)

WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Ðïëý óõ÷íÜ üëïé ìáò óõíáíôÜìå üñïõò, ôïõò ïðïßïõò äåí ãíùñßæïõìå êáé ïé ïðïßïé
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
ìáò äõóêïëåýïõí áñêåôÜ óôç äïõëåéÜ ìáò, åßôå áõôÞ Ý÷åé ó÷Ýóç ìå êÜðïéá
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
åöáñìïãÞ åßôå ìå êÜðïéá óõóêåõÞ. Óå ìéá ðñïóðÜèåéá íá âïçèÞóïõìå üëïõò åóÜò
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
ðïõ èÝëåôå íá ìÜèåôå ôç óçìáóßá ôùí üñùí ðïõ óõíáíôÜôå, ðáñïõóéÜæïõìå óå
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
êÜèå ôåý÷ïò ôï ëåîéêü ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé üñïõò ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óå Üñèñá ôïõ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
ðåñéïäéêïý
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB
WEB
A B C D E F G
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
MPEG
MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB
WEB
H I J K L M N
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
MPEG
MPEG
WEB
WEB O P Q R S T U
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
MPEG
MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB
WEB
V W X Y Z
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
MPEG
MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB
WEB ÅËËÇÍÉÊÏÉ ÏÑÏÉ
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
MPEG
MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB
WEB
ÏÉ ÏÑÏÉ ÐÏÕ ÐÑÏÓÔÅÈÇÊÁÍ
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL
MPEG
MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
AC Adapter:
(Álternating Current Adapter) O ðñïóáñìïãÝáò åíáëëáóóüìåíïõ ñåýìá-
ôïò. Ç óõóêåõÞ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá ðñïóáñìüæåé ôï åíáëëáóóüìå-
íï ñåýìá ðïõ, óå áíôßèåóç ìå ôï óõíå÷Ýò, áëëÜæåé ôç öïñÜ ôïõ 50 ìå 60
öïñÝò ôï äåõôåñüëåðôï. Ôï ñåýìá áõôü åßíáé áêáôÜëëçëï ãéá ôçí ôñïöïäï-
óßá ôïõ çëåêôñïíéêïý õðïëïãéóôÞ, êáé ãé’ áõôü ôï ëüãï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ï
ðñïóáñìïãÝáò.
AC:
(Alternating Current) Åíáëëáóóüìåíï ñåýìá. ÁëëÜæåé ôç öïñÜ ôïõ 60 öï-
ñÝò ôï äåõôåñüëåðôï.
Access Time:
×ñüíïò ðñïóðÝëáóçò. Ï ÷ñüíïò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé Ýíá ðñüãñáììá Þ ìéá óõ-
óêåõÞ, ãéá íá åíôïðßóåé ìéá ìïíÜäá ðëçñïöïñßáò êáé íá ôç äéáèÝóåé óôï
óýóôçìá ãéá åðåîåñãáóßá. Ï üñïò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êõñßùò ãéá íá áðïôõ-
ðþóåé ôïõò ÷ñüíïõò ðñïóðÝëáóçò óå chip ìíÞìçò êáé óõóêåõÝò áðïèÞ-
êåõóçò äåäïìÝíùí. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôçò êåíôñéêÞò ìíÞìçò, ôá chip ôýðïõ
DRAM (dynamic random access memory) Ý÷ïõí ÷ñüíïõò ðñïóðÝëáóçò
áðü 50 Ýùò 150ns (nanoseconds, 1ns = 1 äéóåêáôïììõñéïóôü ôïõ äåõôå-
ñïëÝðôïõ). Ôá chip ôýðïõ SRAM (Static RAM) Ý÷ïõí ÷ñüíïõò ðñïóðÝëá-
óçò áðü 5 Ýùò 10ns. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôùí óõóêåõþí áðïèÞêåõóçò äåäïìÝ-
íùí, êáé ðéï óõãêåêñéìÝíá ôùí óêëçñþí äßóêùí, ï ÷ñüíïò ðñïóðÝëáóçò
ìåôñéÝôáé óå ms (milliseconds, 1 ms = 1 ÷éëéïóôü ôïõ äåõôåñïëÝðôïõ). ¸íáò
ìÝóïò óêëçñüò äßóêïò Ý÷åé ÷ñüíï ðñïóðÝëáóçò ãýñù óôá 10ms.
ACPI:
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface. Ìéá ðñïäéáãñáöÞ ãéá äéá-
÷åßñéóç åíÝñãåéáò (power management), ç ïðïßá áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôéò Intel,
Microsoft êáé Toshiba, êáé ðñüêåéôáé íá ðåñéÝ÷åôáé óôç íÝá Ýêäïóç ôùí
Windows. To ACPI åðéôñÝðåé óôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá íá åëÝã÷åé ôçí ðï-
óüôçôá ôçò éó÷ýïò ðïõ èá äßäåôáé óå êÜèå óõóêåõÞ óõíäåäåìÝíç óôïí õðï-
ëïãéóôÞ. Ìå ôï ACPI ôá Windows èá ìðïñïýí íá “óâÞíïõí” ôá ðåñéöå-
ñåéáêÜ ðïõ äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé.
ActiveX:
¸ôóé ïíïìÜæåôáé ìéá êáôçãïñßá öïñçôþí controls ôùí Visual ðåñéâáëëü-
íôùí ôçò Microsoft (Visual Basic, Visual C++, J++), ôá ïðïßá âñßóêïõí
åöáñìïãÞ óôïí ðñïãñáììáôéóìü åöáñìïãþí êáé óå óåëßäåò Web.
Active-Ìatrix Display:
Týðïò åðßðåäçò ïèüíçò (LCD flat-panel), óôçí ïðïßá ç áíáíÝùóç ôçò åé-
êüíáò ãßíåôáé ðéï óõ÷íÜ áðü ü,ôé óôéò óõíçèéóìÝíåò åðßðåäåò ïèüíåò
(Passive-Matrix). Ïé ãíùóôüôåñåò ïèüíåò Áctive-Ìatrix åßíáé ïé TFT.
ADC:
(Analog to Digital Converter) ÓõóêåõÞ ðïõ ìåôáôñÝðåé ôá óôïé÷åßá áíáëï-
ãéêÞò ìïñöÞò óå óôïé÷åßá øçöéáêÞò ìïñöÞò.
ADF:
(Automatic Document Feeder) ÅéäéêÞ óõóêåõÞ ðïõ åíóùìáôþíåôáé óå Ýíá
óáñùôÞ êáé ôïí ôñïöïäïôåß áõôüìáôá ìå ôéò ðñïò óÜñùóç óåëßäåò. Ôï ADF
óõíäÝåôáé óå åéäéêÞ èýñá ôïõ óáñùôÞ, óõíÞèùò DB9 Þ mini-DIN.
ADSL:
Ôï ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) åßíáé ìéá ôå÷íïëïãßá ãéá ôç
ìåôÜäïóç øçöéáêþí ðëçñïöïñéþí óå ðïëý õøçëÝò ôá÷ýôçôåò, ìÝóá áðü
ôéò õðÜñ÷ïõóåò ôçëåöùíéêÝò ãñáììÝò. Ôï ADSL ðáñÝ÷åé óõíäÝóåéò ðïõ
åßíáé ðÜíôá “áíïéêôÝò” - äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé, äçëáäÞ, ç ðñáãìáôïðïßçóç êëÞ-
óçò ãéá óýíäåóç. Ïé ôá÷ýôçôåò ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá
åðéôåõ÷èïýí, êõìáßíïíôáé áðü ôá 512Kbps Ýùò ôá 6Mbps. Ç ôá÷ýôçôá áõôÞ
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ A
áöïñÜ ìüíï ôï downstream (ëÞøç äåäïìÝíùí), åíþ ôï upstream (áðï-
óôïëÞ äåäïìÝíùí) ÷áñáêôçñßæåôáé áðü ôá÷ýôçôá áíÜìåóá óå 16 êáé 640Kbps.
AGP:
Accelerated Graphics Port. Áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ äéáýëïõ ðïõ áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü
ôçí Intel. ¸÷åé ó÷åäéáóôåß Ýôóé, þóôå íá äéá÷åéñßæåôáé ôéò ìåãÜëåò ðïóüôçôåò
äåäïìÝíùí ôùí ãñáöéêþí ôñéþí äéáóôÜóåùí. ¸÷åé õøçëüôåñåò ðñïäéáãñá-
öÝò áðü ôï PCI êáèþò êáé ôç äõíáôüôçôá Üìåóçò ðñüóâáóçò óôçí êåíôñé-
êÞ ìíÞìç åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò, ãé’ áõôü êáé ôï áíôéêáôÝóôçóå óôïí ôïìÝá ôçò
áðåéêüíéóçò ãñáöéêþí.
ÁÌR:
Ôï ÁÌR (Audio Modem Riser) åßíáé Ýíá íÝï slot ðÜíù óôéò ìçôñéêÝò, ç
åéóáãùãÞ ôïõ ïðïßïõ Ýãéíå áðü ôçí Intel. Ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ AMR ï êáôá-
óêåõáóôÞò ìðïñåß íá äçìéïõñãÞóåé, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ðïëý öèçíÜ modems
(Soft-modems), ôá ïðïßá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôçí éó÷ý ôïõ åðåîåñãáóôÞ ãéá íá
ëåéôïõñãÞóïõí.
Anti-aliasing:
Ôå÷íéêÞ öéëôñáñßóìáôïò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôéò êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí ãéá
ôçí êáëýôåñç áðåéêüíéóç ôñéóäéÜóôáôùí ãñáöéêþí. Ç ôå÷íéêÞ áõôÞ ïìáëï-
ðïéåß ôéò “ïäïíôùôÝò” áêìÝò ôùí êáìðýëùí ãñáììþí.
API:
(Application Programming Interface) Åßíáé Ýíá óýíïëï áðü ñïõôßíåò êáé
ãåíéêþò Ýôïéìá åñãáëåßá ðïõ äéåõêïëýíïõí ôïõò ðñïãñáììáôéóôÝò óôç äç-
ìéïõñãßá åöáñìïãþí.
APM:
Advanced Power Management (ÐñïçãìÝíç Äéá÷åßñéóç ÅíÝñãåéáò). ¸íá ÷á-
ñáêôçñéóôéêü ðïõ óõíáíôÜìå óõíÞèùò óôïõò öïñçôïýò õðïëïãéóôÝò
(notebooks), êáé ôï ïðïßï ôåñìáôßæåé ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôìçìÜôùí ôïõ õðïëïãé-
óôÞ (ïèüíç, óêëçñüò äßóêïò ê.ëð.) ìåôÜ áðü êÜðïéï óõãêåêñéìÝíï ÷ñïíé-
êü äéÜóôçìá áäñÜíåéáò, ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá åîïéêïíïìçèåß åíÝñãåéá.
Applet:
Ìéá ìéêñÞ åöáñìïãÞ-ðñüãñáììá, üðùò, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá
ó÷åäéáóìïý ôùí Windows. Toí ôåëåõôáßï êáéñü èá óõíáíôÞóåôå ðïëý óõ-
÷íÜ ôç öñÜóç Java Applets ðïõ äåí åßíáé ôßðïôå Üëëï ðáñÜ ìéêñÝò åöáñìï-
ãÝò óå Java.
Archie:
¸íá ðïëý ÷ñÞóéìï åñãáëåßï ãéá ôïí åíôïðéóìü áñ÷åßùí óå anonymous FTP
sites.
ASCII:
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Ç ðéï óõíçèéóìÝ-
íç ìïñöÞ áðëþí áñ÷åßùí êåéìÝíïõ, üðïõ êÜèå ÷áñáêôÞñáò áíôéðñïóù-
ðåýåôáé áðü Ýíá äõáäéêü áñéèìü 7-bit (äçëáäÞ ìéá óåéñÜ 7 ÷áñáêôÞñùí
ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åßíáé 0 Þ 1). Óôï ðñüôõðï áõôü êáèïñßæïíôáé óõíïëéêÜ
128 ÷áñáêôÞñåò.
ATA:
Advanced Technology Attachment. Aðïôåëåß ôç âáóéêÞ ðñïäéáãñáöÞ, óýì-
öùíá ìå ôçí ïðïßá õëïðïéåßôáé ôï ðñùôüêïëëï óýíäåóçò åíüò óêëçñïý
äßóêïõ ìå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ.
ATX:
Ç óýã÷ñïíç ôÜóç ó÷åäßáóçò êáé êáôáóêåõÞò ôùí motherboards. ÂáóéêÞ
ïðôéêÞ äéáöïñÜ óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç ó÷åäßáóç “baby AT” åßíáé ç
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
áëëáãÞ ôïõ ðñïóáíáôïëéóìïý êáôÜ 90 ìïßñåò. Ç áëëáãÞ áõôÞ åðÝôñåøå
êáé ïõóéáóôéêÝò âåëôéþóåéò, üðùò ôçí åîÜëåéøç ôùí êáëùäßùí óýíäåóçò
1
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ A
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

ôùí èõñþí áðü ôçí ðëáêÝôá óôï êïõôß ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ôçí ôïðïèÝôçóç
ôùí ìïíÜäùí áðïèÞêåõóçò êáé ôïõ êåíôñéêïý åðåîåñãáóôÞ ðéï êïíôÜ óôïõò
áíôßóôïé÷ïõò connectors ôïõ motherboard.
Average Latency:
¼ôáí Ý÷åé ïëïêëçñùèåß ìéá äéáäéêáóßá áíáæÞôçóçò äåäïìÝíùí óå Ýíá óêëç-
ñü äßóêï êáé ïé êåöáëÝò ôïõ Ý÷ïõí ôïðïèåôçèåß óôïí ôïìÝá ðïõ Ý÷åé ôá
äåäïìÝíá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí åíôïðéóôåß, ìåóïëáâåß Ýíá ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá ìÝ÷ñé íá
ôïðïèåôçèåß ï ôïìÝáò áõôüò áêñéâþò êÜôù áðü ôçí êåöáëÞ ôïõ äßóêïõ.
Áõôü ôï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá áðïôåëåß ôï ìÝóï ÷ñüíï ëáíèÜíïõóáò êáôÜóôá-
óçò Þ average latency.
AVI:
Audio Video Interleave. Ôï standard format áñ÷åßùí video ðïõ áíÝðôõîå ç
Microsoft. Tá áñ÷åßá áõôïý ôïõ ôýðïõ Ý÷ïõí êáôÜëçîç avi êáé óõíÞèùò
Ý÷ïõí áíÜëõóç 320x240 pixels êáé äåéãìáôïëçøßá 30 frames per second.
Âáóéêü ðëåïíÝêôçìá áõôïý ôïõ format, ôï ïðïßï ôï Ý÷åé êÜíåé éäéáßôåñá
äçìïöéëÝò, åßíáé ç äõíáôüôçôá íá áíáðáñá÷èïýí ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ ÷ùñßò íá
áðáéôåßôáé ç ýðáñîç åîåéäéêåõìÝíïõ hardware. Õðïóôçñßæåé ðïëëÝò ôå÷íé-
êÝò óõìðßåóçò, ãíùóôüôåñåò áðü ôéò ïðïßåò åßíáé ç Indeo êáé ç Cinepak.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
2

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Backbone:
ÅíáëëáêôéêÞ ïíïìáóßá ôïõ bus, ôïõ êåíôñéêïý êáëùäßïõ ðïõ óõíäÝåé äýï
êüìâïõò. Ï üñïò óõíáíôÜôáé óôçí ïñïëïãßá ôùí ôïðéêþí êáé ôùí áðïìá-
êñõóìÝíùí äéêôýùí. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôïõ Internet, ï üñïò ðåñéãñÜöåé ôéò
êýñéåò äéêôõáêÝò óõíäÝóåéò ðïõ ôï óõíèÝôïõí.
Bad sector:
ÊÜèå äßóêïò äéáéñåßôáé óå sectors - ôïìåßò (ç ìéêñüôåñç äõíáôÞ ìïíÜäá),
clusters, óõìðëÝãìáôá êáé tracks, áõëÜêéá. Áí Ýíáò ôïìÝáò åßíáé êáôåóôñáì-
ìÝíïò, äåí ìðïñåß íá áðïèçêåýóåé äåäïìÝíá áîéüðéóôá. Áí áðïèçêåýóåôå
Ýíá áñ÷åßï êáé ìÝñïò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ áðïèçêåõôåß óå Ýíáí êáôáóôñáììÝíï
ôïìÝá, äåí èá åßíáé åöéêôü ôï Üíïéãìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ áõôïý.
Bandwidth:
Ç ðïóüôçôá ôùí äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ìåôáäïèåß óå óõãêåêñéìÝíï
÷ñüíï. Óå øçöéáêÝò óõóêåõÝò ôï bandwidth ìåôñéÝôáé óå bits áíÜ äåõôåñü-
ëåðôï (bps) Þ bytes áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï. Óå áíáëïãéêÝò óõóêåõÝò ôï bandwidth
ìåôñéÝôáé óå êýêëïõò áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï (Hertz - Hz). Ôï bandwidth åßíáé
éäéáßôåñá óçìáíôéêü óå óõóêåõÝò åéóüäïõ åîüäïõ (É/Ï). Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá,
Ýíáò ôá÷ýôáôïò óêëçñüò äßóêïò ìðïñåß íá åìðïäßæåôáé óôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ
áðü Ýíá bus ìå ìéêñü bandwidth. Áõôüò åßíáé êáé ï âáóéêüò ëüãïò, ãéá ôïí
ïðïßï óõíå÷þò ó÷åäéÜæïíôáé êáé õëïðïéïýíôáé íÝá buses ãéá ôïõò õðïëïãé-
óôÝò, üðùò ôï AGP êáé ôï USB.
BASIC:
Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Ins-truction Code. Åßíáé ìéá ãëþóóá ðñï-
ãñáììáôéóìïý ðïõ óõìðåñéëáìâáíüôáí ðáëéÜ óôï ðáêÝôï ôïõ MS-DOS. Ç
BASIC èåùñåßôáé áðü ðïëëïýò åõêïëüôåñç áðü üëåò ôéò Üëëåò ãëþóóåò
ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý êáé åßíáé åýêïëç óôçí åêìÜèçóÞ ôçò.
BBS:
(bulletin board system) ¸íáò õðïëïãéóôÞò ðïõ åßíáé ðñïóðåëÜóéìïò ìÝóù
modem êáé ÷ñçóéìåýåé óôç äéáíïìÞ Þ áíôáëëáãÞ ìçíõìÜôùí Þ áñ÷åßùí.
Benchmark:
¸íá ôåóô ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôç óýãêñéóç ôçò áðüäïóçò óõóêåõþí Þ
ðñïãñáììÜôùí. Åßíáé óõíÞèçò ç ÷ñÞóç åíüò ìüíï Þ åíüò óõíüëïõ áðü
benchmarks óå óõãêñéôéêÝò Þ ìåìïíùìÝíåò äïêéìÝò ðñïúüíôùí. Åßíáé ðïëý
óçìáíôéêü íá ãíùñßæïõìå ôïõò åëÝã÷ïõò ðïõ êÜíåé êÜèå benchmark, þóôå
íá áðïöåýãåôáé ç ëáíèáóìÝíç óýãêñéóç ðñïúüíôùí.
BIOS:
Basic Input/Output System. Ôï BIOS åßíáé åíóùìáôùìÝíï ëïãéóìéêü óå Ýíáí
õðïëïãéóôÞ (óôï motherboard), ôï ïðïßï ôïõ êáèïñßæåé âáóéêÝò ëåéôïõñ-
ãßåò åéóüäïõ/åîüäïõ ÷ùñßò áõôüò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ðñïóðåëÜóåé ðñïãñÜì-
ìáôá óå Ýíá äßóêï. Óôçí áñ÷éêÞ ôïõ ìïñöÞ, ôï âñßóêáìå áðïèçêåõìÝíï
ìüíéìá óå Ýíá ROM chip, ãéá íá åßíáé ðÜíôïôå äéáèÝóéìï êáé ðñïóôáôåõìÝ-
íï áðü ðéèáíÜ óöÜëìáôá äßóêùí. Óôïõò óýã÷ñïíïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò, ôï BIOS
åããñÜöåôáé óå flash memory chip ãéá íá áíáíåþíåôáé üôáí êñßíåôáé áíá-
ãêáßï.
Bit mapping:
Ç áíáðáñÜóôáóç ìéáò åéêüíáò óôç ìíÞìç, ç ïðïßá áðïôåëåßôáé áðü óåéñÝò
êáé óôÞëåò êïõêßäùí. Ãéá áðëÜ ìïíü÷ñùìá ãñáöéêÜ, Ýíá bit áñêåß ãéá íá
áíáðáñáóôÞóåé ìéá êïõêßäá, üìùò ãéá ÷ñþìáôá êáé äéáâáèìßóåéò ôïõ ãêñé,
êÜèå êïõêßäá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü Ýíá bits. ¼óï ðåñéóóüôåñá bits
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãéá ôçí áíáðáñÜóôáóç ìéáò êïõêßäáò, ôüóá ðåñéóóüôå-
ñá ÷ñþìáôá êáé äéáâáèìßóåéò ôïõ ãêñé ìðïñïýí íá áíáðáñáóôáèïýí.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ B
BNC:
Ôýðïò óõíäåôÞñá ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôç óýíäåóç ïìïáîïíéêþí êá-
ëùäéþóåùí. ¸÷åé ìéá êåíôñéêÞ áêßäá, ç ïðïßá óõíäÝåôáé óôïí êåíôñéêü áãùãü
ôïõ êáëùäßïõ, åíþ ç åîùôåñéêÞ èùñÜêéóç ôïõ êáëùäßïõ óõíäÝåôáé óôï
ìåôáëëéêü “ðåñßâëçìᔠôçò áêßäáò. Ïé ðéï ãíùóôÝò åöáñìïãÝò ôùí óõíäå-
ôÞñùí BNC åßíáé óôéò ïìïáîïíéêÝò êáëùäéþóåéò ôïðéêþí äéêôýùí, ðïõ
áíáöÝñïíôáé ùò ôýðïõ 10Base-2. Ïé óõíäåôÞñåò BNC ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò êáé ãéá ôç óýíäåóç ìéáò êÜñôáò ãñáöéêþí ìå ìéá
ïèüíç. Áõôïý ôïõ ôýðïõ ç óýíäåóç ðñïóöÝñåé ìåãáëýôåñç áêñßâåéá óÞìá-
ôïò êáé -ðñïöáíþò- õøçëüôåñç ðïéüôçôá áðåéêüíéóçò.
Boolean Logic:
Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá ôìÞìá ôùí ìïíôÝñíùí ìáèçìáôéêþí, êáèéåñùìÝíï áðü
ôïí Boole, ôï ïðïßï âáóßæåôáé óôçí ýðáñîç äõï áíôßèåôùí ïíôïôÞôùí (ðïõ
åêöñÜæïíôáé êõñßùò ìå ôï 1 êáé ôï 0). Ôá ôåëåõôáßá äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
ùò áñéèìïß áëëÜ ùò äýï áíôßèåôåò êáôáóôÜóåéò åíüò ìåãÝèïõò, üðùò ç
áíáðáñÜóôáóç ôçò óôÜèìçò ìéáò çëåêôñéêÞò ôÜóçò Þ ôçò éäéüôçôáò åíüò
“áíôéêåéìÝíïõ” óå Ýíá ðñüãñáììá. Ç Boolean ëïãéêÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé åõ-
ñÝùò óôçí çëåêôñïíéêÞ êáé ôçí ðëçñïöïñéêÞ.
Booster:
(Óå ó÷Ýóç ìå UPS) Åéäéêü êýêëùìá ðïõ áíé÷íåýåé ôçí ôÜóç åéóüäïõ óôï
UPS êáé áí áõôÞ âñåèåß ÷áìçëüôåñç áðü ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç ôéìÞ, ôçí áõîÜ-
íåé þóôå íá ìðïñåß íá áîéïðïéçèåß áðü ôç óõóêåõÞ.
Boot Sector:
Óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ ï üñïò Boot áíáöÝñåôáé óôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò ôïõ
ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò êáé ìåôáöïñÜò ôïõ óôçí êýñéá ìíÞìç. Ôï boot
sector åßíáé ç ðåñéï÷Þ óôçí åðéöÜíåéá åíüò äßóêïõ, üðïõ åßíáé áðïèçêåõ-
ìÝíåò ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò ðïõ èá ÷ñåéáóôïýí
êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç.
Boot:
Óõíôïìßá ôïõ Âootstrap. Ç äéáäéêáóßá ôïõ öïñôþìáôïò ôùí åëÜ÷éóôùí ðñï-
ãñáììÜôùí ðïõ åßíáé áíáãêáßá ãéá ôçí åêêßíçóç åíüò õðïëïãéóôéêïý óõ-
óôÞìáôïò. ÓõíÞèùò, ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ôïõ õðïëïãé-
óôÞ, äéüôé ÷ùñßò áõôü ï õðïëïãéóôÞò äåí åßíáé óå èÝóç íá åêôåëÝóåé êÜðïéï
ðñüãñáììá. ÕðÜñ÷åé ôï “øõ÷ñü” êáé ôï “æåóôü” boot. Øõ÷ñü boot êÜíïõ-
ìå üôáí óâÞíïõìå åíôåëþò ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ, åíþ èåñìü, üôáí êÜíïõìå åðá-
íåêêßíçóç.
Browser:
Óõíôïìßá ôïõ Web browser. ¸íá ðñüãñáììá, ôï ïðïßï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá
ôïí åíôïðéóìü êáé ôçí áðåéêüíéóç óåëßäùí ôïõ Web. Äýï áðü ôïõò äçìï-
öéëÝóôåñïõò browsers åßíáé ï Netscape Navigator êáé ï Microsoft Internet
Explorer. Êáé ïé äýï åßíáé “graphical browsers”, äçëáäÞ ìðïñïýí íá áðåé-
êïíßóïõí, åêôüò áðü êåßìåíï, êáé ãñáöéêÜ. Ïé ðñþôïé browsers äåí åß÷áí
ôç äõíáôüôçôá áðåéêüíéóçò ãñáöéêþí, áöïý êáé ç äïìÞ ôïõ Internet Þôáí
äéáöïñåôéêÞ êáé äåí õðÞñ÷å ï multimedia ÷áñáêôÞñáò ðïõ Ý÷åé ëÜâåé. ÓÞ-
ìåñá, ç åéêüíá, ï Þ÷ïò êáé ôï video åßíáé óõíÞèç êáé ðïëëÝò öïñÝò áíáðü-
óðáóôá ìÝñç ôùí sites.
Buffer:
Êïéíü÷ñçóôç ðåñéï÷Þ ðñïóùñéíÞò áðïèÞêåõóçò äåäïìÝíùí ãéá óõóêåõÝò
hardware Þ äéáäéêáóßåò ìéáò åöáñìïãÞò, ðïõ ëåéôïõñãïýí óå äéáöïñåôé-
êÝò ôá÷ýôçôåò Þ ìå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðñïôåñáéüôçôåò.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
3
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ B
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

Bug:
Ï üñïò óôá áããëéêÜ óçìáßíåé “Ýíôïìï” êáé ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ
1940 üôáí ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóáí êáèïäéêïýò óùëÞíåò áíôß ôùí
ïëïêëçñùìÝíùí êõêëùìÜôùí. Ôá Ýíôïìá (bugs) ðïõ åëêýïíôáí áðü ôï
öùò ôùí óùëÞíùí, ðåôïýóáí ìÝóá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ðñïêáëïýóáí
âñá÷õêõêëþìáôá. Áõôü ôï öáéíüìåíï ðáñáôçñÞèçêå ãéá ðñþôç öïñÜ áðü
ôïí Lieutenant Grace Hopper ôï 1945 óôï Harvard üôáí Ýíá Ýíôïìï ìðÞêå
áíÜìåóá óå äýï electrical relays ôïõ ðåñßöçìïõ Mark II Aiken Relay
Calculator êáé ïäÞãçóå óôçí êáôÜññåõóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ÓÞìåñá ï üñïò
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá äçëþóåé ðñïâëÞìáôá óå ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ êÜíïõí
ôï ßäéï ôï ðñüãñáììá Þ ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ íá åñãÜæåôáé ëáíèáóìÝíá Þ íá
êáôáññÝåé.
Bus Mastering:
Óôïõò äéáýëïõò ìåãÜëïõ åýñïõò æþíçò (high bandwidth), üðùò ôï PCI,
äéáêéíïýíôáé êÜèå äåõôåñüëåðôï ìåãÜëïé üãêïé äåäïìÝíùí. Öõóéïëïãé-
êÜ, ï êåíôñéêüò åðåîåñãáóôÞò áíáëáìâÜíåé íá óõíôïíßóåé ôç ìåôáöïñÜ
ôùí äåäïìÝíùí ìåôáîý ôùí ðåñéöåñåéáêþí óõóêåõþí ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ.
ÕðÜñ÷åé ç äõíáôüôçôá íá êáôáñãçèåß áõôüò ï “åíäéÜìåóïò” üôáí êáôÜë-
ëçëåò óõóêåõÝò áíáëÜâïõí ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôïõ äéáýëïõ (bus). ÁõôÝò ïé óõ-
óêåõÝò ïíïìÜæïíôáé “bus masters” êáé ç äéáäéêáóßá ðïõ áíáëáìâÜíïõí,
Bus Mastering. Ïé óõóêåõÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí áíÜãêç íá êÜíïõí Bus Mastering,
åßíáé ïé êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí ãéá íá ìðïñïýí íá Ý÷ïõí áðåõèåßáò ðñüóâáóç
óôçí êåíôñéêÞ ìíÞìç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü áõîÜíïíôáé ïé
åðéäüóåéò, üóïí áöïñÜ ôçí åðéôÜ÷õíóç ãñáöéêþí, éäéáßôåñá ôùí ôñéóäéÜ-
óôáôùí, ôá ïðïßá êÜíïõí ÷ñÞóç ôçò ìíÞìçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ÓõóêåõÝò
ðïõ Ý÷ïõí áíÜãêç íá êÜíïõí Bus Mastering åßíáé ïé êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí ãéá
íá ìðïñïýí íá Ý÷ïõí áð’ åõèåßáò ðñüóâáóç óôçí êåíôñéêÞ ìíÞìç ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò. Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü áõîÜíïíôáé ïé åðéäüóåéò, üóïí áöïñÜ
ôçí åðéôÜ÷õíóç ãñáöéêþí, éäéáßôåñá ôùí ôñéóäéÜóôáôùí, ôá ïðïßá êÜ-
íïõí ÷ñÞóç ôçò ìíÞìçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.
Bus:
(1) ¸íá óýíïëï êáëùäßùí Þ êõêëùìÜôùí, ìÝóù ôïõ ïðïßïõ ìåôáöÝñïíôáé
äåäïìÝíá áðü Ýíá ôìÞìá Þ ðåñéöåñåéáêü åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ óå Ýíá Üëëï. Ôï
åóùôåñéêü (internal) bus óõíäÝåé üëá ôá åóùôåñéêÜ óõíèåôéêÜ ìÝñç åíüò
õðïëïãéóôÞ ìå ôç CPU êáé ôçí êåíôñéêÞ ìíÞìç. ÕðÜñ÷åé, åðßóçò, ôï expansion
bus, ôï ïðïßï åðéôñÝðåé óôéò êÜñôåò åðÝêôáóçò íá ðñïóðåëÜóïõí ôç ìíÞìç
êáé ôç CPU. Êáé ôá äýï áíáöÝñïíôáé ìáæß ùò system bus. ¼ëá ôá buses
áðïôåëïýíôáé áðü äýï ôìÞìáôá: Ôï data bus êáé ôï address bus. Ôï ðñþôï
ìåôáöÝñåé ôá äåäïìÝíá êáé ôï äåýôåñï ìåôáöÝñåé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôçí
ðáñÜäïóÞ ôïõò. Ôï åýñïò ôïõ bus êáèïñßæåé ðüóá äåäïìÝíá ìðïñåß íá
ìåôáäïèïýí óå ìéá ÷ñïíéêÞ ìïíÜäá. Ç ôá÷ýôçôÜ ôïõ ìåôñÜôáé óå MHz êáé
ôï åýñïò ôïõ óå bit.
(2) Óôá äßêôõá, ôï bus åßíáé Ýíá êåíôñéêü êáëþäéï, ôï ïðïßï óõíäÝåé üëåò
ôéò óõóêåõÝò óå Ýíá ôïðéêü äßêôõï (LAN). ËÝãåôáé êáé backbone.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
4

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Cache:
(ðñïö. “êáò”) Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôç ìíÞìç ðïõ ðáñåìâÜëëåôáé ìåôáîý êýñéáò
ìíÞìçò êáé åðåîåñãáóôÞ, ìå óêïðü ôçí ôá÷ýôåñç ôñïöïäïóßá ôïõ ôåëåõ-
ôáßïõ ìå äåäïìÝíá êáé ôçí ôá÷ýôåñç áíÜêëçóç åíôïëþí êáé ëåéôïõñãéþí
áðü ðñïçãïýìåíåò åðåîåñãáóßåò. Ç cache åßíáé ìíÞìç õøçëÞò ðïéüôçôáò
êáé ôá÷ýôçôáò, Üñá êáé êüóôïõò. ¼óï ðåñéóóüôåñç äéáèÝôåé Ýíá óýóôçìá,
ôüóï áíåâáßíåé êáôáêüñõöá ç áðüäïóÞ ôïõ.
Caching:
Ç cache åßíáé ìéá ìéêñÞ êáé ãñÞãïñç ìíÞìç ðïõ äéáôçñåß ôá äåäïìÝíá, óôá
ïðïßá Ýãéíå ðñüóöáôá ðñüóâáóç, Ýôóé þóôå ç åðáíÜëçøç ôçò ðñüóâáóçò
óå áõôÜ íá ãßíåôáé ãñçãïñüôåñá.
CAD-CAM:
(Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided Manufacturing) Ï üñïò áõôüò
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôç ìç÷áíéêÞ êáé ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôï ó÷Ýäéï êáé ôçí êáôá-
óêåõÞ ðÜóçò öýóåùò ìç÷áíþí, åîáñôçìÜôùí Þ êôçñßùí ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç çëå-
êôñïíéêïý õðïëïãéóôÞ.
CCD:
(Charge Coupled Device) Ìéá ôå÷íïëïãßá çìéáãùãþí ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé
ãéá ôçí êáôáóêåõÞ çëåêôñïíéêþí óõóêåõþí ìå éäéáßôåñç åõáéóèçóßá óôï
öùò, üðùò ïé êÜìåñåò êáé ôá scanners åéêüíùí. ÊÜèå chip ôïõ CCD áðïôå-
ëåßôáé áðü ìéá óåéñÜ öùôïêýôôáñùí ìå éäéáßôåñç åõáéóèçóßá óôï öùò.
CDDB:
(Compact Disk Data Base) ÂÜóç äåäïìÝíùí, ç ïðïßá ðåñéÝ÷åé ðëçñïöï-
ñßåò ãéá ìïõóéêïýò ôßôëïõò êáé êáëëéôÝ÷íåò. ÄçìéïõñãÞèçêå ôï 1993 áðü
ôçí åôáéñåßá Ti Kan êáé óôç óõíÝ÷åéá áíáðôý÷èçêå êáé ëåéôïýñãçóå ùò
Internet Server. H CDDB ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ðïëëÝò óõóêåõÝò áíáðáñá-
ãùãÞò ìïõóéêþí CDs êáé äßíåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá óôï ÷ñÞóôç íá âëÝðåé ðëçñï-
öïñßåò ãéá ôïí áíôßóôïé÷ï ìïõóéêü ôßôëï êáé ôïí êáëëéôÝ÷íç üôáí ôï CD
áíáðáñÜãåôáé.
CD-I:
CD format áíåðôõãìÝíï áðü ôç Philips ãéá ôá åìðïñéêÜ äéóêÜêéá ôçò. Ôï
CD-i êáôüñèùóå íá ãßíåé ðñüôõðï CD, üìùò äåí Ýôõ÷å õðïóôÞñéîçò áðü
ôéò õðüëïéðåò åôáéñåßåò. Ôá CD-i ðåñéåß÷áí ðëçñïöïñßåò üðùò êåßìåíá,
Þ÷ï, åéêüíá, video êáé animation, óå åéäéêÞ äéáìüñöùóç, þóôå íá áíáãíù-
ñßæïíôáé ìüíï áðü ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò óõóêåõÝò ôçò Philips.
CD-R drive:
Compact Disk Recordable drive. Ôýðïò ïäçãïý ïðôéêþí äßóêùí, ï ïðïßïò
åíóùìáôþíåé ôå÷íïëïãßá ãéá ôçí áíôéãñáöÞ CDs. Åßíáé Ýíá drive, ôï ïðïßï
óõíäÝåôáé óôïí çëåêôñïíéêü õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ìáò äßíåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá
áíôéãñÜøïõìå áñ÷åßá áðü ôï óêëçñü äßóêï óå CD-ROM. Óå óõíäõáóìü ìå
ôçí ýðáñîç åíüò áðëïý CD-ROM drive ìðïñïýí íá ãßíïõí áíôéãñáöÝò
áðü CD óå CD ü÷é ìüíï äåäïìÝíùí áëëÜ êáé audio. Ôï CD-R drive ìðïñåß
íá åßíáé åóùôåñéêü ìå ÷ñÞóç ðñùôïêüëëïõ IDE Þ SCSI Þ åîùôåñéêü ìå
äõíáôüôçôá óýíäåóçò óôçí ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ.
CD-RW:
(Compact Disk ReWritable) Tå÷íïëïãßá åðáíåããñáöÞò CDs, ôá ÷áñáêôç-
ñéóôéêÜ ôçò ïðïßáò êáèïñßóôçêáí óôï ðñüôõðï Orange Book III. Äßíåé
óôï ÷ñÞóôç ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá äéáãñÜøåé ôá ðáëéÜ êáé íá îáíáãñÜøåé íÝá
äåäïìÝíá óå Ýíá CD-RW disk, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé óõìâáôü ôüóï ìå ôçí “ïéêïãÝ-
íåéᔠôùí CDs üóï êáé ìå ôï DVD-ROM. Ôá CD-RW drives åßíáé ïé óõ-
óêåõÝò ãéá ôçí åðáíåããñáöÞ CDs, ìå äõíáôüôçôá åóùôåñéêÞò ôïðïèÝôçóçò
óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ (ÉDE, SCSI) êáé åîùôåñéêÞò (USB, SCSI, ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá).
ÁíáöÝñïõí ôñåéò ôá÷ýôçôåò - ãéá ôçí åðáíåããñáöÞ, ôçí åããñáöÞ êáé ôçí
áíÜãíùóç äåäïìÝíùí. Ôá CD-RW ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôñåéò äéáöïñåôéêÝò åíôÜ-
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ C
óåéò laser, ôçí Write Power (ãéá åããñáöÞ), ôçí Erase Power (ãéá äéá-
ãñáöÞ) êáé ôçí Read Power (ãéá áíÜãíùóç).
CGI:
Common Gateway Interface. ÐñïäéáãñáöÞ ãéá ôç ìåôáöïñÜ äåäïìÝíùí
ìåôáîý åíüò World Wide Web server êáé åíüò ðñïãñÜììáôïò CGI. ¸íá
ðñüãñáììá CGI åßíáé ó÷åäéáóìÝíï ãéá íá äÝ÷åôáé êáé íá åðéóôñÝöåé äåäï-
ìÝíá ðïõ ðëçñïýí ôéò áíôßóôïé÷åò ðñïäéáãñáöÝò. Ôï ðñüãñáììá ìðïñåß
íá åßíáé ãñáììÝíï óå ïðïéáäÞðïôå ãëþóóá ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý, üðùò C,
Perl, Java Þ Visual Basic. Ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá CGI åßíáé ï äçìïöéëÝóôåñïò
ôñüðïò áìößäñïìçò, äõíáìéêÞò åðéêïéíùíßáò ìåôáîý åíüò Web server êáé
ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ðïëëÝò áðü ôéò óåëßäåò HTML ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí
öüñìåò ðñïò óõìðëÞñùóç, ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí Ýíá ðñüãñáììá CGI ãéá ôçí
åðåîåñãáóßá ôùí äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ åéóÜãåé ï ÷ñÞóôçò. ¸íá ðñüâëçìá ôùí
ðñïãñáììÜôùí CGI åßíáé üôé óå êÜèå åêôÝëåóç åíüò script, îåêéíÜ ìéá íÝá
äéáäéêáóßá. ÅÜí õðÜñ÷ïõí ðïëëïß ÷ñÞóôåò ôáõôü÷ñïíá óå Ýíáí Web server
êáé åêôåëïýíôáé ðïëëÜ scripts, ï server ìðïñåß íá õðåñöïñôùèåß.
Chipset:
¸íá óýíïëï áðü ïëïêëçñùìÝíá (chip) ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ó÷åäéáóôåß ãéá íá åêôå-
ëïýí ìßá Þ ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðáíïìïéüôõðåò ëåéôïõñãßåò. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí chipsets
ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïõí ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò ôçò CPU óå Ýíá motherboard êáé åßíáé
ôá ðéï ãíùóôÜ, Üëëá ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïõí ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò åíüò modem ê.ëð.
Ïé íåüôåñåò åêäüóåéò chipsets ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí óõíÞèùò ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ
åðéôåëïýóáí äýï Þ ðåñéóóüôåñá ïëïêëçñùìÝíá, óå Ýíá.
Client:
Ï client (ðåëÜôçò) åßíáé ôï ðñüãñáììá Þ ï ÷ñÞóôçò ðïõ æçôÜ êáé ëáìâÜíåé
äåäïìÝíá áðü ìéá ó÷Ýóç client/server. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, Ýíáò ÷ñÞóôçò óôï
Internet åßíáé client óôïõò servers üëùí ôùí sites ðïõ åðéóêÝðôåôáé.
Clipboard:
Ìéá åéäéêÞ ðåñéï÷Þ ìíÞìçò Þ áñ÷åßï, üðïõ áðïèçêåýïíôáé äåäïìÝíá ðñï-
óùñéíÜ, ðñéí áíôéãñáöïýí óå êÜðïéá Üëëç ðåñéï÷Þ. Ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá ðñï-
ãñÜììáôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï Clipboard ãéá ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôçò áíôéãñáöÞò.
¼ôáí, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áíôéãñÜöïõìå ìéá ëÝîç ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò Ýíáí åðå-
îåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ, ç ëÝîç áõôÞ áðïèçêåýåôáé ðñïóùñéíÜ óôï Clipboard
êáé, êáôüðéí, áðü ôï Clipboard, óôçí ðåñéï÷Þ ðïõ èÝëïõìå. Óôá Windows ï
Clipboard ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôçí áíôéãñáöÞ äåäïìÝíùí áêüìç êáé ìåôáîý
äéáöïñåôéêþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí.
Cluster:
H óôïé÷åéþäçò ìïíÜäá åíôïðéóìïý ôìçìÜôùí åíüò äßóêïõ, ðïõ ìðïñåß íá
áðïôåëåßôáé áðü Ýíá Þ ðåñéóóüôåñá öõóéêÜ blocks, äçëáäÞ ìïíÜäåò äåäï-
ìÝíùí óå Ýíá äßóêï.
CMYK:
Ôï CMYK åßíáé Ýíáò ôñüðïò óýíèåóçò ÷ñùìÜôùí. Ôá áñ÷éêÜ ôïõ óçìáß-
íïõí Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK. Ôï CMYK åßíáé -êáôÜ êÜðïéï ôñüðï-
Ýíá ìïíôÝëï “áíôßóôñïöï” ôïõ RGB (Red, Green, Blue). Åíþ óôï RGB, üôáí
ôá ôñßá ÷ñþìáôá óõíôåèïýí óå ðëÞñç öùôåéíüôçôá, ðáñÜãïõí ôï Üóðñï
÷ñþìá, üôáí óõíôåèïýí óå ðëÞñç “óõãêÝíôñùóç” ôá ÷ñþìáôá CMY, ðáñÜ-
ãåôáé ôï ìáýñï.
Ôï ìïíôÝëï RGB ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé, êõñßùò, ãéá ïèüíåò õðïëïãéóôþí, åíþ ôï
CMYK, ãéá åêôõðþóåéò.
Cobol:
(COmmon Business Oriented Language) High-level ãëþóóá ðñïãñáììáôé-
óìïý, ç ïðïßá äçìéïõñãÞèçêå ãéá ôçí áíÜðôõîç ìåãÜëùí åìðïñéêþí åöáñ-
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
ìïãþí. ¸êáíå ôçí åìöÜíéóÞ ôçò ôï 1960 êáé åßíáé ç äåýôåñç ðáëáéüôåñç
high-level ãëþóóá ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý ìåôÜ ôçí Fortran.
5
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ C
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

Codec:
Óýíôìçóç ôùí ëÝîåùí compressor/decompressor. Åßíáé Ýíáò ìáèçìáôéêüò
áëãüñéèìïò ðïõ äçëþíåé ôïí ôýðï ôçò óõìðßåóçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êáôÜ
ôçí åããñáöÞ video. Ãíùóôïß codecs åßíáé ïé MPEG, M-JPEG êáé Indeo.
Composite:
ÌïñöÞ óÞìáôïò video, óôçí ïðïßá óõíäõÜæïíôáé üëåò ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò (ôá
êüêêéíá, ìðëå êáé ðñÜóéíá óÞìáôá, êáèþò êáé, ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò, ôá ç÷çôéêÜ
óÞìáôá).
Controller:
ÅëåãêôÞò, ñõèìéóôÞò. ¸íá êïììÜôé hardware Þ software ðïõ ëåéôïõñãåß
áõôüìáôá ãéá íá ñõèìßæåé ìéá ìåôáâëçôÞ Þ Ýíá óýóôçìá.
CRC:
Ôï CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Checking) åßíáé ìéá ìÝèïäïò ãéá ôïí åíôïðé-
óìü ëáèþí óå äåäïìÝíá ðïõ ìåôáöÝñïíôáé êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ìéáò åðéêïé-
íùíéáêÞò óýíäåóçò. Ç óõóêåõÞ ðïõ óôÝëíåé ôá äåäïìÝíá, åöáñìüæåé Ýíá
16ìðéôï Þ 3Ýíá 2ìðéôï ðïëõþíõìï óôï ðáêÝôï äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ åßíáé íá
áðïóôáëåß, êáé åðéóõíÜðôåé ôï ðáñáãüìåíï áðïôÝëåóìá óôï ðáêÝôï. Ï ðá-
ñáëÞðôçò åöáñìüæåé ôï ßäéï ðïëõþíõìï óôá äåäïìÝíá êáé óõãêñßíåé ôï
áðïôÝëåóìá ìå áõôü ðïõ Ý÷åé åðéóõíáöèåß áðü ôïí áðïóôïëÝá. Áí õðÜñ÷åé
óõìöùíßá, ôá äåäïìÝíá Ý÷ïõí áðïóôáëåß êáíïíéêÜ. Óå áíôßèåôç ðåñßðôù-
óç, åíçìåñþíåé ôïí áðïóôïëÝá íá óôåßëåé îáíÜ ôá äåäïìÝíá.
CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube):
Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôïí êáèïäéêü óùëÞíá ðïõ õðÜñ÷åé óôç óõíôñéðôéêÞ ðëåéï-
øçößá ôùí ôçëåoñÜóåùí êáé ôùí ïèïíþí õðïëïãéóôþí. Ç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ
âáóßæåôáé óôç ìåôáêßíçóç ìéáò äÝóìçò çëåêôñïíßùí êáôÜ ìÞêïò, áðü ôï
ðßóù ðñïò ôï ìðñïóôéíü ìÝñïò ôçò ïèüíçò. ÊÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ ç äÝóìç “äéá-
ó÷ßæåé” ôçí ïèüíç, öùôßæåé öùóöïñéêÝò êïõêêßäåò (dots) óôçí åóùôåñéêÞ
åðéöÜíåéÜ ôçò, äçìéïõñãþíôáò Ýôóé ôéò “åíåñãÝò” ðåñéï÷Ýò ôçò ïèüíçò. Ç
äéáäéêáóßá åðáíáëáìâÜíåôáé, ó÷çìáôßæïíôáò ìå ôïí ßäéï ôñüðï ãñáììÝò
áðü ôçí êïñõöÞ ðñïò ôç âÜóç ôçò ïèüíçò, ïé ïðïßåò äçìéïõñãïýí ìéá
ðëÞñç áðåéêüíéóç.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
6

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Database:
Ôï óýíïëï ôùí ðëçñïöïñéþí ðïõ Ý÷åé ïñãáíùèåß óå ìéá âÜóç, Ýôóé þóôå
íá õðÜñ÷åé åýêïëç ðñüóâáóç êáé áíáíÝùóç óôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá.
DC:
(Direct Current) Óõíå÷Ýò ñåýìá
Decoder:
ÓõóêåõÞ Þ ëïãéóìéêü ðïõ ìåôáöñÜæåé êùäéêïðïéçìÝíåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, ìå-
ôáôñÝðïíôÜò ôéò óôçí áñ÷éêÞ ôïõò ìïñöÞ, äçëáäÞ ôéò áðïêùäéêïðïéåß. Ï
üñïò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óõ÷íÜ óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ðëçñïöïñßåò Þ÷ïõ êáé video óå
ìïñöÞ MPEG-2, ïé ïðïßåò ðñÝðåé íá áðïêùäéêïðïéçèïýí ðñéí ÷ñçóéìï-
ðïéçèïýí. Ç áðïêùäéêïðïßçóç ãßíåôáé óõíÞèùò ìÝóù hardware, äéüôé ãéá
íá õëïðïéçèåß ìÝóù software ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ìåãÜëç õðïëïãéóôéêÞ äýíáìç.
Dial Up Adapter:
Tï Dial Up Networking ôùí Windows 95 áíôß ãéá ìéá öõóéêÞ êÜñôá äé-
êôýïõ (network adapter card) ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï Dial Up Adapter ðïõ åßíáé
ìéá “åéêïíéêޔ êÜñôá äéêôýïõ.
Digitize:
H “ìåôÜöñáóç” óå øçöéáêÞ ìïñöÞ. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôá scanners ìåôáôñÝ-
ðïõí (digitize) åéêüíåò áðü ôï ÷áñôß óå øçöéáêÞ ìïñöÞ, Ýôóé þóôå íá ìðï-
ñåß íá ôéò áíáðáñáóôÞóåé êáé íá ôéò åðåîåñãáóôåß ï õðïëïãéóôÞò.
DIMM:
Dual In-line Memory Module. ÌéêñÞ ðëáêÝôá êõêëùìÜôùí, âÜóåé ôçò ïðïßáò
êáôáóêåõÜæïíôáé chips ìíÞìçò. ÐñïóöÝñåé bus åðéêïéíùíßáò ìíÞìçò-CPU
åýñïõò 64bit Ýíáíôé 32bit ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ôá SIMMs (Single In-line Memory
Module). Ïé åðåîåñãáóôÝò êëÜóçò Pentium áðáéôïýí bus åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå
ôç ìíÞìç åýñïõò 64bit, êÜôé ðïõ Ý÷åé ùò áðïôÝëåóìá íá áðáéôåßôáé åãêáôÜ-
óôáóç ôùí SIMMs áíÜ æåýãïò, åíþ ôá DIMMs ìðïñïýí íá åãêáôáóôáèïýí
êáôÜ ìïíÜäåò.
DMA:
Direct Memory Access. Ôå÷íéêÞ ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí áðü ôçí êýñéá ìíÞ-
ìç óå ìéá óõóêåõÞ, ðáñáêÜìðôïíôáò ôç CPU. ¼óåò óõóêåõÝò êÜíïõí ÷ñÞ-
óç ôùí êáíáëéþí DMA, ìðïñïýí íá ìåôáöÝñïõí äåäïìÝíá áðü êáé ðñïò
ôç ìíÞìç ôá÷ýôáôá - ëåéôïõñãßá ðïõ åßíáé éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìç óå åöáñìïãÝò
real-time.
DNS:
Domain Name System. Ìéá õðçñåóßá áíáæÞôçóçò äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ ÷ñçóé-
ìïðïéåßôáé óôï Internet ãéá ôç ìåôáôñïðÞ ôùí ïíïìÜôùí ôùí servers ôïõ
Web óå äéåõèýíóåéò Internet.
Dot pitch:
ÌïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò, ç ïðïßá äçëþíåé ôç äéáãþíéï áðüóôáóç ìåôáîý äýï
êïõêêßäùí öùóöüñïõ ßäéïõ ÷ñþìáôïò óå ìéá ïèüíç. Ç äéÜóôáóç áõôÞ ìå-
ôñéÝôáé óå ÷éëéïóôÜ ôïõ ìÝôñïõ êáé åßíáé âáóéêü ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ãéá ìéá
ïèüíç, ãéáôß öáíåñþíåé åí ìÝñåé ôçí ðïéüôçôá ôçò åéêüíáò ôçò. ¼óï ìéêñü-
ôåñç ôéìÞ Ý÷åé, ôüóï êáèáñüôåñç åßíáé ç åéêüíá. Ïé óõíçèÝóôåñåò ôéìÝò óå
ïèüíåò õðïëïãéóôþí êõìáßíïíôáé ìåôáîý 0,28 êáé 0,25mm.
Download:
¼ñïò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå áñ÷éêÜ óôïí ôïìÝá ôùí åðéêïéíùíéþí êáé áíá-
öÝñåôáé óôç ëÞøç äåäïìÝíùí ìÝóù äéêôýïõ, áíôßóôñïöïò ôïõ üñïõ
“Upload”, ï ïðïßïò áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí áðïóôïëÞ. Óôçí ðëçñïöïñéêÞ ï üñïò
áõôüò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êõñßùò ãéá ôçí áíôéãñáöÞ áñ÷åßùí áðü ôï Internet
óå ðñïóùðéêü õðïëïãéóôÞ. O ÷ñüíïò áíôéãñáöÞò åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôçí ôá÷ý-
ôçôá óýíäåóçò óôï Äéáäßêôõï êáé áðü ôïí üãêï ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ èÝëïõìå
íá áíôéãñÜøïõìå. ¼óï ôá÷ýôåñç åßíáé ç óýíäåóç êáé ìéêñüôåñï ôï áñ÷åßï,
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ D
ôüóï ðéï ãñÞãïñá èá áíôéãñáöåß áõôü óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ìáò, åíþ ãéá ìåãÜ-
ëá óå ìÝãåèïò áñ÷åßá, üðùò demos ðñïãñáììÜôùí êáé ðáé÷íéäéþí, ç áíá-
ìïíÞ ìðïñåß íá äéáñêÝóåé áñêåôÝò þñåò.
DPI:
Dots Per Inch. ÌïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò ôçò áíÜëõóçò åéêüíùí. ¼óï ìåãáëýôå-
ñïò åßíáé ï áñéèìüò ôùí “óôéãìþí áíÜ ßíôóá”, ôüóï õøçëüôåñç åßíáé ç
áíÜëõóç êáé ðéï äéáõãÞò ç áðåéêüíéóç. Åßíáé ç âáóéêÞ ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò
êáé áíáöïñÜò ãéá ôïõò åêôõðùôÝò. ÅÜí Ýíáò åêôõðùôÞò Ý÷åé áíÜëõóç 600dpi,
óçìáßíåé üôé åêôõðþíåé 600 “óôéãìÝò” ïñéæüíôéá êáé Üëëåò ôüóåò êÜèåôá óå
ìéá ðåñéï÷Þ ôïõ ÷áñôéïý ðïõ Ý÷åé Ýêôáóç ìßá ôåôñáãùíéêÞ ßíôóá (1 ßíôóá
éóïäõíáìåß ìå 2,5 åêáôïóôÜ ðåñßðïõ).
Driver:
Software ðïõ ðáñåìâÜëëåôáé áíÜìåóá óå ìéá óõóêåõÞ êáé Ýíá ðñüãñáììá
Þ ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü, åðéôñÝðïíôáò óôá äåýôåñá ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá êáé ôï ÷åéñé-
óìü ôçò ðñþôçò.
Drum:
(Ôýìðáíï) Ï êýñéïò ìç÷áíéóìüò ôùí åêôõðùôþí laser, ï ïðïßïò öïñôßæå-
ôáé óå óõãêåêñéìÝíåò ðåñéï÷Ýò êáé áðïôåëåß “ïäçãü” ãéá ôçí åíáðüèåóç
ôïõ ãñáößôç, ïëïêëçñþíïíôáò ôçí åêôýðùóç.
DSML:
Ç DSML (Directory Service Markup Language) åßíáé ìéá ãëþóóá ðïõ óõí-
äõÜæåé ôçí ôå÷íïëïãßá directory services (LDAP) ìå ôç óýíôáîç ôçò ãëþó-
óáò XML, ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá õðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò åýêïëïò ôñüðïò ãéá ôç ÷ñÞóç êáé
ôï äéáìïéñáóìü äåäïìÝíùí. ÕðïóôçñéêôÝò ôçò ãëþóóáò áõôÞò åßíáé Þäç ïé
AOL-Netscape, Sun Microsystems, Oracle, Novell, Microsoft êáé IBM.
DSP:
(Digital Signal Processor) ÅðåîåñãáóôÞò øçöéáêïý óÞìáôïò. Çëåêôñïíéêü
êýêëùìá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ, ðïõ åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôçí åðåîåñãáóßá øç-
öéáêþí óçìÜôùí.
DVD:
Digital Versatile Disc Þ Digital Video Disc. Ï íåüôåñïò ôýðïò CD-ROM,
óôïí ïðïßï ìðïñïýí íá áðïèçêåõôïýí ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí 4,7GB äåäïìÝíùí,
ðïóüôçôá áñêåôÞ ãéá ìéá ôáéíßá äéÜñêåéáò 2 ùñþí. Ðïëëïß ðéóôåýïõí üôé
ôï DVD èá áíôéêáôáóôÞóåé ôá CD-ROMs, êáèþò êáé ôéò êëáóéêÝò âéíôåï-
êáóÝôåò.
DVD-RAM:
Ôå÷íïëïãßá åðáíåããñáöÞò DVDs ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôï ðñüôõðï DVD-RAM Þ
Book E, êáé óõíäõÜæåé ôçí ôå÷íïëïãßá ïðôéêÞò åíáëëáãÞò ìå åêåßíç ôùí
ïðôéêï-ìáãíçôéêþí ìÝóùí. Ç åðáíåããñÜøéìç ÷ùñçôéêüôçôá ôùí ðñþôùí
DVD-RAM disks (ðïõ åßíáé ôá ðéï äçìïöéëÞ) åßíáé ôçò ôÜîçò ôùí 2,6GB
áíÜ üøç, ìå Ýíáí äßóêï DVD-RAM äéðëÞò üøçò íá ðñïóöÝñåé ÷ùñçôéêüôç-
ôá 5,2GB, åíþ áíáìÝíåôáé ç êõêëïöïñßá äßóêùí DVD-RAM ìåãáëýôåñçò
÷ùñçôéêüôçôáò. Ãéá íá ãßíåé åããñáöÞ Þ åðáíåããñáöÞ åíüò DVD-RAM disk,
ï äßóêïò ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé ôïðïèåôçìÝíïò óå åéäéêü cartridge äéáóôÜóåùí
124,6mm x 135,5mm x 8mm. Ôá DVD-RAM drives åßíáé ïé óõóêåõÝò ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãéá ôçí åðáíåããñáöÞ ôùí DVDs.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
7
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ E
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

EDL:
(Edit Decision List) ÅéäéêÜ áñ÷åßá ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá ìåôáöñáóôïýí êáé íá
êùäéêïðïéçèïýí áðü åðáããåëìáôéêÝò ðëáôöüñìåò åðåîåñãáóßáò video êáé
ôá ïðïßá ðåñéãñÜöïõí âÞìá ðñïò âÞìá ôéò äéáäéêáóßåò åðåîåñãáóßáò åíüò
video.
Enhanced IDE:
Åíéó÷õìÝíç Ýêäïóç ôïõ ðñùôïêüëëïõ óêëçñïý äßóêïõ IDE, éêáíÞ íá áðï-
äþóåé õøçëïýò äåßêôåò ìåôáöïñÜò. Ôï IDE -Integrated Drive Electronics
(ÅíóùìáôùìÝíá çëåêôñïíéêÜ ïäçãïý)- åßíáé ôï ðéï ãíùóôü interface óýí-
äåóçò óêëçñþí äßóêùí óå Ýíá PC. Áêïëïõèåß ôéò ðñïäéáãñáöÝò ôïõ standard
ÁNSI AT Attachment, óýìöùíá ìå ôï ïðïßï õëïðïéåßôáé ìéá ðáñáëëáãÞ
ôïõ äéáýëïõ åðÝêôáóçò ÁÔ ãéá ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá åíüò óêëçñïý äßóêïõ ìå
ôïí åðåîåñãáóôÞ ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ.
Expanded Memory:
Ç ìíÞìç, ôçò ïðïßáò åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç ÷ñÞóç ìÝóù åíüò software äéá÷åßñéóçò
ìíÞìçò, ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé EMS (Extended Memory System) êáé äßíåé ôç äõ-
íáôüôçôá ðñüóâáóçò óå Üëëïõ åßäïõò ìíÞìç ðÝñáí ôçò óõìâáôéêÞò. Ç
expanded ìíÞìç åßíáé ìÝñïò ôçò extended ìíÞìçò.
Extended Memory:
H ìíÞìç ðÜíù áðü ôï ðñþôï Megabyte ôïõ ÷þñïõ äéåõèýíóåùí ôçò êå-
íôñéêÞò ìíÞìçò óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
8
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ F
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

FAT: Frame buffer:

(File Allocation Table) ¸íáò åíóùìáôùìÝíïò ðßíáêáò ðïõ äçìéïõñãåßôáé To ôìÞìá ôçò ìíÞìçò ðïõ äåóìåýåôáé ãéá íá êñáôÞóåé ôçí ðëÞñç bit-mapped
óå êÜèå ìïñöïðïéçìÝíï (formatted) äßóêï. ÐåñéÝ÷åé ìéá êáôá÷þñçóç ãéá (äåßôå bit-mapping) åéêüíá ðïõ áðïóôÝëëåôáé óôçí ïèüíç. Ï frame buffer
êÜèå cluster ôïõ äßóêïõ, ç ïðïßá äçëþíåé åÜí áõôü åßíáé êåíü, ÷áëáóìÝíï Þ áðïèçêåýåôáé óôç ìíÞìç ôçò êÜñôáò ãñáöéêþí. Óôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò ðïõ ç
áðëþò äåß÷íåé ôï åðüìåíï cluster, óôï ïðïßï óõíå÷ßæåôáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï. Ðéï êÜñôá ãñáöéêþí åßíáé åíóùìáôùìÝíç óôï motherboard, ï frame buffer
áðëÜ, åßíáé ï ðßíáêáò åíôïðéóìïý áñ÷åßùí - êÜôé óáí ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá åíüò áðïèçêåýåôáé óôçí êýñéá ìíÞìç.
âéâëßïõ.
Frame:
FIFO: 1. Óôá ãñáöéêÜ åßíáé Ýíá “ðáñÜèõñï” äåäïìÝíùí Þ ï éóüôéìïò ÷þñïò áðï-
Óôïí ðñïãñáììáôéóìü ôï FIFO (first-in, first out) åßíáé ìéá ðñïóÝããéóç óôçí èÞêåõóçò ôùí äåäïìÝíùí. 2. Óôéò åðéêïéíùíßåò åßíáé Ýíá ìðëïê äåäïìÝíùí
åðåîåñãáóßá êëÞóåùí (ìå ôç ãåíéêüôåñç Ýííïéá ôçò ëÝîçò), êáôÜ ôçí ïðïßá Þ áëëéþò Ýíá ðáêÝôï, ôï ïðïßï ìåôáäßäåôáé ðñïò Ýíáí ðáñáëÞðôç. 3. Óå
ç ðáëáéüôåñç êëÞóç ãßíåôáé ðñþôç áíôéêåßìåíï åðåîåñãáóßáò. Ýíáí Web browser åßíáé ìéá îå÷ùñéóôÞ åðéöÜíåéá ôçò óåëßäáò, óôçí ïðïßá
õðÜñ÷åé ç äõíáôüôçôá êýëéóçò åðÜíù-êÜôù.
Firewall:
Ôï firewall åßíáé åßôå ôï ðñüãñáììá åßôå ï çëåêôñïíéêüò õðïëïãéóôÞò ðïõ FTP:
ðñïóôáôåýåé ôïõò ðüñïõò ôïõ äéêôýïõ áðü ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò Üëëùí äéêôýùí. Tá áñ÷éêÜ óçìáßíïõí File Transfer Protocol. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï ðñùôüêïëëï
ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôç ìåôáöïñÜ áñ÷åßùí ìÝóá áðü ôï Internet.
FireWire:
Ôï FireWire åßíáé Ýíá external bus óôÜíôáñ õøçëþí ôá÷õôÞôùí, ðïõ ðñï-
óöÝñåé ôá÷ýôçôåò äéáìåôáãùãÞò äåäïìÝíùí ôçò ôÜîçò ôùí 400Mbps. Áíá-
ðôý÷èçêå áðü ôéò åôáéñåßåò Apple êáé Texas Instruments êáé õðïóôçñßæåé
ðïëëáðëÝò ôá÷ýôçôåò, hot swapping êáé éóü÷ñïíç äéáìåôáãùãÞ äåäïìÝ-
íùí, êÜôé ðïõ ôï êáèéóôÜ éäáíéêü ãéá õëïðïéÞóåéò multimedia êáé óõóêåõÝò
ìå ìåãÜëåò áðáéôÞóåéò óôïí ôïìÝá áõôü, üðùò ïé âéíôåïêÜìåñåò. Yðïóôç-
ñßæåé ôï Plug and Play, åíþ ç åãêáôÜóôáóç óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ôùí óõóêåõþí
ðïõ áêïëïõèïýí ôï ðñüôõðï FireWire, ãßíåôáé ðïëý åýêïëá. Ôï FireWire
åßíáé ãíùóôü êáé ìå ôïí ôßôëï 1394, åíþ Üëëåò åôáéñåßåò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
äéáöïñåôéêÜ ïíüìáôá (üðùò I-Link êáé Lynx) ãéá íá ðåñéãñÜøïõí ôá ðñïúü-
íôá ðïõ ðáñÜãïõí êáé ôá ïðïßá âáóßæïíôáé óôï óôÜíôáñ áõôü.
Flash Memory:
Åßäïò ìíÞìçò, ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôçò ïðïßáò äéáôçñïýíôáé êáé ìåôÜ ôçí ðáý-
óç ëåéôïõñãßáò ôçò óõóêåõÞò. Ç áðïìÜêñõíóç ôùí óôïé÷åßùí, üìùò, ìðï-
ñåß íá ãßíåé ìüíï áíÜ åíüôçôåò Þ óå ïëüêëçñï ôï chip.
Flicker:
Ôï öáéíüìåíï ôñåìïõëéÜóìáôïò ôçò ïèüíçò, ðïõ ïöåßëåôáé óôç ÷ñÞóç ðå-
ðëåãìÝíçò óÜñùóçò. ÊáôÜ ôçí ðåðëåãìÝíç (interlaced) óÜñùóç ç áêôßíá
çëåêôñïíßùí ôïõ êáèïäéêïý óùëÞíá óáñþíåé ðñþôá ôéò ìïíÝò ãñáììÝò
êáé ìåôÜ ôéò æõãÝò.
FMD-ROM:
Åßíáé Ýíá íÝï áðïèçêåõôéêü ìÝóï áðü ôçí åôáéñåßá by Constellation 3D Inc.
(C3D). ¸÷åé ôç äõíáôüôçôá áðïèÞêåõóçò äåäïìÝíùí ìÝ÷ñé êáé 140GB. ÁõôÜ
åßíáé 215 öïñÝò ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü ôá äåäïìÝíá ðïõ áðïèçêåýïíôáé óå Ýíá
CD-ROM êáé 23 öïñÝò áðü áõôÜ óå Ýíá DVD-ROM.
Format:
H äéáäéêáóßá ìïñöïðïßçóçò åíüò áðïèçêåõôéêïý ìÝóïõ (äéóêÝôá, óêëç-
ñüò äßóêïò, ìáãíçôéêÞ ôáéíßá) áðü ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá, Ýôóé þóôå ôï
ìÝóï áõôü íá åßíáé Ýôïéìï íá äå÷ôåß äåäïìÝíá ðñïò åããñáöÞ.
FPS:
Frames per second. O üñïò áíáöÝñåôáé óôç äåéãìáôïëçøßá ôçò åéêüíáò
(êáñÝ áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï) êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá åããñáöÞò video Þ êáôÜ ôçí
áíáðáñáãùãÞ ôïõ. Ðñüêåéôáé, äçëáäÞ, ãéá ôï ñõèìü ôçò äéáäï÷Þò ôùí óôá-
èåñþí åéêüíùí ðïõ áðáñôßæïõí Ýíá video. ¸íá frame áíôéóôïé÷åß óå ìßá
óôáèåñÞ åéêüíá (êáñÝ). Ãéá íá Ý÷ïõìå ïìáëÞ áíáðáñáãùãÞ ôïõ video, ÷ñåéÜ-
æåôáé ñõèìüò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí 20 frames áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï.

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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

Gateway:
Óõíäõáóìüò hardware êáé software, ðïõ óõíäÝåé äýï äéáöïñåôéêïýò ôý-
ðïõò äéêôýùí. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ïé gateways ìåôáîý óõóôçìÜôùí çëåêôñïíé-
êÞò áëëçëïãñáößáò åðéôñÝðïõí óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ðïõ äïõëåýïõí óå óõóôÞ-
ìáôá çëåêôñïíéêÞò áëëçëïãñáößáò äéáöïñåôéêÞò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò, íá áíôáë-
ëÜóóïõí ìçíýìáôá ìåôáîý ôïõò.
GDI:
(Graphic Device Interface) GDI åßíáé Ýíá ðñüôõðï ôùí Windows ãéá ôçí
áíáðáñÜóôáóç ãñáöéêþí áíôéêåéìÝíùí êáé ôç ìåôÜäïóÞ ôïõò óå óõóêåõÝò
åîüäïõ. GDI printers ïíïìÜæïíôáé ïé åêôõðùôÝò ðïõ äåí äéáèÝôïõí äéêü
ôïõò åðåîåñãáóôÞ êáé ìåôáöÝñïõí ôï âÜñïò ôçò åðåîåñãáóßáò äåäïìÝíùí
ôçò åêôýðùóçò óôïí åðåîåñãáóôÞ ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò, ìå ôï ïðïßï åßíáé óõí-
äåäåìÝíïé.
Grayscale:
Êëßìáêá ôüíùí, âÜóåé ôçò ïðïßáò Ýíá áñ÷åßï ãñáöéêþí áðåéêïíßæåôáé ìå ôç
÷ñÞóç Ýùò êáé 256 äéáâáèìßóåùí ôïõ ãêñßæïõ, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí ôùí
Üóðñùí êáé ìáýñùí ôüíùí.
GSM:
Global System for Mobile communications. ¸íá áðü ôá ðéï äéáäåäïìÝíá
êáé ðñùôïðüñá êõøåëïåéäÞ øçöéáêÜ óõóôÞìáôá êéíçôÞò ôçëåöùíßáò. Ôï
GSM ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ðåñéïñéóìÝíï åýñïò óõ÷íïôÞôùí, êáé ìå ìéá ìÝèïäï
÷ñïíéêïý äéáìïéñáóìïý ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôïõ äéáèÝóéìïõ åýñïõò (Time Division
Multiplexing) åðéôñÝðåé ôçí ôáõôü÷ñïíç åîõðçñÝôçóç ðïëëáðëþí êáíáëéþí
äåäïìÝíùí. ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá, õðÜñ÷åé ç äõíáôüôçôá íá åîõðçñåôçèïýí ôáõ-
ôü÷ñïíá áðü ôçí ßäéá óõ÷íüôçôá Ýùò êáé ïêôþ êëÞóåéò. Ôï GSM ðáñïõóéÜ-
óôçêå ôï 1991. ÌÝ÷ñé ôá ôÝëç ôïõ 1997 Þôáí äéáèÝóéìï óå ðåñéóóüôåñåò
áðü 100 ÷þñåò êáé åß÷å ãßíåé standard óôçí Åõñþðç êáé ôçí Áóßá.
GUI (Graphical User Énterface):
Ôï åíäéÜìåóï ðåñéâÜëëïí ìåôáîý ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç êáé åíüò ðñïãñÜììáôïò, ôï
ïðïßï áîéïðïéåß ôéò éêáíüôçôåò åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ, þóôå íá êÜíåé ðéï åýêïëï
ôï ÷åéñéóìü ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò. Ôá Windows åßíáé ôï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêüôåñï
ðáñÜäåéãìá GUI. Ç áíôßèåôç ðåñßðôùóç ÷ñÞóçò åíüò ðñïãñÜììáôïò åßíáé
ìÝóù ãñáììÞò åíôïëþí, üðùò óõìâáßíåé óôï DOS êáé óôï UNIX. Ôï GUI,
üðùò åßíáé åõíüçôï, êáèéóôÜ ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðéï åý÷ñçóôá. Ôï ðñþôï
GUI ó÷åäéÜóôçêå áðü ôç Xerox ôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ 1970 áëëÜ Ýãéíå äçìïöéëÝò
ùò éäÝá êáé åöáñìüóôçêå óôïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò ôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ 1980, áñ÷éêÜ
áðü ôçí Apple óôïõò Macintosh. Ôá âáóéêÜ óõíèåôéêÜ ìÝñç åíüò GUI åßíáé:
Ï äåßêôçò (pointer), ç óõóêåõÞ Ýíäåéîçò (pointing device), ôá åéêïíßäéá
(icons), ç åðéöÜíåéá åñãáóßáò (desktop), ôá ðáñÜèõñá (windows) êáé ôá
ìåíïý.

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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

HAL: HUB:
(Hardware Abstraction Layer) ¸íá ðñùôüêïëëï ìåôÜöñáóçò óå Ýíá ëåé- ¸íá êïéíü óçìåßï (óõóêåõÞ) äéáóýíäåóçò óõóêåõþí óå Ýíá äßêôõï. Ôá
ôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá Þ óå Ýíá API, ðïõ ôïõò äßíåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá åêôåëïý- HUBs Ý÷ïõí ðïëëÝò èýñåò êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé åõñÝùò ãéá íá óõíäÝóïõí
íôáé óå ðïëëáðëÝò ðëáôöüñìåò hardware. ôìÞìáôá (õðïëïãéóôÝò Þ ðåñéöåñåéáêÝò óõóêåõÝò) åíüò ôïðéêïý äéêôýïõ
(LAN). ¼ôáí Ýíá ðáêÝôï äåäïìÝíùí öôÜíåé óå ìéá èýñá, áíôéãñÜöåôáé óå
Half duplex: üëåò ôéò õðüëïéðåò èýñåò ôïõ ÇUB, þóôå üëá ôá ôìÞìáôá ôïõ ôïðéêïý äé-
Ôå÷íéêÞ ìåôÜäïóçò äåäïìÝíùí, ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ôç ìåôáöïñÜ äåäïìÝíùí êáé êôýïõ íá ìðïñïýí íá äïõí üëá ôá ðáêÝôá. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ôñéþí åéäþí HUBs.
ðñïò ôéò äýï êáôåõèýíóåéò áëëÜ ü÷é ôáõôü÷ñïíá. Ôï ðáèçôéêü ëåéôïõñãåß ùò Ýíá áðëü ìÝóï ìåôáöïñÜò ãéá ôá äåäïìÝíá, óôá
Hand held computer: ïðïßá åðéôñÝðåé íá ìåôáöåñèïýí áðü ìéá óõóêåõÞ Þ õðïëïãéóôÞ óå Ýíáí
Üëëï. Ôá “ÝîõðíᔠHUBs (Intelligent Þ Ìanageable) Ý÷ïõí ðñüóèåôåò äõ-
Ç/Õ ìå ìéêñÝò äéáóôÜóåéò ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé óôïí êÜôï÷ü ôïõ íá ôïí ÷ñçóéìï-
íáôüôçôåò, ïé ïðïßåò åðéôñÝðïõí óôï äéá÷åéñéóôÞ ôïõ äéêôýïõ (administrator)
ðïéåß êñáôþíôáò ôïí óôï ÷Ýñé ôïõ.
íá åëÝã÷åé ôçí êõêëïöïñßá ôùí äåäïìÝíùí êáé íá ñõèìßæåé áíÜëïãá êÜèå
HDTV: èýñá. Ï ôñßôïò ôýðïò ôùí HUBs êáëåßôáé “switching” êáé ìðïñåß íá äéáâÜ-
Ç HDTV (High Definition TeleVision, ìÝñïò ôïõ ðñüôõðïõ Advanced TV Þ óåé ôç äéåýèõíóç êÜèå ðáêÝôïõ, þóôå íá ôï óôåßëåé áðåõèåßáò óôç óùóôÞ
ATV) åßíáé ìéá íÝá ôå÷íïëïãßá ôçëåüñáóçò ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé áðåéêüíéóç ìå èýñá.
ðïéüôçôá üìïéá ìå åêåßíç ôùí åðáããåëìáôéêþí ôáéíéþí ôùí 35mm êáé Þ÷ï
áíôßóôïé÷ï åíüò Compact Disc. Ç ôå÷íïëïãßá ÇDTV õðÜñ÷åé áõôÞí ôç óôéã-
ìÞ êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óå óõíäñïìçôéêïýò ôçëåïðôéêïýò óôáèìïýò óôï
åîùôåñéêü. Óôéò ÇÐÁ åßíáé ðëÝïí åðéôñåðôÞ ç ìåôÜäïóç óÞìáôïò âÜóåé ôïõ
ðñüôõðïõ ATV. ÔÝëïò, ç HDTV ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß øçöéáêÞ åêðïìðÞ óÞìáôïò
ìå ôçí êáèéåñùìÝíç ìÝèïäï óõìðßåóçò MPEG-2.
HEL:
(Hardware Emulation Layer) Ôï HEL åßíáé Ýíá ðñùôüêïëëï ôïõ Direct3D
ðïõ åîïìïéþíåé ìÝóù ëïãéóìéêïý ôéò ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ äåí õðïóôçñßæïíôáé
áðü ìéá ìïíÜäá õëéêïý (hardware). Ïé åîïìïéùìÝíåò ìå áõôüí ôï ôñüðï
ëåéôïõñãßåò Ý÷ïõí óõíÞèùò ÷áìçëüôåñç áðüäïóç óå óýãêñéóç ìå ôç
hardware õëïðïßçóÞ ôïõò.
HMA Memory:
High Memory Area - Ôá ðñþôá 64 kilobytes ôçò extended ìíÞìçò.
HTML:
(HyperText Markup Language) Ãëþóóá ðñïóäéïñéóìïý éäéïôÞôùí õðåñ-
êåéìÝíïõ ìå åöáñìïãÞ óôá êåßìåíá ðïõ “áíáñôþíôáé” óå Web sites. Êáèï-
ñßæåé ôï åßäïò ãñáììáôïóåéñÜò, èÝóç, ìÝãåèïò, äéÜöïñá åöÝ, animation ê.Ü.
ôùí áðåéêïíéæüìåíùí ÷áñáêôÞñùí êáé ãñáöéêþí.
HTTP:
(HyperText Transfer Protocol) Åßíáé ôï ðñùôüêïëëï åðéðÝäïõ åöáñìï-
ãþí, ôï ïðïßï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï World Wide Web. To HTTP êáèïñß-
æåé ìéá óåéñÜ áðü ðáñáìÝôñïõò åðéêïéíùíßáò êáé ìåôÜäïóçò. Ìåôáîý áõ-
ôþí, êáèïñßæåé ôïí ôñüðï ìïñöïðïßçóçò êáé ìåôÜäïóçò ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí
(e-mail), êáèþò êáé ôéò åíÝñãåéåò ðïõ èá êÜíïõí ïé Web servers êáé ïé
browsers óå ìéá óåéñÜ åíôïëþí ðïõ èá ëÜâïõí. Óôï HTTP êÜèå åíôïëÞ
åêôåëåßôáé îå÷ùñéóôÜ, ÷ùñßò íá ëáìâÜíïíôáé õð’ üøéí ïé åíôïëÝò ðïõ ðñïç-
ãÞèçêáí. Âáóéêü ôïõ ðëåïíÝêôçìá åßíáé ç äõíáôüôçôá ðïõ Ý÷åé ãéá ôç ìåôá-
öïñÜ ðïëëáðëþí áñ÷åßùí ìÝóù ôçò ßäéáò óýíäåóçò.

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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
IC:
(Integrated Circuit - ïëïêëçñùìÝíï êýêëùìá) ÏëïêëçñùìÝíï êýêëùìá -
Þ áðëþò chip- åßíáé Ýíá ìéêñü çëåêôñïíéêü óôïé÷åßï áðü çìé-áãþãéìï õëé-
êü. Ôï ðñþôï integrated circuit êáôáóêåõÜóôçêå óôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ ’50 áðü
ôïí Jack Kilby ôçò Texas Instruments êáé ôï Robert Noyce ôçò Fairchild
Semiconductor. Ôá ICs ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé óå äéÜöïñåò óõóêåõÝò, üðùò ìé-
êñïåðåîåñãáóôÝò, åîïðëéóìü Þ÷ïõ êáé video, áêüìá êáé óå áõôïêßíçôá. Ç
ôáîéíüìçóç ôùí ïëïêëçñùìÝíùí ãßíåôáé âÜóåé ôïõ áñéèìïý ôùí óôïé÷åßùí
ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí, ùò åîÞò:
• SSI (small-scale integration): ÌÝ÷ñé 100 óôïé÷åßá áíÜ chip
• MSI (medium-scale integration): Áðü 100 Ýùò 3.000 óôïé÷åßá áíÜ chip
• LSI (large-scale integration): Áðü 3.000 Ýùò 100.000 óôïé÷åßá áíÜ chip
• VLSI (very large-scale integration): Áðü 100.000 Ýùò 1.000.000 óôïé÷åßá
áíÜ chip
• ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): ÐÜíù áðü 1.000.000 óôïé÷åßá áíÜ
chip
Interface:
¼ôáí ðñüêåéôáé ãéá software, ìå ôïí üñï interface åííïïýìå áö’ åíüò ôçí
åðéöÜíåéá åñãáóßáò ìéáò åöáñìïãÞò (ïõóéáóôéêÜ, ôï êïììÜôé ôçò åöáñìï-
ãÞò ðïõ åßíáé ïñáôü êáé ìÝóù ôïõ ïðïßïõ ï ÷ñÞóôçò ìðïñåß íá åðéêïéíù-
íÞóåé ìå ôçí åöáñìïãÞ), áö’ åôÝñïõ (óðáíéüôåñá) ôìÞìáôá software ðïõ
÷ñçóéìåýïõí ùò óõíäåôéêïß êñßêïé ìåôáîý åöáñìïãþí. Óôï hardware,
interface åßíáé ìéá óõóêåõÞ (êÜñôá) êáé ôï software (ðñùôüêïëëï) ðïõ
åðéôñÝðïõí ôç óýíäåóç ìéáò óõóêåõÞò ìå ìéá Üëëç.
Interlacing:
1) Ôå÷íéêÞ áðåéêüíéóçò, ìå ôçí ïðïßá ìéá ïèüíç ìðïñåß íá áðåéêïíßóåé õøç-
ëüôåñåò áíáëýóåéò áðü áõôÝò ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ôå÷íéêÜ. Óôéò interlaced
ïèüíåò ôï ðõñïâüëï çëåêôñïíßùí ó÷çìáôßæåé ìüíï ôéò ìéóÝò ïñéæüíôéåò
ãñáììÝò óå êÜèå ðÝñáóìá (ôéò ìïíÝò Þ ôéò æõãÝò). Ìå ôç ìÝèïäï áõôÞ
ìðïñåß íá áðåéêïíéóôåß äéðëÜóéïò áñéèìüò ãñáììþí áíÜ êýêëï áíáíÝù-
óçò, ðñïóöÝñïíôáò êáëýôåñç áíÜëõóç. Ùóôüóï, áõôÞ ç Ýììåóç ìÝèïäïò
áýîçóçò ôçò áíÜëõóçò óõíåðÜãåôáé ôçí áñãÞ áðüêñéóç ôçò áíáíÝùóçò.
¸ôóé, êÜðïéåò åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ áðáéôïýí ãñÞãïñåò áíáíåþóåéò, üðùò ôï
video, äåí ìðïñïýí íá áðåéêïíéóôïýí óùóôÜ, ðñÜãìá ðïõ ðñïêáëåß ôï
öáéíüìåíï ôïõ flickering.
2) Ôå÷íéêÞ áðåéêüíéóçò ìéáò öùôïãñáößáò, üðïõ äéáöïñåôéêÝò ãñáììÝò áðåé-
êïíßæïíôáé óå äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðåñÜóìáôá. Ìå áõôÞí ôç ìÝèïäï äçìéïõñãåß-
ôáé Ýíá åöÝ, êáôÜ ôï ïðïßï ïëüêëçñç ç öùôïãñáößá áðåéêïíßæåôáé áìÝ-
óùò êáé êáôüðéí ãßíåôáé ôï “ãÝìéóìᔠìå ôéò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò. Ç âáóéêÞ åöáñ-
ìïãÞ áõôÞò ôçò ôå÷íéêÞò åßíáé óôï Web, üðïõ, áêüìç êáé üôáí õðÜñ÷ïõí
÷áìçëïß ñõèìïß åðéêïéíùíßáò, ïé öùôïãñáößåò åìöáíßæïíôáé áìÝóùò -ìå
áôÝëåéåò âÝâáéá (öáßíïíôáé èáìðÝò)- êáé êáôüðéí ïëïêëçñþíïíôáé, êá-
èþò åìöáíßæïíôáé êáé ïé ãñáììÝò ðïõ ëåßðïõí.
Interpolation:
(ÐáñåìâïëÞ) Áëãüñéèìïò áýîçóçò ôçò áíÜëõóçò ìéáò åéêüíáò ìå ðñï-
óèÞêç pixels ìåôáîý ôùí õðáñ÷üíôùí. Ç ÷ñùìáôéêÞ ôéìÞ êÜèå åðéðëÝïí
pixel õðïëïãßæåôáé âÜóåé ôçò ìÝóçò ôéìÞò ôùí åéêïíïóôïé÷åßùí ôçò ðåñéï-
÷Þò ðïõ èá ðñïóôåèåß.
Intranet:
¸íá åíäïåðé÷åéñçóéáêü Web site, ôï ïðïßï åîõðçñåôåß ôïõò åñãáæüìåíïõò
ôçò åôáéñåßáò. Ïé óåëßäåò åíüò Éntranet äåí åßíáé äçìïóéïðïéçìÝíåò êáé
ðñïóâÜóéìåò áðü ôï êïéíü, ìðïñåß, üìùò, íá ðåñéÝ÷ïõí óôïé÷åßá áðü ôï
Internet. Âáóéêü ðëåïíÝêôçìá ôïõ Éntranet åßíáé ç åõêïëßá ðñüóâáóçò óå
ìéá óåéñÜ åããñÜöùí, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìüíï Ýíáí êïéíü Browser êáé ç
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ I
óõìâáôüôçôá ìåôáîý äéáöïñåôéêþí ðëáôöïñìþí (Windows, Mac, UNIX),
êÜôé ðïõ åîáóöáëßæåôáé áðü ôç öýóç ôùí åöáñìïãþí Éntranet. Ãéá ôç äç-
ìéïõñãßá ôùí åöáñìïãþí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý,
üðùò ç Java.
Intranet:
Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá äßêôõï ðïõ õößóôáôáé óôï åóùôåñéêü ìéáò åðé÷åßñçóçò.
Ìðïñåß íá áðïôåëåßôáé áðü ðïëëÜ áëëçëïóõíäåüìåíá ôïðéêÜ äßêôõá (LAN
- Local Area Network) êáé ìïéÜæåé óôçí ïõóßá ìå ìéá ìéêñÞ êáé “éäéùôéêޔ
Ýêäïóç ôïõ Internet. Ï ëüãïò ýðáñîÞò ôïõ åßíáé ç áíôáëëáãÞ äåäïìÝíùí
áíÜìåóá óôïõò åñãáæüìåíïõò ôçò åðé÷åßñçóçò, åíþ ìðïñåß, öõóéêÜ, íá Ý÷åé
êáé óýíäåóç ìå ôï Internet.
IP Address:
Åßíáé ôï ìÝóï ôçò áíáãíþñéóçò åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ óå Ýíá äßêôõï TCP/IP. Ôá
äßêôõá ðïõ êÜíïõí ÷ñÞóç ôïõ ðñùôïêüëëïõ TCP/IP, êáôåõèýíïõí ôá ìçíý-
ìáôá âáóéæüìåíá óôç äéåýèõíóç ÉÑ ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ç ìïñöÞ ìéáò äéåýèõí-
óçò ÉÑ åßíáé ôÝóóåñéò áñéèìïß, ïé ïðïßïé äéá÷ùñßæïíôáé ìå ôåëåßåò
(000.111.222.333) êáé ìðïñåß íá Ý÷ïõí ôéìÞ áðü 0 Ýùò 255. Óå Ýíá ôïðéêü,
áõôüíïìï äßêôõï ìðïñåß íá áðïäïèïýí äéåõèýíóåéò ÉÑ óå ïðïéáäÞðïôå
ôõ÷áßá ìïñöÞ. ¼ôáí, üìùò, óõíäÝåôáé Ýíá éäéùôéêü äßêôõï óôï Internet,
áðáéôåßôáé íá ãßíåôáé ÷ñÞóç óõãêåêñéìÝíùí, ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíùí áñéèìþí
ãéá ôçí áðïöõãÞ äéðëïåããñáöþí. Ïé ôÝóóåñéò áñéèìïß ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
ìå äéáöïñåôéêïýò ôñüðïõò ãéá ôçí ðéóôïðïßçóç åíüò óõãêåêñéìÝíïõ äé-
êôýïõ êáé åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ óôï äßêôõï.
IrDA:
Infrared Data Association. Èýñá õðÝñõèñùí áêôßíùí. ÊõñéïëåêôéêÜ, ï üñïò
áíáöÝñåôáé óå ìéá ïìÜäá êáôáóêåõáóôþí ðåñéöåñåéáêþí óõóêåõþí, ðïõ
áíÝðôõîå Ýíá ðñüôõðï ìåôÜäïóçò äåäïìÝíùí ìÝóù õðÝñõèñùí áêôßíùí.
Ïé èýñåò õðÝñõèñùí áêôßíùí Ý÷ïõí ãßíåé ðëÝïí standard óôïõò öïñçôïýò
õðïëïãéóôÝò êáé áíôßóôïé÷åò öïñçôÝò óõóêåõÝò, üðùò åêôõðùôÝò. Ìå ôç
èýñá õðÝñõèñùí áêôßíùí ìåôáöÝñïíôáé äåäïìÝíá áðü ìéá óõóêåõÞ óå ìéá
Üëëç, ÷ùñßò íá áðáéôåßôáé ç óýíäåóÞ ôïõò ìå êáëþäéá. Áðáñáßôçôç ðñïû-
ðüèåóç ãéá ôç óýíäåóç äýï óõóêåõþí åßíáé íá ìçí õðÜñ÷åé åìðüäéï ìåôá-
îý ôùí õðÝñõèñùí èõñþí ôïõò, êáé ç áðüóôáóç ìåôáîý ôïõò íá åßíáé ðå-
ñéïñéóìÝíç. Ç ôá÷ýôçôá ìåôáöïñÜò ìÝóù IrDA åßíáé ßäéá ìå áõôÞ ôçò ðá-
ñÜëëçëçò èýñáò.
IRQ:
Interrupt ReQuest line. Ôá IRQs åßíáé õëéêÝò (hardware) “ïäïߔ, ìÝóù ôùí
ïðïßùí ïé óõóêåõÝò ìðïñïýí íá óôåßëïõí óÞìáôá äéáêïðÞò óôïí êåíôñéêü
åðåîåñãáóôÞ. ¼ôáí ðñïóèÝôïõìå ìéá íÝá óõóêåõÞ óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ,
êÜðïéåò öïñÝò ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá ãßíïõí ñõèìßóåéò ðïõ áöïñïýí ôïí áñéèìü
ôïõ IRQ. Áõôüò ï áñéèìüò êáèïñßæåé ðïéá “ïäü” èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ç óõ-
óêåõÞ ãéá íá åðéêïéíùíåß ìå ôç CPU. Ðïëý óõíçèéóìÝíá ðñïâëÞìáôá åßíáé
ôá IRQ conflicts, ôá ïðïßá óõíáíôþíôáé üôáí äýï óõóêåõÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí
ôçí ßäéá ïäü, ìå áðïôÝëåóìá íá ìç ëåéôïõñãåß óùóôÜ ç ìßá Þ êáé ïé äýï. Óå
ðïëëÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ðÜíôùò, ç ëåéôïõñãßá Plug-and-Play ëýíåé áõôÜ ôá
ðñïâëÞìáôá.
ISA:
Industry Standard Architecture. Áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ äéáýëïõ (bus) ðïõ ÷ñçóé-
ìïðïéÞèçêå áñ÷éêÜ áðü ôá IBM PC/XT êáé ÉÂÌ PC/AT êáé êáôüðéí êáèéå-
ñþèçêå ùò standard. Ôï 1993 ç Intel êáé ç Microsoft ðáñïõóßáóáí ôï Plug-
and-Play ISA. To ðñüóèåôï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôïõ åßíáé ç áõôüìáôç áíáãíþ-
ñéóç áðü ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ôùí êáñôþí ðïõ åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíåò óå
áõôü. Ôï èåôéêü áðïôÝëåóìá áõôïý Þôáí ç êáôÜñãçóç ôùí jumpers êáé ôùí
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
DIP switches ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç ôùí êáñôþí åðÝêôáóçò.
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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

ISDN:
Éntegrated Services Digital Network. ÄéåèíÝò ôçëåðéêïéíùíéáêü standard
ãéá ôç ìåôáöïñÜ öùíÞò, äåäïìÝíùí êáé video ìÝóù øçöéáêþí ôçëåöùíé-
êþí ãñáììþí. Ôï ISDN áðáéôåß åéäéêÝò êáëùäéþóåéò êáé õðïóôçñßæåé ñõè-
ìïýò ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí ôçò ôÜîçò ôùí 64kbps.
ISP:
Internet Service Provider. Ìéá åôáéñåßá ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé óôïõò óõíäñïìçôÝò
ôçò ðñüóâáóç óôï Internet (ðáñï÷Ýáò). Ìå êÜðïéï ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï,
óõíÞèùò ìçíéáßï áíôßôéìï, ï ðáñï÷Ýáò ðáñá÷ùñåß óôï ÷ñÞóôç Ýíá êùäé-
êü üíïìá êáé Ýíá óõíèçìáôéêü (password) ðñüóâáóçò, ìÝóù ôùí ïðïßùí
ï ôåëåõôáßïò ðéóôïðïéåß ôçí ôáõôüôçôÜ ôïõ êáé Ý÷åé ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá ÷ñç-
óéìïðïéÞóåé ôéò ôçëåðéêïéíùíéáêÝò ãñáììÝò. Ç ðñüóâáóç ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç ìðï-
ñåß íá ãßíåé åßôå ìå ôçëåöùíéêÞ êëÞóç åßôå ìå ìüíéìç óýíäåóç ìå ôïí
ðáñï÷Ýá.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

Java / JavaScript:
Ç Java åßíáé ç íåüôåñç êáé ç ôá÷ýôåñá áíáðôõóóüìåíç ãëþóóá ðñïãñáì-
ìáôéóìïý ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá åöáñìïãÝò ôïõ Äéáäéêôýïõ, êáé ÷áñá-
êôçñßæåôáé áðü ìåãÜëç áðëüôçôá óôç óýíôáîç êáé åããåíÞ öïñçôüôçôá, áöïý
ãéá íá ëåéôïõñãÞóåé Ýíá áíÜëïãï ðñüãñáììá, ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ìüíï ç Java Virtual
Machine ðïõ äéáíÝìåôáé äùñåÜí. Ç JavaScript åßíáé ìéá åðÝêôáóç ôçò Java
ãéá ôç äçìéïõñãßá äõíáìéêþí óåëßäùí Web êáé åöáñìïãþí ìå õøçëÜ
interactive ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ.
Java Virtual Machine:
Åéäéêüò ìåôáôñïðÝáò ôùí browsers ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïõí åöáñìïãÝò Java, ï
ïðïßïò ìåôáôñÝðåé ôïí êþäéêá byte ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ç Java (ìå ôïí ïðïßï
ïé åöáñìïãÝò áõôÝò äåí ìðïñïýí íá ëåéôïõñãÞóïõí áõôüíïìá) óå êþäéêá
ìç÷áíÞò. Ç Java Virtual Machine õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá ëåé-
ôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá (Windows, Unix, Macintosh OS), åíþ ï ÷ñÞóôçò Ý÷åé
áíÜ ðÜóá óôéãìÞ ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá ôçí áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåé ìÝóù ôïõ browser
ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß, ÷ùñßò, üìùò, ìåôÜ íá ìðïñïýí íá ëåéôïõñãÞóïõí ïé
åöáñìïãÝò Java (ãíùóôÝò êáé ùò Java applets) óôï óýóôçìÜ ôïõ.
Jitter:
¼ñïò áíôßóôïé÷ïò ìå ôï ãíùóôü flickering óå ìéá ïèüíç, êáôÜ ôï ïðïßï ç
åéêüíá ðïõ ðñïâÜëëåôáé, öáßíåôáé óáí íá “ôñÝìåé”. Ôï jittering ìðïñåß íá
ðñïêáëåßôáé ëüãù ôïõ ÷áìçëïý ñõèìïý áíáíÝùóçò ôçò åéêüíáò, êáêÞò
óýíäåóçò ìåôáîý êÜñôáò ãñáöéêþí êáé ïèüíçò, ìéáò áóôï÷ßáò õëéêïý óôï
monitor Þ ìç áêñéâïýò óõã÷ñïíéóìïý ôùí óçìÜôùí ðïõ áðïóôÝëëïíôáé
ðñïò ôçí ïèüíç. Ôï jittering ìåéþíåôáé Þ êáé åîáëåßöåôáé óôéò åðéêïéíùíßåò
ç÷çôéêþí óçìÜôùí ìå ôç âïÞèåéá åíüò åéäéêïý ôýðïõ åðåîåñãáóôÞ óçìÜ-
ôùí, ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé Jitter buster.
JPEG:
(Joint Photographic Experts Group - ðñïö. ôæÝé-ðåãê) Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï
ãíùóôü áëãüñéèìï JPEG, ìéá lossy (ìå áðþëåéåò) ôå÷íéêÞ óõìðßåóçò äåäï-
ìÝíùí ãéá áñ÷åßá Ýã÷ñùìùí åéêüíùí. Ìïëïíüôé ïé åéêüíåò ìðïñïýí íá
óõìðéåóôïýí êáôÜ 95%, õðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ìéêñü ðïóïóôü äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ ÷Üíå-
ôáé êáôÜ ôç óõìðßåóç.
Jumper:
Ìéá ìåôáëëéêÞ “ãÝöõñá”, ç ïðïßá êëåßíåé Ýíá çëåêôñéêü êýêëùìá. ÓõíÞ-
èùò, Ýíá jumper áðïôåëåßôáé áðü Ýíá ðëáóôéêü ðåñßâëçìá, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé
êáëõììÝíï åóùôåñéêÜ ìå ìÝôáëëï êáé ðñïóáñìüæåôáé óå Ýíá æåýãïò áðü
pins ðïõ åîÝ÷ïõí. Ôá jumpers ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãéá ôéò ñõèìßóåéò óôéò ðá-
ñáìÝôñïõò êáñôþí åðÝêôáóçò êáé motherboards.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

K56flex:
Ôå÷íïëïãßá ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞèçêå áðü ôéò Lucent Technologies êáé Rockwell
International ãéá ôá÷ýôçôåò ìåôáöïñÜò 56Kbps ìÝóù ôçò ôçëåöùíéêÞò ãñáì-
ìÞò. ÁõôÝò ïé ôá÷ýôçôåò åðéôõã÷Üíïíôáé ìüíï êáôÜ ôç ëÞøç äåäïìÝíùí,
åíþ áíôßèåôá êáôÜ ôçí áðïóôïëÞ äåäïìÝíùí ïé ôá÷ýôçôåò äåí îåðåñíïýí ôá
33,6Kbps.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

LAN: Log In:

(Local Area Network). Tïðéêü äßêôõï ðïõ åêôåßíåôáé óå åóùôåñéêü ÷þñï Eßóïäïò åñãáóßáò, Ýíáñîç óýíäåóçò. Ç åéóáãùãÞ ôùí áðáñáßôçôùí óôïé-
(ãñáöåßï, üñïöïò Þ êôßñéï) ÷ùñßò åîùôåñéêÝò êáëùäéþóåéò, ìÝóù ôïõ ïðïßïõ ÷åßùí ãéá ôçí åßóïäï åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ Þ ôåñìáôéêïý óå Ýíá äßêôõï. Ç åéóá-
óõíäÝïíôáé õðïëïãéóôÝò êáé ðåñéöåñåéáêÜ ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôï ÷þñï áõôü. ãùãÞ ãßíåôáé áðü ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï ôïõ Ç/Õ Þ áðü Ýíá ðåñéöåñåéáêü. Ôá
ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñá åßäç ôïðéêïý äéêôýïõ LAN êáé äéáöïñïðïéïýíôáé áíÜ- óôïé÷åßá ãéá ôçí Ýíáñîç ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí Ýíá üíïìá Þ êùäéêü Þ êÜðïéï óõí-
ëïãá ìå ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá, óôï ïðïßï âáóßæïíôáé, ôá åßäç êáëùäßù- èçìáôéêü áñéèìü.
óçò, ôá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ôùí óõíäåäåìÝíùí õðïëïãéóôþí ê.ëð.
LBA:
Logical Block Addressing. Ìéá åíáëëáêôéêÞ ìÝèïäïò äéåõèõíóéïäüôçóçò ôùí
ôïìÝùí óå Ýíá óêëçñü äßóêï, ç ïðïßá åßíáé ç ðëÝïí óõíçèéóìÝíç. Ìå âÜóç
áõôÞ, óå êÜèå ôïìÝá áðïäßäåôáé ìéá ìïíáäéêÞ äéåýèõíóç, ç ïðïßá ðñïêý-
ðôåé áðü ôç äéáäï÷éêÞ áñßèìçóç üëùí ôùí ôïìÝùí ðïõ äéáèÝôåé Ýíáò äß-
óêïò óå üëïõò ôïõò êõëßíäñïõò êáé óå üëåò ôéò åðéöÜíåéåò åããñáöÞò ôïõ.
LCD:
Liquid Crystal Display. Týðïò åðßðåäçò ïèüíçò, ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé, ìå-
ôáîý Üëëùí, óå øçöéáêÜ ñïëüãéá, çëåêôñïíéêÜ ðáé÷íßäéá êáé öïñçôïýò
õðïëïãéóôÝò. ×ñçóéìïðïéåß äýï åðéöÜíåéåò ðïëùôéêïý õëéêïý, ðïõ Ý÷ïõí
åíäéÜìåóá õãñïýò êñõóôÜëëïõò. ¼ôáí Ýíá çëåêôñéêü öïñôßï ðåñíÜ ìÝóù
ôïõ õãñïý, ðñïêáëåß ôçí åõèõãñÜììéóç ôùí êñõóôÜëëùí åêåßíïõ ôïõ óç-
ìåßïõ, ôá ïðïßá äåí åðéôñÝðïõí óôï öùò íá ðåñÜóåé. ÄçëáäÞ, ïé êñýóôáë-
ëïé ëåéôïõñãïýí óáí êëåßóôñá: åßôå áöÞíïõí ôï öùò íá ðåñíÜ, åßôå ü÷é.
ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ìïíü÷ñùìåò êáé Ýã÷ñùìåò ïèüíåò LCD. Ïé Ýã÷ñùìåò åßíáé äýï
êáôçãïñéþí, ïé Ñassive-Ìatrix êáé ïé Áctive-Ìatrix Þ TFT, ïé ïðïßåò åßíáé
ðïéïôéêüôåñåò áëëÜ êáé áñêåôÜ áêñéâüôåñåò.
LF:
Low Frequency (óÞìá). Ôï óÞìá LF ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôçí êùäéêïðïßçóç
ç÷çôéêþí óçìÜôùí Dolby Pro Logic êáé åßíáé ôï éäéáßôåñï óÞìá ðïõ ìåôá-
öÝñåé ôïõò Þ÷ïõò ÷áìçëþí óõ÷íïôÞôùí. Ìå ôçí ðñïóèÞêç ôïõ LF óå Ýíá
óýíïëï ðÝíôå ðçãþí ç÷çôéêþí óçìÜôùí (ðñüôõðï 5.1) ìðïñïýìå íá Ý÷ïõ-
ìå ñåáëéóôéêÞ åîïìïßùóç åíüò ç÷çôéêïý ôñéóäéÜóôáôïõ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò.
LIFO:
Óôïí ðñïãñáììáôéóìü ôï LIFO (last-in, first out) åßíáé ìéá ðñïóÝããéóç óôçí
åðåîåñãáóßá êëÞóåùí (ìå ôç ãåíéêüôåñç Ýííïéá ôçò ëÝîçò), êáôÜ ôçí ïðïßá
ç íåüôåñç êëÞóç ãßíåôáé ðñþôç áíôéêåßìåíï åðåîåñãáóßáò.
Light pen:
Ìéá óõóêåõÞ åéóüäïõ, åõáßóèçôç óôï öùò ðïõ ìïéÜæåé ìå ãñáößäá. Áíôß íá
êõëÜôå ôï ðïíôßêé ðÜíù óôï ãñáöåßï óáò, áðëþò äåß÷íåôå óå Ýíá áíôéêåßìå-
íï óôçí ïèüíç. Ç ãñáößäá áéóèÜíåôáé ôç èÝóç ôïõ óôçí ïèüíç êáé óôÝëíåé
ôï êáôÜëëçëï óÞìá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ç ãñáößäá åðéôñÝðåé, åðßóçò, óôï
÷ñÞóôç íá êéíçèåß áðü ìéá ðåñéï÷Þ óå ìéá Üëëç, ãñÞãïñá êáé ìå áêñßâåéá.
Line-interactive:
Ôýðïò UPS ìå êõêëþìáôá åíáëëáêôþí ðïõ áíé÷íåýïõí ôéò áíùìáëßåò Þ ôéò
äéáêïðÝò óôç ãñáììÞ ôñïöïäïóßáò, åðéôõã÷Üíïíôáò Ýôóé ôá÷ýôåñç áðüêñé-
óç êáôÜ ôç ìåôáöïñÜ ôçò ôñïöïäïóßáò áðü ôï äßêôõï óôïõò óõóóùñåõôÝò.
Links:
Ùò links (óõíäÝóåéò) ïñßæïíôáé ôá óôïé÷åßá ìéáò óåëßäáò Web (üðùò ëÝîåéò,
öñÜóåéò, åéêüíåò ïëüêëçñåò Þ ôìÞìáôÜ ôïõò), ðÜíù óôá ïðïßá åÜí êÜíåôå
êëéê ìå ôï ðïíôßêé, èá ìåôáöåñèåßôå óå Ýíá Üëëï ôìÞìá ôçò ôñÝ÷ïõóáò óåëß-
äáò, óå Üëëç óåëßäá Þ óå “Üíïéãìᔠôïõ áñ÷åßïõ åéêüíáò óôï ðáñÜèõñï
ôïõ Web browser.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Macro:
Óýíôìçóç ôïõ üñïõ macroinstruction ðïõ óçìáßíåé ìáêñïåíôïëÞ, äçë. åíôï-
ëÞ åíüò ðñïãñÜììáôïò, ç ïðïßá, üôáí ìåôáöñÜæåôáé, äçìéïõñãåß ðåñéóóü-
ôåñåò áðü ìßá åíôïëÝò óå ãëþóóá ìç÷áíÞò.
Magneto Resistive - MR:
¼ñïò ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí ôå÷íïëïãßá ðïõ äéáèÝôïõí ïé êåöáëÝò áíÜãíù-
óçò-åããñáöÞò ôùí óêëçñþí äßóêùí. Åßíáé ç åõñýôåñá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýìåíç
ôå÷íïëïãßá óôïí ôïìÝá áõôü áëëÜ êáé ç ðéï ðáëéÜ, ìå áñêåôïýò ðåñéïñé-
óìïýò óå ü,ôé áöïñÜ ôçí ðõêíüôçôá ôïõ ìáãíçôéêïý õëéêïý ðïõ èá ðñÝðåé
íá Ý÷ïõí ïé äßóêïé.
Mailbox:
Ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ áíÞêåé óå óõãêåêñéìÝíï ÷ñÞóôç Þ óå Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï çëå-
êôñïíéêü õðïëïãéóôÞ, üðïõ áðïèçêåýïíôáé ôá ìçíýìáôá çëåêôñïíéêïý ôá-
÷õäñïìåßïõ (e-mail) ðïõ Ý÷åé ðáñáëÜâåé ôï óýóôçìá.
Megapixel:
¼ñïò ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí áíÜëõóç ãñáöéêþí. Óå Ýíá Megapixel áíôéóôïé-
÷ïýí Ýíá åêáôïììýñéï pixels. ×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü óõóêåõÝò, üðùò øçöéá-
êÝò öùôïãñáöéêÝò ìç÷áíÝò, óáñùôÝò ê.ëð. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, áðü ìéá øç-
öéáêÞ öùôïãñáöéêÞ ìç÷áíÞ ìå äõíáôüôçôá áíÜëõóçò 4Megapixels ìðïñåß
íá ëçöèåß ìéá öùôïãñáößá, ç ïðïßá äéáéñåßôáé óå 4 åêáôïììýñéá pixels ìå
ðéèáíÞ áíÜëõóç 2000x2000pixels.
Micron:
Åßíáé õðïìïíÜäá ôïõ ìÝôñïõ, ßóç ìå ôï Ýíá åêáôïììõñéïóôü ôïõ. Áðïôåëåß
ôç âáóéêÞ ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò óôçí êáôáóêåõÞ ôùí ïëïêëçñùìÝíùí êõêëù-
ìÜôùí. Ïé èåìåëéþäåéò ìïíÜäåò, ìå ôéò ïðïßåò êáôáóêåõÜæïíôáé ôá transistors
óå Ýíá chip, ìåôñþíôáé óå microns. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôá óýã÷ñïíá chips
êáôáóêåõÜæïíôáé ìå ôå÷íïëïãßá 0,25micron, åíþ óýíôïìá áíáìÝíïíôáé chips
ìå ôå÷íïëïãßá 0,18micron.
MIDI:
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá standard ðïõ ó÷å-
äéÜóôçêå êáé áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôç âéïìç÷áíßá ôçò çëåêôñïíéêÞò ìïõóéêÞò
ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï óõóêåõþí ðïõ ðáñÜãïõí ìïõóéêÞ, üðùò ôá synthesizers êáé
ïé êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ. Ìéá áðåéêüíéóç Þ÷ïõ format MIDI ðåñéÝ÷åé ðëçñïöïñßåò
ãéá ôïí ôüíï, ôçí Ýíôáóç êáé ôç äéÜñêåéá ìéáò íüôáò. Ôï MIDI õðïóôçñßæåôáé
áðü ôï óýíïëï ó÷åäüí ôùí synthesizers, ðñÜãìá ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ôçí áíáðá-
ñáãùãÞ êáé ôç äéá÷åßñéóç ôùí Þ÷ùí ðïõ äçìéïõñãïýíôáé óå Ýíá synthesizer,
áðü ïðïéïäÞðïôå Üëëï. Ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ äéáèÝôïõí MIDI interface,
ìðïñïýí íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóïõí Þ÷ïõò ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞèçêáí áðü Ýíá synthesizer,
êáé êáôüðéí íá åðåîåñãáóôïýí ôá äåäïìÝíá ãéá ôç äçìéïõñãßá íÝùí Þ÷ùí.
MIME:
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. Óýíïëï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêþí ãéá ôç
ìïñöïðïßçóç ìçíõìÜôùí ðïõ äåí åßíáé ASCII, þóôå íá ìðïñïýí íá óôá-
ëïýí ìÝóù Internet. Êáèïñßóôçêå ôï 1992 áðü ôïí ïñãáíéóìü IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force). ÐïëëÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá e-mail õðïóôçñßæïõí ÌÉÌÅ,
êÜôé ðïõ ôïõò äßíåé ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá áðïóôÝëëïõí êáé íá ëáìâÜíïõí áñ-
÷åßá åéêüíáò Þ÷ïõ êáé video ìÝóù Internet. Ìéá íÝá Ýêäïóç ïíïìÜæåôáé S/
MIME êáé õðïóôçñßæåé êñõðôïãñáöçìÝíá ìçíýìáôá.
MMX:
(MultiMedia eXtension) Ïé åíôïëÝò ÌÌ× åßíáé 57 åéäéêÝò åíôïëÝò ðïõ ðå-
ñéëáìâÜíïíôáé óôïõò åðåîåñãáóôÝò P55C (Pentium ÌÌ×) êáé PII êáé ïé
ïðïßåò áíáëáìâÜíïõí íá åðéôá÷ýíïõí ôéò ðïëëáðëÜ åðáíáëáìâáíüìåíåò
ëåéôïõñãßåò ðïõ óõíáíôþíôáé êáôÜ ôçí åðåîåñãáóßá áñ÷åßùí Þ÷ïõ, ãñáöé-
êþí, video ê.Ü.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ M
Motherboard:
Åßíáé ìéá ìåãÜëç ðëáêÝôá ôõðùìÝíïõ êõêëþìáôïò (PCB - Printed Circuit
Board), ðÜíù óôçí ïðïßá óõíäÝïíôáé üëá ôá âáóéêÜ åîáñôÞìáôá åíüò õðï-
ëïãéóôÞ, üðùò ï åðåîåñãáóôÞò, ç ìíÞìç êáé ïé êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí êáé Þ÷ïõ.
Motion-JPEG:
(Moving Picture Experts Group) ÓåéñÜ ðñïôýðùí ãéá ôç óõìðßåóç øçöéá-
êïý video êáé øçöéáêïý Þ÷ïõ, ðïõ êáèïñßæïíôáé áðü ôçí ïìþíõìç åðéôñï-
ðÞ. Ãéá íá åêôåëÝóåôå ôá ó÷åôéêÜ áñ÷åßá (ôá ïðïßá Ý÷ïõí ôï extension .mpg),
÷ñåéÜæåóôå Ýíáí åéäéêü viewer.
ÌP3:
Ôï MP3 åßíáé Ýíáò ôýðïò óõìðéåóìÝíùí áñ÷åßùí, óôá ïðïßá áðïèçêåýï-
íôáé ìïõóéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò. Ç ïíïìáóßá ôïõ ðñïÞëèå áðü ôïí åíéáßï ôñü-
ðï ïíïìáóßáò ôùí óõìðéåóìÝíùí áñ÷åßùí multimedia, ôá ïðïßá åßíáé ãíù-
óôÜ êáé ùò MPEG. Áíáëüãùò ìå ôïí ôýðï ôïõ óõìðéåóìÝíïõ áñ÷åßïõ -
äçëáäÞ áí åßíáé åéêüíá Þ Þ÷ïò- êáé ìå ôç ìÝèïäï óõìðßåóçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìï-
ðïéåßôáé, äßäåôáé ç áíÜëïãç ïíïìáóßá, ç ïðïßá áíôéóôïé÷åß óôçí ðñïÝêôáóç
ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ. Ôá MP3 åßíáé áñ÷åßá MPEG-Layer 3, ðñïäéáãñáöÞ ðïõ áíôé-
óôïé÷åß óå óõìðßåóç Þ÷ïõ.
MPEG:
Moving Picture Experts Group. ¸íá ôìÞìá ôïõ Äéåèíïýò Ïñãáíéóìïý Ôõ-
ðïðïßçóçò (ISO) ðïõ áó÷ïëåßôáé ìå èÝìáôá åéêüíáò. Ï ßäéïò üñïò ÷ñçóé-
ìïðïéåßôáé êáé ãéá íá ðñïóäéïñßóåé ôï óýíïëï ôùí standards óõìðßåóçò
øçöéáêïý video êáé ôùí ó÷åôéêþí formats áñ÷åßùí ðïõ áíáðôý÷èçêáí áðü
áõôü ôï ôìÞìá. Ìå ôo MPEG ðáñÜãåôáé video êáëýôåñçò ðïéüôçôáò óå ó÷Ý-
óç ìå ôá áíôáãùíéóôéêÜ formats Video for Windows, Indeo êáé Quick Time.
Tï MPEG åðéôõã÷Üíåé õøçëïýò âáèìïýò óõìðßåóçò, áðïèçêåýïíôáò ìüíï
ôéò áëëáãÝò áðü Ýíá frame óôï åðüìåíï áíôß ãéá ïëüêëçñï ôï frame. H
áðþëåéá ôùí äåäïìÝíùí, ç ïðïßá åßíáé áíáðüöåõêôç, äåí ãßíåôáé áíôéëç-
ðôÞ áðü ôï áíèñþðéíï ìÜôé. Ôï standard ðïõ åðéêñáôåß áõôÞí ôç óôéãìÞ,
åßíáé ôï MPEG-2, ôï ïðïßï ðñïóöÝñåé áíÜëõóç åéêüíáò ðïõ öèÜíåé ôá
1280x720pixels, ìå ñõèìïýò 60fps êáé Þ÷ï ðïéüôçôáò CD. Ãéá ôç äéáäéêá-
óßá êùäéêïðïßçóçò êáé áðïêùäéêïðïßçóçò áðáéôåßôáé åéäéêü hardware Þ
åîáéñåôéêÜ éó÷õñüò åðåîåñãáóôÞò.
MTBF:
Ìean Time Between Failures. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá ÷ñïíéêü ìÝãåèïò ðïõ äßíå-
ôáé áðü üëïõò ôïõò êáôáóêåõáóôÝò ãéá ôá ðñïúüíôá ôïõò, êáé áíáöÝñåôáé
óôï ìÝóï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá ìÝ÷ñé ôçí ðáñïõóßáóç âëÜâçò óå Ýíá ðñïúüí.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ N
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

Nanometer:
ÕðïìïíÜäá ôïõ ìÝôñïõ, ßóç ìå ôï Ýíá äéóåêáôïììõñéïóôü ôïõ. Ôï Nanometer
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ùò ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò ôïõ ìÞêïõò êýìáôïò ôïõ öùôüò.
NetBEUI:
Íet BIOS Extended User Interface. To ðñùôüêïëëï ìåôáöïñÜò ãéá äßêôõá,
ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óå üëá ôá óõóôÞìáôá äéêôýïõ ôçò Microsoft êáé óôá
äßêôõá ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óôïí ÉÂÌ LAN server. Ðïëý óõ÷íÜ ï üñïò áõôüò
óõã÷Ýåôáé ìå ôïí üñï NetBIOS ðïõ åßíáé ôï interface ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý
åöáñìïãþí.
NIC:
Network Interface Card. Óõíôïìïãñáößá ôïõ áããëéêïý üñïõ ðïõ ðåñéãñÜ-
öåé ôéò êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ, ôïõ hardware, äçëáäÞ, ðïõ èá ðñÝðåé íá åãêáôá-
óôáèåß óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ ãéá íá ðñïóöÝñåé ìéá öõóéêÞ óýíäåóç óå Ýíá
äßêôõï.
NTSC:
(National Television Standards Committee) Ðñùôüêïëëï ãéá åêðïìðÞ êáé
ëÞøç ôçëåïðôéêïý óÞìáôïò óôéò ÇÐÁ, ôï ïðïßï áíáðôý÷èçêå ôï 1953 áðü
ôçí ïìþíõìç åðéôñïðÞ. ÐáñÝ÷åé 525 ãñáììÝò óå 60 ìéóÜ êáñÝ áíÜ äåõôå-
ñüëåðôï. Ôá óÞìáôá NTSC äåí åßíáé Üìåóá óõìâáôÜ ìå ôï PC.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ O
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

Ïbject Code: Overlay:

Ï êþäéêáò ðïõ ðáñÜãåé Ýíáò assembler, óõìâïëïìåôáöñáóôÞò. Åßíáé Üìå- Video overlay. Ç ôå÷íéêÞ õðÝñèåóçò åíüò ðáñáèýñïõ êéíïýìåíçò åéêüíáò
óá êáôáíïçôüò êáé åêôåëÝóéìïò áðü ôïí Ç/Õ. (video) óôçí ïèüíç ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ðïëëïß äéáöïñåôéêïß ôñü-
ðïé ãéá íá õëïðïéçèåß ç õðÝñèåóç, áíáëüãùò ìå ôï åÜí ç ðçãÞ ôçò åéêüíáò
OCR: åßíáé áíáëïãéêÞ Þ øçöéáêÞ.
Optical Character Recognition. Ç áêñéâÞò ìåôÜöñáóç óôá åëëçíéêÜ åßíáé
“ïðôéêÞ áíáãíþñéóç ÷áñáêôÞñùí” êáé áíáöÝñåôáé óôç äéáäéêáóßá øçöéï-
ðïßçóçò åíüò åããñÜöïõ óå ìïñöÞ áíáãíþóéìç áðü Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ. ¸íá
ôÝôïéï óýóôçìá åðéôñÝðåé óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá “ìåôáöÝñïõí” ìßá Þ ðåñéóóü-
ôåñåò óåëßäåò åíüò åããñÜöïõ óå áñ÷åßï áíáãíþóéìï áðü Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ
êáé êáôüðéí íá ôï åðåîåñãáóôïýí ìå êÜðïéï ðñüãñáììá åðåîåñãáóßáò êåé-
ìÝíïõ. Óôç äéáäéêáóßá óõììåôÝ÷åé ìéá óõóêåõÞ óÜñùóçò (scanner) êáé êá-
ôÜëëçëï ëïãéóìéêü, ôï ïðïßï ðñáãìáôïðïéåß ôçí áíáãíþñéóç. Âáóéêü ðñü-
âëçìá ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜæïõí ôá óõãêåêñéìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá, åßíáé óôçí áíá-
ãíþñéóç ÷åéñüãñáöùí êåéìÝíùí.
ODBC:
Open DataBase Connectivity. ÌÝèïäïò ðñïóðÝëáóçò âÜóåùí äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ
Ý÷åé áíáðôõ÷èåß áðü ôç Microsoft êáé Ý÷åé åðéêñáôÞóåé ùò standard. Ôï éó÷õñü
ðñïóüí ôçò ODBC åßíáé üôé åðéôñÝðåé ôçí ðñïóðÝëáóç ïðïéùíäÞðïôå äåäï-
ìÝíùí áðü ïðïéáäÞðïôå åöáñìïãÞ, áíåîÜñôçôá áðü ôï óýóôçìá äéá÷åßñéóçò
ôùí äåäïìÝíùí. Áõôü åðéôõã÷Üíåôáé ìå ôçí ðáñåìâïëÞ åíüò database driver
ãéá ôç ìåôÜöñáóç ôùí äåäïìÝíùí áðü ôï Ýíá format óôï Üëëï.
OEM:
Original Equipment Manufacturer. Ïñéóìüò ðïõ ÷áñáêôçñßæåé ìéá åìðïñé-
êÞ Þ ìåôáðïéçôéêÞ åôáéñåßá, ç ïðïßá Ý÷åé åéäéêÞ óõíåñãáóßá ìå êÜðïéá êá-
ôáóêåõÜóôñéá åôáéñåßá. Ïé åôáéñåßåò “ÏÅ̔ áãïñÜæïõí ðåñéöåñåéáêÜ óå
ìåãÜëåò ðïóüôçôåò, óõíáñìïëïãïýí Ýíá PC êáé ôï ìåôáðùëïýí ìå ôç äéêÞ
ôïõò åðùíõìßá. Ï üñïò, âÝâáéá, åßíáé ëáíèáóìÝíïò, åðåéäÞ ïé åôáéñåßåò
“ÏÅ̔ äåí åßíáé ïé êáôáóêåõÜóôñéåò (Manufacturers) áëëÜ áõôÝò ðïõ êÜ-
íïõí ôçí “ðñïóáñìïãޔ. Óôçí áãïñÜ, ùò “ðñïúüí ÏÅ̔ ÷áñáêôçñßæåôáé
áõôü ðïõ äåí äéáôßèåôáé óå êáíïíéêÞ, ðëÞñç óõóêåõáóßá (ìå ôá ÷áñôüêïõ-
ôÜ ôïõ ê.ëð.) áëëÜ óå áíôéóôáôéêÞ íÜéëïí èÞêç. ÄçëáäÞ, ðñïïñßæåôáé ãéá
êÜðïéïí êáôáóêåõáóôÞ OEM, ï ïðïßïò Ýôóé êáé áëëéþò äåí èá ÷ñçóéìï-
ðïéÞóåé ôçí êáíïíéêÞ óõóêåõáóßá. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìéá ìÝèïäï ìåßùóçò ôïõ
êüóôïõò ôïõ ðñïúüíôïò (ëüãù ôçò Ýëëåéøçò óõóêåõáóßáò) ðñïò üöåëïò
ôïõ êáôáíáëùôÞ.
Off-line/standby UPS:
Ï áðëïýóôåñïò ôýðïò UPS, ðïõ áðëþò ìåôáöÝñåé ôçí ôñïöïäïóßá áðü ôç
ãñáììÞ ðáñï÷Þò óôïõò óõóóùñåõôÝò ôïõ üôáí äéáêïðåß ôï çëåêôñéêü ñåý-
ìá, äßíïíôáò óôï óýóôçìÜ óáò çëåêôñéêÞ éó÷ý ãéá ðïëý ëßãï ÷ñüíï (ìåñéêÜ
ëåðôÜ).
OpenGL:
Ãëþóóá ìç÷áíÞò ãéá ôñéóäéÜóôáôá ãñáöéêÜ (3-D), ç ïðïßá áíáðôý÷èçêå
áðü ôçí ðñùôïðüñï óôï ÷þñï åôáéñåßá Silicon Graphics. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äýï
âáóéêÝò õëïðïéÞóåéò ôçò: Ç Cosmo OpenGL ðïõ áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôç Silicon
Graphics, êáé ç Microsoft OpenGL ðïõ áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôç Microsoft. Ç
äåýôåñç åíóùìáôþèçêå óôá Windows êáé ó÷åäéÜóôçêå ãéá íá áõîÞóåé ôçí
áðüäïóç óôéò êÜñôåò ãñáöéêþí ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïõí áõôü ôï standard. H
Cosmo OpenGL åßíáé õëïðïßçóç ìüíï óå ëïãéóìéêü (software-only) êáé
ó÷åäéÜóôçêå åéäéêÜ ãéá óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ äåí Ý÷ïõí åðéôá÷õíôÝò ãñáöéêþí.
OSD:
(On-Screen Display) Ôï OSD åßíáé Ýíáò íÝïò ôñüðïò ñýèìéóçò ôùí éäéïôÞ-
ôùí åíüò monitor ìÝóù åíüò ìïíáäéêïý ìåíïý ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé óôçí ïèü-

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
íç. Ïé ñõèìßóåéò ãßíïíôáé ìå ðëÞêôñá Þ ìéêñïýò ôñï÷ïýò.

19

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
PAL:
Phase Alternating Line. Ôï ðéï äéáäåäïìÝíï óýóôçìá åéêüíáò óôçí Åõñþ-
ðç. Ôï PAL Ý÷åé frame rate ôçò ôÜîåùò ôùí 25fps êáé êÜèå frame ðåñéÝ÷åé
576 ïñéæüíôéåò ãñáììÝò áðü pixels êáé 768 êÜèåôåò. Åêôüò áðü ôï PAL,
óôçí Åõñþðç óõíáíôÜôáé êáé ôï SECAM óå ðïëý ìéêñüôåñï âáèìü, åíþ
óôçí ÁìåñéêÞ ôï standard åßíáé ôï óýóôçìá NTSC.
Paper jam:
Ìå ìéá ëÝîç, ôï… êõêëïöïñéáêü ðñüâëçìá ôïõ åêôõðùôÞ óáò. ¼ôáí ôï
÷áñôß “êïëëÜåé”, ìå áðïôÝëåóìá íá ìçí âãáßíåé ç åêôýðùóÞ óáò, ôüôå Ý÷åôå
paper jam.
Partition Table:
Ðßíáêáò áíáöïñÜò óå ìéêñüôåñá ôìÞìáôá, óôá ïðïßá ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé êáôá-
ôìçèåß Ýíáò äßóêïò.
Partition:
H äéáäéêáóßá äéáìåëéóìïý ôçò ìíÞìçò ïðïéïõäÞðïôå ôýðïõ. ÓõíÞèùò, ï
üñïò áíáöÝñåôáé óôç äéáäéêáóßá ôåìá÷éóìïý åíüò óêëçñïý äßóêïõ óå äýï
Þ ðåñéóóüôåñá ôìÞìáôá, ôá partitions. Óôá óõóôÞìáôá DOS êáé Windows
ìðïñåß íá ôåìá÷éóôåß Ýíáò äßóêïò, êáé êÜèå partition íá Ý÷åé üëåò ôéò éäéü-
ôçôåò ìéáò áõôüíïìçò ìïíÜäáò. Ç äéáäéêáóßá áõôÞ åßíáé éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìç
åÜí êÜðïéïò ÷ñÞóôçò èÝëåé íá åãêáôáóôÞóåé óôï óýóôçìÜ ôïõ ðåñéóóüôåñá
áðü Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá.
Pass-through:
Èýñá ðÜíù óå ìéá óõóêåõÞ (ð.÷. åêôõðùôÞ), ç ïðïßá åðéôñÝðåé ôç óýíäåóç
ìéáò äåýôåñçò óõóêåõÞò ôçò ßäéáò óõíäåóìïëïãßáò ðÜíù óôçí ðñþôç, ðïõ
óõíäÝåôáé êáô’ åõèåßáí óôçí I/O card ôïõ PC.
Patch:
Ìéá ðñïóùñéíÞ êáé ìåôáãåíÝóôåñç äéüñèùóç (“ìðÜëùìá”) åíüò bug óå
Ýíá ðñüãñáììá. Ôï patch åßíáé Ýíá ôìÞìá êþäéêá, ôï ïðïßï åíóùìáôþíå-
ôáé óôï õðüëïéðï, êýñéï åêôåëÝóéìï ðñüãñáììá (.exe).
PCB:
Printed Circuit Board. H ðëáêÝôá, óôçí ïðïßá ôïðïèåôïýíôáé chips êáé Üëëá
çëåêôñïíéêÜ åîáñôÞìáôá. Ôï õëéêü ôçò ðëáêÝôáò åßíáé ðëáóôéêü êáé óå áõôü
ôõðþíïíôáé ôá çëåêôñïíéêÜ êõêëþìáôá. Ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò áðïôåëïýíôáé áðü
PCBs, ôá ïðïßá êáëïýíôáé êáé êÜñôåò. Ïé çëåêôñïíéêÝò ðëáêÝôåò ãéá ôïõò
õðïëïãéóôÝò ÷ùñßæïíôáé óå äýï êáôçãïñßåò. Ôéò ìçôñéêÝò ðëáêÝôåò
(motherboard) êáé ôéò èõãáôñéêÝò Þ êÜñôåò åðÝêôáóçò (expansion boards).
PCI:
Peripheral Component Interconnect. Áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ äéáýëïõ (bus) ðïõ áíá-
ðôý÷èçêå áðü ôçí Intel. Ôï PCI áíôéêáôÝóôçóå óôçí ïõóßá ôï VLB (äåßôå ðéï
êÜôù) ëüãù ôùí êáëýôåñùí ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêþí ðïõ ðñïóöÝñåé, êáé ÷ñçóé-
ìïðïéåßôáé ðáñÜëëçëá ìå ôï ISA bus. To PCI åßíáé êáíïíéêÜ 64-bit, ÷ñçóé-
ìïðïéåßôáé ðåñéóóüôåñï ùò 32-bit êáé ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé óôá 33 Þ ôá 66MHz.
Óå ëåéôïõñãßá 32-bit óôá 33MHz ðñïóöÝñåé ôá÷ýôçôá äéáìåôáãùãÞò äåäï-
ìÝíùí ôçò ôÜîçò ôùí 133Ìbps. Ðïëëïß ðéóôåýïõí üôé èá ðáñáãêùíßóåé
åíôåëþò ôï ISA.
PCL:
Printer Control Language. Åßíáé ìéá “ãëþóóá ðåñéãñáöÞò óåëßäáò”, ç ïðïßá
äçìéïõñãÞèçêå áðü ôçí Hewlett Packard êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞèçêå óå ðïë-
ëïýò áðü ôïõò laser êáé inkjet åêôõðùôÝò ôçò. Áðü ôçí Ýêäïóç PCL 5 êáé
Ýðåéôá õðïóôçñßæåôáé ç ôå÷íïëïãßá “scalable font”.
PCM track:
Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá éäéáßôåñï êáíÜëé Þ÷ïõ ôùí äßóêùí DVD ðïõ åßíáé ãñáì-
ìÝíïé óå ôçëåïðôéêü óýóôçìá NTSC. Ï øçöéáêüò Þ÷ïò PCM åßíáé ç÷çôéêü
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ P
óÞìá ðïõ Ý÷åé øçöéïðïéçèåß ìå ðáëìï-êùäéêÞ äéáìüñöùóç (Pulse Code
Modulation). Ç ðáëìï-êùäéêÞ äéáìüñöùóç åßíáé ìéá ôå÷íéêÞ äåéãìáôïëç-
øßáò áíáëïãéêþí óçìÜôùí, êõñßùò ç÷çôéêïý åýñïõò. Ç PCM ëáìâÜíåé äåßã-
ìáôá ôéìþí áðü ôï ç÷çôéêü óÞìá, 8000 öïñÝò áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï, êáé êÜèå
äåßãìá áíáðáñßóôáôáé áðü 8bits ãéá Ýíá óýíïëï 64Kbps. Ç ðáëìï-êùäéêÞ
äéáìüñöùóç Ý÷åé 2 standards êùäéêïðïßçóçò: ôï Mu-Law ðïõ ÷ñçóéìï-
ðïéåßôáé óå Â. ÁìåñéêÞ êáé Éáðùíßá, êáé ôï A-Law ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôéò
õðüëïéðåò ÷þñåò.
PDF:
Portable Document Format. Ôýðïò áñ÷åßùí ðïõ áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôçí åôáé-
ñåßá Adobe Systems. Ôï PDF óõëëáìâÜíåé (capture) ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ìïñ-
öïðïßçóçò áðü ðïëëÜ äéáöïñåôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá óåëéäïðïßçóçò êáé êá-
èéóôÜ äõíáôÞ ôç äçìéïõñãßá åíüò áñ÷åßïõ ðïõ äåí ÷Üíåé ôç ìïñöïðïßçóÞ
ôïõ. Ìå ôïí ôñüðï áõôü ï ðáñáëÞðôçò åíüò áñ÷åßïõ .pdf ìðïñåß íá äåé ôï
Ýããñáöï óôçí áñ÷éêÞ ìïñöÞ, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìüíï ôï ðñüãñáììá Acrobat
Reader ðïõ äéáôßèåôáé äùñåÜí áðü ôçí ßäéá ôçí Adobe.
PING:
Packet Internet Groper. ÌéêñÞ óå ìÝãåèïò åöáñìïãÞ ðïõ âïçèÜ íá åëåã-
÷èåß åÜí ìßá óõãêåêñéìÝíç äéåýèõíóç IP (Internet Protocol) ðïõ áíôéóôïé-
÷åß óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ, åßíáé ðñïóâÜóéìç. Ëåéôïõñãåß áðïóôÝëëïíôáò Ýíá
ìéêñü ðáêÝôï äåäïìÝíùí óôç óõãêåêñéìÝíç äéåýèõíóç êáé ðåñéìÝíïíôáò
áðÜíôçóç. Åêôåëåßôáé áðü ôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí (command prompt) ôïõ DOS
ìå ôçí ðëçêôñïëüãçóç ôçò åíôïëÞò “ping” êáé ôçò äéåýèõíóçò IP ôïõ õðï-
ëïãéóôÞ (ôýðïõ 255.255.255.255).
Pixel:
PICTure ELement. Ôï pixel åßíáé ôï âáóéêü äïìéêü óôïé÷åßï ìéáò åéêüíáò
êáé ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò ôçò áíÜëõóçò óôéò ïèüíåò ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí. Ïé áðåé-
êïíßóåéò óôéò ïèüíåò áðïôåëïýíôáé áðü ÷éëéÜäåò Þ åêáôïììýñéá pixels, ôá
ïðïßá åßíáé ôáîéíïìçìÝíá óå óôÞëåò êáé óåéñÝò êáé ôüóï êïíôÜ ìåôáîý ôïõò
ðïõ ìïéÜæïõí óõíäåäåìÝíá. Óôéò Ýã÷ñùìåò ïèüíåò êÜèå pixel áðïôåëåßôáé
áðü ôñåéò “óôéãìÝò”: ìßá êüêêéíç, ìßá ðñÜóéíç êáé ìßá ìðëå (óýóôçìá RGB
- Red Green Blue). ÈåùñçôéêÜ, üëåò ïé óôéãìÝò ðñÝðåé íá óõãêëßíïõí ðñïò
ôï ßäéï óçìåßï. Óå üëåò ôéò ïèüíåò, üìùò, õðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ðïóïóôü áðüêëéóçò,
ôï ïðïßï, åÜí åßíáé ìåãÜëï, ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé ôçí åéêüíá èáìðÞ.
POP:
(1) Post Office Protocol. Ðñùôüêïëëï åðéêïéíùíßáò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé
ãéá ôçí ðáñáëáâÞ e-mail áðü Ýíáí mail server. Åßíáé ôï standard ðïõ åðé-
êñáôåß êáé õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôï óýíïëï ó÷åäüí ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí çëå-
êôñïíéêïý ôá÷õäñïìåßïõ. Ç ðñþôç Ýêäïóç ôïõ POP Þôáí ç POP2 ðïõ åðé-
êñÜôçóå óôá ìÝóá ôçò ðåñáóìÝíçò äåêáåôßáò, åíþ ç POP3 åßíáé áõôÞ ðïõ
äåóðüæåé óÞìåñá. Ç POP2 åß÷å ôçí áíÜãêç ýðáñîçò SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) ãéá ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôçò, åíþ ç POP3, ü÷é.
(2) Point Of Presence. Óçìåßï ðáñïõóßáò. Ìå ôçí åõñýôåñç Ýííïéá, ôçëå-
öùíéêüò áñéèìüò ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé ðñüóâáóç óôï Internet. Ïé ðáñï÷åßò Internet
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ðïëëÜ POPs ãéá íá åðéôñÝðïõí óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò íá Ý÷ïõí
ðñüóâáóç, êáëþíôáò Ýíáí ôïðéêü áñéèìü.
PostScript:
Object oriented “ãëþóóá ðåñéãñáöÞò óåëßäáò” (Page Description Language)
ãéá åêôõðùôÝò, ç ïðïßá áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôçí åôáéñåßá Adobe. ÊáôÜ âÜóç,
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü åêôõðùôÝò laser áëëÜ ìðïñåß íá ðñïóáñìïóôåß êáé óå
Üëëåò óõóêåõÝò. Åßíáé ôï standard ãéá desktop publishing. Äéá÷åéñßæåôáé
êÜèå áðåéêüíéóç óáí Ýíá óýíïëï ãåùìåôñéêþí ó÷çìÜôùí êáé ü÷é óáí bit
maps. Óôçí PostScript êÜèå ÷áñáêôÞñáò (font) Ý÷åé ôçí ðåñéãñáöÞ ôïõ
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
(outline). ÌÝóù åíôïëþí ôçò ãëþóóáò äßíåôáé ç äõíáôüôçôá áðåéêüíéóçò
ôùí fonts óå äéáöïñåôéêÜ ìåãÝèç (scalable), ÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ðëÞñåò
óåô bit map ãéá êÜèå ìÝãåèïò ÷áñáêôÞñùí.
20
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ P
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

PPP:
(Point-to-Point Protocol) Ðñùôüêïëëï åðéêïéíùíßáò ìåôáîý äýï õðïëïãé-
óôþí ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí óåéñéáêü interface. Ç ðéï óõíçèéóìÝíç õëïðïßç-
óÞ ôïõ åßíáé ç óýíäåóç åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ ìå Ýíá server ìÝóù ôçëåöùíéêÞò
ãñáììÞò. Ôï PPP åßíáé ðñïôéìüôåñï áðü ôï SLIP, åðåéäÞ ìðïñåß íá ÷åéñé-
óôåß óýã÷ñïíç êáé áóýã÷ñïíç åðéêïéíùíßá, åðéôñÝðåé ôçí áðü êïéíïý ÷ñÞ-
óç ìéáò ãñáììÞò êáé äéáèÝôåé ñïõôßíåò åíôïðéóìïý ëáèþí.
Proxy Server:
ÕðïëïãéóôÞò, ìÝóù ôïõ ïðïßïõ åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç ôáõôü÷ñïíç ðñüóâáóç ìéáò
ïìÜäáò ÷ñçóôþí óôï Internet, ÷ùñßò ôçí áíÜãêç ýðáñîçò îå÷ùñéóôïý ëï-
ãáñéáóìïý (account) ãéá ôïí êáèÝíá.

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ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

QuickTime:
Óýóôçìá video êáé animation ôçò Apple Computer êáé ìÝñïò ôïõ ëåéôïõñ-
ãéêïý ôùí Macintosh. Ôá PCs ìðïñïýí åêôåëÝóïõí áñ÷åßá QuickTime áëëÜ
áðáéôïýí Ýíá åéäéêü QuickTime driver. Ôï QuickTime õðïóôçñßæåé ðïëëÜ
formats êùäéêïðïßçóçò (üðùò Cinepak, JPEG, MPEG), åíþ ôï ÖåâñïõÜñéï
ôïõ 1998 áðïöáóßóôçêå áðü ôïí ISO üôé ôï Quicktime èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß
óôï íÝï MPEG-4 standard.

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ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

RÁÌ:
Random Access Memory. Ï ôýðïò ôçò ìíÞìçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ôçí
õëïðïßçóç ôçò êåíôñéêÞò ìíÞìçò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ¸÷åé ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá
êñáôÜåé ôá äåäïìÝíá ôçò ìüíï ãéá üóï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá åßíáé áíïéêôüò ï
õðïëïãéóôÞò. Ç ðñïóðÝëáóç óôç RAM åßíáé áìößäñïìç.
RAMDAC:
Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter. Ôï DAC åßíáé ìéá
óõóêåõÞ -óõíÞèùò Ýíá chip- ðïõ ìåôáôñÝðåé øçöéáêÜ äåäïìÝíá óå áíáëï-
ãéêÜ óÞìáôá. Ôï RAMDAC åßíáé Ýíá chip ðïõ åßíáé åãêáôåóôçìÝíï óå ìéá
êÜñôá ãñáöéêþí, êáé áíáëáìâÜíåé ôç ìåôáôñïðÞ ôùí åéêüíùí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí
êùäéêïðïéçèåß øçöéáêÜ óå áíáëïãéêÜ óÞìáôá, ôá ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá áðåé-
êïíéóôïýí áðü ôçí ïèüíç. Ôï RAMDAC áðïôåëåßôáé áðü ôÝóóåñá óõíèåôé-
êÜ ìÝñç: Ýíá chip ìíÞìçò SRAM (Static RAM) ãéá ôçí áðïèÞêåõóç ôçò
ðáëÝôáò ôùí ÷ñùìÜôùí, êáé ôñßá DACs ãéá ôçí êáèïäÞãçóç ìÝóù ôïõ ðõ-
ñïâüëïõ çëåêôñïíßùí êáèåíüò áðü ôá âáóéêÜ ÷ñþìáôá (RGB, Êüêêéíï,
ÐñÜóéíï, Ìðëå) îå÷ùñéóôÜ.
Regional codes:
Ôï regional coding åßíáé Üëëï Ýíá ìÝôñï ðñïóôáóßáò êáôÜ ôçò áíôéãñáöÞò
ëïãéóìéêïý ðáãêïóìßùò, ôï ïðïßï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êõñßùò óôá DVDs. Ïé
regional codes (ôïðéêïß êþäéêåò) áðïôåëïýíôáé áðü Ýíá êáé ìüíï byte ðëç-
ñïöïñéþí óôçí áñ÷Þ ôïõ äßóêïõ, ðïõ äéáâÜæåôáé áðü ôï DVD player ãéá íá
åëåã÷èåß ç óõìâáôüôçôá äßóêïõ DVD êáé player. Ïé regional codes äåí åßíáé
áðáñáßôçôï íá ðåñéÝ÷ïíôáé óå Ýíá äßóêï DVD.
Rendering:
Äéáäéêáóßá ñåáëéóôéêÞò áðüäïóçò ãñáöéêþí ìå ôçí ðñüóèåóç ôñéóäéÜóôá-
ôùí éäéïôÞôùí, üðùò óêéÝò, áíáêëÜóåéò ê.ëð. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñåò ìÝèïäïé
rendering. ÄçìïöéëÝóôåñåò åßíáé ç ray tracing, ç ïðïßá êÜíåé render óå
êÜèå áíôéêåßìåíï îå÷ùñéóôÜ áêïëïõèþíôáò ôéò áêôßíåò öùôüò ðïõ åêðÝ-
ìðïíôáé áðü ôéò ðçãÝò öùôüò, êáé ç scanline rendering, ç ïðïßá êÜíåé render
áíÜ êÜèåôç ãñáììÞ. Ç ðñþôç ìÝèïäïò Ý÷åé êáëýôåñá áðïôåëÝóìáôá, üóïí
áöïñÜ ôçí ðïéüôçôá.
Resident Programs:
ÐñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ åêôåëïýíôáé êáé ðáñáìÝíïõí óôç ìíÞìç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.
RISC:
Reduced Instruction Set Computer. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá õðïëïãéóôÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóé-
ìïðïéïýí Ýíáí ðåñéïñéóìÝíï áñéèìü åíôïëþí. ¸ôóé, åðéôõã÷Üíåôáé ìåãÜëç
ôá÷ýôçôá êáé áðáéôïýíôáé ëéãüôåñá ôñáíæßóôïñ êáôÜ ôçí êáôáóêåõÞ åíüò
åðåîåñãáóôÞ ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé RISC. Áõôü Ý÷åé ùò áðïôÝëåóìá íá åßíáé ðéï
ïéêïíïìéêïß áðü Üëëïõ åßäïõò åðåîåñãáóôÝò. Ôï ìïíáäéêü ìåéïíÝêôçìá åß-
íáé üôé áðáéôïýíôáé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ãñáììÝò êþäéêá ãéá ôç äçìéïõñãßá
software ãéá ôÝôïéïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò.
ROM:
Read Only Memory. H ìíÞìç ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ãéá
íá “èõìÜôáé” êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ ôïí áíïßãåôå, ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò
ðïõ õðåíèõìßæåé óôïí ìéêñïåðåîåñãáóôÞ üôé áðïôåëåß ìÝñïò ôïõ çëåêôñï-
íéêïý õðïëïãéóôÞ, áëëÜ êáé ôéò åíÝñãåéåò ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá åêôåëÝóåé êáôÜ ôçí
åêêßíçóç.

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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Sample rate:
Åßíáé ï ñõèìüò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò êáôÜ ôçí øçöéïðïßçóç åíüò óÞìáôïò, ï
ïðïßïò êáèïñßæåôáé áðü ôï èåþñçìá Nyquist: “Ç ìÝãéóôç óõ÷íüôçôá áíá-
ëïãéêïý óÞìáôïò åßíáé ßóç ôïõ ñõèìïý äåéãìáôïëçøßáò ôïõ”. Ï ñõèìüò
äåéãìáôïëçøßáò Ý÷åé äéáóôÜóåéò óõ÷íüôçôáò êáé ìåôñÜôáé óå Hertz Þ äåßã-
ìáôá áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï (samples/sec).
Scalable font:
Åßíáé ïé ÷áñáêôÞñåò (fonts) ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé óå ãëþóóåò object
oriented, üðùò ôï Postscript. ÊÜèå ôÝôïéïõ åßäïõò font Ý÷åé ôç äéêÞ ôïõ
ðåñéãñáöÞ (outline), åíþ äßíåôáé ç äõíáôüôçôá áðåéêüíéóçò ôùí fonts óå
äéáöïñåôéêÜ ìåãÝèç (scalable) ÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ðëÞñåò óåô bitmap ãéá
êÜèå ìÝãåèïò ÷áñáêôÞñùí.
Scanner:
ÅéäéêÞ óõóêåõÞ ðïõ äéáâÜæåé -óáñþíåé- ìéá ôõðùìÝíç óåëßäá, êáé, áöïý
ôçí øçöéïðïéÞóåé, ôçí ìåôáôñÝðåé óå ãñáöéêü, óôï ïðïßï ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé
åðåîåñãáóßá ìÝóù ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ôï scanner äåí áíáãíùñßæåé ôá ðåñéå-
÷üìåíá ôçò óáñùìÝíçò óåëßäáò (êåßìåíï Þ åéêüíåò) êáé ôá ìåôáôñÝðåé óå
ãñáöéêÜ. Ìå ôçí ýðáñîç åíüò ðñïãñÜììáôïò ÏCR (Optical Character
Recognition) ôá óáñùìÝíá êåßìåíá áíáëýïíôáé êáé ìåôáôñÝðïíôáé óå êùäé-
êïðïéçìÝíïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò, Ýôóé þóôå íá áíáãíùñßæïíôáé ùò Ýããñáöá áðü
ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé íá õðÜñ÷åé ç äõíáôüôçôá ðåñáéôÝñù åðåîåñãáóßáò ôïõò
ìÝóù åíüò åðåîåñãáóôÞ êåéìÝíïõ.
Script:
Óõíþíõìï ôïõ macro (ìáêñïåíôïëÞ) êáé ôïõ batch file (áñ÷åßï äÝóìçò åíôï-
ëþí). Åßíáé Ýíá óýíïëï åíôïëþí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åêôåëåóôïýí ÷ùñßò ôçí
ðáñÝìâáóç ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç. Ìéá “ãëþóóá script” (script language) åßíáé ìéá
áðëÞ ãëþóóá ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý, óôçí ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá ãñáöôïýí scripts.
SCSI:
Small Computer System Interface. To SCSI åßíáé Ýíá interface standard ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôá Apple Macintosh computers, ôá PCs êáé áðü áñêå-
ôÜ UNIX systems ãéá ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá ìå ðåñéöåñåéáêÝò óõóêåõÝò. ÅðéôñÝ-
ðåé ìåôáäüóåéò ðëçñïöïñéþí óå ìåãÜëåò ôá÷ýôçôåò êáé ðáñÝ÷åé ôï ðñüóèå-
ôï ðëåïíÝêôçìá íá åðéôñÝðåé ôç óýíäåóç áñêåôþí óõóêåõþí óå ìßá ðýëç
(õðïäï÷Þ).
SECAM:
Óõíôïìïãñáößá ôïõ SEquential Couleur A’ Memoire. Ãáëëéêü ôçëåïðôéêü
óýóôçìá, üðïõ ôá ÷ñþìáôá ôùí 625 ãñáììþí (óå óõ÷íüôçôá ðåäßùí 50Hz)
ìåôáäßäïíôáé äéáäï÷éêÜ, åíþ ç êáèõóôÝñçóç óôï äÝêôç ôá áíáóõíèÝôåé.
Sector:
ÔïìÝáò. Ï üñïò áöïñÜ, êõñßùò, ôïõò ìáãíçôéêïýò äßóêïõò. ÊÜèå åðéöÜ-
íåéá äßóêïõ Ý÷åé ïìüêåíôñïõò êýêëïõò Þ áõëÜêéá, üðïõ ãñÜöïíôáé ôá óôïé-
÷åßá (äåäïìÝíá) ìå ôç ìïñöÞ ìáãíçôéêþí óôéãìÜôùí. ÊÜèå áõëÜêé åßíáé
÷ùñéóìÝíï óå ôïìåßò -sectors-, êáèÝíáò áðü ôïõò ïðïßïõò Ý÷åé ôç äéêÞ ôïõ
äéåýèõíóç.
Self test:
Ëåéôïõñãßá ðïõ õðÜñ÷åé óå ìåñéêÜ UPSes. ¼ôáí åíåñãïðïéçèåß, ç óõóêåõÞ
åîïìïéþíåé êáôáóôÜóåéò áíÜãêçò ìå óêïðü íá åëÝãîåé ôçí áîéïðéóôßá ôùí
êõêëùìÜôùí ôçò.
Server:
Aðïôåëåß ôï êåíôñéêü, õøçëÞò äõíáìéêüôçôáò óýóôçìá åíüò ôïðéêïý Þ áðï-
ìáêñõóìÝíïõ äéêôýïõ, ôï ïðïßï ðñïóöÝñåé åßôå õðçñåóßåò åßôå ôïõò ðü-
ñïõò ôïõ óôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ äéêôýïõ.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ S
SGRAM:
Synchronous Graphic Random Access Memory. Ôýðïò ìíÞìçò, ï ïðïßïò ÷ñç-
óéìïðïéåßôáé üëï êáé ðåñéóóüôåñï óôéò êÜñôåò åðéôÜ÷õíóçò ãñáöéêþí. Ç
SGRAM óõã÷ñïíßæåôáé ìå ôï bus ôçò CPU óå ôá÷ýôçôåò ìÝ÷ñé êáé ôá 100MHz.
×ñçóéìïðïéåß äéÜöïñåò ôå÷íéêÝò ãéá íá áõîÞóåé ôï bandwidth ìå óêïðü íá
áíôåðåîÝëèåé ôá÷ýôåñá óôéò áðáéôçôéêÝò åöáñìïãÝò ãñáöéêþí. Ìðïñåß íá
áíïßîåé äýï óåëßäåò ìíÞìçò ôáõôü÷ñïíá, ãéá êáëýôåñç áðüäïóç.
Singletrack - Ìultitrack:
Åßäïò åðåîåñãáóßáò video Þ Þ÷ïõ óå Ýíá Þ ðïëëÜ êáíÜëéá áíôßóôïé÷á.
SLIP:
(Serial Line Internet Protocol) Ðáëáéüôåñï ðñùôüêïëëï åðéêïéíùíßáò ìå-
ôáîý õðïëïãéóôþí ìÝóù óåéñéáêïý interface. ÄéáèÝôåé êÜðïéá êïéíÜ ÷áñá-
êôçñéóôéêÜ ìå ôï PPP áëëÜ Ý÷åé êáé ïñéóìÝíá ìåéïíåêôÞìáôá, üðùò ôï ãåãï-
íüò üôé èá ðñÝðåé, åßôå ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò åßôå ìÝóù åíüò script, íá äþóåôå
ôá óôïé÷åßá óáò (username êáé password) óôï server, þóôå íá ãßíåé äõíáôÞ
ç óýíäåóÞ óáò (åíþ óôï PPP ç äéáäéêáóßá login ãßíåôáé áõôüìáôá). Ôï SLIP
Ý÷åé ðëÝïí áíôéêáôáóôáèåß ó÷åäüí åî ïëïêëÞñïõ áðü ôï PPP.
Slot:
Ìéá õðïäï÷Þ ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôá motherboards êáé óôçí ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá
åéóá÷èïýí çëåêôñïíéêÝò ðëáêÝôåò. ÓõíÞèùò, óôï óýíïëü ôïõò ïíïìÜæïíôáé
“expansion slots”, äçëáäÞ õðïäï÷Ýò åðÝêôáóçò, äéüôé åðéôñÝðïõí ôçí åðÝ-
êôáóç ôùí äõíáôïôÞôùí åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò ìÝóù ôùí êáñôþí ðïõ åãêáèß-
óôáíôáé óå áõôÜ. Ôá slots äåí åßíáé ôáõôüóçìá ìå ôá “bays”, ôá ïðïßá åßíáé
ïé õðïäï÷Ýò åãêáôÜóôáóçò ìïíÜäùí áðïèÞêåõóçò, üðùò óêëçñïß äßóêïé
êáé CD-ROMs. Ôá slots âñßóêïíôáé óôï ðßóù ìÝñïò ôùí óõóôçìÜôùí, åíþ
ôá bays, óôï ìðñïóôéíü.
Smoothing:
Ìéá ôå÷íéêÞ, ç ïðïßá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü áñêåôïýò åêôõðùôÝò ãéá ôç äç-
ìéïõñãßá ðéï ëåßùí åðéöáíåéþí óôéò åéêüíåò Þ óôï êåßìåíï ðïõ åêôõðþ-
íïõí. Áõôü åðéôõã÷Üíåôáé ìå ôç ìåßùóç ôïõ ìåãÝèïõò ôùí dots óå óçìåßá
üðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé.
SMS:
Short Message Service. Õðçñåóßá ôçò êéíçôÞò ôçëåöùíßáò, ç ïðïßá åðéôñÝ-
ðåé ôçí áðïóôïëÞ êáé ëÞøç ìåôáîý ôçëåöþíùí, êåéìÝíïõ ðåñéïñéóìÝíïõ
áñéèìïý ÷áñáêôÞñùí.
Sniffer:
Ïé sniffers åßíáé ìéá êáôçãïñßá ðñïãñáììÜôùí, ç ëåéôïõñãßá ôùí ïðïßùí
åßíáé ç ðáñáêïëïýèçóç êáé ç ôÞñçóç logs ãéá ôá äåäïìÝíá ðïõ “óõëëáì-
âÜíïõí” íá êõêëïöïñïýí ìÝóá óå Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí äéêôýïõ. Ïé sniffers ìðï-
ñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí ôüóï ãéá ôçí õðïêëïðÞ ðëçñïöïñéþí áðü Ýíá
äßêôõï üóï êáé ãéá ëåéôïõñãßåò óõíôÞñçóçò (äçë. ãéá ôïí åíôïðéóìü ðñï-
âëçìÜôùí) äéêôýùí.
Splitter:
(Y-Splitter): ÊáôáíåìçôÞò óÞìáôïò óå äýï ãñáììÝò
SSL:
Ôï SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) åßíáé Ýíá ðñùôüêïëëï ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞèçêå
áðü ôç Netscape ãéá ôçí áóöáëÞ ìåôáöïñÜ äåäïìÝíùí ìÝóù ôïõ Äéêôýïõ.
×ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá “private key” ãéá íá êÜíåé êñõðôïãñÜöçóç ôùí äåäïìÝ-
íùí ðïõ èá áðïóôáëïýí. Õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôïí Netscape Navigator áëëÜ
êáé áðü ôïí Internet Explorer. ÐïëëÝò éóôïóåëßäåò êÜíïõí ÷ñÞóç ôïõ SSL
ãéá íá ìåôáöÝñïõí ðïëýôéìá äåäïìÝíá, üðùò credit card numbers Þ Üëëá
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
ðñïóùðéêÜ óôïé÷åßá. Ïé éóôïóåëßäåò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï SSL, îåêéíïýí
ìå https: áíôß ìå http:.
24
 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ S
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

String:
ÓåéñÜ ÷áñáêôÞñùí ðïõ áíôéìåôùðßæïíôáé ùò ïìÜäá. Ôï ìÞêïò åíüò string
åßíáé óõíÞèùò ôáõôüóçìï ìå ôïí áñéèìü ôùí ÷áñáêôÞñùí ðïõ áõôü ðåñéÝ÷åé.
Superimposed/overlay:
¼ñïò ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåé óõãêåêñéìÝíá êáíÜëéá Þ÷ïõ Þ video ìéáò åöáñìï-
ãÞò åðåîåñãáóßáò. Ôá clips ðïõ åéóÜãïíôáé åêåß, Ý÷ïõí ôçí éäéüôçôá íá áíá-
ðáñÜãïíôáé ìå ôÝôïéï ôñüðï óáí íá âñßóêïíôáí óå Ýíá “óôñþìᔠðÜíù
áðü ôï õðÜñ÷ïí êáíÜëé. Óå ôÝôïéá clips ìðïñïýí íá áðïäïèïýí éäéüôçôåò
äéáöÜíåéáò Þ alpha channels.
S-Video:
Óõíôïìïãñáößá ôïõ Super-Videï. Ôå÷íïëïãßá ìåôÜäïóçò óçìÜôùí video
ìÝóù êáëùäßïõ, ç ïðïßá äéá÷ùñßæåé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò video óå äýï äéáöï-
ñåôéêÜ óÞìáôá: Ýíá ãéá ôï ÷ñþìá êáé Ýíá ãéá ôç öùôåéíüôçôá.
Swap File:
Añ÷åßï ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü Ýíá ðñüãñáììá Þ áðü Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü
óýóôçìá, êáé áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ôï ÷þñï ôïõ óêëçñïý äßóêïõ ðïõ äåóìåýå-
ôáé ãéá íá ðñïóïìïéþóåé ôç ìíÞìç. Ìðïñåßôå íá ôï öáíôáóôåßôå ùò ìéá
åðÝêôáóç ôçò ìíÞìçò óôï óêëçñü äßóêï ôïõ óõóôÞìáôüò óáò. ¸ôóé, üôáí ç
ìíÞìç ãåìßóåé ìå äåäïìÝíá, ôá äåäïìÝíá áõôÜ ìåôáöÝñïíôáé óôï óêëçñü
äßóêï, áðü üðïõ ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
25

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
T1:
EéäéêÞ, áöéåñùìÝíç ôçëåöùíéêÞ åðéêïéíùíßá (dedicated phone line) ìå
áãùãïýò ðïõ äéáèÝôïõí ñõèìïýò ìåôáãùãÞò äåäïìÝíùí 1.544Mbits áíÜ
äåõôåñüëåðôï. Ìéá ãñáììÞ T-1 áðïôåëåßôáé áðü 24 áíåîÜñôçôá êáíÜëéá,
êáèÝíá áðü ôá ïðïßá õðïóôçñßæåé ìåôáãùãÞ 64Kbits ôï äåõôåñüëåðôï êáé
ìðïñåß íá ñõèìéóôåß áíÜëïãá, þóôå íá ìåôáöÝñåé äåäïìÝíá Þ öùíÞ. Ïé
ãñáììÝò T-1 ôùí ôçëåöùíéêþí åôáéñåéþí ìéóèþíïíôáé áðü ôïõò Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) ãéá ôç óýíäåóç ìå ôï Internet. Ïé T-1 óõ÷íÜ áíá-
öÝñïíôáé êáé ùò ãñáììÝò DS1.
Taskbar:
Ìéá “ãñáììÞ åñãáëåßùí” (toolbar), ç ïðïßá åìöáíßæåôáé óôçí ïèüíç êáé
áðåéêïíßæåé ôéò åíåñãÝò åöáñìïãÝò (tasks). Áðïôåëåß âáóéêü ÷áñáêôçñéóôé-
êü ôùí ðáñáèõñéêþí ëåéôïõñãéêþí óõóôçìÜôùí. Óôá Windows 95/98/NT
ç Taskbar åßíáé ìéá ãñáììÞ, ç ïðïßá âñßóêåôáé åî ïñéóìïý óôç âÜóç ôçò
ïèüíçò. ¼ôáí ìéá åöáñìïãÞ åëá÷éóôïðïéåßôáé (minimize), ìåôáôñÝðåôáé óå
Ýíá ðëÞêôñï ðÜíù óôçí Taskbar, ôï ïðïßï üôáí ðáôçèåß, åðáíáöÝñåé ôçí
åöáñìïãÞ óôçí ïèüíç. Ç Taskbar ìðïñåß íá ìåôáêéíçèåß óå ïðïéáäÞðïôå
ðëåõñÜ ôçò ïèüíçò áëëÜ êáé íá åßíáé êñõöÞ êáé íá åìöáíßæåôáé ìüíï üôáí
ôï ðïíôßêé ðçãáßíåé óôçí ðëåõñÜ ôçò.
TCP/IP:
Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol. To óôÜíôáñ ðñùôü-
êïëëï Ethernet ðïõ óõíäõÜæåé ôá ðñùôüêïëëá network layer êáé transport
layer. H åãêáôÜóôáóç êáé ÷ñÞóç ôïõ åßíáé áðáñáßôçôç, ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá Ý÷å-
ôå ðñüóâáóç óôï Internet.
Teletext:
Õðçñåóßá åêðïìðÞò äåäïìÝíùí, ç ïðïßá ìåôáöÝñåé êåßìåíï óå Ýíáí ôçëåï-
ðôéêü äÝêôç ìáæß ìå ôï ôçëåïðôéêü óÞìá. Ãéá íá äéáâáóôåß ôï êåßìåíï, ï
äÝêôçò ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé åöïäéáóìÝíïò ìå êáôÜëëçëï áðïêùäéêïðïéçôÞ. Ôï
teletext êÜíåé ÷ñÞóç ôùí êÜèåôùí êåíþí ãñáììþí ôïõ ôçëåïðôéêïý óÞìá-
ôïò, ìÝóù ôùí ïðïßùí ìðïñïýí íá ìåôáöåñèïýí åêáôïíôÜäåò frames.
Template:
Öüñìá, ðåñßãñáììá, ðñüôõðï. Ïäçãüò ãéá ôç ó÷åäßáóç ïñéóìÝíùí ôõðï-
ðïéçìÝíùí óõìâüëùí ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé êáôÜ ôçí êáôáóêåõÞ ôïõ ëï-
ãéêïý äéáãñÜììáôïò, ôçò ãñáöéêÞò ìåèüäïõ ðáñïõóßáóçò ôùí âçìÜôùí
ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá áêïëïõèçèïýí ãéá ôçí åðåîåñãáóßá óôïé÷åßùí Þ ãåíéêüôåñá
ôçí åðßëõóç êÜðïéïõ ðñïâëÞìáôïò.
Texel: Texture Element.
¼ðùò ôï pixel, Ýôóé êáé ôï texel åßíáé ç ìéêñüôåñç ìïíÜäá ðïõ ìðïñåß íá
áíáðáñáóôáèåß óôçí ïèüíç. Ç äéáöïñÜ åßíáé üôé ôï äåýôåñï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß-
ôáé ùò üñïò óôá ôñéóäéÜóôáôá ãñáöéêÜ, åíþ ôï pixel, óôá äéóäéÜóôáôá.
Texture map:
Ãíùóôü êáé ùò “texture”. Åßíáé ìéá åéêüíá ðïõ åöáñìüæåôáé óôçí åðéöÜ-
íåéá åíüò áíôéêåéìÝíïõ ìå óêïðü ôçí åîïìïßùóç õöÞò (÷þìá, ôïß÷ïò áðü
ôïýâëá, ãñáóßäé ê.ëð).
Texture:
Ôá ãñáöéêÜ óôçí åðéöÜíåéá åíüò ôñéóäéÜóôáôïõ áíôéêåéìÝíïõ. ×ùñßò textures
ôá ôñéóäéÜóôáôá áíôéêåßìåíá èá Ýìïéáæáí ìå “Üäåéᔠðïëýãùíá. ¸íá ðñü-
ãñáììá ôñéþí äéáóôÜóåùí áðïèçêåýåé ôï õðüäåéãìá ôïõ texture êáé êáôü-
ðéí ôï ðñïóáñìüæåé óôçí êáôáóêåõÞ ôçò åðéöÜíåéáò ôùí ðïëõãþíùí.
TFT:
Ôhin Film Transistor. Týðïò åðßðåäçò (LCD flat-panel) ïèüíçò, óôçí ïðïßá
êÜèå pixel åëÝã÷åôáé áðü Ýíá Ýùò ðÝíôå transistors. Ç ôå÷íïëïãßá TFT åßíáé
ç áêñéâüôåñç áëëÜ ðñïóöÝñåé êáé ôçí êáëýôåñç áíÜëõóç áðü üëåò ôéò
Üëëåò óôïí ôïìÝá ôùí åðßðåäùí ïèïíþí. Ïé ïèüíåò TFT áíáöÝñïíôáé êáé
ùò “Áctive-Ìatrix LCDs”.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ T
Thin Film Inductive - TFI:
Ìéá ðáñáëëáãÞ ôçò ôå÷íïëïãßáò MR óôçí êáôáóêåõÞ êåöáëþí ãéá óêëç-
ñïýò äßóêïõò. Åßíáé ðåñéóóüôåñï åîåëéãìÝíç ôå÷íïëïãéêÜ, êáé ôï âáóéêü
ôçò ðëåïíÝêôçìá åßíáé üôé ðáñÜãåé êåöáëÝò ðïõ åßíáé ðåñéóóüôåñï åõáß-
óèçôåò êáé ìðïñïýí íá äéáâÜóïõí ìáãíçôéêü õëéêü ìå ìåãáëýôåñç ðõêíü-
ôçôá. Ç åöáñìïãÞ ôçò ôå÷íïëïãßáò áõôÞò åðÝôñåøå óôïõò êáôáóêåõáóôÝò
íá ðñï÷ùñÞóïõí óôç ó÷åäßáóç ìïíôÝëùí óêëçñþí äßóêùí ìå ðïëý ìåãÜ-
ëåò ÷ùñçôéêüôçôåò.
Thumbnail:
1. Ìéêñïãñáößá ìéáò óåëßäáò ðïõ ðñïïñßæåôáé ãéá åêôýðùóç êáé åðéôñÝðåé
íá åëÝãîïõìå ôç äéÜôáîç ðïëëþí óåëßäùí óå ìßá ìüíï ïèüíç. Áíáëüãùò
ôïõ ìåãÝèïõò ôïõò, ôá thumbnails ìðïñåß íá ìçí åßíáé óå èÝóç íá áðåéêï-
íßóïõí ôï áêñéâÝò êåßìåíï, åÜí õðÜñ÷åé.
2. Ìéêñïãñáößá áñ÷åßùí åéêüíáò ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé íá åëÝãîïõìå ôï ðåñéå÷ü-
ìåíü ôïõò ðñéí ôá “áíïßîïõìå” ãéá íá ôá äïýìå Þ íá ôá åðåîåñãáóôïýìå.
ÐïëëÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá êÜíïõí ÷ñÞóç áõôÞò ôçò ôå÷íéêÞò (åìöÜíéóçò åéêü-
íùí óå ìéêñïãñáößá), ç ïðïßá åßíáé éäéáßôåñá ÷ñÞóéìç óå ðåñéðôþóåéò üðïõ
õðÜñ÷åé ìåãÜëïò áñéèìüò åéêüíùí Þ ðåñéïñéóìÝíï bandwidth.
TIFF:
Tagged Image File Format. ¸íáò áðü ôïõò ðëÝïí äéáäåäïìÝíïõò ôýðïõò
áñ÷åßùí åéêüíáò ãéá ôçí áðïèÞêåõóç åéêüíùí “bit-mapped” óôïõò ðñï-
óùðéêïýò õðïëïãéóôÝò. Ôá áñ÷åßá ôýðïõ .tif ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ïðïéáóäÞðïôå
áíÜëõóçò, Ýã÷ñùìá, áóðñüìáõñá Þ óå áðï÷ñþóåéò ôïõ ãêñé (gray-scaled).
Ôï format áõôü åßíáé êïéíü ôüóï óôá PCs üóï êáé óôïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò ôçò
Apple.
Timeline:
Ç ãñáììÞ ôïõ ÷ñüíïõ ôùí åöáñìïãþí åðåîåñãáóßáò video, ðïõ ÷ñçóéìï-
ðïéåßôáé ùò óýóôçìá áíáöïñÜò ôçò èÝóçò åíüò óçìåßïõ óå Ýíá clip, ó÷åôéêÜ
ìå ôï óõíïëéêü ÷ñüíï äéÜñêåéáò.
Toner:
Ç êñõóôáëëéêÞ ìïñöÞ ôïõ ãñáößôç ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôïõò åêôõðùôÝò
laser êáé ôá öùôïáíôéãñáöéêÜ ìç÷áíÞìáôá. Ï ãñáößôçò åðéêÜèåôáé ðÜíù
óôá öïñôéóìÝíá áðü ôçí åêôõðùôéêÞ ìç÷áíÞ (ð.÷. laser) óçìåßá ôïõ ÷áñ-
ôéïý, ó÷çìáôßæïíôáò ôéò áðåéêïíéæüìåíåò äéáâáèìßóåéò ôïõ ãêñé.
Track:
ÊáíÜëé, óôï ïðïßï åéóÜãïíôáé áñ÷åßá Þ ôìÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí, ðñïêåßìåíïõ íá
õðïâëçèïýí óå åðåîåñãáóßá óå ìéá åöáñìïãÞ åðåîåñãáóßáò video Þ Þ÷ïõ.
Transfer Rate (Data Transfer Rate):
Ï üñïò áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí ôá÷ýôçôá, ìå ôçí ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá ìåôáöåñèïýí
äåäïìÝíá áðü ìßá óõóêåõÞ óå ìßá Üëëç óå óõãêåêñéìÝíç ìïíÜäá ôïõ ÷ñü-
íïõ. Ïé ñõèìïß ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí óå óõóêåõÝò áðïèÞêåõóçò äåäïìÝ-
íùí ìåôñþíôáé óå megabytes áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï (ÌÂ/sec). Óå óõóêåõÝò
áðïìáêñõóìÝíçò åðéêïéíùíßáò êáé ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí ìåôñþíôáé óå
Kbps (Kilobits per second, ÷éëéÜäåò bits áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï), Mbps and Gbps.
Transitions:
ÅéäéêÜ åöÝ ïìáëÞò ìåôÜâáóçò áðü Ýíá êáíÜëé óå Üëëï óå åöáñìïãÝò åðå-
îåñãáóßáò video.
True Color:
True color ïíïìÜæåôáé ç áðåéêüíéóç ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ðáñáðÜíù ÷ñþìá-
ôá áðü üóá ìðïñåß íá äéáêñßíåé ôï áíèñþðéíï ìÜôé. ¸ôóé, true color ïíï-
ìÜæïíôáé ïé áðåéêïíßóåéò ôùí 24bit (16.111.216 ÷ñþìáôá) êáé 32bit
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
(4.294.967.296 ÷ñþìáôá).
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ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

True Type:
Ôýðïò ãñáììáôïóåéñþí ðïõ äåí åìöáíßæåé öáéíüìåíá áðþëåéáò ôçò ðïéü-
ôçôáò áðåéêüíéóçò êáé åêôýðùóçò êáôÜ ôç ÷ñÞóç äéáöïñåôéêþí ìåãåèþí.
TSR:
Terminate and Stay Resident. ¸íá åßäïò DOS utility ðïõ Üðáî êáé öïñôù-
èåß, ðáñáìÝíåé óôç ìíÞìç êáé ìðïñåß íá åíåñãïðïéçèåß îáíÜ, áöïý ðëç-
êôñïëïãçèåß Ýíáò óõãêåêñéìÝíïò óõíäõáóìüò ðëÞêôñùí.
TV board/TV tuner:
Ôçëåïðôéêüò äÝêôçò. ÊÜñôá åðÝêôáóçò, ìÝóù ôçò ïðïßáò ï õðïëïãéóôÞò
ìðïñåß íá ëåéôïõñãÞóåé êáé ùò ôçëåüñáóç. Ç óõóêåõÞ ìðïñåß íá åßíáé êáé
åîùôåñéêÞ, ìå óýíäåóç óåéñéáêÞ Þ USB, åíþ ìðïñåß íá óõíäõÜæåôáé êáé ìå
äÝêôç ñáäéïöþíïõ Þ íá ðñïóöÝñåé åðéðëÝïí ëåéôïõñãßåò, üðùò teletext.
ÐåñéÝ÷åé åéäéêÜ êõêëþìáôá ãéá ôç ìåôáôñïðÞ ôïõ óÞìáôïò áðü ôï ôçëåïðôé-
êü (PAL) óôï óýóôçìá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ.
TWAIN Driver:
Ôá áñ÷éêÜ TWAIN óçìáßíïõí Technology Without An Important Name
(“Ôå÷íïëïãßá ÷ùñßò óçìáíôéêü üíïìá”). Ôï TWAIN åßíáé Ýíá áíïéêôü ðñü-
ôõðï åðéêïéíùíßáò ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ëáìâÜíåé áðåõèåßáò äåäïìÝíá åéêüíáò
áðü åîùôåñéêÝò ðçãÝò, üðùò ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ôá scanners, ÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜ-
æåôáé ï ÷ñÞóôçò íá áöÞóåé ôéò åöáñìïãÝò software ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

UART: User Interface:

Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter. Åßíáé ôï õðïóýóôçìá åíüò Ç åðéöÜíåéá åñãáóßáò, ìÝóù ôçò ïðïßáò ï ÷ñÞóôçò “åðéêïéíùíåߔ ìå ôï
õðïëïãéóôÞ, ôï ïðïßï äéá÷åéñßæåôáé ôçí áóýã÷ñïíç óåéñéáêÞ åðéêïéíùíßá. ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá Þ ôçí åöáñìïãÞ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß, êáé ç ïðïßá äéá-
ÊÜèå õðïëïãéóôÞò åíóùìáôþíåé Ýíá UART ãéá ôç äéá÷åßñéóç ôùí óåéñéá- öÝñåé áíÜëïãá ìå ôï ðñüãñáììá/ëåéôïõñãéêü.
êþí èõñþí ôïõ. Åðßóçò, üëåò ïé åóùôåñéêÝò óõóêåõÝò modem Ý÷ïõí ôï
äéêü ôïõò UART, åíþ ïé åîùôåñéêÝò êÜíïõí ÷ñÞóç ôïõ UART ôïõ õðïëïãé- UTP:
óôÞ. Ìå ôçí áýîçóç ôçò ôá÷ýôçôáò ôùí modems ôï UART Ý÷åé áõîçìÝíá Unshielded Twisted Pair. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ôï êáëþäéï óýóôñïöùí æåõãþí.
êáèÞêïíôá åðéôÞñçóçò êáé äéåõèÝôçóçò ôçò åðéêïéíùíßáò. Áðïôåëåßôáé áðü äýï ìç èùñáêéóìÝíá óýñìáôá, ôá ïðïßá åßíáé ìåôáîý ôïõò
óõóôñáììÝíá. Ï ãíùóôüôåñïò ôýðïò êáëùäßùí óýóôñïöùí æåõãþí åßíáé
Ultra ATA: áõôüò ôùí ôçëåöùíéêþí ãñáììþí. Ðáñüìïéá êáëùäßùóç, ìå ðåñéóóüôåñá
Ìðïñåß íá ôï áêïýóåôå êáé ùò Ultra-DMA/33. Aðïôåëåß ôçí ôåëåõôáßá åîÝ- æåýãç ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êáé óå åãêáôáóôÜóåéò ôïðéêþí äéêôýùí. ÐñïóöÝñåé
ëéîç óôçí ðñïäéáãñáöÞ ÁÔÁ, ìå âáóéêü ðëåïíÝêôçìá ôï üôé ìðïñåß íá ìÝôñéá åðßðåäá ìüíùóçò êáé bandwidth óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôá ïìïáîïíéêÜ êáé ôá
ðñïóöÝñåé ìÝãéóôï ñõèìü ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ ìðïñåß íá öôÜóåé êáëþäéá ïðôéêþí éíþí, Ý÷åé, üìùò, ùò âáóéêü ðëåïíÝêôçìá ôï ÷áìçëü êü-
Ýùò êáé ôá 33,3Ìbps. óôïò.
ULTRA DMA/33:
Ðñùôüêïëëï ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ áíáðôý÷èçêå áðü ôçí êáôáóêåõÜ-
óôñéá åôáéñåßá ìÝóùí áðïèÞêåõóçò Quantum êáé ôçí Intel. Åßíáé ôï standard
óôá ìïíôÝëá ôùí óêëçñþí äßóêùí ðïõ Ý÷ïõí óõíäåóìïëïãßá IDE. ÅðéôñÝ-
ðåé ñõèìïýò ìåôáöïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí ðïõ öèÜíïõí ôá 33,3MB áíÜ äåõôåñü-
ëåðôï, áðüäïóç ðïõ äéðëáóéÜæåé ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá ðïõ õðÞñ÷å ìÝ÷ñé ôçí åìöÜ-
íéóÞ ôïõ. Ç åðßóçìç ïíïìáóßá ôïõ åßíáé Ultra DMA/33. Åðßóçò, êáëåßôáé
UDMA, UDMA/33 êáé DMA mode 33. Ðñüóöáôá, ðáñïõóéÜóôçêå ôï ðñù-
ôüêïëëï Ultra DMA/66, ôï ïðïßï äéðëáóéÜæåé åê íÝïõ ôéò ôá÷ýôçôåò ìåôá-
öïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí óôïõò óêëçñïýò äßóêïõò IDE.
UPS:
Uninterruptible Power Supply. Ìéá óõóêåõÞ ðïõ ôñïöïäïôåß ìå ñåýìá ôïí
õðïëïãéóôÞ -ìÝóù ôçò åíóùìáôùìÝíçò ìðáôáñßáò ðïõ äéáèÝôåé- üôáí õðÜñ-
÷åé ðôþóç Þ äéáêïðÞ ôçò ôÜóçò ôïõ ñåýìáôïò. ¸íá ôõðéêü UPS åßíáé éêáíü
íá ôñïöïäïôÞóåé ôïí çëåêôñïíéêü õðïëïãéóôÞ ãéá ëßãá ëåðôÜ ìåôÜ áðü ôç
äéáêïðÞ ñåýìáôïò, åðéôñÝðïíôáò, Ýôóé, óôï ÷ñÞóôç íá áðïèçêåýóåé ôçí
åñãáóßá ôïõ êáé íá êëåßóåé ìå áóöÜëåéá ôï ìç÷Üíçìá. Ôá UPSes ÷ùñßæïíôáé
óå äõï âáóéêÝò êáôçãïñßåò: ôá SPSes (Standby Power Systems) êáé ôá On-
line. Ôá SPSes ðáñáêïëïõèïýí ôçí ôñïöïäïóßá ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé üôáí
äéáðéóôþíïõí ðñïâëÞìáôá, áñ÷ßæïõí íá ôïí ôñïöïäïôïýí ìÝóù ôçò ìðá-
ôáñßáò ôïõò. Ôá On-line UPSes ðñïóöÝñïõí ìéá óôáèåñÞ ôñïöïäïóßá ìÝóù
ôïõ åíóùìáôùìÝíïõ åíáëëÜêôç óõíå÷ïýò-åíáëëáóóüìåíçò ôÜóçò, áêüìá
êáé üôáí ç ãñáììÞ ôïõ çëåêôñéêïý ñåýìáôïò ëåéôïõñãåß êáíïíéêÜ, åíþ ç
ìðáôáñßá ôïõò åíåñãïðïéåßôáé üôáí ðáñïõóéáóôåß ðñüâëçìá óôçí ôñïöï-
äïóßá.
USB (Universal Serial Bus):
Ôýðïò åîùôåñéêïý äéáýëïõ óýíäåóçò ðåñéöåñåéáêþí óõóêåõþí óå Ýíáí
õðïëïãéóôÞ, ðïõ ðñùôïåìöáíßóôçêå ôï 1996. ÐñïóöÝñåé ôá÷ýôçôåò ìåôá-
öïñÜò äåäïìÝíùí, ðïõ ìðïñåß íá öôÜóïõí êáé ôá 12Mbps (Ìillion bits per
second). Óå ìßá èýñá USB ìðïñïýí íá óõíäåèïýí Ýùò êáé 127 ðåñéöåñåéá-
êÝò óõóêåõÝò, üðùò ðïíôßêéá, ðëçêôñïëüãéá, ç÷åßá, êÜìåñåò, scanners,
öïñçôÝò óõóêåõÝò áðïèÞêåõóçò ê.ëð. Åêôüò áðü ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá êáé ôçí “ðï-
ëõóõëëåêôéêüôçôá”, ôï USB ðñïóöÝñåé ðñáãìáôéêÞ åãêáôÜóôáóç Plug-and-
Play êáèþò êáé “hot plugging”, äçëáäÞ ìéá óõóêåõÞ ìðïñåß íá óõíäåèåß óå
Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ üôáí áõôüò åßíáé áíáììÝíïò, êáé íá ëåéôïõñãÞóåé áìÝóùò,
÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéáóôåß åðáíåêêßíçóç. Ôï USB áíáìÝíåôáé íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóåé
ðëÞñùò ôéò óåéñéáêÝò êáé ðáñÜëëçëåò èýñåò.
USB Hub:
To hardware ðïõ ðáñåìâÜëëåôáé ìåôáîý ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ôçò óõóêåõÞò
USB. ÏõóéáóôéêÜ åßíáé Ýíáò åëåãêôÞò ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ôç óýíäåóç ðïëëþí

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
óõóêåõþí USB (Universal Serial Bus) ìå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ.

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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

V.90: VOD:
Ðñüôõðï ãéá ôá modems ôá÷ýôçôáò 56Kbps, åãêåêñéìÝíï ôï ÖåâñïõÜñéï Áêñùíýìéï ôïõ Video-on-Demand, üñïõ ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåé Ýíá óýíïëï ôå-
ôïõ 1998 áðü ôç ÄéåèíÞ ¸íùóç Ôçëåðéêïéíùíéþí (ITU, International ÷íïëïãéþí, ìå ôéò ïðïßåò åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ åíüò video áðü Ýíáí êå-
Telecommunication Union). Ôï V.90 åßíáé ç åíäéÜìåóç ðñüôáóç ãéá íá íôñéêü server ãéá ôçí áíáðáñáãùãÞ ôïõ óôçí ïèüíç ôïõ áðïìáêñõóìÝíïõ
áìâëõíèïýí ïé äéáöïñÝò ôùí äýï áíôáãùíéóôéêþí ôå÷íïëïãéþí óôá 56Kbps, õðïëïãéóôÞ Þ ôçò ôçëåüñáóçò. Ôï VoD ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá äéá-
ôïõ ×2 ôçò 3COM êáé ôïõ Ê56flex ôçò Rockwell. Êáé ïé äýï êáôáóêåõáóôÝò óêÝäáóç, åêðáßäåõóç êáé ôçëåäéÜóêåøç. Ðñïò ôï ðáñüí ç õëïðïßçóç ôïõ
áíáêïßíùóáí üôé ôá åðüìåíá ìïíôÝëá ôïõò èá áêïëïõèïýí ôï V.90. Åðé- VoD ÷ùëáßíåé ëüãù ôïõ üôé ïé äïìÝò ôùí äéêôýùí äåí åðéôñÝðïõí ôçí áðñü-
ðëÝïí, üóïé Ý÷ïõí Þäç óôçí êáôï÷Þ ôïõò modem 56Kbps, èá ìðïñÝóïõí íá óêïðôç ìåôÜäïóç äåäïìÝíùí Þ÷ïõ êáé åéêüíáò õøçëÞò ðïéüôçôáò.
ôï áíáâáèìßóïõí ìÝóù software, þóôå íá õðïóôçñßæåé V.90.
VRM:
VGA: (Voltage Regulator Module). Ìéá ìéêñÞ ìïíÜäá ðïõ åãêáèßóôáôáé óå Ýíá
Video Graphics Adapter. ¸íáò ôýðïò êáñôþí ãñáöéêþí, ðïõ óôç âáóéêÞ motherboard ìå óêïðü íá ñõèìßæåé ôçí ôÜóç ôïõ çëåêôñéêïý ñåýìáôïò, ìå
ôïõ ìïñöÞ õðïóôçñßæåé áíÜëõóç 640x480 pixels ìå 16 ÷ñþìáôá. ôçí ïðïßá ôñïöïäïôåßôáé ï êåíôñéêüò åðåîåñãáóôÞò. ¼ëá ôá óýã÷ñïíá
motherboards åíóùìáôþíïõí VRM, ôá ïðïßá Ý÷ïõí ôç äõíáôüôçôá íá ôñï-
Video bandwidth: öïäïôïýí ìå äéáöïñåôéêÞ ôÜóç ôïí åðåîåñãáóôÞ êáé ôï õðüëïéðï óýóôçìá.
H ôéìÞ ôïõ video bandwidth áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ôçí õøçëüôåñç äõíáôÞ óõ÷íü- Áõôü åßíáé ôï ðëåïíÝêôçìá áõôÞò ôçò ìïíÜäáò Ýíáíôé ôùí åíóùìáôùìÝíùí
ôçôá åéóüäïõ ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ÷åéñéóôåß ìéá ïèüíç. Êáèïñßæåé, åðßóçò, ôéò ñõèìéóôþí ôÜóçò, üðùò êáé ç äõíáôüôçôá ðïõ Ý÷åé íá áíôéêáôáóôáèåß.
äõíáôüôçôåò áíÜëõóçò ðïõ Ý÷åé ç ïèüíç, áöïý ôï video bandwidth ó÷åôßæå-
ôáé Üìåóá ìå ôï ðüóï êïíôÜ ìåôáîý ôïõò ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé ôá dots óôçí VRML:
ïèüíç. Virtual Reality Modeling Language. Ãëþóóá ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý ãéá ôçí áðåé-
êüíéóç ôñéóäéÜóôáôùí áíôéêåéìÝíùí óôï World Wide Web. Ìðïñåß íá ðá-
VideoCD: ñïìïéáóôåß ìå ìéá Ýêäïóç ôçò ãëþóóáò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý HTML, ãéá ôñéó-
ÅéäéêÞ äéáìüñöùóç ïðôéêþí äßóêùí, þóôå ôï áðïèçêåõôéêü ìÝóï íá ðå- äéÜóôáôá ãñáöéêÜ. Ãéá íá äïýìå áñ÷åßá VRML, ÷ñåéÜæåôáé Ýíáò åîåéäéêåõìÝ-
ñéÝ÷åé ìüíï áñ÷åßá video êáé Þ÷ïõ. Ôï óõãêåêñéìÝíï format Þôáí ðïëý íïò VRML browser Þ Ýíáò Web browser (MS Internet Explorer, Netscape
äçìïöéëÝò ìåôáîý ôùí CDs ôçò ðåñáóìÝíçò äåêáåôßáò, êáé ôá Video CDs Navigator ê.ëð.) ìå VRML plug-in. Ïé éó÷ýïõóåò ðñïäéáãñáöÝò VRML 2.0
ðåñéåß÷áí êõñßùò ôáéíßåò, åíþ êõêëïöüñçóáí êáé ëßãåò åêäüóåéò ìå ðáé÷íß- ïëïêëçñþèçêáí ôïí Áýãïõóôï ôïõ 1996.
äéá. Ïé óõóêåõÝò ðïõ ìðïñïýóáí íá áíáðáñáãÜãïõí ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï åíüò
VideoCD, Þôáí åðéôñáðÝæéá VideoCD players êáé ëßãá CD drives, åíþ åß÷áí VxD:
åìöáíéóôåß äßóêïé äéáìÝôñïõ 15 êáé 30 åêáôïóôþí. ¼ðùò Þôáí öõóéêü, Virtual Device Driver. ¸íá óýíïëï êþäéêá software ðïõ áíáëáìâÜíåé ôïí
ëüãù ôïõ õðåñâïëéêïý êüóôïõò êáé ôçò Ýëëåéøçò õðïóôÞñéîçò, ôï VideoCD Ýëåã÷ï ôçò ëåéôïõñãßáò ìéáò óõóêåõÞò êáé åêôåëåßôáé óáí Ýíá ìÝñïò ôïõ
óéãÜ-óéãÜ Ý÷áóå ôç äçìïôéêüôçôÜ ôïõ êáé ôåëéêÜ åîáöáíßóôçêå. ðõñÞíá ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò, Ý÷ïíôáò ðñüóâáóç óôç ìíÞìç ôïõ.
Videoconferencing:
Åðéêïéíùíßá ìåôáîý äýï Þ ðåñéóóïôÝñùí ÷ñçóôþí PC, êáôÜ ôçí ïðïßá ïé
óõììåôÝ÷ïíôåò âñßóêïíôáé óå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ôïðïèåóßåò, áëëÜ ìðïñïýí íá
âëÝðïõí êáé íá áêïýí ï Ýíáò ôïí Üëëï ÷Üñç óôï êáôÜëëçëï hardware êáé
software.
Virtual Machine Manager (VMM):
Åßíáé Ýíá êïììÜôé software ôùí Windows 95, Ýíáò driver, äçëáäÞ, ìÝóù
ôïõ ïðïßïõ ãßíåôáé êáôáíïìÞ êáé äéá÷åßñéóç ôùí ðüñùí õëéêïý ðïõ áðáé-
ôïýí ïé äéÜöïñåò äéáäéêáóßåò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò êáé ôùí åöáñ-
ìïãþí.
Virtual machine:
¸íá îå÷ùñéóôü êïììÜôé ìíÞìçò, óôï ïðïßï ðñáãìáôïðïéåßôáé åîïìïßùóç
ôçò ëåéôïõñãßáò åíüò ïëüêëçñïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ.
Virtual Reality:
¸íá ðåñéâÜëëïí öôéáãìÝíï åî ïëïêëÞñïõ áðü õðïëïãéóôÞ, ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé ôç
äõíáôüôçôá óå êÜðïéïí ìå ôïí áíÜëïãï åîïðëéóìü íá “æÞóåé” ìÝóá ôïõ êáé
íá áëëçëåðéäñÜóåé ìå ôá óôïé÷åßá ðïõ ôïí áðáñôßæïõí.
VLB:
VESA Local Bus. Áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ äéáýëïõ (bus), ç ïðïßá äçìéïõñãÞèçêå áðü
ôç Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). Ìïëïíüôé Þôáí ðïëý
äçìïöéëÞò ôï 1993 êáé 1994, îåðåñÜóôçêå ôå÷íïëïãéêÜ áðü ìéá áíôáãùíé-
óôéêÞ áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞ ðïõ ïíïìÜóôçêå PCI (äåßôå PCI).

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WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

WAP:
Ôï WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) åßíáé ìéá ðñïäéáãñáöÞ åíüò óõ-
íüëïõ ðñùôïêüëëùí åðéêïéíùíßáò ãéá ôçí åãêáèßäñõóç åíüò standard ôñü-
ðïõ ðñüóâáóçò óôï Internet êáé ãéá äéÜöïñåò áóýñìáôåò óõóêåõÝò, üðùò
êéíçôÜ ôçëÝöùíá.
WAV:
(Windows Audio Video) Áëãüñéèìïò ìå äéáìüñöùóç PCM ãéá ôçí êùäéêï-
ðïßçóç øçöéáêþí óçìÜôùí âÜóåé ôùí ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêþí ôçò êõìáôïìïñ-
öÞò ôïõò, ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé óôá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ôçò Microsoft
êáé õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôçí ðëåéïøçößá ôùí åöáñìïãþí åðåîåñãáóßáò Þ÷ïõ.
Web Server:
Ôï óýóôçìá ðïõ åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôçí åîõðçñÝôçóç üëùí ôùí clients ðïõ
åðéóêÝðôïíôáé ôï site ðïõ öéëïîåíåß.
Wildcard character:
Åí óõíôïìßá, Wildcards. ¸íá åéäéêü óýìâïëï (special symbol) ðïõ óõìâï-
ëßæåé Ýíáí Þ ðåñéóóüôåñïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò. Ôï äçìïöéëÝóôåñï óýìâïëï åßíáé
ï áóôåñßóêïò (*). ÐïëëÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá õðïóôçñßæïõí wildcards
ãéá ôçí áíåýñåóç áñ÷åßùí (files) êáé öáêÝëùí (directories). Ç ÷ñÞóç ôùí
wildcards åðéôñÝðåé ôçí åðéëïãÞ ðïëëþí áñ÷åßùí ìå Ýíá ìüíï ïñéóìü. Ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ï áóôåñßóêïò óõìâïëßæåé ïðïéïíäÞðïôå óõíäõáóìü ÷áñáêôÞ-
ñùí. Óôï DOS êáé óôá Windows, åÜí øÜ÷íïõìå ãéá êÜðïéï áñ÷åßï ðïõ
îåêéíÜ áðü “w”, ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò “w*” èá ëÜâïõìå ôïí êáôÜëïãï üëùí
ôùí áñ÷åßùí, ôï üíïìá ôùí ïðïßùí îåêéíÜ áðü “w”. ÅÜí øÜ÷íïõìå ãéá
áñ÷åßï êåéìÝíïõ, ôýðïõ .doc êáé ðëçêôñïëïãÞóïõìå “w*.doc”, ôï áðïôÝëå-
óìá ôçò áíáæÞôçóçò èá åßíáé ï êáôÜëïãïò üëùí ôùí áñ÷åßùí “.doc”, ôï
üíïìá ôùí ïðïßùí îåêéíÜ ìå “w”.
WINS:
Windows Internet Naming Service. Ôï software ðïõ ìåôáôñÝðåé ôá ïíüìá-
ôá Net Bios óå äéåõèýíóåéò ÉP. H äéåýèõíóç ÉP åßíáé ìéá äéåýèõíóç 32bit
åíüò õðïëïãéóôÞ Server ðïõ êáèïñßæåôáé áðü ôï ðñùôüêïëëï Internet.
WLAN:
(Wireless Local Area Network). Ôïðéêü äßêôõï üðïõ ç óýíäåóç ôùí óõ-
óêåõþí (õðïëïãéóôþí, ðåñéöåñåéáêþí ê.ëð.) åßíáé áóýñìáôç - äçëáäÞ äåí
ãßíåôáé ìÝóù êáëùäßùí. Áõôü åðéôõã÷Üíåôáé ìÝóù åéäéêþí êáñôþí-ðïìðþí
ðïõ ôïðïèåôïýíôáé óôïõò õðïëïãéóôÝò êáé óôá ðåñéöåñåéáêÜ. Ôï êüóôïò
åíüò ôÝôïéïõ ôýðïõ äéêôýïõ åßíáé áñêåôÜ õøçëü óå ó÷Ýóç ìå ôéò êëáóéêÝò
õëïðïéÞóåéò üðïõ ãßíåôáé óýíäåóç ìÝóù êáëùäßùí, åíþ äåí åßíáé áêüìç
éäéáßôåñá äéáäåäïìÝíï.
WPS:
(Windows Print System) Ðñüôõðï ôçò Microsoft ãéá ôçí ôõðïðïßçóç ôùí
åíôïëþí ôïý driver åíüò åêôõðùôÞ, ðñïêåßìåíïõ íá äçìéïõñãçèåß Ýíá ðñü-
ôõðï åðéêïéíùíßáò õðïëïãéóôÞ - åêôõðùôÞ óå ðåñéâÜëëïíôá Windows.
WYSIWYG:
(ðñïöÝñåôáé wiz-ee-wig): Ôá áñ÷éêÜ ôçò öñÜóçò What You See Is What
You Get. Ï üñïò ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôï åßäïò åêåßíï ôùí åöáñìïãþí ðïõ åßíáé
êáôáóêåõáóìÝíåò Ýôóé, þóôå íá êùäéêïðïéïýí áõôüìáôá ôá äåäïìÝíá ðïõ
öáßíïíôáé óôçí ïèüíç. ¸ôóé, ï ÷ñÞóôçò ìéáò åöáñìïãÞò WYSIWYG, ð.÷.
åíüò ðñïãñÜììáôïò êáôáóêåõÞò óåëßäùí Web, äéåõêïëýíåôáé êáôÜ ðïëý,
áöïý äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá Ý÷åé åéäéêÝò ãíþóåéò ãéá íá ãñÜøåé ôïí áíÜëïãï
ðñïãñáììáôéóôéêü êþäéêá.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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 ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ Z
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

ZIP:
ÄçìïöéëÞò ìÝèïäïò óõìðßåóçò äåäïìÝíùí. Ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí óõìðéå-
óôåß ìå ôç ìÝèïäï ZIP, ïíïìÜæïíôáé ZIP files êáé óõíÞèùò Ý÷ïõí êáôÜëçîç
.ZIP. ¸íá åßäïò áñ÷åßïõ zip åßíáé ôá áõôï-áðïóõìðéåæüìåíá, ìå êáôÜëçîç
.EXE, ôá ïðïßá áðïóõìðéÝæïíôáé ìå ôçí åêôÝëåóÞ ôïõò, ÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé
íá õðÜñ÷åé ðñüãñáììá áðïóõìðßåóçò.

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ

WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG

A Ï
Áëãüñéèìïò:
Áëãüñéèìïò åßíáé ìéá äéáäéêáóßá ðåðåñáóìÝíùí ëïãéêþí âçìÜôùí ãéá ôçí
åðßëõóç åíüò ðñïâëÞìáôïò. Ôá âÞìáôá åíüò áëãïñßèìïõ õðüêåéíôáé óå
êÜðïéïõò êáíüíåò, åíþ ãéá ôçí ÝêöñáóÞ ôïõò ìðïñïýí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéç-
èïýí öõóéêÝò ãëþóóåò Þ ãëþóóåò ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý. ¸íá ðáñÜäåéãìá
áëãïñßèìïõ åßíáé ç äéáäéêáóßá ðáñáóêåõÞò åíüò ãëõêïý Þ ôá âÞìáôá åðß-
ëõóçò åíüò ìáèçìáôéêïý ðñïâëÞìáôïò.
ÁíÜëõóç (resolution):
Ï üñïò ó÷åôßæåôáé ìå ôç äéáýãåéá êáé ôçí “ïîýôçôᔠìéáò áðåéêüíéóçò. ¢ìå-
óåò áíáöïñÝò óôïí üñï “áíÜëõóç” ãßíïíôáé ãéá íá ðåñéãñáöåß ç ðïéüôçôá
ìéáò åéêüíáò, ç ïðïßá áðåéêïíßæåôáé óå ìéá ïèüíç Þ åêôõðþíåôáé óå Ýíáí
åêôõðùôÞ. Óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôùí åêôõðùôþí ç áíÜëõóç äçëþíåé ôïí áñéèìü
ôùí “óôéãìþí áíÜ ßíôóᔠ(dots per inch - dpi, äåßôå áíÜëïãï ëÞììá). ¼óïí
áöïñÜ ôéò ïèüíåò ôùí õðïëïãéóôþí, ç áíÜëõóç äçëþíåé ôïí áñéèìü ôùí
óôéãìþí, ïé ïðïßåò åäþ ïíïìÜæïíôáé pixels (äåßôå áíÜëïãï ëÞììá), óå ïëü-
êëçñç ôçí ïèüíç. Ç áíÜëõóç 800x600 óå ìéá ïèüíç óçìáßíåé üôé áðåéêïíß-
æïíôáé 800 pixels (êÜèåôá) óå 600 óåéñÝò áðü pixels.
A
Ïñáôü ðëáßóéï áðåéêüíéóçò:
Åßíáé ôï ôåôñÜãùíï ãõÜëéíï ðëáßóéï ðïõ åßíáé ïñáôü óå åìÜò êáé ôï ïðïßï
áðïôåëåß ôçí ðñáãìáôéêÞ åðéöÜíåéá áðåéêüíéóçò ôçò ïèüíçò.
ÐA
Ðñùôüêïëëï:
¸íá ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï, êïéíþò áðïäåêôü format ãéá ôç ìåôÜäïóç äåäïìÝ-
íùí ìåôáîý äýï óõóêåõþí. Ôï ðñùôüêïëëï êáèïñßæåé ìéá óåéñÜ áðü ðáñá-
ìÝôñïõò, üðùò ôïí ôýðï ôïõ åëÝã÷ïõ óöáëìÜôùí ðïõ èá åöáñìïóôåß êáôÜ
ôç ìåôÜäïóç, ôç ìÝèïäï óõìðßåóçò ôùí äåäïìÝíùí - åÜí õðÜñ÷åé, ôïí ôñü-
ðï, ìå ôïí ïðïßï èá åéäïðïéÞóåé ç óõóêåõÞ ðïõ óôÝëíåé äåäïìÝíá ãéá ôç
ëÞîç ôçò ìåôÜäïóçò, êáé ôïí ôñüðï, ìå ôïí ïðïßï èá äçëþóåé ç óõóêåõÞ
ðïõ ëáìâÜíåé äåäïìÝíá, ôçí ðáñáëáâÞ ôïõò. ÕðÜñ÷åé ìéá óåéñÜ ðñùôï-
êüëëùí, êÜèå Ýíá áðü ôá ïðïßá áðïôåëåß ôõðïðïéçìÝíï standard óôïí ôï-
ìÝá ôïõ, üðùò ôï TCP/IP ãéá ôï Internet. Ç õëïðïßçóç ôùí ðñùôïêüëëùí
ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé ìÝóù hardware Þ software.

Ê
A
AÓ
Êáèïäéêüò óùëÞíáò:
Óõ÷íüôçôá êÜèåôçò óÜñùóçò:
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). Ôï âáóéêüôåñï åîÜñôçìá ôçò ïèüíçò ôïõ õðïëï-
Ç óõ÷íüôçôá êÜèåôçò óÜñùóçò ïíïìÜæåôáé êáé óõ÷íüôçôá êáôáêüñõöçò
ãéóôÞ. Åóåßò âëÝðåôå ìüíï ôçí ðñüóïøÞ ôïõ áëëÜ ìðïñåßôå íá öáíôáóôåßôå
áíáíÝùóçò Þ ñõèìüò áíáíÝùóçò. ¼ôáí ïëïêëçñùèåß ç áíáíÝùóç ôïõ ÷ñù-
üôé Ý÷åé ôï ó÷Þìá åíüò êëåéóôïý êþíïõ, óôï åóùôåñéêü ôïõ ïðïßïõ åðéêñá-
ìáôéóìïý ôïõ óõíüëïõ åíüò åéäþëïõ óôçí ïèüíç ìå ïñéæüíôéá ðåñÜóìáôá,
ôïýí óõíèÞêåò ìåñéêïý êåíïý áÝñïò. Ï êáèïäéêüò óùëÞíáò Ý÷åé ðßóù áðü
ôï ôåôñÜãùíï ãõÜëéíï ðëáßóéï Ýíá ðïëý ëåðôü óôñþìá öùóöüñïõ óå êïõê- ôüôå ëÝìå üôé áõôü Ý÷åé óáñùèåß Þ áíáíåùèåß êáé êáôáêüñõöá. ÏõóéáóôéêÜ,
êßäåò, ôïðïèåôçìÝíåò óå ôñéãùíéêÞ äéÜôáîç áíÜ ôñåéò. ç óõ÷íüôçôá êáôáêüñõöçò óÜñùóçò åêöñÜæåé ôï ñõèìü, ìå ôïí ïðïßï áíá-
íåþíåôáé ôï óýíïëï ôùí áðåéêïíéæüìåíùí óôçí ïèüíç ðëçñïöïñéþí.
Êñýóôáëëïò ÷ñïíéóìïý:
Óõ÷íüôçôá ïñéæüíôéáò óÜñùóçò:
¸íáò êñýóôáëëïò ÷áëáæßá (quartz), ï ïðïßïò, üôáí ôïõ åöáñìüæåôáé çëå-
Ç ôéìÞ ôçò óõ÷íüôçôáò ïñéæüíôéáò óÜñùóçò áíáöÝñåôáé óôï ðüóåò öïñÝò
êôñéêÞ ôÜóç, ôáëáíôþíåôáé óå ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç óõ÷íüôçôá. ÊÜèå ôáëÜíôù-
ìÝóá óå Ýíá äåõôåñüëåðôï áíáíåþíåé ìéá ïèüíç ôï ÷ñùìáôéóìü ôùí ïñéæü-
óç ôïõ êñõóôÜëëïõ äçìéïõñãåß Ýíá ôåôñáãùíéêü çìéôïíïåéäÝò êýìá (áêï-
íôéùí ãñáììþí ðïõ áðïôåëïýí Ýíá áðåéêïíéæüìåíï åßäùëï. Ç óõ÷íüôçôá
ëïõèßá áðü “Д êáé áíôßóôñïöá “Ð”). ×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá “÷ñïíßæåé”
åðåîåñãáóôÝò, íá äéáìïñöþíåé, äçëáäÞ, ôç óõ÷íüôçôá ëåéôïõñãßáò ôïõò, ïñéæüíôéáò óÜñùóçò ìåôñéÝôáé óå KHz.
ìïíÜäá ìÝôñçóçò ôçò ïðïßáò åßíáé ôá MHz.

Ë
A
Ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá (Operating system):
Ôï ðéï óçìáíôéêü ðñüãñáììá ðïõ åêôåëåßôáé óå Ýíáí õðïëïãéóôÞ. ÊÜèå
õðïëïãéóôÞò ðñÝðåé íá åêôåëåß Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ãéá íá ìðïñåß íá
ôñÝîåé ôá åðéìÝñïõò ðñïãñÜììáôá. Ôá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá åêôåëïýí
âáóéêÝò äéáäéêáóßåò (tasks), üðùò ç áíáãíþñéóç ôùí åéóåñ÷ïìÝíùí óçìÜ-
ôùí áðü ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéï, ç áðïóôïëÞ óÞìáôïò ðñïò ôçí ïèüíç êáé ï
Ýëåã÷ïò êáé óõíôïíéóìüò ôùí ðåñéöåñåéáêþí óõóêåõþí. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ëåéôïõñ-
ãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ãéá õðïëïãéóôÝò “ãåíéêÞò ÷ñÞóçò”, áëëÜ êáé åîåéäéêåõìÝíá
ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá. Ôá ãíùóôüôåñá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá “ãåíéêÞò
÷ñÞóçò” ãéá PCs åßíáé ôï DOS, ôá Windows êáé ôï Linux.
Ëõ÷íßá øõ÷ñÞò êáèüäïõ:

ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
(Cold Cathode Tube) ÊÜèïäïò çëåêôñïíéêïý óùëÞíá ðïõ åêðÝìðåé çëå-
êôñüíéá ÷ùñßò íá èåñìáíèåß.

32
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
"Ïé íÝïé üñïé, Ý÷ïõí ðñïóôåèåß êáé óôéò óåëßäåò ðïõ áíÞêïõí áëöáâçôéêÜ."
WEB SERVER INTRANET CLIPBOARD BOOT BROWSER AVI TCP/IP PAPER JAM TASKBAR GATEWAY CHIPSET FIREWALL MPEG
Archie:
¸íá ðïëý ÷ñÞóéìï åñãáëåßï ãéá ôïí åíôïðéóìü áñ÷åßùí óå anonymous FTP
sites.
Bad sector:
ÊÜèå äßóêïò äéáéñåßôáé óå sectors - ôïìåßò (ç ìéêñüôåñç äõíáôÞ ìïíÜäá),
clusters, óõìðëÝãìáôá êáé tracks, áõëÜêéá. Áí Ýíáò ôïìÝáò åßíáé êáôåóôñáì-
ìÝíïò, äåí ìðïñåß íá áðïèçêåýóåé äåäïìÝíá áîéüðéóôá. Áí áðïèçêåýóåôå
Ýíá áñ÷åßï êáé ìÝñïò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ áðïèçêåõôåß óå Ýíáí êáôáóôñáììÝíï
ôïìÝá, äåí èá åßíáé åöéêôü ôï Üíïéãìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ áõôïý.
BASIC:
Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Ins-truction Code. Åßíáé ìéá ãëþóóá ðñï-
ãñáììáôéóìïý ðïõ óõìðåñéëáìâáíüôáí ðáëéÜ óôï ðáêÝôï ôïõ MS-DOS. Ç
BASIC èåùñåßôáé áðü ðïëëïýò åõêïëüôåñç áðü üëåò ôéò Üëëåò ãëþóóåò
ðñïãñáììáôéóìïý êáé åßíáé åýêïëç óôçí åêìÜèçóÞ ôçò.
Bug:
Ï üñïò óôá áããëéêÜ óçìáßíåé “Ýíôïìï” êáé ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ
1940 üôáí ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóáí êáèïäéêïýò óùëÞíåò áíôß ôùí
ïëïêëçñùìÝíùí êõêëùìÜôùí. Ôá Ýíôïìá (bugs) ðïõ åëêýïíôáí áðü ôï
öùò ôùí óùëÞíùí, ðåôïýóáí ìÝóá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ êáé ðñïêáëïýóáí
âñá÷õêõêëþìáôá. Áõôü ôï öáéíüìåíï ðáñáôçñÞèçêå ãéá ðñþôç öïñÜ áðü
ôïí Lieutenant Grace Hopper ôï 1945 óôï Harvard üôáí Ýíá Ýíôïìï ìðÞêå
áíÜìåóá óå äýï electrical relays ôïõ ðåñßöçìïõ Mark II Aiken Relay
Calculator êáé ïäÞãçóå óôçí êáôÜññåõóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ÓÞìåñá ï üñïò
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá äçëþóåé ðñïâëÞìáôá óå ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ êÜíïõí
ôï ßäéï ôï ðñüãñáììá Þ ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ íá åñãÜæåôáé ëáíèáóìÝíá Þ íá
êáôáññÝåé.
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
Half duplex:
Ôå÷íéêÞ ìåôÜäïóçò äåäïìÝíùí, ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ôç ìåôáöïñÜ äåäïìÝíùí êáé
ðñïò ôéò äýï êáôåõèýíóåéò áëëÜ ü÷é ôáõôü÷ñïíá.
Hand held computer:
Ç/Õ ìå ìéêñÝò äéáóôÜóåéò ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé óôïí êÜôï÷ü ôïõ íá ôïí ÷ñçóéìï-
ðïéåß êñáôþíôáò ôïí óôï ÷Ýñé ôïõ.
K56flex:
Ôå÷íïëïãßá ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞèçêå áðü ôéò Lucent Technologies êáé Rockwell
International ãéá ôá÷ýôçôåò ìåôáöïñÜò 56Kbps ìÝóù ôçò ôçëåöùíéêÞò ãñáì-
ìÞò. ÁõôÝò ïé ôá÷ýôçôåò åðéôõã÷Üíïíôáé ìüíï êáôÜ ôç ëÞøç äåäïìÝíùí,
åíþ áíôßèåôá êáôÜ ôçí áðïóôïëÞ äåäïìÝíùí ïé ôá÷ýôçôåò äåí îåðåñíïýí ôá
33,6Kbps.
Light pen:
Ìéá óõóêåõÞ åéóüäïõ, åõáßóèçôç óôï öùò ðïõ ìïéÜæåé ìå ãñáößäá. Áíôß íá
êõëÜôå ôï ðïíôßêé ðÜíù óôï ãñáöåßï óáò, áðëþò äåß÷íåôå óå Ýíá áíôéêåßìå-
íï óôçí ïèüíç. Ç ãñáößäá áéóèÜíåôáé ôç èÝóç ôïõ óôçí ïèüíç êáé óôÝëíåé
ôï êáôÜëëçëï óÞìá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ. Ç ãñáößäá åðéôñÝðåé, åðßóçò, óôï
÷ñÞóôç íá êéíçèåß áðü ìéá ðåñéï÷Þ óå ìéá Üëëç, ãñÞãïñá êáé ìå áêñßâåéá.
Ïbject Code:
Ï êþäéêáò ðïõ ðáñÜãåé Ýíáò assembler, óõìâïëïìåôáöñáóôÞò. Åßíáé Üìå-
óá êáôáíïçôüò êáé åêôåëÝóéìïò áðü ôïí Ç/Õ.
SCSI:
Small Computer System Interface. To SCSI åßíáé Ýíá interface standard ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôá Apple Macintosh computers, ôá PCs êáé áðü áñêå-
ôÜ UNIX systems ãéá ôçí åðéêïéíùíßá ìå ðåñéöåñåéáêÝò óõóêåõÝò. ÅðéôñÝ-
ðåé ìåôáäüóåéò ðëçñïöïñéþí óå ìåãÜëåò ôá÷ýôçôåò êáé ðáñÝ÷åé ôï ðñüóèå-
ôï ðëåïíÝêôçìá íá åðéôñÝðåé ôç óýíäåóç áñêåôþí óõóêåõþí óå ìßá ðýëç
(õðïäï÷Þ).
ËÅÎÉÊÏ ÏÑÙÍ
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