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THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS: People, places, things (concrete/abstract), values, concepts, experience of…

They are used as subjects or objects of sentences.

Some suffixes used to form nouns are: -er, -or, -ion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ence, -hood

PRONOUNS: Used to replace nouns to help avoid repeating them. There are many different kinds of
pronouns such as subject, object, possessive adjective, possessive………..

A few communities in the city worked together on a project, and their efforts made a big difference.

ADJECTIVES: Words that describe characteristics of people, places, things and tell: what kind, which
one, how many, color, shape, size, and feelings are also adjectives. Adjectives are often placed before
nouns but not always.

Some suffixes used to form adjectives are: -ous, -ive, -ish, -ful, -less, -able, -ible

Some prefixes used are: un-, im-, in-, ir-, il- (which mean ‘not’…..)

pro = for , anti = ‘not’ or ‘against’ , inter=between

She’s feeling motivated to move to the countryside.

It’s a beautiful, serene place.

That hammock looks very comfortable.

The intern was so responsible, interactive, and helpful.

VERBS: Tell the action in relation to the subject of the sentence…as an “active”/”action” verb.
There are also “passive” verbs/”auxiliary” verbs such as forms of “be”, “do”, “have”….They can be
expressed in one word OR in a verb phrase.

I am going out to eat.

She has been planning this party for the last two months.

You are a great group of students!


ADVERBS: Words that describe verbs by telling HOW, WHEN, WHERE, HOW OFTEN (frequency)
about the action, and are also words used to emphasize. EMPHASIZERS are used in relation to verbs
AND also adjectives (depending upon the structure of the sentence). –ly is a suffix often used to form
adverbs.

How? slowly, quickly, softly, loudly, patiently, aggressively, peacefully, fast

When? now, later, immediately

Where? here, there, somewhere, anywhere

How often/ frequency? always, often, usually, sometimes, hardly ever, rarely, never

Emphasizing? very, quite, really, rather, so, too

BE CAREFUL because there are words that have more than one part of speech depending on how
they’re used in the sentence(s).

Examples: He reads really fast . (adverb) // He is a really fast reader. (adjective)

That subject is very difficult for her to talk about.

I always remind him to drive carefully!

We are leaving now and will be there in approximately an hour.

He spoke so beautifully at his graduation.

The movie was too long.

PREPOSITIONS: Words that are frequently used and express relation to location, space, and
time…the most frequently used are: in, on, at

It’s so nice to be in an air-conditioned classroom.

The flight is at 6 AM and leaves from JFK Airport.

His birthday is in May - to be more specific, on the 11th.

(FOR MORE ON PREPOSITIONS, SEE WRITING ESSENTIALS PAGES 65-70)


CONJUNCTIONS: Can be used in many ways, but conjunctions are most commonly used as
connectors, signal/transition words. Common conjunctions include:

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

because, since, however, although……

INTERJECTIONS: Words/expressions that are used to reflect a strong and/or emotional reaction.

ARTICLES: Words such as: a, an, the

“A” is used before words that begin with a consonant OR words that begin with a ‘long U’ sound.

- A suggestion I have is to read and follow the directions.


- She comes from a unified family.

“An” is used before words that begin with a vowel OR words that begin with a silent H.

- We engaged in an excellent conversation.


- He is an honest person in all aspects of his life.

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