj. with ft
to standpassive,
[ f t f ^ ] to destroy
with 8?5, to carry out,
^ m . a cook to act according t o ;
^ m. the sun toith 3^, to get u p ;
% 1st conj. Parasm. to toith S. Atm. to set out,
move; with sig to to start
follow ; with a, to spread ^ ! I H M. a place
^ conj. Parasm. to 1 ^ co«i. Parasm. to
abandon or create; with feel affection for
auft, to give ^!fTS( ( pas/ pass. par/, of
^ / . creation J ^ ) affectionate
^ /, an army ^ w . affection, friendship
 PIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 189

Jst conj. Him. to throb a sister

Jst conj. Htm. to rival bail!
5'* Conj. Parasm. to ^ f^J- »»• »• Patient,
touch. tranquil
m {Past pass. part, of ^ isj^^'ni. A/m to taste

Wiwyuilw adj. tn. n. (^

^ 10th conj. to desire ^ ^ lo^d, i p a virtue
'^eth conj. Parasm. to and endowed or
throb joined with) endowed
^ 1st conj. Atm. to srcdle: with the virtues of a
toith ft, to wonder, to lord
be dismayed ^sn^m. a lord
m. 1st conj. Parasm. n. tranquillity
to remember; voith ft, adj. m. n. one's own
to forget 5
^ /. remembrance; to kill; ^ (pres. 3rd
Hindu law books ) j^uig
^ Is/ co»i. to drop ^ M. taking away
down ^ tn. the name of a man
^ »!. the Creator; adj. or the god Indra
m, n. Sftt ni. a deer
. , , . Wf^m.a mansion
safBj n. one's duty .
I . f5W5tM. a deadly poison
^ m. one's own, gft^i „ . an offering
^ country ) one's own - . . „
' 1st conj. Parasm. with
'^^'"^'y ft, to laugh in con
?qjl m. a dream tetnpt
wi't m. Heaven p a >«. the hand
«ftq5» m. (?n and ftw ft with n to send
dominion) one's own ^ adj. m. n. beneficial;
dominion n. a benefit.
190 F I R S T B O O K O F SANSKRT

adj. tn. n. beneficial divert one's self, to

ftiT n. snow amuse, to play
n. the heart
p 3 | 3 ^ » i . fire
I ind. O !
S 1st conj. Parasm. &
| q ^ « . gold
Aim. to carry away,
f)Q m. a sacrificial priest
to take away, to remove,
WS, ind. yesterday
to captivate; voith m,
to eat, cr perform a ^ 10th conj. with «(r,
sacrifice; with qft, to to delight
dispel, to remove; with I; 1st conj. Parasm. &
sj, to strike; with ft, to Atm, to call
 II

A Actor, chief, in a play s.

Abandon v. ^ 1st conj.
Parasm. Ws 6th conj. Actress s. nit f.
Parasm. with^. Addictedness to anything
Able adj. m4. to be-v. s. s q ^ n.
^Ist conj. Atm. Adopted as a son p. p.
Absolution s. ^ m. g f e / . g^f?t.
Abundance s. « ^ / - Adore v. 10th conj.
Accomplished, what should Para^m. & Atm.
bews^^adj. Adorn v. lO.h conj.
Account s. ^letf/. Parasm. & Atm., f
Account, take into v. ^ ^^ss. ] with ^mi,
1st conj. Atm. Adventure s. n.
Acquisition s. mt m. Adversity s, f., ftqi%
Act (as in a dramatic play) y;^ ^S^f.
V. SIR 10th conj. Parasm. Advice s, srasi «., 3<^?i m.
&Atm. Advise v. ft^ 6ih conj.
Act according to v. m 1st Parasm. &Atm. with gq
conj. Parasm. with sig Affection s. ^ >M , qtft / . .
Action, s. f f t / . , wSq; S^iq^ w . « .
Affection, to fed for v.
Action, good or virtuous, s. 4ih conj. Parasm.
f' 3^ Affectionatefisim
previous— s. i p m Afflict v. i<?/A cowj
^gtx n. Parasm. & Atm.
Aclion, wicked, s, j s f f t / . , AffUcted p. p. | : f t i a a d i .
w^smn. After i^rep. tfdt'.
192 F I R S T BOOK O F S A N S K R T

Afterwards ado. qaict ind., Appearance ( coming to

mff^l^adv. birth ) s. gsfJT w .
Again ado. gai? ind. Appease «. it'/A cow;.
Age s. ^q^t « . old—5W / .
Agitated p. p. qqff^E fld;. Application s. 3 ^ w .
Agitated, to be, v. Architect of the gods
4th conj. Parasm. ?q| m., ftitre^^OT.
Agree to v. R^ 4th conj. Arm s. 5(11 OT,
Atm. tvith
Army s. , ^ n.
A l l adj. 8 1 ^ , pro«.
Arrange v. ^ IC/A conj.
Alms s. ^5in / .
Parasm, & Atm.
Aloft adv. 3%^ ?'nd.
Arrived at p. p. Jinj
Always adv. ft^qi^ fidy.,
Arrogance s. m.
TO ind., ind.,
Arrow s. wi., ^ »«.,
ind.
13 m.
Amuse one's self v. s 1st
conj. Parasm. & Atm. A r t s .
tvith ft. As adv i»rf.,ipn»»d*
And conj. g ind. Ascend to v. ^ i s / conj-
Anger s. ^ m. Parasm. with am
Angry, to be, become, v. Ascetic s. ?jft q^ftq^ »i.
^4th conj. Parasm. Asciibing something not
^ 4th Conj. Parasm.
real s. 8|5R5^Rh w .
Animal s , ^ m., uif^l^ m.,
Ask V. s j ^ [ ^ ] 6/A
conj. Parasm.
Another's q^sfhr adj.
Asked p. p. ^
Anxiety s. ftRn/., 3 ? ^ / .
Anxious adj. Assemblage of clouds s.
Apartment occupied by
women in a house s. Assembly s. ? w / . ,
/ . M., ^iqra m.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 193

Atom s. m. ;-of happi- Beating s. aissi n.

ness s. gJsT^?! m. Beautiful adj. gR?^, g?^
Attendant on the women's Beautiful, to appear, v.
apartments s. *af*^ w . Is/ COM;. Parasm. &
Austerity (religious) s. Aim. tviih ft.
TO[ M . Beautify r. f [ ft> pass. ]
Author s. ? 4 tn. n. tviih
Authority s. Jnwn n. Beauty s. M.,
Authorize v. f . «;//A aif^ Become v. Isi Conj.
Autumn s. 5 R ^ / . Parasm.; (behove )
Avarice s. gt*T w . Isi Conj. Aim.

Avocation s. f. Bed s. 5rwn y.

Away with SRW^ ind.
Ml.
Bee s. aife m., Jf^m.,
Axe s. m. WFR
Before { space) adv. 3?: ind.
B
Beg ». i i r ^ _Zs/ Conj.
Parasm. & Aim.; f i l ^
Bank s. «,, qi? w .
Isi. Conj._ Aim.; ai^
Bathe in p. n i | i s f C O M ; . lO/fe Conj. Aim.; tviih ^
3/OT. wzVA m
Beggar s. f J l g * »t.
Battle 5. p : M., gi^r.
Begin v. Vi, 1st Conj. Aim.
Be V. I s / C O M ; . Parasm.,
tvith an
im. 2nd Conj. Parasm.,
%^lsl Conj. Aim., % Beginning s. aiRWI
4ih Conj. Aim. Behove v. 1st. Conj.
Bear v. ^ Is/ Conj. Aim.
Parasm. & Aim. Being pr. part. m.
Beast s >M.;-of prey
Being s. sit'W ft^ m.;
Jam m. reason for-ftgifi^5R'»I n.
Beat t'. ctl Conj. Pa
rasm. & Aim. Beloved adj. fipRW
FBS—9
194 FIRST B O O K O F SANSKRT

Bend back ». ^ 1st Conj. Body, living in the, adj.

Atm. withTO,having bent
Bold adj. ^
back<TOlsr
Bend down v. HUlst Conj. Book s. g??j* M . . J W m.;
Hindu religious book s.
Parasm. with «ft/.
Beneficial adj. n. f | g p. p.; Boon s. w.
I^<a*i adj. Bought p. p. ^
Bent s. (IcT«., n. Boundary, bounds s. ^m^tj.
Bent, to become, v. n\ 1st Bow s. ^ m.,'^sf^n.
Conj. Parasm. with api
Bow Jrt/erj. sni^iwd.
Best adj. ^
Bow to V. n\ 1st Conj.
Bewail v. i s / . Parasm.
Parasm.
Bewildered p p fftfyf^aij.,
Bower s. Vffv\ m.
p.
Boy s. f q R m.
Bird s. fiTfJI m., q f ^ m .
Braid of hair s. ^BSify/.
Birth s. w., 3 ^ m.
Branch s. mm /•
Blessing s. sjjsft^ m.
Bravery s. «.
Blow f. ^5 i s / Conj.
Break ». fiiqj
Parasm. & Aim.
Breaking s. vnp
Blush V. gj3^ ftA Con;.
Breast s. sRj^t M.
Brightly adv. g s s ^ i ^
Boat s. ii1/.;-in the shape
Bring v. sft Isl. Conj. Pa-
of the body s. ^ p j ^
rasm. & Atm. with am
Bodily members, with
Brother s w., J n » ^ »».
prostration of the eight. Buffalo s. q ^ w .
*<ll!l#qWH. odv. comp. Bullock s. f«r »i.
Body s. ^ JM., 5i(Hr « . Burden s. >«.
dead. s. 5ra «. Burn V. ^ 1st Conj. Parasm.
 FIRST BOOK OP S A N S K R T 195

But Conj. ind. Celebrate qq; lOth Conj.

vm^ind., ^ind. Parasm. & Atm.
Censurable adj. Jl^, gp^ift^
Censurable anything, s.
C
^plm n.
Cenure v. ft?^ 1st Conj.
Cage s. m. Parasm.
Calamity s. anOie n. Censure s. fts^ /.; 4-<i^M n.
Call V. \ 1st Conj. Parasm. Certain adj.
& Atm.; (name) «ll Chambeilain s. m.
pass. ] with srfJl Chariot s.ljsim.
Calm, to he, v. sfP^ (mfi) Charioteer s. w!^ m.
m.
4th Conj. Parasm.
Cheat s. =ra^ »J. [ pass.
Captivate v. g 1st Conj.
Checked, be, ^ with ft
Parasm. & Atm.
Cheek s. ^qte m.
Capture s. q | t i | « .
Cheerfulness s. 3 c W w^.
Caravan s. m.
Chief adj. Jranew
Care for v. JTH, 10th Conj.
Parasm & Aim, Child s. sns w., f^ig JM.,
^ 1st Conj. Atm. ^ m., ftwT w .
Care of, to take, v. Citizen 5. ^ m.
lOlh Conj. Atm. City s. ^f., g?t/.,
Carry v. 5ft 1st Conj. Civility s. sraw m.
Parasm. & Atm. Cleverness s. qgcJI / . ,
Carry out v. ^ 1st Conj. — i n speech msfq^lf.
Parasm. toith ajg Closely adv. t3»3(.
Cases, in many, ^ s n ^ ind. Cloth s, ^ n., 9rf?R^ n.
Caste s, qdi m., snft/.
Cloud s. ^ w.
Cat s. m.
Coin, gold, s. ft«? m.
Cause s. ^ R q «,
Cold season s. f ^ i ^ m. n,
Cave s. fN? w.
196 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T

Collecting, collection Confluence s. mJf m.

s. tn. Conjuncture (lucky ) s. ®Ji-
CoUection s. ^rm tn. ^ ^•
„ , _r r J Conquer v. 1st Conj.
Colour s . q . } i « i . [and an ^^^^^^^ ^.^^ ^
Come V. m with an, or Conj. Atm.
Come back v. fq^ Is/ C O H ; . Conquering pr. p. 3iq?);
with q% and ft Conqueror s. % w. M .
Come to p. p. JJig Consent to v. v^4th Conj.
Command v. ft^ 6th Conj- Atm. with a g
Farasm. & Atm. with m Contact, s. ^ m.
Command s. ail^St m.. Contemplate v. ^if^ lOlh
ajl^n/. Conj. Parasm. &Atm.
Commander of an army s. Contemplation s. «Jni n.
^'nqft rrt. Continent s. jtq m. n.
Companion s. q ^ m.; Conviction s. qjqq m.
female-s. ^ f t / . ^.^^j^ ^ ^^ist Conj.
Companionship s. n. Parasm. & Atm
Company s. m. Cook s. ^ m.
Compassion apre^ M . ^^^y^^ ^e or become, v.
Compose r. ^ 1st Conj. [51^] 4th Conj.
Parasm. & Atm. with q Porasm.
Concealed p. p. m Copy s. qftfft / .
Conduct s. angR m., Corn s. i=n^ n.
bad — s. praR w., Coronation s. arf^q^ m.
good-s. ?RI^ m.; Cottons ^m.
proper— s. aiRR m. Counsel s. gq^?( m.
Confidence s. ft^ m., Counsellor s. mi{m m.,
 f IRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 197

Count V. lOlh Conj. Crown, to, ajf^rq^g^ ?«/.

Parasm.& Atm. Cry V. ^
Country s. I n m., «., Cry s. ftfpr m.
3j;n? m. one's own— Crying s. ^ s j n.
^ 5 1 m. Curious adj. ftf%^.
Courage s. gfa / . Current s. siqi?
Court s. ??wn / . Cut off, be, ^ pass.
Courtesy s. sjswr m.
Cover V. Wl. with ft D
Covered p. p.^^
Dance f. 4lh Conj.
Covering s. m^(m n.
parasm.
Covet V . g?3t^ 4/;? Co«i.
Dance gOT«
Dancing ) ' "
Cow s. % / .
Danger s. »ftft/.
Cowpen 5. JTJg m. n.
Create r. qji; Cyih Conj. Dark adj. ^^lOT
Parasm., m with ft?, Darkness s. ^Jm. n.
Creation s. Daughter s. ^STI /.,
Creator s. \q|ij w., ^ w . , /., sURJTsn/.
?«.; of tiie world Daughter-in-law s. sp?^/;
s. 5 R ? ^ m.
Day ft=n indi
Creature s. n.
Dear, very,
Credible adj. adj. a w ^
Dearer
Creeper s. ^ / . ; bower
Dsaresi; adj. ftqeiq
of-s. s, 5Scii^ «.
Dearth s. n.
Cross f. !j 1st Conj.
Parasm. Death s. w.

Crow s. siPTO m . Debtor s. sraqo? w.

Crowd s. fipi w . , WJC? m. Deceit s, ^
198 FIRST BOOK O P SANSKRT

Decline v. ^ [ ] Isi Dependent adj. q^ara;

Conj. Parasm. wiih SRf Derive v. 1st Conj.
Decreasing pr. p. ^R*^ adj. Parasm. wiih 3^^,
Deed s, ffcJ /., '9ft?r «.; ® ^ i s / Co»i. A / m .
good - s. g*n f ft:, Descend v. <| i s / COM/.
>RR>R m., ft?OT w. Parasm. wiih aiq
Deer s. fftu w. ? n w . De-cendin^ M p. aiSRTOt
Defeat v. f5i wtVA cRi Describe v. g i ^ 10th Conj.
is/. Conj. Aim. Parasm. & Aim.
Defence s. lasw n. Deserve v. ^ 1st Conj.
Defender s. m. Parasm.
Deformed ad/, ft^ Deserving person or thing
s. qra n.
Deity s. ^ a i / .
Desire v. 10th Conj.
Delicious ad/. 5=115
Parasm. & Atm.,
Delight V. ^ 10th Conj.
1st Conj. Parasm, ^ \
Parasm. & Aim, with an
10th Conj. Atm. wiih q
Delight, giving, to Desire s. aifiigiq m-,
s. aig?3fT n. m„ *m m.
Delighted, be, v. isi, Desired p. p. 5g
Conj. & Atm. with Jl Desist V. ^ with ft 1st

Delighting adj. angr?^ Conj. Parasm.

Despise v. ^
lOlh Conj.
Demon s. sjg? m,
Parasm. & Atm. with m
Depait t;. ?m i s / Co»/.
Parasm. with ft? Destroy v. 10th Conj.

Departure s. n*H « . Parasm, & Atm. with

ft [ f t ^ ]
Depend upon v. fti i s /
Conj. Parasm. & Atm. Destruction s, mpi m.
wilhm Development s. ft*iy m.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 199

Devotee s. VTfK m. Dispel v. g 1st Conj. Pa-

Devotion s. vf^f. rasm. & Atm. with qft
Devour v. 3ia[ 27td Conj, Disposition s. HfiRl / .
Parasm., ws^lOlh Conj. Disregard v. 10th Conj.
Parasm. & Atm. Parasm.&Aim. withm
Die V. ^ 6th Conj. Atm. Distant adj. ^
Difficulty s. « . 5 ^ «•. Distress s. fj^t m.
a R H n. Divert oneself v. K 1st Conj.
Dig V. ^ Is; Co«;. Pa- Parasm. & Atm.
rasm. & Atm. vf>th 3^ with ft
Diligent adj. ^ Diverted, be, v. ? H 1st
Dinner s. ^ «.
TA- . A « /-/f /- • Divine ad;.
Direct t). ft5. ^Ji^A Co«;. ^ . , J, . ,
!>•!!. ,u Dov.^.qs4thCoy. Atm.
Parasm. & Atm. wtthm ^
Direction s. ft^ m.; D„g„. ^ m . n.
(quarter) ft^/. Dogs.qR^m.
Disadvantage s, sjq^ w . poing p_ Paras/M.,
Disc s. ft*q «. f#i
Discharge a. SR3t4^A COM;. Dominion s. ftqq HJ. one's
Parasm., f&T 5th Conj. ^
-Parasm. & Atm.,, t ^
3*1 [ ° S ^ ] C O M ; , ^one, what is to be, adj.
Parasm. & Kim. D o i ^ w h a t should be, adj.
Disease s. «nft m. c »™
Donor s. cfi^ m. M .
Disliked p. J>. ftft«r ad;., D o o r s . M. ; a k i n g ' s -
<3(d;. s. «.
Dismayed., be, a. ftiT Is/ Doubt s. sqjr / . , »i.
COM;. Aim. with ft Drama s. n.
200 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

Drawn p.p. "flifS Eat V. 2nd Conj. Pa'

Dreadful adj. rasm., lOih Conj.
Parasm. & Atm., K 1st
Drink v. qr [ ( H I Jst Conj.
Parasm. Conj. Parasm. & Atm.
tvith an
Driving pr. p. ^t^m.
Educate v. ^ Isi Conj. Pa-
Drop V. 1st Conj. Pa-
rasm. rasm., & Atm. tvith ft
Effort s. q^ m.. wm m.
Drop down v. ^ 1st Conj.
Atm. Elder adj. ^mf^i
Elephant s. <q3| m., HFl m.
Drop s. m.
Elephant, the young of an,
Dry V. gq; 4th Conj.
s. mm m.
Parasm.
Embrace v. % ^ ith Conj.
Dug p. p.
Dust s. qrg w., ?5R5^w. Parasm., tvith an.
Duty s. ?w., one's—s. 4lh Con. Parasm,
^arf^q n. Endowed p. p. g ^ ; — w i t h
Dwell p. ^ i s / Conj. Pa- the virtues of a lord
rasm. ?frf*^'iT>^aadj.
Dwelling pr. p. srafj; Enduie f H^lst Conj.Atm.
Dwelt p. p. 9jf^(q5R^ perf. Endured p. p. ^ 5
past. Enemy s. ajft m., 5ig m.,
i^m great-s. qfiftg m.
E —of the gods s. aig? m.
Energy s. m.
Eager for union adj.
Engaged, be, v. 1st
Earth s. ^ s. the-s. l^/., Conj. Aim. tvith an
England s. a n i R l ! ^ / .
Englishman s. aqnss m.
Ease s. g « «. a^»Ti[« m. [ m.
E a s t s snp^/
Enjoyment ( sensual) s. srhl
 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T 201

Enmity s. \l n. Exertion s. 3Sjq>w.,30tq m.,

Enough interj. ind. like — a d j . 5r?wgq
Enter v. ftsj, 6th Conj. Expect V. 1^ is/ Conj.
Aim. with m
parasm.
EKperience sj^ 1st Conj.
Entered p. p. Jlfts Parasm. wiih sig
Equal adj. g^q Exploit s. m.
Err v.R% [w^] 4th Conj. Expose y. f [ik pass. ]
Parasm. wiih q witk anftq.
Established p.p. ftf|?f Expounded, to be, adj.
Establishing /. n.,
Extol v. qa^ lOih Conj.
qfciww n. Pcrasm. & Aim.,
Establishment s. 5H55I / . jgi^ 1st Conj. Atm.
Even adv. ajft ind. Eye s. q^
Even adj. g q
Even-minded adj. gqftra
Event s. apf m. F
Everywhere a i » . ?Tlq t«d.
Evidence s. qqioi«, Face, with the, turned
Evil s. 9iH^ m., «iftg ». away from adj. ftgiq
Faint v. ^ 4tk Conj.
Examine v. 1st Conj.
Parasm.
Aim. with qft,
Faint away s. Jjjs^ is/
Co«;. Parjsm. with ft
Cow;. Parasm.
Examiner s. qr^9B m.
Excavate v. ^a? 1st Conj. Faithless adj. ^'sm
Fall ». q^t 1st Conj.
Parasm. & Atm. w:th%%_
Parasm.
Exchange v. ^ [ q ^ ] 1st
Fall, falling s. q(^ «j.
Conj. Parasm. tvith qft
Fall, off y . q ^ [qjf] 4th
Execution ( performance) Conj. Parasm. tvitk q
s. siggR n. Fallen p. p. qftct
202 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

Falling s. qgR «. Field of battle s. mt^am n.

Falsehood s. auRcq «,, Fierce ad/, xl"?
Fight V. ^q; 4//i COM;'. Atm.
Fame s. # i ? f / . , SRra « .
Fill v. ist Co ;. Parasm.
Family 5. TTN W., born of
a good—fldf;. & Aim., itf/A COM;-
Parasm. & Aim.
Family-man s. ^jfjiqq;^ nt.
Famine s. Fire s. aift? m., p g q , Jn.,
Famous ad;.
Far adv. ^ q ; Firmly ady. S3»3t_
Fate s. (%ft[ wj. First ad;, qqq;—day of a
Father 5. 3 R ^ m., fq»j lunar fortnight s. qftqi?;/.
Fatigue of a journey
First, at, 3?l fnd.
Fish s, q??q m.
Fault s. a r o q m., small—
Flatter v. Isl Coni.
Favour y. [ at^? ] i s / Atm.
Conj. Parasm. tvith a Flesh s. qjfi n.
Favour s. m., fqi / , Flourish ( increase ) r. f q .
—of seeing s f l a ^ m.
1st Conj. Atm. with
Fear, s. qq *ftft/.
Flow V. q^ 1st Conj.
Fear, causing, adj. VJA^
Feel v.f^lsfConj. Parasm. Parasm. & Atm.
tvith aig. ( s ? « ^ . ) , Flow s. qartf w.
2nd pers. sing. imp. of Flow together v. «'///!
the causal form of sj. gq^ i s / COM;. .3/W.
Flower s. f g q M . ; having
Feeling ( view) s. qft / .
—s. adj. gsMrft^
Female beloved s. spRii /.
Flowered p. p. gf^q?! ad;.
Festival s. qltsaq ?«.
Festive occasion s. g?fR Fly f. ^ i s / COM;. A/OT.
w. Fly up V. q^t i s / COM;.
Field s. Parasm. with
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 203

Follow V. % Isl Conj. Pa- Fragrant, made. p. p. ^

rasm. with «ig, v?H, 1st F ^ u d ^ «•
Conj. Parasm. with sjg Frequently adv. a f t ^
FoUower of the Nyaya s. '"<^-
tn Friend s. WRJ «., 5»qw m.,
• w., afe m.,
Foods.«Hr«. fenTale-s.
Fools. 1 ^ m , ; a hundred Friendship s. ^m.,mmn.,
— s s. j ^ ^ r a M .
Foots.wm. Frightful ad;. ^
Foot of a tree s. ». p^^j^jf^ -^^
Foot soldier s.qi%m. Fructify ». q^S. Ist Conj.
For prep. ^ ind. Parasm.
Forest s. aRoq «,, qq j ^ „
a B # / . ; living i n - a d ; . Fruit eater ad;, qjgsrf^
^siqiRpj,; one dwelling Fruitless ad;. ftwR^
in a — s. q ^ l ^ m . puel s. ip<iR «.
Forget t;. ^ Is/ Co»;. Fulfilled, be p. qwj 1st Conj.
Parasm. with ft Parasm.
Forgive ». Is/ Conj. Future ad;. *»rfH
8im [ W H ] 4th
Conj. Parasm. Q
Forgiveness s. 8iWl r.
Form, change of,s. ftsBR Gallop ». qgt Is/ Co«;. P a -
Form, having, adj. Jjftjwc ^-asw. wt/A g f
Formerly adp. gir ««d. Gandharva s.
* Ganges s. njH / , ^TfrtMV / .
Fortune s. ^ « . ^^^^^^ s. gtiR gqw^T « .
Found out p p. ft^ [ «. Garland s. i n ^ / .
Four, collection of, s. sgt^CT Gathering s. ssran w .
Fragrant ad;. g?f5T, § n f ^ General s. ^inqft m.
204 FIRST BOOK O F S A N S K R T

Generally adv. qpiH i»d. — of love s. m.

Get v. ^ 1st Conj. Atm. wife of Madana s. ?ft /.
Get up V. m [firej 1st Goddess s.^/.
Conj. Param. with 3^ Goer s n ^ i m. n.
Ghees. [f^rtt/. Going pr. p. n^—lo a
Girls, /., s r f ^ /., holy place dd;'. ^5cnj(lR|^
Give v.^[ zfz^ ] 1st Conj, Going s. ?T(rr / .
Parasm., ?[ WJV/? S , Gold s. gspii
^ 6/A Co«i. Parasm. iws^n.
wiih 9nft Goldsmith s, gcjuUw w.
Given, to be, or to be given Gone p. p. m, qfRl
in marriage adj. s i ^ Good s. ^^qm «.
Giver s. ?l<J /M. « . ad;. ^ftvH
Glean v. 33^ 6/A Cowj. Good man or person s.
Parasm, m., g5W w.
Glory s. ^51^ ». Goodness s. ?Rq «.
Go y. Tin[ q ^ ] Isi Conj. Grace s. sRHf m.
Parasjn., 1st Cor,j. Gardually adv. q ^ instr,
Parasm., =935 is/ COM/. smg. of ^
Pawsm. Eisi. 1st Conj, Grandson s. ^ m.
Parasm. Grass s. goi n.
Goaftery.qq^[ n^^ ] 1st Gratitude s. f a ^ / .
COM*. Param. with ^
Go together ( q ^ ) ^"^^^^
t.//A i s / Co«;. 3 / m . '^^^^ W - king
Goat s.mm.
God s. t ^ ? m.; ^ Greater adj. ^
a godft#iss5=[,m., ^ m. Greatest adj. q?
-of wealth s. m.; Greatly adv. md.
 FIRST BOOK OP SANSKRT 205

Greatness s. si^pt m., Harm s. sjqrq m., «.

Has n V. is/ COM;. 3 / W .
Greed s. ^ ? / . Hater s. | g M.
Ground s. >jft{/. Head s. M., M..
Grow s. ^ Isi Conj, ^ ^ » M .
Parasm., ^ wiih a Heap s. m.
Guest s. siRTI^ >«. Hear v. g
Guide s. »WT}J<^ m., Hearer s. «)g m. n.
JUi'l??!? m. Hearing s. g f t
Guilty ad;. Heart s. «., 3i?cRr5JR^ m..
^'^imm n.
H
Heaven s. ^ »t
Habitation s. qra w . Helpless ad;. ai^Ruj
Hail inierj, ?grf^ i«d. Hence ado. ara; JMd.
Hampered p. p. Herd s. ^ M.
Hand s. ^ m., qrfoi w . , Herdsman s, ntq
f«St m . Here adv. ind., ind.
Handful s. gfl! w . Hermitage s. aiJT«lH MJ.
Handsome adj. ?|(!ft??, sR^g Heroism s. q H M.'
Happen qg^ i s / COM;". Hog s. S R ^ m.
Parasm. with 8n;-ed Hold p. ^ 10th Conj.
p . p . 3«qf?ra Pasrasm. & Aim.
Happiness s. gi3 «., 3??nf Holding s. 3igRS»5R n.
w., fiiq «.; he who Holy adj. p. p.,
enjoys—ad;. gJsWR Home s. ^ M.
Happy adj. ^vm., f 5 r i ^ , Honey s. M .
Honour, your, qqg; pWM.
Happy, feel, v. iq^ Isi Conj. Hope z;. 51^ tvith m 1st
Atm. Conj. Aim.
206 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Hope s. anm f. Image s. ^ / . , sjftfft/.

Horse s. are w., m. Immersed p. p. ftro
Hostility s. w — w i t h Immutable adj. mgl
an enemy s. ^r^ftflf m. Impatient, be, v. ^ 1st
Hot adj. to be—v. Conj. Atm.
m^lsl Conj. Parasm. Impeded p. p. f|w3?r
Hotr s. itrl m. sacrificial Importunity s. m.
pri^t Impudence s. I^n?'? «.
House s, 35^ n. Impurity s, /.
However Conj. CRJ^ Inciting s. J R * i n.
Increase v. ^ 1st Conj.
Human being, s.^mm. 3/^,^ ^ ^
Hundred s. 5 r a « . jn^ia, native of, s.
Hungry arf;. w.
Hunter s. anvi w . Indicate v. ^5. 6th Conj.
Husband s. m ,mnm., Parasm. & Atm. with ft.
m.—'s brother s. r , „ _ _ ^
V , . , Industry s, 3fW m.
^ w.;—'s brother's ^
wife s. q p j / . - ' s sister Infant s. R i g m.
s. siHls?/. InJu'^y «•
Husbandman s. w. Innumerable adj.
Hut s. 333 m. Insignificant adj.
Hymn, Vedic, s. ^ «. Insolence 5. J?^ »».
Intellect s. ^rft f., gfe /•
Intelligence s. sn^'l f.,—
I pron. awn^ about one's beloved s.
Idols.Jjft/. ft«nJIlf%/.
If co»i. lift Intelligent adj.
Ignorance s. SRIIT »• , . ,
Illiterate person s. anP«?I Intensity s. m.
m. Intoxication s. OT.
 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT 207

Invite V. vp^^ 10th Conj. Kind s. snft / .

Atm. with ft Itindness s. n.
Invoke v. | 1st Conj. King s. w., gqft w.,
Parasm. & Aim. with m "#4^ w., »|ti m., 5j»jrq[ m.,
Island s. ^ w . M. irsf^m.
Kingdom s. ^ w.
Know V. gq, i s / Cow;.
Jar s. ^ w . parasm. & Atm., ip^
Jackal s. ^inss m., 3Pf« m. i s / COM;. Parasm. with
Jealousy s. s i ^ / . ^
Jewel s. nf&i m., n; Knowing the SraAmaw
—amongst women s. adj.jf^^
^ ^ ^ ^ >j Knowledge s. 311 w.

Jeweller s. Jri&R5n m. ^
T . Labour s. m.
Join V. with T -J J J,
, ^ . ^ Laid down p. p. ftf|?r
is/ Cox;. Atm. _ ,
, Lak&s.^vmm.,m%n.
Joined p. p. Lame od;. ^
Joined, having, mm ind. ^^^^ ^ m.
past part. Land s. ^ f.
Joined with p. p. vm, Laugh in contempt v.
3^ 5^ is/ Cow;. Parasm.
Juice s. m. ^^'H^ ^
Justice, court of, Lawbook Hindu, s.
s.PqPRWl/. Lead y. is/ Cow;.
Parasm. & Atm.
Leader s. JIFT^ m.
Karpuratilaka, near, ^ Leaf s. qdj w.
^^m^t^adj. Lg^rn v. f?!^ i s / Cow;.
Kill V- Atm., qs " 1st Conj.
Killing s. q\=i wj. Parasm.
208 PIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Learned adj. ^m. Liking a n ^ ^ f.

Leamedness s. n. Limb s. im n.
Learning s. ftgj / . , %f=t ft. Lion s. i % tn.
Leather s. n. Little adi. vm, jRjg
Leave, leave off v. Littleness s. 5SRj?q^ tn.
(5^) 6/A_^ Co»;. Live v. % is/ Co«;.
Parasm. & Atm., Parasm.; cj"^ 1st Conj,
1st Conj. Parastn. p^^^^^
Leave, to take, (as at the
time of departure) v. Livelihood s. #ftw/.
si'f ( wiih 9n Load s. m m.
6th Conj. Atm. Long adj. ^•g,
Leaving s. 5«nn m. Long (time) adj. ^ ; adv.
Left p. p. g^K 1%^ ittd ; as—as arfy.
Lengthening pr, p. ^^m. "^ind.
adj. Longing s. g ? ^ / .
Lessening pr. p. SH^SH^adj. Long-lived arf;, ajigtjig;
Lesson s. qR m. Loosened p. p. ^ arf;.
Lie s. 9R?5q n. Lord s. m., m.
Life s. ^ m., Lotus s. qu ».
am w. p/wr. Love s. atft/. ^ m.. aq^
Lift up s, q i s / Co«i. Pa- m. n., sig^m m., 3 ^ ? % / .
rasm. & Atm toith g ^ Lover s. xam m., qfjvi m.
Light s. a*m w., a^i f., M
^sn^w. Machine s. n.
Lightning s. ^^f. Mad, to be, ». JT? [ ]
Like V. 1st Conj. Pa- 6th Conj. Parasm.
sasm tvith aj(« Made p. p. f a, j S f i ^
Liked, be, v. ^ ^ i s f Conj. Magnanimous person s.
7l/m. qfr<q53[ m.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 209

Maid Marriage s. ftqif >».

S.
Maidservant Marry y. ^ i s / Co«j. P a -
Maintain v. R\ 4th Conj. rasm. & Atm. tvith qR
Aim. Master s. an^ft m.. w.
Majestic adj. wrait Mat s. ^ »i.
Make v 2nd pers. sing. Mate s.
imp. « m Mean adj.

Make, possible to, adj. Medicine s. a^n? w., sitqvir «.

Man s.mm .mm. ^ . m., Meditation s. «qm «.,
m., qpra m.;
learned—s. qf^rj m.; Mendicant s. r«.
old.—s. m., m.; Merciful adj.
—of piety s. ?nig m.; Merit s. goq gur wi.;
rich—5. v:ift« wz.; one who appreciates—
wise—s. w., nt. adj. iifng
Manager in a play s. Meritorious adi y«WdL>
^^^l m.
Mango ( fruit) s. aira w. Message s. ^?JiT m.
Manifest v. f ifi/A snft^ Messenger s. f a w.
Manner s. (i'ft / . Miles, two, s. >M.
Manner, in that, ad'J. m\ eight—s. n.
ind.; in this,—adv. Mind 0. lOlh Conj.
ind.; in what—ady. Parasm & Atm.
ind.; in which— Mind s. ^ flTO.
(relative) adv. q?jr ind.; Minister s. w.
- o f leading life s. ^Rgw. Ministry s. JIffIr/.
Mansion s. n. Misdeed s.
Many adi. «J| Miser s. m.
Marked out p. p. Misery s. ^-.^ «.. ftqaf/.
210 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Modesty s. flwq m. Mud s. q i w .

Monday s. ^^OmR m. Multiplicity s. q j p q «.
Money s. p q «.;—given Multitude s. ?IJU m.
Music s. «.
to Brahamnas s, ^fijtni/.
Monkey s. m.
N
Month s, vm m.; four—s Nail s. q'sl«.
or fourfold month Name v. [ iqt pass. ]
vuith arfir

Month, bright half of a, s. Name s. ai|5wR «., !TR?q(^«.

Name, by, namely, q m J»d.
Nation s. ».
Moon s. ^ m., gsfTO m.,
Natural adj sj^ftfea
Nature s. Jif ft f.
Moonlight s. ifig^ /.,
Neck s. ^ 5 w .
Nectar s. n.,—in the
Morning, in the, ado.
form of knowledge s.

Mother s. appit/., m ? / .
Neglect V. ^ls> Cottj.
Mother-in-law s. Wj;./.
Atm tvith 3q
Motionless a<^;. ftds Net s. SIRS n.
Mount V. ^ is/ Co«y. New adj.
Parasm. tvith m News s. qRft
Mountain s. ftfi w., q i a m., Neechais, called, adj.

Mouth s. g^ K . Night s, ^SPft / „ ft^ / . ,

Move «. ». q 1st Conj. lift/., afirai/.
Parasm., "SR? Is/ Conj. Noble adj. W R R T p. p.
Parasm. Nobly adj. 3^1*1. mrf.
Nfoving to and fro s. Not adv. !| ind.; (prohi-
n. bitive ) >n ind.
 FIflST BOOK OF SANSKRT 211

Not ground s. s p j f t / . Offer v.^[tf^] 1st Conj.

Nourish v. ^ 4th Conj. Parasm.
Parasm. Offering s. f f t ^ « . , ^fe m
Nyaya, follower of, s. Officer, king's s. ?I3I3^ m.
'^qrfjRB m. Often adv. g § 5 i ^ ind.
^ Oh j«/er;. t fwd., > > ind.
Old flfl!;. f 5 ( man)
0 interj. | md., > > f «d. ^nce, at adv. mm ind.
Obey v.wi4th Conj. Atm. One. adj. ft^ pron.
with «ig Only ado. ind.
Oblation ( food ) s. g||f m. Or Conj. SPCT iffd., m ind.
Observe v. ^lOlh Conj. 3?rmd.
Parasm. & Atm. with Order v. ft^ Conj.
^ Parasm. & Aim. with an
Obstacle s. ftsi m. Order s. 5n?R n., mm. f.
Obstruction s. ajRW «. Ornament s. ^s^W. nt.,
Obtain v. 1st Conj. 'I?'! «.
Parasm. with airRl, ft^ Out of prep. «ri|'5,f«(i.
[ f t s ^ ] 6th Conj. Pa- Overcome v.^ 1st Conj.
rasm. & Atm., 1st ,
Conj. Atm., WJ^
with or s. Overcome ) p. p.
Obtain, difficult to, adj. ^'^^^^^'^^ > ^
Owe f. ^ iO«t Conj.
Obtainable a d i . ^ Parasm. * 3 / m .

Obtaining s . ^ m . " " ^ " ^ ^ f - ^ '

Occurrence ^event; s, aw m.
Ocean s. m.
Offence s. ftOW n. Pain s. i | n m., « p n / . ,
Offending ad;. awRfl^ <frsr/.; to give-to ».
212 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

10th Conj. Parasm. Person s. 3W m.; respect-

& Aim.; to inflict-on v. able-s. an^ m.; wicked
53[ 6ih Conj. Parasm. —s. H5Jra? . m., ?iaiJfJ
Palace s. Jirai? m. m.; —who is a slave
Palate s. n. m.
Pardon w. [ 8 ^ 1 4th. Philosopher, metaphysical,
Conj. parasm. s. EjgrRf; ad;.
Pilgrim s. ^11%^ «i.
Pardon s. tm f.
Pit s. TRlf / . '
Parents s. ft^Rl dual.
Place y. 1=11 [ pass, lift ]
of fq?j m.
with ft
Parrot s. g^F m.
Place s, ?siH w.; (esta-
Part, the first, s. m. blishment) s. ^Rrr/.
the second or latter— Place, in another, adt;.
s. m. 3l»ra ind.
Particle s. ^m. Place of residence s. srqft / .
Passing away s. sreqq m. Placed p p. ftll^ci
Path, wrong, s. fqqpr m, Plant, creeping, s. 55rtr f.
Patient, adi. ?qpji Planting s. an?t"TO w.
Peace s. ?qR«Ji «. ^^gr / . Play V. i s / Cow;., Pa-
Peacock s.w^im rasm., s i s / Co«;. Para-
sm. & Aim. with ft
Pearl s. g ^ l / . , mi%J5 M .
Play s. / . , ( drama )
People s, 311 m, m.
S. W.
Pel feet adj. fSRramq Please p. ift ( j J K ) l^th
Performance s. aiggR n. Conj. Parasm. & Atm.
Peril s. 4wz n. W% Isi Conj. Atm.
Perish p. 5|^_4/A Conj , Pa- Pleased p. p. sjga; be -v.
4th Conj. Parasm.
rasm., «q?^ is/ Cow;. Atm.
^ (#5) 1st Conj.,
Perished p. p. i g Parasm. with s
Permission s. a j ^ i /. Pleasing s. aig^gqi w.,
Perplexity s. w. antral w.
 FISRT BOOK OF SANSKRT 213

Pleasures. ? f t / . , g n « . Precept, sacred, s. ftfq m.

Plentiful adj. Preceptor s. sn^i^ tn.,
Plenty s. mikf-, g ^ m.
Plough V. Isi Conj. Predilection s. s i f ^ / .
Parasm. & 6!h Conj. Preparation s. ISWR JM.
Parasm. & Atm. Prepared adj. p. p.
Plunged in p. p. H?m Presence, in the, (of)
Poets, ^ f t m . , lord of—3, g??R^ ind.
chief of —s s. m. Present s. sqfR m.
Poison, s. ftq ». Price s. qoq «. ; religious
Poison, deadly, s ??5if^ n. merit as the—gnqqiui n.
Politics s. sftft /• Pride s.it^m.
Pollen s. «. Priest, at the Soma sacri-
Polluted p. p. ffira fice s. ^ ^ R c i ^ m.

Pond, small, s. m. «. Priest, sacrificial, s. S R R ^

Poor adj. S[R? m.,^m.
Potter s ^tmil m. Prince s. ^BRI^ «.
Poverty s. SfiRsj n. Proclaim v. s[q lO/A Co«;.
Power s. SWR w., WV^ »• Parasm. & Atm.
Powerful adj. 5tq»f Produce v. w with ft? pass.

Practise t'. ^ 1st Conj.

Produced p. p. sjRi
Parasm. with m
Produced, be v. \lst Conj.
Praise v. ^ 1st Conj. Parasm. with 3^,
Parasm., ^ \ 1st Conj. [3ff] Conj. Aim..q\
Aim., m\lst Conj. Atm. 4th conj. Atm. with 3^
Praise s. ?gft / . • Profession s. f irj / .
Praiseworthy adj. SRRq Proficiency s.
Prate 1 m^lstConj. Proficient adj. ftgor
Prattle ) Parasm. Progeny s. SRH f.
214 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Promised p. p. s i f t ^ Purified p. p. "gJ

Proper adj. gftra
Propitiation s. auRNH «• Q
Prosper v. 4th Conj. Quality s. goj m.
Parasm. with Wi, Quarrel s. »j, m
Prosperity s. aptg^ m., Quarter s. ft^/.
Queen 5. crowned-
Prosperous adj. 'sifR^,
s. qitqt /.
Quickly adv. g a ^
Protect V. 1st Conj.
Parasm., ^ 1st Conj. R
Parasm.
Race s, ^ « . , SRT W .
Protected p. p.
Ramble v. aj^ Is/ Cow;.
Protection s. CfTJ/.
Parasm,
Protector s. qRS^ w . M.,
Rascal s. sjj^R m.
Reach v. wi tvith or a
Proud fldj. 3 ^ p. p.
Ready adj, 3«Rf pr. p. fes
Prove ». ^_10th Conj.
Parasm. & Aim. with
P.P.
Reality s. w,, m.
Proximity s. m.
Reason s. ^Roj ftffiTl M .
Publish f. sra 2<?.'A Conj. Recourse, have, to v. ••rsi.
Parasm. & Aim. i s / COM;. Parasm. &
Puddle s. qi!5RS m. «. „ Aim.
Pimish V. i<?//r Cow;. Red ad;. m.p.p.
Parasm. & Atm. Regard v. 4/A Cunj.
Punishment s. m. Atm.
Regarding all equally adj.
Pupil s. fira? ?M., sra
Pure adj. sra^ p. p., Rejoice v. 1st Conj.
ftg^ P- P- Aim., JP3[ 1st Conj.
Purity s. ftgfe/. parasm. with arfi?
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSK?T 215

Relation s. 593 w., gift tn-, ^ 1st Conj. Atm. with

Release f. jpL [ g g ] 6th Respect s. SIR? m.

Conj. Parasm. & Atm., Rest 4th Conj.
^ 1st & 10th Conj. Parasm. with ft
Parasm. & Atm. with ^ ^ ^
Released p. p. gg; Parasm. mth arf^r
Remedy s. aqw w . Rest, for the purpose of.
Remember s. ^ i s / COM;. <^«nJ^: abl. or ^««.
Parasm. ^^"S- m.
Remembrance s. Resting place s. 4m m.
Remove t).KJs< Con;. Pa- Restraining of the m i n d s .
rasm. & Atm., s with qR, flHSPm w.
^ i s / Co«;. Parasm. & Resti aint s. * w m.
Atm. with sjq r> , , ^ „
Result p. 1st Conj. Pa-
Reply y. m% 1st Conj. Atm. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^^ih ^ 4th Conj. Atm., q? 4th
Repulse, Repulsion, s. Conj. Atm. with ^ or
v^f^fmf. ftq.
Request v. s j ^ 1st Conj. Result s. qRoim »».
3/m.«;,7Aqor«rfiT Resulted p. p. 5na
Request s . ^ « . Retaliation s. qftftjqj/.
Requisites s. * m m. pi. ^ ^ .
Reside m. 1st Conj. ^ ^
Parasm. with ft
Residence s. qra m. ft, [ ] 1st Conj.
Resort to p. *ni; 1st Conj. P"'"''^' ^
Parasm. & Aim.,
i s / Co«;. ««7A Returned p. p. ftfa
216 FIRST BOOK O F SANSKRT

Revenge, the way to Rudeness s. n.

revenge s. irftf^qr / . Ruin «. 1151 m.
Revere v. 10th Conj. Rule f. ;iTg 2«d COM;.
Parasm. & Aim. Parasm.
Reverence, object of, s. Ruling pr. p. ^irag^
Run V. \=n^ is/ COM;.
n.
Parasm.
Reward s. tjrRatfqsp n.
S
Rice s. ?p>|55 m. ; ball of- Sacrifice, belonging to a,
given to the dead s. {qi^ ad;, to perform
m.; cooked-s. sJlsR m. ; a—p. s i s / Co»;.
— o f various kinds ( a Parasm. & Atm. with sn.
grain of) s. ^Ht m. Sacrificer s. qsiqH w.
Riches s. ftvjq m. Sad ad;, ^ r ^ g , ftqnoi p. p.
Rise «. 5«n [ rai ] i s / Conj. Sage s. w., w.
Sailor s. uftcfi m.
Parasm. with g^
Sake, for the, (of ) jMd.
Rise s. 3l*5?«l w. Salt adj. gqoi; s. n.
Rise (fly u p ) v. qfj i s / Salute V. m is/ C O M ; .
Co«j. Parasm. with g ^ Parasm. m^lOth Conj.
Rising pr. p. g?i?i Parasm., & Atm. wiih
Rival ». ?tr|^ 1st Conj. Atm. sn^ (i. e. the causal of
^ 1st Conj. Parasm.
Rivalry s. mgm f.
with 3if^ ). q ; ^ 1st.
River s. 15 w., l ^ / .
Conj. Atm.
Road s.RjAm, ^tl^ /. Sat p. p. a i ^ q q ^ pey/. p. act.
Rogue s. 513 m. Satisfaction, s. ^ f t / .
Room ( space ) s. aicPERT m. Satisfied, be, v. ^4lhConj.
Parasm., gq; 4ih Conj.
Root S. J|55 M .
Parasm.
Rope s. ^ 3 / .
Save V. g i s / and ifl/A
Royalty, s. ^q?^ w., ?l3q Conj. Parasm. & Aim.
drawn by the desite of- tviih gf, 1st Conj.
adj. ?l3«i^l*nfg Parasm. tvith qR
 F I R S T B O O K O F SANSKRT 217

Saying s. qxR « . Self s. mm^m.

Says pres. tense 3rd pers. Send V. H wZ/A q 5/A COM;.
sing. ^ ParasMi.
Scarcity s. JRS? n. Sense, lose, v. g | ; 4/A COM;.
Scatter v. m^ 4th Conj. Parasm.
Parasm. with ft? Sensible adj. ^tm.
Scattered p. p. ftwa Sent p. p. a^f^
Scliolar s. gra m. Sentence s. qif q M.
School s. qra^risii /• Separation s. ftq^q m.
Science s. m^ «• Serpent s. ^rf Mt.
Sea s. « g ? m. Servant s. f i ^ m., »j?q m.,
Search for v. 4th Conj. ajg^ft'SC.
Parasm. tvith Serve v. ^.^Is/ COM;. 3 / m .
Seat s. siRH n. Sesamum s. ftgs w .
Seated p. p. ftqoai Set about v. ^ 1st Conj.
See v. Isi Co«;. Aim., Aim. with a
^ M;//A U , [qRq-] Set out V. m with a 1st
Js/ COM;. Parasm.
Conj. Atm.
Seed s. # J I M.
Ssx s.ftsffM .
Seeing pr. p. qJiUfJ Shade s. g p n / .
Seeing s. eft/- Shake ». q5»^ 1st Conj. Atm.
Seek V. ffl'l M A COM;. Pa- Shame s. gnsij /., to feel—
rasm. & Aim., 1^ 10th
V. 553^ 6/A COM;. 3/M?.
- Conj. Am., m\ 10th
Conj. Atm. with a Sharp ad;, ftfea p. p.
Seen p. p. ?s Shine r. ^rat
-Zs/ COM;.
Seen, having, a i q ^ q ind. A/»». a, ^
is/ COM;.
past part. 3/m., ^ 1st Conj. Pa-
Seer s. ^ Mt, M. rasm., 1st Conj. Pa-
Seize r. Is/ Co.i;'. Pa- rasm. & Atm. Wtth ft
rflsw. & Atm. Ship s. ^ / .
FBS-10
218 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Shoe s. f. Sitting pr. p. ftqwji p. p.

Shore s. dt? n. Siva s. ^ J ^ w .
Short flrf;. 3 5 Skill s. <9(^ n.
Sh3w V. ft^ COM;. S'ty s. m n.,
Parasm. & Aim, f, SHTOI;«., ftjRt w
[f% pass.] wZ/A snft^ S'cy, the, and ths earth s.
Shunned, what should W^Tlfts^f/ du.
hi, adj. Slow adj. qs?
Sickness s. sqjfvr w Slo vly adu ; i % m i .
Side, the other, s. qR m. Sluggishness, s. sn^Q M .
Sight s, tt. S nail adj. st?g, ag
Sileice s. qpi «. Snileadi;. ftq2s/ Co«; i?/>M.
Silent adj. ^ Snow s. M.
Silent, Silently adj. Sa a i e . ffir ifrf.
Soft ad;. ^1
Silly, to b2, t;. ^ 4th Conj. Soldier s. i f t ^ w .
Solel, adp. %qOTJ. i«d.
Sin s qr, «., arq* m . s„,.^.^ „ ^ ^^^^
Sinful ^ ; . q , q 3/m.m/A^
Sing V. ft i s / COM;. Parasm
c- . s. g. j i^ f t a „ .
Singing S i n s. gra
^ »«.,^'^^7,.,
cRq m..

Sinner s. qrq »j.

Sister s. '''^^ ^^^^^ °^
Sit V. ^ 6th Conj. Pa-
rasm. with 3q, « f [ « ) ^ ] ^^^8 ^ ' ^ ^ «• " ' ^ «•
is/ COM;. Parasm. with Songsters Rmm
ft [ ] ; - upon V. Son-in-law s. stjupj tn.
q « 1st Conj. Parasm. Soon aii>. pn, «jftra?
w7A
 FISRT BOOK OF SANSKRT 219

Sorry arf; Spread v. ?j i s / Conj.

Sort, of this, adj. qn^n Pjrasm. tvith n
Soul s. vm^ tn.; great—s. Spring s. q ^ »».
Sprinkle t/. fe^ [ f t F ^ ]
Soul, the internal, s. 6'hConj. Parasm. & Atm.
Sprout s. m. «.
Sound s. «fft wt. Stain s. 9 ^ w .
Source s. vom tn. Stalk s. fB5j « .
Sowing s. aiRM n. Stalk abroad v. ^ is/
Space s. aiffi^r COM;. Parasm.
Spade s. ^ f t g Stand t>. 58ff [ f t B j i s /
Speak V. Isl Conj. Pa- COM;. Parasm.
rasm., 1st Conj. Atm.
Star s. ?JRq5 M.. 5TO / . ;
Speaker s. m. n. cluster of-3 s. mim m.
Speech s. ^m / . , qF<*iy/., Start V , ^ tvith JJ i s /
nf\f., q ^ M. C O M ; . 3/MJ.
Sp3ed s. m m. State, bad, s. ^ 5 n / .
Speedily adv. « « q ^
Steady adj. «lft^fe?i
Spirit, evil, s. 9n\lrH m.,
Steal ». 1 ? 10th Conj.
?wra m.. n.
Parasm. & Atm.
Spiritual adj. sn^nfti^
Step s. q? «.
Splendid, be, v. g^j^
Isl Conj. Aim. Step towards v. q^ 4th
Conj, Atm. tvith Jift
Splendour s. sRJSa / .
Spoken, spoken to, p. p. Stick s. ^ Ml., qfg / .
Stone s. fiig^ / . , £51?:^ / . ,
Sports. !&«T/.
Sport ». ? n i s / Conj. Atm,Stood up, having,
Spot 5. « 9 f nt. ind. p. p.
220 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Siopv.^wifh^lslConj. Suspect v. 51^ 1st Cor,

Parasm. Atm.
Store s. ftl^ m. Suspicious adj. ^RTf
Story s . ^ / . Swagger v. VKH, 1st Con
Straightforwardness s. Atm. with a
^ ^ l / - Sweeping s. a q j ^ l »•
Street s. ^mf- Sweetly adf.
Strength s. ar® «. Sweetmea'. s. 4 i f ^ w.
Strife s. spfts ^ w. Sweetness s. n.
Strike P. K Is/ C<7«i. P a - Swoon v. i^ 1st Conj
rjsm. & A<m. wiihxx Parasm.
Strive V. 1st Conj. Atm. ^^^^^ ^ ^ ^
Strong adj vm
Study s. n.
Subjects s. vm f. Tail s. S F f i ^ «., S^S^B n.,
Submit V. nn. Is/ Con/. holding ths—s. g ^ -
Parasm. with acc. sing. *ia|i*'W n.
of^or^^ 1s,\evfi2,y V. K 1st Conj.
Success s, 5iq » M , ftsiq m, Parasm & Aim., jft 1st
Co»i. Parasm. & Aim.
Suddenly adv. ind. n)ith m
Summer s. ^ m. ^^^^^^ g^gy ^ ^
Summit s. ^ m. n. [ m. r^^^^^^ ^ ^ . p^^er
Sun s, ^ m., m . ?lftg o f - s . i ^ l ^ m.
Sun (Sunshine) s.mn m. Talen'ed adj. w ^ ^ , ^ ^ f t l [
Superior ad;, Tank s. cTSR m.
Supported p. p. Taste s. 1st Conj. Atm.
Surface, upper, of a palace Taunt s. gqRSnr m.
s. J n ? I I ^ n. Teach v. ft??^ Conj.
Surmount v. a Is/. Con;. Pa- Parasm, & Atm. with aq
rasm. withOT^org3[, qr? Tear s. n.
10th Conj.Parasm.&Atm. Tear o.|I<?/A Con;. Parasm
Surround v. f tw7A qft <fe Atm.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 221

Tell V. ^ 10th Conj. iosm. ajq, " ' ' ' ^ ^ '
Parasm. & Aim., 6th Conj. Parasm. &
Isi Conj. Parasm. Aim.
Temple s. ^qps n, Thunderbolt, Indra's s.
?R n. ; —of ^iva s. qft m.
fiNWff M. Thus adv. ^ i « d . ,
Teadv.^.^ 10th Conj. Atm.
Terrace of a palace s. Tiger s. sm m.
n. Tigress s. s q i ^ / .
Test ». ^ 6th Conj. Time s. ^ m.; proper—s.
Parasm. toith ft, 5 5 ^ ^ w.; improper—s.
I(?/A Con;. Parasm. & ai^m.
w7A Timid ad;. ; s. /.
That pron. a^, aj?^ T i p s. «m n.
Theft s. "glq n. To-day adv. am i « d .
Then ado. mi ind. Token s. < ^ ^r.
Thence ado. aa: ««d. To-morrow adt;. <8^ ind.
There ado. ^ ind. Tongue s^, ^ / . ; tip of
Thief s. m., m. the-s. w.
Thing s. srg ^ m.'. Top s. ftr^ m. n.
real —s. n. ; Tortoise s. f R wt.
not a— s. ai5Rg n.; unreal Touch ». ?15^_ 6/A Cow;.
— s. s r a ^ w. Parasm.
Think t>. l?q;4/A. Conj. Aim. Touch s. ^ w.
Thirst s. qwn/. Touched p. p.f?g
This pro». q a \ , f ^ . a j ^ T o w n s. ITR »., gft / . ,
Thorn s. ^fs^ m. n. y.
Thou pron. ^ Traitor, act the, v. ^
Thought p. p. fti^ ; Con;. Parasm.
s- R^ /• Tranquil adj. ^sm
Throb p, ^ 6/A Cow;. Tranquil, be, v. ^ [ mO
Parasm., ^ Isi Conj. 4th Conj. Parasm.
Tranquillity / . ^fmt n.
Thrones. 1^'«I5R «• q#a/.
Throw V. ^4ih Conj. Pa- Transformation s. rn
222 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Transgress v. ^ Isl Conj. Verul s. qgsij? n.

Attn. Very ady. «rat^ md.
Transgressed, that cannot Verse s. w.; Vedic—
be, adj. snafltq s. j R i m . [ »j.
Transitory adj. gSRS Vicinity s. ?}fti% m., « ^
Treasure s. ^ m. Victory s. ftqq w .
Tree s. fsj m., ?i^m.,qRCf m. View s. ffft/.
Tremble v. ^ 1st Conj. Village s, mf m.
Atm. Villain s. ^ m .
Trouble s. ^mts m. Violation s.xijfm.
True adj. wi Virgin s. fUlft/.
Truly aiv. mPH_ Virtue s. w., »fn m.
Truth s. ?Rsi n., n., Virtuous adj. jwRg;, gffr
«3jn4 m. Virtuous man s. ^ m.
Tutor s. «jrapf m. V.siiu, celestial abode
U cf, s. I f i Q n.
Uncertain ad;, Visible adj. OPT
Uade, piternal. s. ftqwq m. Vowed p. p. j^am
Understand v. 1st Conj. Vultures, lord of, s.
Parasm. & Aim.
Union s. ^ m.
W
Union, eager for, adj.
Wait upon v. ^ ( i s / Conj.
Parasm. with qft, ^
Universe s, ftu «.
1st Conj. Aim.
Unpalatable adj. ajftq
Walk ». ^ 1st Conj. Pa-
Unsurpassed od/. ft?fiRw
Untruth s. n. rasm.
Upheld p. p ftga Walking, mode of, s. »jft f.
Wallow V. S 5 4/A Conj.
V
Valour s..qt^ n . , ^ n . Parasm.
Variegated adj. ftl^Ri. Wander v. 1st Conj.
Various adj. ftftq Parasm.
Venerable person s. g ^ w . War s. f ^ / . , %nr »w.;—
Verily adv. 1%® md. and peace m.
 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT 223

Warrior, s. m., ^ m. Well-being s n.

Wash ». SfRSL lOih Well-versed adj. Pim^
> Conj. Parasm. Wet, be u. 5 Isi Conj
Wash off ) & Aim. wiih q Parasm.
Waste avay v. % Isi Conj. What inierr. pron. 9^
Parasm. What is to be adj. «nft^
Water s. 3155 w-, «nft « . Wheel s. «.
When i derr. adv. ^ ind.
Water «. t. f Is/ Conj. Whjn relat. ado. ?Rr ind.
Parasm Wherce interr. ado. 5?t:
Way s. qsiiqj^ (manner) ind.
Where re/a/, ad: qa: w d .
We pron. Where j«/cfr. adv.. f 5| iwd.
Wealth s. «., « . ^ S tnd.
/., ft^ SW nt., ft^ar »». Where relat. ado. qJT i « d .
Wealth, goddess of, s. Which interr. pron. 1%n
Which relat. pron. q?
Wealth, possessor of, s. White ad;. % a : b.illiant
ad;. -ad;. W ^ g f g
Weapon s. 919 »• Who interr. pron.
Weapon, miraculous, s. Who re/a/, prot.
«W «. Whole adj. «ife?s
Wear ». t. ^ lOlk Conj. Wholesome thin?, what is
Parasm. & Atm. wholesome s. qsq «.
Weary, to be v. Wholly adv. ^fim ind.
4lh Conj. Parasm. Wicked ad;,
Weigh t>. 555, lOth Co tj. Wife s *nqf / . , qsft / . ,
Parasm. & Atm. /., »M|5ft
/ . -.—and
Weight s. w m. husband s. siraiq^m. dw.
Welfare s, ^sqrn fir^t «. WJdarness s. m'^ n.,
Well a i ; . f nfe^I.
Well adv. g | f»td., ?pq^;
( preferably) ^ Wind s. qgpi m., qrea tn ,
Wells. q r f t / . , f < l m . qq q ^ m., qra w».
224 FIRST BOOK OF SANSKRT

Window s. snanw >t. Worship V. 10th Conj.

Wine s. v^f. Parasm. & Aim., gr^is/
Wise adj. Cotj. Parasm. & Aim.,
Wisii v.^U<^_] 6th Conj. «r3t 1st Conj. Parasm. &
Parasm. Atm.
Wish s. Worship s <^ f., ST^H « . ;
Wished p. p IB
materials of —s. ai«f «.;
With prep, md.
object of —s. >i3lR«jpT M .
Without prep, ftn ind.
Witness s. Woitblessness s. ^mi^ /•
Woman s. mfy / , 955Bn /•; Worthy of honour fld;. "J5q
— o f distinction s.^^ f ; Wreath s. qR5f / .
proud -$. flflRnft vene- Wreathing s. n«R «.
rable — s. anqf/•; young
Wre'.ch s. 5ii5Ji_ m. [ rasm.
Write V. ^'^6'.h Conj. Pa-
Wonder v. fer i s / C O M ; .
Atm, with ft Write ( a book) t>. 5ft 1st
Wood s. «., (forest) Conj. Parasm. & Am.
with a
Words s. w.
Written p. p. sriftcl, ftsftra
Work s. ^ «.
Work (book) s. ipq w . Y
World s. ^ w., 5jn?^«. Yesterday adv. sq^wrf.
Worn p. p. qro%a You pro/. g^H^
Worn out p. p. Yoan:,'ir adj. ^ i t q ^