1.The defence services of the country account for nearly Rs 2.

29 lakh crore of the Central

Government Budget which is 2.5 per cent of the GDP and 13 per cent of the Central
Government expenditure.

2.Education spending in India has been lower than the world average. Globally, 4.9% of GDP
was spent on education in 2010 while India spent only 3.3% of GDP, according to World
Bank data.
Compared to BRICS nations, India’s literacy rate is only 74% while that of these economies
is equivalent to that of the developed world.

3. Research and development (R&D) spend in India has grown steadily to approximately $40
billion, representing around 0.9 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP). This is still short
of the Indian government's target of 2 per cent of GDP that was set in 2010 and reaffirmed in
2012.

R&D spend is an indicator of competitiveness of a country's economy and many countries

have set a target of investing one per cent of their GDP on R&D. Some developed countries
have set their targets at three per cent of GDP. The USA, the UK, Australia, China, Japan,
New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation and Singapore have spent more
than one per cent (in the range of one to four per cent) of their respective GDP on R&D.

4. Asia's third-largest economy spends about 1 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP)
on public health, compared with 3 percent in China and 8.3 percent in the United States.
Indian states manage their health budgets separately.

5. Indian Railways, the largest network in Asia, runs 11,000 trains every day, of which 7,000
are passenger trains. It ferries over 13 million passengers every day on its 63,028-km tracks.

high operating cost-Indian railway has high operating cost of 90%.this means that that for
every rupee invested in railway,90 Paisa is spent in meeting operating expenditure only.

After agriculture, which provides employment to maximum people even today, MSME
contributes 40-46 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP). There is an investment of '10-
11 lakh crore in big industries, but in the MSME sector there is a '5.77 crore unit that
employs 14 crore people. On the one hand we are contributing to the GDP of the nation and
on the other we are helping export and providing employment. - See more at:
http://www.governancenow.com/views/interview/those-who-are-blindly-running-china-
would-gradually-look-wards-india-giriraj-singh#sthash.c2Zr7NOJ.dpuf

“Just one in five women is in the workforce, making India’s workforce one of the most gender -biased in the
world.”
Though contribution of agriculture to GDP has come down to 18% of GDP, its contribution
to the employment is still 47%(Economic survey 2015). This creates distressful employment
in agriculture.

– Additionally disequilibrium is created as India has moved from agriculture dominant to

service sector dominant stage while skipping the stage of manufacturing dominance which
could have generated massive additional employment.

– Service sector contributes 51% of GDP but only 27% to the employment. This means
despite higher investments, it is not able to absorb excess labour force.

– Industry sector, on the other hand is at equilibrium with contribution of 31% to GDP and
24% to employment.

ST -At present, there are five criteria —primitive traits, distinctive culture, shyness of contact,
geographical isolation and backwardness. The govt has reworked these to include socio-economic
and educational backwardness, and autonomous religious practices.

Read more at:

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/48949703.cms?utm_source=contentofinter
est&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
Smart cities Examples
Surat online monitoring of water quality
gunshot sensors placed around city, to immediately notify police on crime in
Boston, US
progress.
Dublin mobile apps for parking slot, so you don’t have to loiter here and there to find
(Ireland) empty space.
Mayor gets constant data on city performance, even data mining tools to
London, UK
analyze live twitter feeds (e.g. junta complaining about traffic or late trains)

For a country set to be the world's youngest by 2020 with a median age of 29, when the
Chinese median age would be 37, this demographic dividend would make India the biggest
consumer market . By 2022, the average Indian’s age would be 29, compared to 37 for China
and the US, and 45 for Western Europe. India has the potential not only to meet its own
manpower needs but it can also cater to the manpower demand of other nations.

Currently, the supply of skilled manpower in India is approximately 3.4 million. According to
the ILO, there will be a demand for 500 million skilled workers in India by 2022. A wide gap
of 496.6 million skilled workers needs to be filled in eight years.

Today, India is a young nation. We have 605 million people below the age of 25, while in the
age group 10-19, poised for higher education, we have 225 million. This means that for the
next 40 years we would have a youthful, dynamic and productive workforce when the rest of
the world, including China, is aging. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) has
predicted that by 2020, India will have 116 million workers in the work-starting age bracket
of 20 to 24 years, as compared to China's 94 million.
It is further estimated that the average age in India by the year 2020 will be 29 years as
against 40 years in the USA, 46 years in Europe and 47 years in Japan. In fact, in 20 years
the labour force in the industrialised world will decline by 4%, in China by 5%, while in
India it will increase by 32%. And the IMF, in 2011, reported that India's demographic
dividend has the potential to add 2 percentage points per annum to India's per capita GDP
growth over the next two decades.

India ageing faster than expected

Median age projected to increase rapidly to 31 years in 2026, overall population seen
increasing 55% by 2050

The report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has projected a rapid increase in
India’s median age to 31 years in 2026 (it was 20 in the 1980s). It has also projected a 326%
increase in the number of people aged between 60 and 80 by the year 2050 (from the year
2000); a 700% increase in the number of people older than 80; and a 55% increase in the
country’s overall population. It didn’t provide absolute numbers for the estimates.

India is facing an elderly population 'time bomb' according to a United

Nations report which revealed its number of old people will triple by 2050.

According to the report two-thirds of India's 100 million people over 60 suffered a chronic
ailment in 2011. That number is expected to increase to more than 200 million by 2050.

Ideally, a policeman should look after just 568 people (176 policemen per lakh
population) as per the Bureau of Police Research and Development.

Policemen

If safety cannot be guaranteed as a right in India, blame it on the country’s abysmal police-to-
population ratio. With just one policeman for 761 people which translates into approximately
131 policemen per lakh population, India has fewer cops per capita than most other countries.
Even this fails to meet the United Nations recommended figure of roughly 222 policemen for a lakh
of population i.e. 1:450.

INTERNET

Economies of Indian states can grow 1.08 per cent faster with every 10 per cent increase in
Internet and broadband connections, says a study released today by Indian Council for
Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER).Consequently, for every 10 per cent
increase in Internet and broadband penetration, India could potentially add USD 17 billion to
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the report said.

ROADS
A study (Fan et al. 1999) carried out by the International Food Policy Research Institute on linkages
between government expenditure and poverty in rural India has revealed that an investment of Rs 1
crore in roads lifts 1650 poor persons above the poverty line. Public investment on roads impacts
rural poverty through its effect on improved agricultural productivity, higher non-farm employment
opportunities and increased rural wages. Improvement in agricultural productivity not only reduces
rural poverty directly by increasing income of poor households, it also causes decline in poverty
indirectly by raising agricultural wages and lowering food prices (since poor households are net
buyers of foodgrains). Similarly, increased non-farm employment and higher rural wages also
enhance incomes of the rural poor and consequently, reduce rural poverty.

DEFENCE

In a bid to boost defence manufacturing, the government of India through it’s 'Make in India'
initiative has set a target to manufacture 70 per cent of defence related products domestically
to reduce import bills. Currently, only 30 per cent of the total equipment is manufactured
indigenously and the rest are imported.