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1. Introduction
Let Ω be bounded open subset of RN with a C 1 -boundary ∂Ω. We consider the
differential inclusion problem
− div(|∇u|p(x)−2 ∇u) ∈ ∂F (x, u) in Ω,
(1.1)
u = 0 on ∂Ω,
where p ∈ C(Ω) with 1 < p− := inf Ω p(x) ≤ p+ := supΩ p(x) < +∞, F (x, u) is
measurable with respect to x (for every u ∈ R) and locally Lipschitz with respect
to u (for a.e. x ∈ Ω), and ∂F (x, u) is the Clarke sub-differential of F (x, ·).
The operator − div(|∇u|p(x)−2 ∇u) is said to be p(x)-Laplacian, and becomes
p-Laplacian when p(x) ≡ p (a constant). The p(x)-Laplacian possesses more com-
plicated properties than the p-Laplacian; for example, it is inhomogeneous. The
study of various mathematical problems with variable exponent growth condition
has been received considerable attention in recent years. These problems are in-
teresting in applications and raise many difficult mathematical problems. One of
the most studied models leading to problem of this type is the model of motion
of electro-rheological fluids, which are characterized by their ability to drastically
change the mechanical properties under the influence of an exterior electromag-
netic field [25, 27]. Problem with variable exponent growth conditions also appear
2. Preliminaries
1,p(x)
To discuss problem (1.1), we need some properties of W0 (Ω) (see [17]) and
of the generalized gradient of locally Lipschitz functions, which will be used later.
Denote by S(Ω) the set of all measurable real functions defined on Ω. Two functions
in S(Ω) are considered as the same element when they are equal almost everywhere.
EJDE-2010/44 EXISTENCE AND MULTIPLICITY OF SOLUTIONS 3
Let Z
Lp(x) (Ω) = {u ∈ S(Ω) : |u(x)|p(x) dx < +∞}
Ω
with the norm
Z
u(x) p(x)
|u|Lp(x) (Ω) = |u|p(x) = inf λ > 0 : | | dx ≤ 1 ,
Ω λ
and let
W 1,p(x) (Ω) = {u ∈ Lp(x) (Ω) : |∇u| ∈ Lp(x) (Ω)}
with the norm
kukW 1,p(x) (Ω) = |u|Lp(x) (Ω) + |∇u|Lp(x) (Ω) .
1,p(x)
Denote by W0 (Ω) the closure of C0∞ (Ω) in W 1,p(x) (Ω).
1,p(x)
Proposition 2.1 ([17]). The spaces Lp(x) (Ω), W 1,p(x) (Ω) and W0 (Ω) are sep-
arable and reflexive Banach spaces.
Proposition 2.2 ([17]). Let ρ(u) = Ω |u(x)|p(x) dx, for u ∈ Lp(x) (Ω). Then:
R
3. Main results
In this section we give two existence theorems for problem (1.1). For simplicity
1,p(x)
we write X = W0 (Ω), denote by c, ci , l and M the general positive constant
(the exact value may change from line to line). The precise hypotheses are the
followings:
(HF) F : Ω × R → R is a Borel measurable locally Lipschitz function with
F (x, 0) = 0 for a.e. x ∈ Ω such that
(i) there exists a constant c > 0 such that for a.e. x ∈ Ω, all u ∈ R and
all ξ(u) ∈ ∂F (x, u)
Meanwhile, since
Z
0
α(x)−1
ρ(w )= |wα(x)−1 |α (x) dx
ZΩ
≤ |w|α(x) dx
Ω
Z Z
α+ α(x)
≤ 2 ( |u| dx + |u|α(x) dx) < ∞,
Ω Ω
α(x)−1
by Proposition 2.2, we also have |w |α0 (x) < ∞. Then, using Proposition 2.4
and [3, Theorem 2.2], we have that Ψ = Ψ|X is also locally Lipschitz, and ∂Ψ(u) ⊆
b
R
Ω
∂F (x, u)dx (see [24]), where
R Ψ|
b X stands for the restriction of Ψ b to X. The
interpretation of ∂Ψ(u) ⊆ Ω ∂F (x, u)dx is as follows: For every ξ ∈ ∂Ψ(u) there
corresponds a mapping ξ(x) ∈ ∂F (x, u) for a.e. x ∈ Ω havingR the property that for
every ϕ ∈ X the function ξ(x)ϕ(x) ∈ L1 (Ω) and hg, ϕi = Ω ξ(x)ϕ(x)dx (see [24]).
Therefore, I is a locally Lipschitz functional and we can use the nonsmooth critical
point theory.
Lemma 4.1. If hypotheses (i) and (ii) hold, then I satisfies the nonsmooth (PS)-
condition.
Proof. Let {un }n≥1 ⊆ X be a sequence such that |I(un )| ≤ c for all n ≥ 1 and
m(un ) → 0 as n → ∞. Then, from (ii), we have
|∇un |p(x)
Z Z
c ≥ I(un ) = dx − F (x, u)dx
Ω p(x) Ω
−
kun kp
Z
1
≥ +
− hξ(un ), un idx − c1
p Ω θ
Z
1 1 p− 1 −
≥ + − kun k + (kun kp − hξ(un ), un i)dx − c1
p θ Ω θ
1 1 p− 1
≥ + − kun k − kξkX ∗ kun k − c1 .
p θ θ
Hence {un }n≥1 ⊆ X is bounded.
Thus by passing to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that un * u in
X as n → ∞. We have
Z
hJ 0 (un ), un − ui − ξn (x)(un − u)dx ≤ εn kun − uk
Ω
0
with εn ↓ 0, where ξn ∈ ∂Ψ(un ). From Chang [3] we know that ξn ∈ Lα (x) (Ω)
α(x)
(α0 (x) = α(x)−1 ). Since X is embedded compactly in Lα(x) (Ω), we have that
un → u as n → ∞ in Lα(x) (Ω). So using Proposition 2.5, we have
Z
ξn (x)(un − u) dx → 0 as n → ∞. (4.3)
Ω
Lemma 4.2. If hypotheses (i), (iii) hold, then there exist r > 0 and δ > 0 such
that I(u) ≥ δ > 0 for every u ∈ X and kuk = r.
+
Proof. Let ε > 0 be small enough such that εcp0 ≤ 1
2p+ , where c0 is the embedding
+
p
constant of X ,→ L (Ω). From hypothesis (i) and (iii), we have
+
F (x, t) ≤ ε|t|p + c(ε)|t|α(x) . (4.4)
Therefore, for every u ∈ X, we have
1 + + + −
I(u) ≥ + kukp − εcp0 kukp − c(ε)kukα
p
1 + −
≥ + kukp − c(ε)kukα ,
2p
when kuk ≤ 1. So we can find r > 0 small enough and δ > 0 such that I(u) ≥ δ > 0
for every u ∈ X and kuk = r.
Lemma 4.3. If hypotheses (ii) holds, then there exists u1 ∈ X such that I(u1 ) ≤ 0.
Proof. From (ii), there exist M > 0, c2 > 0 such that (see [18, p. 298])
F (x, u) ≥ c2 |u|θ
for all |u| > M and a.e. x ∈ Ω. Thus for 1 < t ∈ R, we have
Z Z Z
F (x, tu)dx = F (x, tu)dx + F (x, tu)dx
Ω {t|u|>M } {t|u|≤M }
Z
≥ c2 tθ |u|θ dx − c3 .
{t|u|>M }
Therefore, for t > 1, we have
Z Z
1 +
I(tu) ≤ − tp |∇u|p(x) dx − c2 tθ |u|θ dx + c3
p Ω {t|u|>M }
Z Z Z (4.5)
1 +
= − tp |∇u|p(x) dx − c2 tθ |u|θ dx + c2 tθ |u|θ dx + c3 .
p Ω Ω {t|u|≤M }
θ θ
R
Noting that c2 t {t|u|≤M3 } |u| is bounded, it follows that
I(tu) → −∞ as t → +∞.
Proof of Theorem 3.3. Using Lemma 3.5 and Lemmas 4.1-4.3, we can find an u ∈ X
such that I(u) > 0 (hence u 6= 0) and 0 ∈ ∂I(u). Hence u ∈ X is a nontrivial
solution of (1.1).
Proof of Theorem 3.4. Firstly, we can easily see that I is even functional on X. We
claim that I(u) → −∞ as kuk → +∞, for any u ∈ Yk . We assume kuk ≥ 1. From
(4.4), we have
Z
1 +
I(u) ≤ − kukp − c4 |u|θθ + c4 |u|θ dx + c5 .
p {|u|≤M }
Since Yk is finite dimensional, all norms of Yk are equivalent. For p+ < θ, we get
I(u) → −∞ as kuk → +∞. We can apply Lemma 3.6 with V = Yk and Y = X.
From Lemma 4.1 and Lemma 4.2, we get k-pairs of nontrivial critical points, which
are solutions of (1.1).
8 G. DAI EJDE-2010/44
We remark that using the same method as in hte proof of Theorems 3.3 and 3.4,
we can obtain the same results for the corresponding differential inclusion problems
with Neumann boundary data.
As an example of a nonsmooth potential function F (x, u) satisfying (HF), we
have
1 + 1
F (x, u) = + |u|p + |u|α(x) .
p α(x)
Then we can check that it satisfies all hypotheses of Theorem 3.3. Note that in this
+
case. ∂F (x, u) = |u|p −1 sgn(u) + |u|α(x)−1 sgn(u), where
1,
if u > 0,
sgn(u) = [−1, 1] if u = 0,
−1 if u < 0.
Moreover, it is obvious that F (x, −u) = F (x, u). So F satisfies all the hypotheses
in Theorem 3.4.
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Guowei Dai
Department of Mathematics, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
E-mail address: daigw06@lzu.cn