CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related studies and

literatures about that provided a background for the

development of the present study and bring the readers up-

to-date. It includes both conceptual and research

literature from the filipino and foreign authors.

Foreign Studies and Literature

Good quality water is essential, whether you are using

water for survival and health or for cooling and production

processes.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

about 842,000 people die annually from water-related

diseases.

Currently, 884 million people in the world do not have

access to a safe source of drinking water, and 2.6 billion

people are without access to adequate sanitation

facilities. Because these challenges are fundamentally

political, the Project on Global Water Policy explores the

governance challenges and opportunities inherent in

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ensuring the sustainable use and stewardship of this

critical resource in diverse world contexts.

Whether in the confines of the International Space

Station or a tiny hut village in sub-Saharan Africa,

drinkable water is vital for human survival. Unfortunately,

many people around the world lack access to clean water.

Using technology, at-risk areas can now gain access to

advanced water filtration and purification systems, making

a life-saving difference in these communities.

The nonprofit organization Concern for Kids, has

provided aid and disaster relief to countries such as

Malaysia, Iraq and Indonesia since 1992. Among other

services, the group raises funds to install water delivery

systems and water storage tanks in at-risk regions.

Years later, Concern for Kids representatives

learned about a deep-water well failure in the tiny Kurdish

village of Kendala, Iraq, which left its residents without

access to drinkable water. The population quickly dwindled

from 1,000 residents to a mere 150. Those remaining were

forced to use a nearby creek that contained water

contaminated by livestock, which they sifted through fabric

to remove dirt and debris according to Joshi, 2015.

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Local Studies and Literature

Some economic studies have already been done that

reviewed or analyzed the potable water situation in the

Philippines.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

about a million Filipinos get sick with water-borne

diseases yearly. And these are diarrhea cases alone. They

don’t include other water-borne disease like amoebiasis,

cryptosporidiosis and cholera. These problems are

accredited to the poor water system in the Philippines.

Even in the capital Manila, only about three fourths of the

population receives piped water from the municipal

authority. Outside Manila far fewer people have access to

clean water distribution. In both locations, these families

must find alternate water sources if they are to avoid

cholera epidemics and other health problems spawned by the

foul, contaminated water available in their neighborhoods.

In the provinces, the scenario is worse.

The World Bank Group (2003) further indicated that up

to 58 percent of the groundwater supply in the country

intended were drinking are contaminated with coliform and

needed treatment. It further asserted that 31 percent of

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illnesses monitored during a five-year period were water-

related diseases.

According to Ebarvia (1994), in a study of water

demand and supply in Metro Manila, he stated that most of

surface water resources in Metro Manila were already

contaminated and does not fit for drinking and tertiary

water treatment was required.

In another study on demand and supply of water in

Metro Manila, David and Inocencio (1996), indicated that 30

percent of the population was not reached by any public

water service. Furthermore, it argued that the quality of

water service was poor, reliability of service was

inadequate and the progressive rate imposed by the service

provider did not really benefit the poor.

On the issue of water pricing, Largo et al. (1998)

asserted that both the price of water and income of

households significantly affected water demand by

households in Metro Cebu. However, price had a greater

impact than income on water demand. This suggested that the

high price paid by the poor for water rather than their low

income largely explains their low levels of water

consumption.
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Arellano (1994) emphasized the severe strain on water

resources that the growing population of Metro Manila has

brought and explored options for privatization of the

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Sytem (MWSS) which

served the water needs of the area.

In another study on the effects of the privatization

of the Metro Manila Water and Sewerage System (MWSS on the

price of water, the poor and the environment David (2000)

indicated that unless some adjustments were made, the water

shortage problem in Metro Manila will persist even with

privatization. It also asserted that the poor will continue

to pay a much higher price for water. Furthermore, the

paper argued that even though the water pricing is

progressive, it may end up having regressive effects as the

poorer households have to rely on shared water connection

or public faucets and thereby actually pay higher water

prices.

In another study, Inocencio et al. (1999) studied the

basic household water requirement to maintain good health

and proper sanitation and computed the lifeline or minimum

consumption block of about 10 cubic meters per month for a

family of 6 members.
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Inocencio and David (2001) further indicated that the

provision of water for the poor and poor communities can be

a potent tool for alleviating poverty as it impacts on

health, income and consumption and gender and social

inclusion.

On alternative potable water sources, Magtibay (2004)

explained that a portion of the population of the

Philippines has shifted their preference to alternative

sources of drinking water and that the demand at the water

refilling stations or water stores that sell purified water

is now increasing. It asserted that the quality of purified

water conforms to national 9 standards for drinking water

and is even better than the quality of water produced by

traditional water supply systems particularly in terms of

removed impurities.

On the issue of accessibility of potable water,

Greenpeace (2007) and World Bank (2005) stated that one out

of five Filipinos did not get water from formal sources.

Furthermore, it explained that only 77 percent of the rural

population and 90 percent of those in urban areas have

access to an improved water source and only 44 percent have

direct house connections.