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DESIGN OF
By
REBECCA ACHUMI
BHAVANA BANSOD
NUPUR BOBADE
VIJAY PATIL
POOJA THAKUR
MAYUR WAKADE
GUIDE
Year 2012-2013
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily completed the project report on
“DESIGN OF PRE-ENGINEERED WAREHOUSE” is submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted by,
REBECCA ACHUMI
BHAVANA BANSOD
NUPUR BOBADE
VIJAY PATIL
POOJA THAKUR
MAYUR WAKADE
GUIDE
H.O.D PRINCIPAL
External examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With a deep sense of gratitude, we express our sincere thanks to our respected guide Mrs Mittal
Lad of this institution, for her guidance as well as her keen interest in course of our initial
investigation in finalisation this report and her guidance in the form of going through
manuscript, making useful alteration and offering valuable comments are gratefully
acknowledged.
We would like to show our gratitude towards Mr. Malekar, from Steerling India Pvt.Ltd for
giving us his valuable time from his busy schedule and tremendously providing us with his
help in the project.
We sincerely thank Dr. P.S. Shrivastava, Head of Civil Engineering Department, S.P.C.E. for
extending relevant facilities during this work. We are also thankful to all staff members of the
Civil Department and Structure Department, SPCE for their help.
We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Harsmita Phatak for her constant
guidance and help. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank our dear friend, Rajesh
Gadkar for his support and encouragement throughout this project.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project is raised with the objective to design a single storey pre engineered warehouse
according to limit state method. The deigned single storey warehouse is erected by several steel
members and is arranged in a regular geometrical form, where in they can interact between
them throughout structural connections or joint to support loads and maintain the structure
under equilibrium or stability.
The project includes the design of a factory warehouse which is assumed to be in the outskirts
of Mumbai. Through this project we have tried to get understanding of designing the structure
by STAAD PRO software and manual design. We have designed all the members by IS 800-
2007 and IS 875-1987.
ABBREVIATIONS
IL Imposed load
DL Dead load
LR Roof load
BS British standard
SL Snow load
WL Wind load
EL Earthquake load
BM Bending moment
𝑓𝑦 Yield stress
𝐿𝑤 Length of weld
𝑓𝑢 Ultimate stress
𝐴𝑡𝑔 Minimum gross area in tension from hole to the toe of the angle perpendicular to the
direction of force
𝐴𝑡𝑛 Minimum net area in tension from hole to the toe of the angle perpendicular to the
direction of force
𝑘1 Probability factor
𝑘3 Topography factor
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 History of PEB
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
1.4 Comparison between Conventional buildings and Pre-engineered
buildings
1.5 Applications
1.6 First PEB introduction in India
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
3 INTRODUCTION OF WAREHOUSE
5 DESIGN OF PURLIN
10 DESIGN OF PEDESTAL
11 CONCLUSION
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Construction industry has witnessed immense innovation in technology application
resulting in speed and quality of construction work. We now see huge structure coming into
existence in just few months which otherwise took years to get completed. To-day both in
terms of applying the tools, as well as the material used to construct, the industry is now
applying newer methods and material for fast and vast construction of buildings, whether it
is hi-rise, airport, metro rail, multi-storeyed car parking or mall etc. This is possible due to
revolution brought by the Pre-Engineering Building popularly known as PEB.
Pre-Engineering Buildings origin can be traced back to 1960’s; however its potential has
been felt only during the recent years. This was mainly due to the development in
technology, which helps in computerizing the design and the application of design.
-
Though initially only off the shelf products were available in this configurations aided by
the technological development, but to-day tailor made solutions are now made using this
technology in very short durations. According to a recent survey that about 60% to 70% of
the non residential low rises building in USA are Pre Engineered Buildings.
Although PEB system is extensively used in industrial and many other non residential
constructions worldwide, it is relatively a new concept in India. These concepts were
introduced to the Indian markets lately in the late 1990’s with the opening up of the
economy and a number of multi nationals setting up their projects. To-day the market
potential of PEB’s is 1.2 million tonnes per annum. The current pre engineered steel
buildings manufacturing capacity is .35 million tonnes per annum. The industry is growing
at the compound rate of 25% to 30%.
Indian manufacturers are trying to catch up with international standards and aesthetics but
India is still lagging behind with respect to design of the structure and aesthetic appearance.
However in fabrication and other areas of PEB India is coming up compared to other
developing countries. The Indian codes for building design are stringent and emphasises
safety. The IS standards are upgraded continuously.
The origins of the metal building history date back nearly 100 years. Early in the 20th century,
steel products companies began to appear. Their products were generally agricultural – water
troughs, feed bins, grain bins, etc. These were mass-produced and traditionally of a single size.
Therefore, they could be “pre-fabricated” – a ready inventory to be delivered when the
customer needed it.
As time progressed, rudimentary building designs began to emerge, such as the pre-fabricated
garage. Again, this was a limited product offering dimensionally, which allowed the garage to
be carried in an inventory.
During World War II, a need arose for structures such as barracks and maintenance facilities
that could be containerized and shipped – ready to erect. This was a perfect outlet for steel
products companies. Buildings were produced that required no welding. They were bolted-up,
lending themselves to simple, quick construction as the war advances and occupations
unfolded.
By the end of the war, it was clear that the industry would not return to its pre-war product
offerings. Metal buildings were here to stay. The post-war construction boom offered an ideal
opportunity to mass produce buildings for a variety of non-residential industries. Metal
building companies learned that partnerships with local contractors across a region or even the
entire country were an effective way to deliver an erected building structure to the end
customer.
Buildings during this time were still pre-fabricated as the marketplace adapted to the limited,
set sizes that were available. However, structural engineers began to design more and more
standard-size offerings to meet demand and soon pre-fabrication was no longer possible. At
this time, still well before the computer age, the process came to be known as the “pre-
engineered” metal buildings industry.
1.3.1 ADVANTAGES
2. LOWER COST: Due to the systems approach, there is a significant saving in design,
manufacturing and on site erection cost. The secondary members and cladding nest
together reducing transportation cost.
4. LARGE CLEAR SPANS: Buildings can be supplied to around 80M clear spans.
6. LOW MAINTENANCE: Buildings are supplied with high quality paint systems for
cladding and steel to suit ambient conditions at the site, which results in long durability
and low maintenance coats.
7. ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFING AND WALL SYSTEMS: Buildings can be
supplied with polyurethane insulated panels or fibre glass blankets insulation to achieve
required “U” values.
1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. EXPENSIVE: Cost of steel and its requirement in PEB is very high so the overall cost of
materials in construction is increased.
2. TRANSPORTATION: Materials used in PEB are pre-fabricated so they have to be
transported from manufacturing factory to the site and as the location of site is generally
not situated near the factory, transportation is difficult as well as expensive.
3. CORROSION: Materials like steel is used in high quantity which gets corroded easily so
preventive measures for it and as well as its maintenance is essential. Faulty design leads
to the corrosion of iron and steel in buildings.
COMPARISON
PEB have evolved after years of process of elimination and with PEB been partially applied
alongside with conventional buildings. With the passage of time gradually the whole PEB
structure came into existence with specialized computer analysis design program and optimizes
material selection. Today from concept to completion the PEB projects are computerized using
standard detail that minimizes the use of project custom details.
With this applications speed and efficiency is arrived since PEB are mainly formed by standard
sections and connections design. Also with more and more standardization there is greater
optimization as the production skill is enhanced and the cost has reduced.
Today design shop detail sketches and erection drawings are supplied free of cost by the
manufacturer and the approval drawing is usually prepared in short time.
PEB designers design and detail PEB buildings are build almost every day of the year
resulting in improving the quality of design every time they work.
Outstanding architectural design can b achieved at low cost using standard architectural details
and interfaces.
There is greater amount of choices available with array of material, shapes and sizes of
components. Designed to fit the system with the standardized and inter changeable parts.
Including pre designed flashing and trims are easy and feasible in no time. Building accessories
are mass produced for economy and are available with the building.
All the project records are safely and orderly kept in tectonic format which makes it easy for
the owner to obtain a copy of his building record at any time.
FUTURE EXPANSION IS VERY EASY AND SIMPLE.
All components have been specified and design specially to act together as a system for
maximum efficiency, precise and peak performance in the field.
Experience with similar buildings in actual field conditions worldwide, has resulted in design
improvements over time, which allow dependable prediction of performance.
Single source of responsibility is there because the entire job is being done by one supplier.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Conventional steel structure is designed from scratch with fewer design aids that are available
to the engineers. Substantial engineering and detailing work is required from the very basic by
the consultant with fewer design aids.
Again there is extensive amount of consultant time is devoted to the alterations that have to be
done while arriving at consensus.
Since each project is a new project engineers need more time to develop the designs and details
of the unique structure.
All this is time consuming exercise and needs patience and tenacity.
Special architectural design and features must be developed for each project which often
requires research and thus resulting in higher cost.
Every project requires different and special design or accessories and special sourcing for each
item e.g. flashing and trims must be uniquely designed and fabricated.
Preservation and recalling of the records and designs is extremely cumbersome .It would be
difficult to obtain project records after a long period of time and sometimes is required to
contact more than one number of parties.
Components are custom designed for a specific application on a specific job. Design and
detailing errors are possible when assembling the diverse components into unique buildings.
Each building design is unique, so predication, of how components will perform together is
uncertain. Materials which have performed well in some climates may not do well in other
conditions.
Multiple responsibilities can result in question of who is responsible when the components do
not fit in properly, insufficient material is supplied or parts fail to perform particularly at the
supplier/contractor interface.
1.4.2 STRUCTURE EFFICACY
PEB BUILDING
Right from the foundation work to the progressive work in attending the height and the width
of the building it is easy to construct with simple light weight and referral design aids available
handy.
The low weight flexible frames offer higher resistance to seismic forces and in case of
calamity the damage control is easy and faster.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
the foundation requires heavy material in nature like steel, cement, sand ,bricks and mortar is
extensive amount and needs reasonable manpower for logistics and construction of the durable
foundation.
The material used in the foundation work reinforces rigidly with other heavy frames and hence
do not perform well in seismic zones where it requires suppleness to absorb the shocks. These
days with frequent earthquakes all around the world foundation work has come under
microscopic observation meticulous work.
Once the design is finalised the entire building material is supplied completely with all
accessories including erection from a single “ONE STOP SOURCE” In phase manner as the
building progresses.
With fair amount of standardization in manufacturing based on the clients need PEB
manufactures usually stock a large amount of material that can be flexibly used in many types
of PEB projects .Hence precise ordering is easily possible .Also arrangements can be made
with the manufacturer to take back the unused material after the project is completed .
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Since there are many sources of supply it becomes difficult to co ordinate and handles the
supply in time frame.
Change orders are easily accommodated at all stages of the order fulfilment process. Little or
no material is wasted even if a change order is made after fabrication.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Conventional steel buildings are 20% more expensive than PEB in most of the cases, the
erection costs and time are not predicted accurately as it depends on many variables of
materials and human resources.
Erection process is also slow and extensive field labour is required. Sometimes heavy
equipment is also required and thus the co-ordination is difficult task.
Price per square meter may be as low as by 30% than the conventional building.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
The prices are higher per square meters compared to peb building.
1.4.6 VERSATALITY
PEB BUILDING
PEB manufacturers usually stock a large amount of that can be flexibly used in many types of
PEB projects.
Change orders are easily accommodated at all stages of the order fulfilment process .Little or
no material is wasted even if a change order is made after fabrication starts.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Substitution of hot rolled sections infrequently rolled by mills is expensive and time.
Change orders that are made after dispatch of hot rolled sections result in increasing the time
and cost involved in the project.
Designed to fit the system with standardized and interchangeable parts. Including pre designed
flashing and trims. Building accessories are mass produces for economy and are available with
the buildings.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Every project requires different and special design for accessories and special sourcing for each
item. Flashing and trims must be uniquely designed and fabricated.
All project records are safely and orderly kept in electronic format which make it easy for the
owner to obtain a copy of his building record at any time.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS
It would be difficult to obtain project records after a long period of time. It is required to
contact more than one number of parties.
1.4.9 PERFORMANCE
PEB BUILDING
All components have been specified and designed specially to act together as a system for
maximum efficiency, precise fir and peak performance in the field.
Experience with similar buildings, the actual field conditions worldwide, has resulted in design
improvements overtime, which allows dependable prediction of performance.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Components are custom designed for a specific application on a specific job. Design and
detailing errors are possible when assembling the diverse components into unique buildings.
Each building design is unique, so predication, of how components will perform together is
uncertain. Materials which have performed well in some climates may not do well in other
conditions.
Single source of responsibility is there because the entire job is being done by one supplier.
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Multiple responsibilities can result in question of who is responsible when the components do
not fit in properly, insufficient material is supplied or parts fail to perform particularly at the
supplier/contractor interface.
1.5 APPLICATIONS
In view of the many advantages of PEBs over other types of buildings & structures, they are
ideally suited for almost all types of medium to large size steel buildings. Whenever and
wherever one or more factors like faster occupancy, large clear spans, excellent aesthetics,
corrosion resistance, better load bearing capacity against high wind/ seismic loads, etc are
important, then PEBs are the most obvious and preferred choice world over. Here are some of
the popular applications of PEBs.
WARE HOUSES
ENGINEERING WORKSHOPS
OFFICES
GAS STATIONS
SHOW ROOMS
SUPERMARKETS
AIRCRAFT HANGERS
HOSPITALS
LABOUR CAMPS
Interarch Building Products Pvt Ltd commenced its operations in 1984 and pioneered the
high-end metal interior products market in India. Today, 25 years later, Interact is a leading
turnkey Pre-engineered Steel Construction Solution provider in India with integrated facilities
for design, manufacture, logistics, supply and project execution capabilities for pre-
engineered steel buildings.
Interarch has been the first mover in India, right from metal ceilings, to blinds, metal roofing
to pre-engineered buildings. The key achievements for Interarch include the building of the
largest greenfield Automobile plant for Tata Motors at Pantnagar, execution of the largest
steel framed office building for Reliance, commissioning of over 900 canopies for Reliance
Petroleum all over India. Interarch proved a pivotal cog in bringing up the largest pre-
engineered building structural system for Delhi International Airport – IGI Terminal 3 and
completed it in a record time. In the sector of PEB, it stand apart in providing end-to-end
scalability to their clients to enhance their project execution capacities,"
Some of the major construction solutions offered by Interarch are their advanced Pre-
Engineered Steel Buildings and structural systems, Interarch Light – Light Building &
Framing Systems, and Tracdek Roof & Wall Systems that are used in industrial, commercial
and residential building construction. Interarch also offers false ceiling systems for
commercial spaces under the Trac brand. All Interarch products speak for their fine quality
and are designed to withstand harsh climatic conditions. Interarch is certified as an ISO
9001:2000 company since 1999 by UL Inc. USA.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings use a combination of built-up sections, hot rolled sections,
cold formed elements and profiled steel sheets which provide the basic steel frame work with a
choice of single skin sheeting with added insulation or insulated sandwich panels for roofing
and wall cladding or brick wall. The concept is designed to provide a complete building
envelope system which is air tight, energy efficient, optimum in weight and cost and, above all,
designed to fit user requirement like a well fitted glove.
PEB concept has been very successful and well established in North America, Australia and is
presently expanding in U.K and European countries. PEB construction is 30 to 40% faster than
masonary construction. PEB buildings provides good insulation effect and would be highly
suitable for a tropical country like India. PEB is ideal for construction in remote & hilly areas.
In 1964, pre-engineered metal buildings accounted for 24% of new non-residential, low-rise
construction. By 1981, that figure had jumped to 56%. Behind that rapid growth are some very
attractive advantages to PEB, which are highlighted in this article. Among the key advantages
are competitive initial pricing, cost predictability, rapid construction, efficiency of structural
design, low-maintenance requirements, and expansion flexibility. With the variety of
architectural finishes available, these buildings can be quite attractive for a wide range of end-
use applications, from factories and warehouses, to shopping centers and community buildings.
Prefabricated Tubular steel Structure: The Tabular section has more torsional resistance than
other sections including the solid round one. These tubular sheds are entirely prefabricated and
can be transported to site in knock down condition. No welding is required at site. Pre-
engineered buildings are generally low rise buildings; however the maximum eave heights can
go up to 25 to 30 metres. Low rise buildings are ideal for offices, houses, showrooms, shop
fronts etc. The application of pre-engineered concept to low rise buildings is very economical
and speedy. Buildings can be constructed in less than half the normal time especially when
complimented with other engineered sub-systems.
Pre engineered buildings (PEB) steel parts are required to be installed in a specific order due
to structural safety requirements and to the logical sequence of erection. However, shipping ,
transportation, unloading and on-site storage does not take into account the erection order of
the assembly. As a result, considerable time is consumed locating, sorting, and identifying steel
components. Integrating promising information technologies such as radio frequency
identification (RFID), mobile computing devices and wireless technology can be useful in
improving the effectiveness and convenience of information flow in construction projects. Pre-
engineered buildings require repetitive operations and assembly of many structural elements.
Current information and communication technology may be incorporated in the operational
process for efficient assembly at the job site. An information flow diagram for Pre-Engineered
process from shipping the steel materials till erection on the construction site is developed.
Then, a proposed improved steel process is modelled and presented.
This paper concentrates on industrial steel buildings, with a focus on pre-engineered metal
buildings (PEB). The metal building industry dates back to the early 1900s with the production
of small buildings for use of garages, tools sheds and shelters for men and equipment. Later it
moved on to build warehouses, aircraft hangars and utilitarian storage buildings. In the 1960’s
the metal building industry developed further with the boom in agricultural and industrial
buildings, leisure in-door halls (tennis), car sales outlets and shopping centers. To reduce the
costs, the manufacturers adopted the “pre-engineering” concept, where they choose to design,
detail and fabricate a defined group of standard buildings of set widths, heights and loadings.
The majority of pre-engineered buildings are chosen from a specific combination, offered by
the manufacturer, by varying the span, height, bay size, loading systems and foundations with
limited set of choices. From a catalogue of standard parts, the manufacturer quickly
interpolates in between existing designs to work out a new proposal. By this, metal building
systems have evolved through the years into assemblages of structural elements that work
together as an efficient structural system. While there are many variations on the theme, the
basic elements of the metal building system are constant: primary rigid frames, secondary
members (wall grits and roof purlins), cladding and bracing. All major metal building system
manufacturers utilize computer tools to custom design a building system and all building
components, based on the customer’s specifications.
CHAPTER 3
Any structure used by industry to store raw materials or for manufacturing products of the industry is
known as industrial building. Industrial maybe categorised as normal type industrial buildings and
special industrial type buildings. Normal types of industrial buildings are shed type buildings with
simple roof structures on open frame. These buildings are used for workshop, warehouses, etc. These
buildings require large and clear areas unobstructed by the columns. The industrial buildings are
constructed with adequate headroom for the use of overhead travelling crane. Special types of industrial
buildings are steel mill buildings used for manufacture of heavy machines, production of power, etc.
The function of industrial building dictates the degree of sophistication.
Used to store goods, spare components such as electric motors, gear boxes, coupling etc.
Prevent rain penetration from the roof and the wall that might spoil the component kept inside
the warehouse.
Safety and reliability under service life.
Distribution point of material and goods between manufacturer to costumer and all points in
between.
1) Design of roof truss by (IS 875-2007)
Design of steel roof having effective span and pitch. The building is situated in
Mumbai.
1. Spacing of truss = 8m
2. Plan area = 21.86 x 8 m = 174.88m2
3. Pitch = 100
4. Sloping length = 21.86m
Panel load = 6 kN
Pd = 1.2KN/m2
Wind Pressure coefficient Cpi Cpe±Cpi A*Pd Wind Load
Angle (KN)
Windward Windward Windward Leeward
Leeward Leeward
0o -1.2 -0.4 -0.5 -17 -0.9 209.86 -335.78 -230.85
+0.5 -0.7 +0.1 -125.92 -20.99
90o -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -1.3 -1.1 209.86 -272.82 -230.85
+0.5 -0.3 -0.1 -62.96 -20.99
h/w=16/43
=0.37
CRANE LOADS
Weight of crab = 30 KN
Crane Load 1 (when crab is on left side for one bay): Reaction on R.H.S = 125.88 KN
Crane Load 1 (when crab is on right side for one bay): Reaction on R.H.S = 608.25 KN
LOAD CASES
1. Dead Load
2. Live Load
3. Crane Load 1
4. Crane Load 2
5. Wind Load left to right
6. Wind Load right to left
7. Wind Load parallel to ridge
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Wind load
Gantry Girders
Loads acting on gantry girder
1. Vertical loads
2. Weight of crane girders
3. Weight of trolley or crab car
4. Self weight of girder and rail
Design
Wheel base b =3 m
Span of girder L = 8m
Since (b< 0.586 L) maximum BM will occur when at centre of span is midway between C.G of
loads and one wheel load.
Let, (W1) self weight of girder = 2W/250 = 2X195.47/ 250 = 1.56 KN/m
Maximum BM will occur under wheel load (F) which is nearer to the centre of span.
1 8
Now, 𝑅𝐵 = [ (1.86 X 8 X ) + 195.47 (1.75+ 4.75)]
8 2
𝑅𝐵 = 166.25 KN
𝑅𝐴 = 239.57 KN
Data
Load calculations
i. Vertical loading
Maximum static wheel load due to weight of crane = 200/4 = 50 KN
Maximum static wheel load due to crane load,
𝑊𝑡 (𝐿𝑐−𝐿1) 200+30 (20−1.5)
W1= = = 106.375 KN
2𝐿𝑐 2𝑥20
Total load due to weight of crane and the crane load = 50 +106.375 = 156.375 KN
To allow for impact etc. This load should be multiplied by 25%
Design load = 156.375 x 1.25 = 195.47 KN
Wc = factored design load = 293.2 KN
II. Horizontal BM
8 3
2𝑋17.26(2 −4)2
Moment due to surge load (My) = = 45.58 KN m
8
III. BM due to drag (assuming the rail height as 0.2 m and depth of girder as 0.6 m)
Reaction due to drag force = Pg X e/L = 14.67(0.3+0.15)/8 = 0.825
M3 = R(L/2-C/4)= 0.825 (8/2-3/4) = 2.68 KN m
Total design BM
M2 =774.23+45.58+2.68 = 823 KN m
Shear force
ii. Lateral shear force due to surge load (𝑉𝑦 )= (2-3/8)x 17.26 = 28.05 KN
Reaction due to drag force = 0.825 KN
And maximum ultimate reaction (𝑅𝑍 )= 487.25 +0.825 =488.675 KN
Since deflection govern the design choose I , using the deflection limit of L/150
15.6𝑋 195.47𝑋(8000−3000)(2𝑋8000𝑋8000+2𝑋8000𝑋3000−3000𝑋3000)10 3
I=
8000𝑋2𝑋10 5
A= 18486 𝑚𝑚2
B= 250 mm
𝑡𝑓 =23.6 mm
𝑡𝑤 = 11.8 mm
𝑅 = 18 𝑚
A= 6293 𝑚𝑚2
h= 400 m
B= 100 mm
𝑡𝑓 = 15.3 mm
𝑡𝑤 = 8.6 mm
𝐶𝑦𝑦 = 24.2 mm
𝑦𝑏 = 363.63 mm
1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑡 = = 6519 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
236.37
1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑏 = = 4237.904 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
363.63
1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑥𝑡 = = 6519.57 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
236.37
1541.03 𝑋 10 6
𝑧𝑥𝑏 = = 4237.91 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
363.63
24.2 𝑋250 3
𝐼𝑡𝐹 = = 31.51 X 106 𝑚𝑚4
12
182.34 𝑋 10 6
𝑍𝑦 (from top flange alone)= = 911.7 X 103 𝑚𝑚3
200
Plastic neutral axis divides the area into two equal area i.e
18486 +6293
= = 12389.5 𝑚𝑚2
2
6293
𝑑𝑝 = = 266.65 mm
2 𝑋11.8
Ignoring fillets, the plastic section modulus below the equal area axis is
𝑍𝑝𝑦 = 23.6x 250x 250/4 +(400 − (2 𝑋15.3)/4)2 X 8.6 +2X 100 X 15.3 X (400/2-15.3/2)
823 45.58
+ =0.89<1
1155.79 248.64
𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑡 choice
1
ʋ𝐿𝑇𝑍 = 0.5 <1
𝜙 𝐿𝑇𝑍 + 𝜙 𝐿𝑇𝑍 2 −𝛼 𝐿𝑇𝑍 2
1
=
0.841+ 0.8412 −0.752 2 0.5
=0.81
ʋ𝐿𝑇𝑍 𝑓𝑦 250𝑋0.818
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = = =185.9 N/𝑚𝑚2
ɤ𝑚𝑜 1.1
𝑀𝑑𝑍 = 𝛽𝑏 𝑍𝑝 𝑓𝑏𝑑
=1.0 X7072.83X103 X185.9
= 1314.83 > 823 KNm
Thus the beam is satisfactory under vertical loading. Now it is necessary to check it
under biaxial loading.
For top flange only,
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑑𝑦 = x𝑍
1.1 𝑦𝑡
250
= x2281.35X103
1.1
=518.48 KNm
1.2𝑋911.7𝑋10 3 𝑋250
𝑚𝑑𝑦 =
1.1
=248.64 KNm < 518.48 KNm
𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑌
+ not greater than 1.0
𝑀𝑑𝑍 𝑀𝑑𝑦
823 45.58
+ = 0.809 not greater than 1
1314.33 248.64
Therefore beam is safe
*Weld design:
Ῡ𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 236.37
A = 6293 𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑍 = 487.85 KN
= 470.81 N/mm
This shear is taken by welds. Hence use a minimum weld of 4mm (470.89 N/mm) per weld.
Web buckling
𝑏1 = 100 mm
𝑛1 = 600/2 + (2X8.6) = 317.2 mm
1
Ҳ= = 0.2
2 2
𝜙 𝐿𝑇 + 𝜙 𝐿𝑇 −ℷ𝐿𝑇
250 𝑋 0.2
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 45.45 N/𝑚𝑚2
1.1
𝑃𝑑 = Buckling resistance
Therefore safe
Span=8m
Spacing=2.14m
Loads θ=10degree
LL = 0.75 KN/𝑚 2
DL = 0.696 KN/𝑚 2
WL = 1.86 KN/𝑚 2
WDL
WL = 1.8682.14=3.98 KN/m
Load combination
1.5(DL+LL)
= 1.5(1.489+1.605)
= 4.64 KN/m
A. Load Combination(DL+LL)1.5
W = 1.5(1.489+1.605)
= 4.64 KN/m
Wx = 4.6481010
= 4.569 KN/m
Wy = 4.64 x sin10
= 0.8057 KN/m
Mx = 4.569 x (b)2/10
= 29.24 KN/m
4.569 𝑋 8
SF = = 18.28 KN
2
Md=Bb[ Zp x250]/1.1
29.24 x 103 =[1 x zp]/1.1 x 250
Zp = 128.66 x 103
Zp/ze = 1.12
Tf = 11.4
Tw = 6.1
Cy = 2.17
S/c classification
b/Tf = 75/11.4=6.57<9.4
d/Tw = 177.2/6.1=29.04<42
S/c is plastic
Av = (200 x 6.1)=1220𝑚𝑚2
𝛽𝑏 𝑋 𝑓 𝑦 𝑋 𝑍 𝑝𝑧
Mdz = = 47.98 x 106 KNm
𝛾𝑚𝑜
Mdz should be less than
1.2 𝑋 181.9 𝑋 10 3
= 49.6 KNm
1.1 𝑋 250
Safe.
1.2𝑋250 𝑋 53.59 𝑋 10 3
Mdy = =12.18 KN
1.1 𝑋 10 6
=7.17 𝑋 106
𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑦 29.24 5.156
+ = + = 1.03 less than or equal to 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 48 12.18
Unsafe
Tf = 12.4
Tw = 6.4
Zpx = y x a
= 92.50 x 3867
= 357.703 x 103 𝑚𝑚 3
Zpy = y x a
= 20 x 3867
Safe.
𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑦 29.24 5.156
+ = + = 0.65 less than or equal to 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 81.29 17.57
Safe.
Deflection
5 𝑋 24.74 𝑋 𝑋 8000
δ= = 21.60mm < L/180 = 44.44mm
384 𝑋 2 𝑋 10 5 𝑋 3816 .84 𝑋 10 4
Safe.
B. Load Combination
1.5(DL+WL)
= 1.5(1.489-3.98)
=-3.73km/m
Wx = 3.73 X 10510
=3.679 KN/m
Wy = (1.489 X sin10)1.5
=0.387 KN/m
3.679 𝑋 82
Mx = = 23.54 KNm > 81.29 KNm
10
0.387 𝑋 82
My = 10
= 2.4 KN m > 17.57 KNm
S/c is Safe
𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑦 23.54 2.48
+ = + = 0.43 less than or equal to 1
𝑀𝑑𝑧 𝑀𝑑𝑦 81.29 17.57
Safe.
DESIGN OF CLAD RUNNER
Length of Runner = 8m
LOAD ON GRIT:-
Factored = 3.75675
Selection of Section -
ISMC 250
Zpz=y1xA
=92.00*3867
Zpz= 357700mm4
Zpy=y2xA
=20*3867
Zpy= 77340mm4
Mdz= 357.7x10^3x250/1.1x10^6
Mdz = 81.29KNm
Mdze = 1.2x305.7x10^3x250/1.1x10^6
Mdy= 77.37x10^3x250/1.1x10^6
Mdy = 17.81.29KNm
Mdye = 1.2x38.11x10^3x250/1.1x10^6
δx = ( 5x 2.5x8x10^3x8000^3)/(384x2x10^5x3816.18x10^4)
δx = 17.46 mm
SAFE
DESIGN OF BASE PLATE FOR INDUSTRIAL SHED (For Column MB500)
Load H P M NODE
Combination ( kn ) ( kn ) ( kn-m ) NO.
for maximum compressive force
101 1.0 [D + L + CL L.H.S]
28.24 865.44 0 97
for maximum tensile force
104 1.0 [D + WL RL]
79.33 -683.38 0 97
Fck = 30 N/mm^2
Capacity of Bolts
1) Tension = 152.5 kN
2) Shear = 103.8 kN
=113.897 kN
=0.127
Perm. Shear=103.8
= 0.574138 ≤ 1.0
Hence OK
a= 110mm
b= 50mm
ts= [2.5w(a2-0.3b2)ƴm0/fy]
ts= [2.5x3.61x(1102-0.3x502)x1.1/250]
ts= 21.220 mm
Md = 1.2 x Ze x fy / ɣmo
fy = 250 Mpa
ɣmo = 1.1
1.1
Ze = b x t ² = 66.67 X t² b = 400
17084550 = 18182.727 t²
t = 17084550
18183
t= 30.653 mm
Material -
Fz (kN) = 9.6
Fz (kN) = 9.6
Factored Force -
Fz (kN) = 14.40
DESIGN OF COLUMN -
Assume % of steel in pedestal (p) = 0.15 %
p/ fck = 0.005
d'/D = 0.1
d'/D = 0.067
= 6000 kN
Referring Chart - 64 of SP- 16 By taking above value of Pu/Puz and Mux / Mux1
SAFE
B D
Cover = 50
Link = 8
Ash = 0.18 x S x h x fck / fy x [(Ag / Ak) -1]
Ag = 375000 mm2
fck= 30
fy= 415