Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Introduction
You all know that lemon, tomato, oranges tastes sour. You also know that all of them contains citric acid. This is the
best natural example to prove that acids are sour in taste.
On the other hand you all know that increased amount of baking soda makes the cake taste bitter. This is because
baking soda is a base and hence tastes bitter.
When tested on a litmus paper acids turn the colour of the litmus to red whereas bases turns the colour of the litmus
to blue.
Metals react with acids and displaces hydrogen from the acids to produce hydrogen gas and metal salt. If a
matchstick is brought near the mouth of the tube containing the product of the reaction then we hear a pop sound. It
is this hydrogen gas that burns with a pop sound.
o For instance, Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
o Electrochemical series is the development of a series of metals that are arranged as per their reactivity in a
sequence from highest to lowest. Copper does not react with hydrochloric acid because it is below
hydrogen in the electrochemical series due to which it does not react liberate hydrogen but reacts with
sulphuric acid
CuO + H2SO4
Metal like zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas. For instance, zinc reacts with
sodium hydroxide to give sodium zincate.
Metal carbonates are formed by reaction of metal salt with CO 2 or with a carbonate of a more reactive metal.
Metal Hydrogencarbonates are formed by reaction of metal salt with HCO3 or with a hydrogencarbonates of a more
reactive metal.
Metal carbonates and Metal Hydrogencarbonates reacts with acids and produces corresponding metal salt, carbon
dioxide and water.
Let us consider the reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute HCl. The reaction proceeds in the following manner.
Secondly let us consider the reaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate with dilute HCl. The reaction proceeds as
follows.
Both the reaction produces CO2 which on passing through lime water makes lime water milky due to formation of
calcium carbonate.
Metallic oxides react with acids to give salts and water. Let us consider the reaction of copper oxide with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
After the reaction takes place the colour of the solution becomes blue-green due to the formation of copper (II)
chloride and the copper oxide dissolves. This proves that metallic oxides are basic oxides.
Reaction of non-metallic oxides with base
Reaction of non-metallic oxides with base
Non-metallic oxides are formed by the reaction of non-metals with oxygen. They react with base to give salts and
water. Let us consider the reaction of Calcium hydroxide (base) with carbon dioxide (non-metallic oxide) to produce
salt and water.
Acids and bases react with each other to nullify the effect of each other. Let us consider a simple reaction. Take a
sample of NaOH which is a base and add drops of dilute HCl.
Acids in water solution dissociates H+ ions. Let us consider the reaction between water and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
HCl in presence of water produces H+ ion. This ion cannot exist alone and hence combines with water molecules and
forms H3O+. The reaction is as follows:
Base when dissolved in water produces OH- ion. Let us consider the reaction between water and sodium hydroxide
NaOH. NaOH in presence of water produces OH-ion.
Reaction of acid or base with water leads to the decrease in the concentration of ions (H 3O+/OH–) per unit
volume. This process is known as dilution.
o The procedure of dissolving acid or base in water is highly exothermic reaction.
o The acid needs to be added slowly to water with constant stirring.
Fig. Adding water to concentrated acid
o Adding water to concentrated acid generates tremendous heat causing the mixture to splash out and can
even cause burns.
o
o The beaker used for the reaction may also break due to the generation of excessive indigenous
heating.
o
o Base when dissolved in water produces OH- ion. Let us consider the reaction between water and sodium
hydroxide NaOH. NaOH in presence of water produces OH-ion.
o
o The H+ and OH- ions contain a free electron that carries the electric charge and thereby conducts
electricity.
pH scale
o A scale developed to measure the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is known as pH scale where
p in pH implies ‘potenz’ in German.
o pH scale ranges from 0 (highly acidic) – 14 (highly alkaline).
o The pH of a neutral solution is 7.
o Acidic solution is represented by a value less than 7 on the pH scale.
o Whereas basic solution is represented by a value greater than 7 on the pH scale.
o An increase in OH– ions concentration in the solution results in increase in the strength of alkali hence the
value of pH increases.
o Acids giving rise to more H+ ions are strong acids whereas those giving rise to less H+ ions are termed as
weak acids.
o Similarly bases giving rise to more OH- ions are strong bases whereas those giving rise to less OH- ions
are termed as weak bases.
o Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral with pH value of 7.
o Salts of strong acid and weak base are acidic with pH value less than 7.
o Salts of a strong base and weak acid are basic in nature, with pH value more than 7.
o Ant sting injects formic acid and nettle stings and injects methanoic acid causing pain and irritation. Use
of a mild base like baking soda on the stung area can provide relief to some extent due to neutralization
reaction between acid and base.
Chemicals from salt
o Salts formed by the blend of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is called sodium chloride.
S
Sodium hydroxide
o Passing electricity through brine solution (an aqueous solution of sodium chloride), it decomposes to give
chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
o The process is termed as the chlor-alkali process. The term chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium
hydroxide.
o Chlorine gas is given off at the anode,
o Hydrogen gas is given off at the cathode.
o Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode.
o The reaction that takes place is as follows:
B
Bleaching powder
o Chlorine produced on passing electricity through brine solution undergoes reaction with dry slaked lime
[Ca (OH)2] to produce Bleaching powder.
o The reaction is as follows:
Baking soda
o Chlorine produced on passing electricity through brine solution undergoes reaction with ammonia
produces baking soda.
o The chemical name of baking soda is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO 3).
o It is a mild non-corrosive basic salt.
o The following reaction takes place.
o This carbon-dioxide produced makes bread or cake rise thereby making them soft and spongy.
o Being alkaline it is also an active ingredient in antacids that acts by neutralising the excess acid produced
in the stomach.
o It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
Washing soda
o This is another chemical derivative of sodium chloride. The heating of baking soda produces sodium
carbonate.
Water of crystallization
The fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt is called water of crystallisation.
o For instance, there are five molecules of water in one formula unit of copper sulphate and hence the
chemical formula for hydrated copper sulphate is CuSO4. 5H2
o When mixed with water, it again changes to gypsum giving a hard solid mass. The reaction is as follows:
o It is also used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making smooth surfaces
Answer:
Column A Column B
Lactic acid Curd
Acetic acid Vinegar
Citric acid Lemon
Oxalic acid Tomato
Match the important chemicals given in Column (A) with the chemical formulae given in
Column (B)
Answer:
Column A Column B
Plaster of Paris CaSO4.0.5H2O
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Bleaching powder CaOCl2
Slaked lime Ca(OH)2
What will be the action of the following substances on litmus paper? (Dry HCl gas, Moistened
NH3 gas, Lemon juice, Carbonated soft drink, Curd, Soap solution.)
Answer:
Explanation:
a. Dry HCl does not liberate hydrogen ion, hence no action takes place with litmus
paper.
b. NH3 gas forms ammonium hydroxide in with water which turns red litmus paper
blue.
c. Lemon juice is citric acid, so it turns blue litmus paper red.
d. Carbonate soft drink contains carbon dioxide dissolved in water. Carbon dioxide
forms carbonic acid; with water; which turns blue litmus paper red.
e. Curd contains lactic acid and hence turns blue litmus paper to red.
f. Soap solution is basic in nature hence it turns red litmus paper to blue.
1. Name the acid present in ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also give the
common method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting.
Answer: Name of acid present in ant sting: Methanoic acid
Method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting: Rubbing
baking soda over the location of ant sting.
Explanation: Since baking soda is a base thus by rubbing over the ant sting it
neutralizes the methanoic acid present in ant sting and gives relief from pain.
1.3. A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) a base in two separate
beakers. She forgot to label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the
laboratory. Since both the solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish
between the two?
Answer: While answering this question, we need to make certain assumptions.
Let us assume that laboratory has all the necessary items but litmus paper. We
can use phenolphthalein to check which of the beakers contains acid and which
one contains a base. Apart from that, we can also use other natural indicators;
like China rose or turmeric.
Ques : Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another
salt B which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a gas C is evolved. The
gas C when passed through lime water, turns it milky. Identify A, B and C.
Answer: Baking power which is a salt is used as bakery products which give sodium
carbonate and carbon dioxide gas on heating. Sodium carbonate is used to remove the
hardness of water. Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky.
Therefore;
1. How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by
heating?
Answer: The production of carbon dioxide is main characteristic of baking soda
that makes it suitable for baking.
Baking soda gives carbon dioxide and water vapour on heating at even low
temperature such as 100°C. The gas so formed turns lime water milky, which
confirms the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
Therefore;
1. What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate strong
acids from weak acids. (Hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid,
formic acid, sulphuric acid.)
Answer: Strong Acid – Strong acids ionize completely in their aqueous solution
and produce maximum number of hydrogen ions. Mineral acids are generally
strong acids. Examples: Hydrochloric acid, Nitric Acid, Sulphuric Acid
Weak Acid – Weak acids do not ionize completely in their aqueous solution.
Organic acids are generally weak acids. Examples: Citric Acid, Acetic Acid,
Formic Acid
2. When zinc metal is treated with a dilute solution of a strong acid, a gas is
evolved, which is utilised in the hydrogenation of oil. Name the gas evolved.
Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved and also write a test to
detect the gas formed.
Answer: Zinc metal gives hydrogen gas when it is treated with dilute sulphuric
acid. Hydrogen gas is utilized in hydrogenation of oil. Therefore, the gas evolved
is hydrogen.
Zn + H2SO4 ⇨ ZnSO4 + H2
Test for hydrogen gas: When a burning candle is brought near the hydrogen
gas, it burns with pop sound which confirms the presence of hydrogen gas
2. Match the important chemicals given in Column (A) with the chemical formulae given
in Column (B)
Column (A) Column (B)
(a) Plaster of Paris (i) Ca(OH)2
(b) Gypsum (ii) CaSO4.1/2 H2O
(c) Bleaching Powder (iii) CaSO4 .2H2O
(d) Slaked Lime (iv) CaOC12
4. Name the acid present in ant sting and give its chemical formula. Also give the
common method to get relief from the discomfort caused by the ant sting.
6. A student prepared solutions of (i) an acid and (ii) a base in two separate beakers. She
forgot to label the solutions and litmus paper is not available in the laboratory. Since
both the solutions are colourless, how will she distinguish between the two?
7. How would you distinguish between baking powder and washing soda by heating?
8. Salt A commonly used in bakery products on heating gets converted into another salt
B which itself is used for removal of hardness of water and a gas C is evolved. The gas C
when passed through lime water, turns it milky. Identify A, B and C?
9What is an indicator? Name of commonly used indicators?
10Use of blue litmus paper in acid and bases.
11.How can you say that orange juice is acidic in nature?
12.Explain the color changing in Methyl orange and phenolphthalein
13.What is universal indicator?
14.Why do we see a yellow stain on a white cloth?
15.What are olfactory indicators and their examples?
16.When will we not be able to detect the characteristics smell of onion and vanilla?
17.Why lemon has a sour taste?
18.Differentiate between organic and mineral acid?
19.Example of organic and mineral acids
20.In how many parts can acids be divided into?
21.What type of acid is vinegar and what are its uses?
22.Difference between concentrated and dilute acid
23.Why should we not add water to concentrated acid to form dilute acid?
24.What are the properties of acid?
25.Diagram to show the reaction of dilute sulphuric acid with zinc?
26.Why should you not keep sour stuff in metal utensils?
27.What is formed when:
MCQ
What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of a base in a test
tube?
a. (i) only
b. (i) and (iii)
c. (ii) and (iii)
d. (i) and (iv)
Answer: (d) (i) and (iv)
2 An aqueous solution turns red litmus solution blue. Excess addition of which of the
following solution would reverse the change?
a. Baking powder
b. Lime
c. Ammonium hydroxide solution
d. Hydrochloric acid
Answer: (d) Hydrochloric acid
3 During the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas on a humid day,
the gas is usually passed through the guard tube containing
calcium chloride. The role of calcium chloride taken in the guard
tube is to
e. absorb the evolved gas
f. moisten the gas
g. absorb moisture from the gas
h. absorb Cl− ions from the evolved gas
Answer: (c) absorb moisture from the gas
i. Blue vitriol
j. Baking soda
k. Washing soda
l. Gypsum
Answer: (b) Baking soda
A basic
B acidic
C neutral
D amphoteric
Answer: (c) neutral
7 A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. The clear
supernatant solution turns the pH paper yellowish-orange. Which of the
following would change the colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue?
A Lemon juice
B Vinegar
C Common salt
D An antacid
Answer: (d) An antacid
8 Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of acidic
strength?