EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

& ITS APPLICATIONS

Prepared by
N.SHANMUGASUNDARAM
Professor – ECE Department
Vidyaa Vikas College of Engg & Tech

16-2-2010 11
 Overview of the Presentation

1. What is Embedded system?

2. Components of Embedded system
3. Hardware Components
4. Programming languages
5. Embedded system development tools
6. Typical application development
7. Exemplary cases of Embedded applications
8. Opportunities & Career in Embedded systems

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 Introduction to
Embedded System

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 What is Embedded System?

§ Embedded systems are combination of

hardware and software.
§ Any CPU based system other than general
purpose computers
§ An embedded system has specific requirements
and performs pre-defined tasks.
§ An embedded system is a programmed
hardware device.
§ Often the user of the device is not even aware that
a computer is present.
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 What is Embedded System?

DRIVES

Smart
Software + Hardware = Applications

Embedded system is a Hardware with Software embedded in it,

for a dedicated application.

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 Why Embedded system?

There are Environments where the general purpose

computers system do not really get into action.

For example:
AC has a temperature control sub-system
It is not viable to use a PC’s there for achieving task

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 Redefining - Embedded System

Embedded system is a
q Microcontroller based hardware
q Software driven
q Real time control system
q Autonomous or Human interactive
q Reliable system
q Operating in diverse environments

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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 Embedded System in ROBOTICS

ASIMO Robot made by Honda, Japan.

Robot can run at speed of 6 kmph & walking speed 1 kmph

Turns ON light switches, open doors, carry objects, and push carts.
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 SMART Embedded Systems …

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 Applications of Embedded Systems

Communication

Avionics

Automobile

Consumer Electronics
Office Equipments
Household Appliances

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 Applications of Embedded
Systems

n Consumer Electronics
n Industrial Applications
n Automobiles
n Communication systems
n Aerospace
n Robotics
n Medical instrumentation
n Military applications

and Every where in our day-to-day life.

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 Classification of
Embedded system

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 CLASSIFICATION of Embedded Systems

Classification is made based on the following…

n Processor type
n Complexity of H/w & S/w design
n Usage of RTOS (Real Time Operating System)
n Usage of Source code engg. tools
n Type of Power supplied

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 CLASSIFICATION of Embedded Systems

• SMALL SCALE:
8/16 bit CPU, little H/w, less S/w complexity, No RTOS,
Battery operated. Eg. Toys, Washing machine, …

• MEDIUM SCALE:
16/32 bit µC or DSPs, Complex H/w & S/w design, RTOS
Source code Engg tools, IDE. Eg. Mobile phone, ATM, …

• SOPHISTICATED:
Configurable processors, Cutting edge applications,
Highly complex H/w and S/w design. Eg. RT Video processing, …

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 SKILLS for Embedded System Engineer

HARDWARE skills required in:

• Processors (µP, µC, DSP, EP, …)

• Memories (EEPROM, RAM, ..)
• Peripheral devices (8255, 8251, 8253, 8279,…)
• Sensors (Temp, Pressure, Light,…),
• Electronic system design,
• Digital electronics,
• Computer architecture,
• Control system,
• Data communication.

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 SKILLS for Embedded System Engineer

SOFTWARE skills required in :

Programming languages - Assembly, C, C++,

Java

IDE - Editor, Assemblers, Compilers, Linkers,

Debuggers, Simulator.

RTOS – µC / OS-II, Vxworks, Win CE, RTLinux, etc.

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 Components of
Embedded system

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 Let us begin with Mobile phone…

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 What are the hardware present
in
MOBILE PHONE?

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 Contents inside Mobile phone…

• Processors
i.e., GPP, DSP, ASSP, etc.
• Memory
EEPROM (Flash), RAM, etc.
• Peripheral ICs
ADC/DAC, Ports, Timers, etc.
• Communication circuits
Modulation/De-Modulation ckts
• Power supply circuits

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 3 MAIN COMPONENTS of Embedded System

q HARDWARE
Processor, RAM, ROM, ADC, DAC, Timers, Ports, etc.

q APPLICATION SOFTWARE
written in Assembly, C, C++, Java, etc.

q RTOS (to supervise the Application Software)

µC OS-II, Win CE, VxWorks, Embedded Linux, etc.

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 Hardware Components

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 COMPONENTS of Embedded System Hardware

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 PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

PROCESSO
R
ALU
Control
Unit

Types of Processor
• General Purpose Processor (µc, µP, DSP, EP,MP)
• Application Specific System Processor
• Multiprocessor system
• GPP/ASIP core with other hardware integrated in ASIC chip.

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 PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

Microprocessor Vs
Microcontroller
ALU ALU T/C I/O

ACC. ACC. I/O

INT.
REGISTERS REG. ROM UART

PC SP PC SP

CLK INT. INT

CLK INT
RAM
● No in-built ● More in-built Peripherals
Peripherals ● Bit Manipulation
● No Bit operations,
Manipulation, ● Dedicated Purpose
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 PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

DSP Processor:
It has additional hardware to perform special operations like
CONVOLUTION, FFT, DFT, DCT, etc.

Embedded Processor:
Processor specially designed for Embedded system applications
with FAST CONTEXT SWITCHING and LATENCY CONTROL.

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 PROCESSORS for Embedded Systems

mmonly used PROCESSORS for Embedded system applications are

q Intel 8051 Family (8051, 89C51, 8752…) - 8 bit

q PIC 16Fxx Family (PIC 16F77, …) - 8 bit
q ARM Family (ARM7TDMI, ARM9TDMI, …) - 32 bit
q Other processors from Motorola, Philips, Renaisse, …

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 Intel 8051 Family Microcontrollers

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 OTHER HARDWARE for Embedded Systems

1. Power supply circuit

2. Memory - EPROM, RAM, EEPROM (flash), CACHE
3. I/O Ports - 8255 (PPI), 8251 (UART)
4. Timers - 8253
5. ADC / DAC - ADC0809, DAC0800
6. Display & Keyboard Controllers - 8279
7. Programmable Interrupt Controllers - 8259

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 Types of I/O Devices

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 Structure of Serial Port

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 Structure of Parallel Port

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 BUSES for Communication

I2C : Bus for communication between multiple ICs.

CAN: Bus used in automobiles with centrally
controlled network.
USB: Bus for communication between CPU and
devices like mouse, etc.

ISA,
EISA, PCI are standard buses for parallel
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communication used in PCs, computer network
 Types of TIMERS

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 Structure of Hardware Timer

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 Usage of TIMERS

1 Real Time Clock (RTC) for the system

2 Initiating an Event after a preset time delay
3 Initiating an Event after a comparison of preset times
4 Capturing the count value in timer on an event
5 Finding time interval between two events
6 Watchdog timer
7 Baud rate control for Serial communication
8 Scheduling of various tasks in RTOS
9 Time slicing of various tasks
10 Time division multiplexing

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 Software Components

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 SOFTWARE Components in Embedded Systems

Programming Languages: 1. Machine code

2. Assembly language
3. High level languages ie., C, C++

Software Tools: Editor Simulator

Assembler Loader
Compiler Stethoscope
Linker Trace scope
Debugger IDE

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 SOFTWARE Tools

Editor to TYPE the program. Eg. Notepad, Wordpad, …

Assembler to COVERT Assy program (x.asm) into object file (x.obj).
Compiler to COVERT C program (x.c) into object file (x.obj).
Linker to LINK Object file (x.obj) with Library functions into (x.exe).
Simulator to SIMULATE all Functions of ES hardware circuit.
Debugger to CHECK and TRACE errors.
Stethoscope to dynamically TRACK any variable in program.
RTOS Real Time Operating System
OS for Embedded system. Eg. Vxworks
IDE Integrated Development Environment
A single package comprising of all S/w tools.

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 Assembler, Compiler & Linker

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 Software Development Chain

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 Assembly Language Programming

Advantage

n Assembly Language programming is the efficient

programming language for accessing the hardware
features.

n The assembly language op codes directly work on the

target machine, so it is faster in operation.

Disadvantage

n Tough to understand and Program.

n Have to learn instruction set for different processors.

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 Programming using C

q Modularity
q Usage of Scalar data types, Control
statements, …
q Easy maintenance
q Reusable codes
q Portability
q Minimal hardware knowledge required
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 Programming Embedded Systems using C++

Combines the advantage of OOPS, C &

Assembly.
Special features: Data Encapsulation,
inheritance, etc.
Disadvantages: : Reusability
Advantages Standard of C++ programming
software
components. makes code complex and lengthy,
due to features like Templates, Multiple
inheritance, Exception handling, Virtual
Solution base classes,
: Special Namespaces,
version of C++ etc.
(Embedded C++)
has provision for selective
disabling of features.
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 STRUCTURE of Operating System

USER

SHELL OS
KERNEL

HARDWARE
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 KERNEL of Operating System

- OS is a middle layer between Application Software & Hardware.

- It consists of KERNEL and other functions not provided by Kernel.

KERNEL Services

q Process Management
q Memory Management
q Inter Process Communication
q I/O management
q Interrupt Control
q Device drivers

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 GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER (GPC) and
EMBEDDED SYSTEM

General Purpose EMBEDDED

COMPUTER (GPC)
Application SYSTEM
Application
Operating System
Software
Device Driver combined with
RTOS, DD & FW
Firmware

Hardware Hardware

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 Typical Device Driver

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 Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

RTOS is an OS for Embedded system

for response time and event controlled processes.

RTOS Services:
• Basic OS functions - PM, RM, MM, DM, FSM, I/o, etc.
• RTOS main functions - RT Task scheduling and Latency control
• Time management - Time Allocation, time slicing & monitoring for efficiency.
• Predictability - Predicting time behaviour and initiation of task
synchronization
• Priorities Management - Allocation and Inheritance
• IPC - Synchronization of Tasks using IPC.

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 Why need RTOS?
Reasons for need of RTOS
n When efficient scheduling in
needed for multitasks with time
constraints.
n Task synchronization is
needed.
n Interrupt Latency Control is
essential.
16-2-2010
Occasions for NO need of RTOS
n Small scale embedded system
never use RTOS.
n Instead of functions in RTOS,
standard lib functions in C can be
used.
eg. malloc(), free(),
fopen(), fclose(), etc.
5656
 Real Time Systems

Hard real time - Systems with Hard Deadlines

q No Critical Deadlines can be missed
Eg. Missile Control Systems, Atomic Reactors, …

Soft real time - Timing Constraints a little tolerable

q Occasional misses are permitted

q Average response time for an event should be
within a specified
In RTS, time
“ A late answer is a wrong
Eg.answer
Washing
”. machines, Microwave oven, …
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 Options in RTOS

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 µC/OS-II (MUCOS)

n µC/OS-II is Free Open-source RTOS designed by

Jean J. Labrosse in 1992.
n µC/OS-II is intended for Non-commercial use.
n µC/OS-II codes are in C and few CPU specific
modules are in ASSY.
n µC/OS-II code Port on MANY Processors that are
commonly used in ES design.

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 Embedded
Development Tools

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 EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

IDE – integrated development environment

{Hardware & peripherals simulator, project
manager, debugger, linker, Compiler,
PROM
Assembler}
Programmer
ROM Emulator
Chip
Programmer
CPU Emulator
In-Circuit-
Emulator
In-Circuit-
Oscilloscope , Logic Probe, DVM, Logic-
Debugger
Analyzer etc…
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 PROM Programmer

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 ROM Emulator

ROM
EMULATOR

HOST

TARGET
Board
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 Chip programmer

CPU
Programmer
HOST

TARGET
Board

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 Device Programmer Tools (for PIC µC)

• PRO MATE II Universal Programmer

• PICSTART Plus
• PROPIC XP

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 Others Software Tools

MPLAB IDE for PIC Microcontrollers

MPASM (Assembler)
MPLAB-C (C Compiler)
MPLAB-SIM (Simulator)

Other Compilers
Kiel C (for Intel family µCs)
Hi-Tech C
CCS C
Pacific C

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 Issues in Embedded System Designs

q Energy-efficient
q Real-time
q Safety
q Upgradeable
q Cost sensitive
q Security

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 Energy efficiency:
Must run for years on a tiny battery
(Hearing aid, Pacemaker and Remote operating devices)

Real-time:
Great harm is done, if deadlines are missed.
(process control, avionics, weapons)
Few time constraints (microwave)

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 Safety critical:
Device is safety critical (nuclear plant)
Some processes in furnace petrochemical

Upgradeability:
Impossible to update
(spacecraft, pacemaker)

Availability / fault-tolerance
Must be operating all the time (pacemaker, spacecraft control)
Can shutdown at any time (cell phone)

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 Typical Application
Development using
AT89C2051

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 Architecture of 8051 Family

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 Pin Diagram of 8051 µC

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 AT89C2051 Micro controller

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 Pin configuration of AT89C2051

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 Minimum configuration - AT89C2051

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 Compiler for the project

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 Operation of the Project

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 Circuit Diagram for the project

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 LED Pattern
displayed for different DICE numbers

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 Software coding (in C)

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 Exemplary
Embedded system
Applications

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 Breakthrough in Embedded System Designs

NOKIA
888

The Real Time

Cell phone
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 Embedded systems in Passenger Car

Engine Anti- Power

Control Lock Lighting A/C Locks
Brakes

Trans- Active Dash- Power Power

mission Suspension
board Seats Windows
Control

Airbag

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 Automotive embedded systems

•
Today’s high-end automobile have > 80
microprocessors
•
4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt
•
microcontrollers run dashboard devices
•
16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine
•
Millions lines of code

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 BMW 850i Brake and Stability control
system

n Anti-lock brake system (ABS):

pumps brakes to reduce skidding.

n Electronic stability control (ASC+T):

controls brakes and engine to improve
stability.

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 Embedded system in Digital camera

Digital camera chip

CCD

CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A

A2D

lens

JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum

DMA controller Display ctrl

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

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 Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level

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 Market Potential for Embedded Systems

According to analyst firm,

the embedded system opportunity is expected to touch

• US$ 360 billion (in terms of devices)

• US$ 36 billion (up from the existing US$ 2 billion).

Experts also predict that there will be a ten-fold

increase in the number of people employed in the
embedded systems industry,

from the current 60,000 professionals to over six lakh

people by 2015.

16-2-2010 - Source: NASSCOM

9898
 A few of the Embedded Majors

q HCL INFOSYS
q TCS Cognizant
q Agilent Technologies Boeing
q BPL Ford
q Hitachi Hyundai
q Philips Playstation
q Sega Siemens
q Sony SCM Microsystems
q TATA ELXSI Texas Instruments
q Tektronix Vestion

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 Embedded Systems Companies in Bangalore

Sadhanasoft Click Technologies (I) Pvt. Ltd. Nihar Infoway Ltd. Infobahn (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Vision Comptech Integrators Ltd

Koenig Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Datamation Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Convergent Communications (India) Pv

Optimal Infotech Pvt. Ltd. Compucom Software Ltd. Surya Soft-Tech Ltd Kale Consultants Ltd

Surya Soft-Tech Ltd

Datamation Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Mphasis-BFL Ltd Rhombus Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Mphasis-BFL Ltd Global Automation ( Kale Consultants Ltd MindEdge Solutions

Karishma Software Ltd. Parsec Technologies (India) Ltd.Binary Semantics Ltd. Netmumbai

Virgosys Software Pvt. Ltd. Polaris Software Lab Ltd Cybersol Technologies Pvt Ltd SolutionNet India Pvt. Ltd.

IQura Technologies Pvt. Ltd. SDI Infotech Pvt. Ltd. Gateway WebSystems Pvt. Ltd.
Datum Technologys (India) Ltd

Worldwide Infotech Inc. Java Softech Pvt. Ltd. Binary Semantics Ltd. Learnet India Ltd.

Intrepid Solutions Private Ltd KPIT Infosystems Ltd

Global Software Initiatives Pvt. Webspectrum
Ltd. Software Pvt. Ltd.

iBilt Technologies Ltd iTech Workshop Pvt. Ltd. Datum Technologys (India) LtdPerfect E Com Solution Pvt Ltd.

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 References

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 References (Contd.)

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 References (Contd.)

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 Thank You
for your PATIENCE.

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