1.

Identify the components of a computer, components in a CPU and its

functions. Every student must draw block diagram of the CPU along with
the configuration of each peripheral.

AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.

Block Diagram of Computer :

A computer is an electronic device which accepts data as input through input

devices; process the input data using processing and storage devices and gives
information as output through output devices
A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly
complicated problems quickly and accurately.

Input Unit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore
we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input unit consists of
one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device.
Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc.
All the input devices perform the following functions.
1. Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
2. Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
3. Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.

Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the
input unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results before
these are sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various
storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.
1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold
the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the
input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary memory is
temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store
the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.
The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore
most computers have limited primary storage capacity.

2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several

programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on the computer are
first transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are
saved, again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower
and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory
devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.,

Memory Size:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character or a
number is represented by an 8 bit code.
The set of 8 bits is called a byte. A character occupies 1 byte space.
A numeric occupies 2 byte space.
Byte is the space occupied in the memory.
The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte).
One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB. The size of the primary
storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB
memory are quite common.

Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a
computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used
output devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive,
and magnetic tape drive.

Arithmetic Logical Unit:

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It
also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz. >, <, =, ‘etc.
Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to
ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the
control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit,
where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and
instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the ALU
to the storage unit. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of
the computer that control and synchronizes its working.
Central Processing Unit:
The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:
• It performs all calculations.
• It takes all decisions.
• It controls all units of the computer.
A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron,
Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, and AMD etc.
Introduction to Computer Hardware:
Hardware is the physical appearance of the devices or tools. It is what which we
can touch and feel.
Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse and all other
devices connected to the computer either externally or internally.
A typical computer (personal computer, PC) consists of a desktop or tower case
(chassis) and the following parts:

Input Devices:
Available numerous computer DEVICES can be classified as
Manual Input device
Automatic Input device
Manual Input devices:
Manual Input devices are devices which we have to work out ourselves. They are
not automatic and there can be mistakes.
Text Input Devices:
Keyboard:

The device that is used to input commands (CLI’s) to computer

Functions: To do word processing, write letters and emails, visit web pages etc.,
Can come with one of the two connectors: 6 pin din (ps-2) or USB
Alphanumeric Keyboard, Numeric keyboard and Pin pad
Pointing Input Devices:
used in GUIs
Mouse:

A pointing device that fits in the palm of your hand replicates the movement of the
mouse in the computer screen. (trackball and optical)
Functions: for starting applications, file and folder management, surfing the internet
Trackball:
A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing
sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axis—like an upside-down mouse with an
exposed protruding ball.

Touchpad:
Operation similar to Mouse, cursor on the screen is controlled by finger movement
Commonly used in laptops, Integrated to the laptop.
Rarely used for desktops and connected through USB

Track pad:
Track pad appears to be a much more ergonomic way of controlling and
interacting with a computer than the traditional mouse.
It is wireless and connects to your desktop computer or laptop over Blue Tooth.
Game pad, Joystick, Joy pad:
Types of game controller held in two hands, where the fingers (especially thumbs)
are used to provide input
They are typically the main input devices for video game consoles

Touch screen:
A touchscreen is an input device normally layered on the top of an electronic
visual display of an information processing system
A user can give input or control the information processing system through simple
or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a special stylus and/or one or more
fingers.

Light pen :
A light pen is a light-sensitive pointing input device commonly used to select or
otherwise modify text or data on a screen
Audio Input Devices:
Microphone:
Inside the microphone is a diaphragm, a screen which is sensitive to pressure
waves.
When you make a sound, it creates waves of pressure in the air, which push on the
diaphragm
When the diaphragm moves, it produces an electric signal, which is sent to the
computer sound card

Graphics tablet or Digitizer :

A graphic tablet (also known as a a digitizer, drawing tablet, digital drawing
tablet, pen tablet, or digital art board) is a computer input device that enables a user to
hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the
way a person draws images with a pencil and paper.

Digital camera (Video Camera):

A device that captures digital pictures and digital videos
Stores images/videos digitally on an internal drive or SD (Secure Digital) card
Webcam:
A device used for capturing video and images
Mainly used for video conferencing and video calling over the internet (often used
for Skype)
Leading manufacturers Logitech and Microsoft

Automatic Input Devices:

All data can be put into a computer using a keyboard, but would often be slow and
there could be mistakes. Automatic input devices can never be wrong, because it is
accurate.
Reading Text/codes
Scanner:
A device that enables you to put a digital copy (soft copy) of a physical copy (hard
copy) on a computer

Bar code reader:

 A device used for reading barcodes
Uses a light to scan to barcode
Typically used to detect POS and maintain inventory
USB, serial or wireless ports
MICR reader:
Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) allows the computer to recognize
characters printed using magnetic ink
A special purpose machine known as a reader reads characters made of ink
containing magnetized particles
This technology is used to automatically read numbers on the bottom of the
cheque

OMR scanner:
It is also known as sense reader
It is used to read the document or answer sheet by means of light.
It can read up to 450 to 650 documents per minute.
It is commonly used for aptitude test

OCR scanner:
Firstly, scans the printed pages as images
Translates the images into text
Finally uses OCR software to edit the text
Biometric Device:
Use to prove the identity of the person by recognizing unique physical
characteristics.
Authentication in Laptops, Smart phones, Offices, Colleges etc.

IRIS:
Uses a video image of the iris
Analyzes the iris patterns, preparation for secure transport
Creates a 512 byte Iris Code template to describe the patterns
Matches the code to all Iris Codes in a database/file
Accepts or rejects individual

Card Reader (smart card/ ‘chip’ reader):

A smart card is the same size as the credit card with an embedded microprocessor
chip
Smart card reader is a device which accepts and read the smart cards

Magnetic strip reader:

A magnetic stripe reader, also called a magstripe reader
 is a hardware device that reads the information encoded in the magnetic stripe
located on the back of a plastic badge
can be read by a computer program through a serial port , USB connection.

Motion Sensor:

• It is used for identification of movements (gestures) of fingers by the computer

• Can be connected to computer by USB
Docking Station:
Used for laptop computers
Used for turning the laptop to virtual desktop computer
Docking stations are specific to laptop manufacturers

KVM Switch
A KVM Switch allows you to control multiple computers from single monitor,
 keyboard and mouse
A high end KVM can handle up to 8 computers

Output Devices:

The computer communicates with the user by an input device

From an input device, the CPU processes it and its results are on the output
device.
Output formats are usually printed paper (hard copy devices), sound, video and on-
screen documents (Soft copy devices).
Visual Output Devices:
Monitors:
A monitor is the primary output component of the computer
Connects to the computer’s video adapter through a monitor cable and displays the
images on the screen
A monitor may have VGA, DVI, HDMI or a display Port
CRT (CATHODE RAY TUBE) Monitor
CRT technology was first used in TV sets (obsolete)
Use 3 color electron gun (red, green, blue)
Constantly redrawing the images on the screen (refresh rate)
Refresh rate = 60 Hz, Means redraws the image 60 times in a second.
Inside a CRT monitor is a metal plate called a shadow mask
Shadow mask can pick up external magnetic field causes to de-coloration
Degaussing is the mechanism of getting rid of unwanted magnetic fields
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors:
Produce image on flat surface using liquid crystals
Light shines through these crystals to produce an image on the screen
Uses a thin film transistor (technology) to create a high quality image
Each pixel on the screen has its own transistor

Twisted Nematic:
Liquid crystal twists the light as it
comes through
Older and Cheaper technology
Colors and viewing are not good
as modern LCD’s
In-Plane Switching:
Liquid crystals stay in place and
are aligned in parallel to the glass
Uses more transistors and
consumes more power
Better color production and better
viewing Angles
 Use florescent lamps for back Uses multiple LED’s (Light
lightening Emitting Diodes) arranged in
Emit ultraviolet light when the pattern
mercury vapor in the lamp is Modern and newer form of
ionized backlighting
It is also LCD monitor but
referred as LED monitor

Resolution:
Is number of pixels used to define the image in the screen
E.g. 1280 X 720 = 921,600 pixels are used
Higher the pixel of the screen the higher its resolution and more clearer and
sharper the image
Default resolution of a screen is called “Native Resolution”
XGA (eXtended Graphics Array) 1028 X 768
SXGA (Super eXtended Graphics Array) 1280 X 1024
SXGA+ (Super eXtended Graphics Array +) 1400 X 1050
UXGA (Ultra eXtended Graphics Array) 1600 X 1200
WUXGA (Wide Screen Ultra eXtended Graphics Array) 1920 X 1200
Contrast ratio :
The contrast ratio is the ratio of White to black .
The more the white color in image the more its contrast and forms better image

Digital Multimedia projector:

Also called a digital projection display system, is a specialized computer display
that projects an enlarged image on a movie screen. Such devices are commonly used in
presentations.
There are two main types of digital projection display systems
The older, less expensive type employs three transparent liquid-crystal-display
(LCD) panels, one for each of the primary colors (red, green, and blue).
 The term digital projector is sometimes used for a program that facilitates the
viewing of three-dimensional (3D), interactive, full-motion audio-visual files on a
personal computer.

Audio Output devices:

Speakers:
Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers sold for use with
computers, although usually capable of other audio uses, e.g. for an MP3 player
Types of speakers
2.1 Speaker
5.1 Speaker
7.1 Speaker
Wireless

Printing Output devices: (hardcopy)

Computer means to communicate with users in printed form
Network printers connect using an ethernet port or a wireless connection
A network share allow other computers on you network to connect and use your
local printer (provided system to be on)

Different types of printers

Impact Printers create an image by using pins or hammers to press an inked
ribbon against the paper
E.g. Dot matrix Printers
 Non- Impact printers: A printer that prints without banging a ribbon onto paper
E.g. Ink- jet Printers and Laser Printers
Dot Matrix printer:
An old technology that produces mediocre print quality
The pins on the print head strike against a cloth ink ribbon that comes in direct
contact with the paper

Inkjet Printer:
Print heads move back & forth across the paper
Print head places the ink on the paper in very tiny dots
Typically has two catridges one for black and other for color
Produces photo quality results
Ink smudges

Laser Printer:
Comes in different sizes
From small ones to larger ones for business
Provide high quality printing of the available
Most expensive format
Electric charge on the rotating drum
Laser discharges the low charge on the drum
Laser draws the image on the drum
Drum is coated with toner
 Toner clings to the area where laser draws on the drum
The toner draws high quality image on the paper rolled over drum via rollers.

Thermal Printer:

Print by using heat

Use special paper called Thermal paper
Thermal paper has wax based ink
As heat is applied to this ink, it turns black
Print head applies heat to the areas where ink should be placed
Quiet and commonly used to print labels and barcodes
Printer Issues:
STREAKS:

Use printer Software tools to

clean print head
Manually clean catridge with a lint
free cloth

FADING:

• Dirty ink Catridges

• Low on ink
Paper Jam:
Could be caused by debris of the paper
Debris can cause paper crease
Faulty pick up of rollers

Nothing happens when you print:

Could be caused by a
connectivity
Ensure printed is On
Check for any errors displayed on
the LCD display
Make sure network cable is
plugged in

Ghosting:
Ghosting is laser printer issue
Faint image of previous print job
Could be caused by the drum
The drum in the laser printer has
set a life span after too many
prints
Could also be caused by the fuser

Virtual Printing:
 Print to file is virtual printing mechanism that enables the printed file to store with
.pm file extension
This file can be used to print on any other computer having printer
Portable Document Format (PDF) is an non-editable digital format for storing files.
By using the concept of virtual printing one can save the printed file in pdf format
This pdf document is portable and can be moved to any machine for printing.
Plotter:
A plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for printing
vector graphics.
Instead of toner, plotters use a pen, pencil, marker, or another writing tool to draw
multiple, continuous lines onto paper rather than a series of dots like a traditional
printer.
Though once widely used for computer-aided design, these devices have more or
less been phased out by wide-format printers.

Control Actuators:
An actuator is a device controlled by the computer that can affect the real-world
(Robots)
Motor, pumps, buzzer, lights, heaters/coolers
Storage (memory) Devices:
The device for which data can be store and read from or/and written to it
The storage in a computer can be classified in to two ways depending upon the
natural of storage
Volatile Memory devices
Non- Volatile storage devices
Depending upon the configuration classified as
Internal memory
Primary or main memory
Secondary storage
Tertiary storage
Offline Storage

Fig: Computer Memory Hierarchy

Internal Memory:
Memory that is integrated in to the CPU or Motherboard is called internal memory.

Registers:
A processor register (CPU register) is one of a small set of data holding
places that are part of the computer processor.
Holds 16 or 32 or 64 bits of information depending upon the Processor (less
in storage)
 Very fast synchronization with CU to avail information (instructions or data)
to CPU
Cache Memory:
Made of SRAM (Static RAM). Very fast memory
The processors Internal memory
Holds data and instructions waiting to be used by the processor

Level 1 cache, also called primary Level2 cache, also called external
cache cache
Located on the processor Used to catch recent data accesses
Very fast. Fastest memory cache in from the processor that were not
the computer caught by level 1 cache
Generally located on the separate
chip on motherboard
Larger than level 1 cache but slower
Main Memory (Primary Memory) :
The memory on which the CPU is mainly dependent, i.e. all the instructions and
the data required for execution of CPU is called main memory
1) RAM :
RAM : Random Access Memory
RAM is temporary storage
In order to run a program, it has to be loaded in to the RAM first
Increasing RAM makes the system to run faster
RAM is stored on the motherboard in modules called DIMMs
 DIMMs comes in different memory sizes
DIMMs ranges from 128 MB to 64 GB per DIMM

Types of RAMs
DRAM - Dynamic RAM
Contains Capacitors
Has to be Refreshed
SRAM - Static RAM
Uses transistors
Does not have to be refreshed
Faster than DRAM
Very expensive
Example: Memory cache used by CPU
SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
Used today in DIMMs
Difference between SDRAM and DRAM
DRAM – Operates Asynchronously
SDRAM – Operates synchronously
All signals are tied to the system clock for a better controlled timing
RAM speed
PC -100

100 MHz = The speed at which it operates

8 byte wide bus
100 MHz X 8 Bytes= 800 MB/s
DDR RAMs
Sends the double amount of data in each clock signal

DDR RAM speed

PC- 2700

DDR uses the total bandwidth in its label name

Clock speed 330 MHz
330 MHz X 8 Bytes = 2700 Mbytes/s
DDR2 RAM’s

A newer technology that succeeded DDR

Faster than DDR
Allows for higher bus speeds
Uses less power than DDR
Has 240 pins
Examples are PC-2 3200 and PC-2 4200
DDR 3 RAM’s
Twice as faster as DDR 2
Bandwidth of over 12800 MB/S
Has 240 pins
DDR – 3 examples are PC3 8500 PC3 12800
DDR RAMs
Bottom Notches are at different
places
DDR1, DDR2, DDR3 are not
interchangeable

RDRAM – RAMBUS DYNAMIC RAM

RIMM – RAMBUS INLINE MEMORY MODULE

Look similar to DIMM
Bottom Notches are in the center of module
Debut in 1998
Was a breakthrough in the speed of the memory
Has quickly fallen behind the due to the advancement of technology in DIMM
C- RIMM

RIMM technology was designed to work with a continous signal

All the memory slots in the mother board must be used
C-RIMM: Continuity RIMM (Dummy RIMM) can be used instead of RIMM
RDRAM speed was at 800 MHz but had a 2 Byte wide bus
SDRAM speed was at 133 MHz but had a 8 Byte wide bus
Dual Channel Mode
Required an pair of identical DIMM’s installed on motherboard
Allows the memory controller the ability to communicate with 2 DIMM’s
simultaneously
Increases the speed of accessing
 Motherboard must be equipped to work in dual channel mode
DIMMs must be identical to each other in speed, size and features
DIMMs must be inserted into the motherboard in a specific slot configuration

Triple Channel Mode

Not very common
Allow the memory controller the ability to communicate with 3 DIMM’s at the
same time
Modern motherboard have a 64 bit architecture
Single channel mode : 64 bits
Dual channel mode: 128 bits
Triple channel mode :192 bits

ECC Memory
ECC – Error Correction Code
Detects whether the data was correctly processed by the memory module
Makes a correction if it needs to
Most RAM modules today are non ECC
SODIMM:
RAM that is used in smaller
devices, such as laptops
Small Outline Dual Inline Memory
Module
Half the size of Regular DIMM
Comes in different types such as
DDR, DDR2 and DDR3
2) ROM:
This memory is used as the computer begins to boot up.
Small programs called firmware are often stored in ROM chips on hardware
devices (like a BIOS chip), and they contain instructions the computer can use in
performing some of the most basic operations required to operate hardware
devices.
ROM memory cannot be easily or quickly overwritten or modified.
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

Secondary Storage:
Hard Disk:
The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a
computer.
It can store anywhere from 160 gigabytes to 2terabytes
Hard disk speed is the speed at which content can be read and written on a hard
disk.
A hard disk unit comes with a set rotation speed varying from 4500 to 7200 rpm.
Disk access time is measured in milliseconds.
Magnetic Hard Disk:
A sealed case that consists of array of multiple magnetic disks where data is stored
The disks rotates at high speed there by the actuator arm containing head can
read and write data from/to disks
PATA and SATA interfaces
 SATA transfer speed 6 Gb/s
SATA is hot swappable and smaller cables

Solid State Hard Drive:

Have no moving parts
Uses flash memory chips to store data
Very speed transfer of data
Hybrid drive combination of magnetic and SSD
Take advantage of the large capacity and low cost of magnetic disks, with the
speed of an SSD
Magnetic disk would be used to store data, while the flash memory would be used
for caching of the data
Internal Vs External Hard disc (Drive):

S.
Feature Internal Hard disk External Hard disk
No.

1 Portability No Yes

2 Price Less expensive More expensive

3 Speed Fast Slow

4 Size Big Small

Tertiary Storage:
Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount
removable mass storage media into a storage device.
It is a comprehensive computer storage system that is usually very slow, so it is
usually used to archive data that is not accessed frequently.
This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without
human operators
Examples are Magnetic Tape and Optical Disc

Magnetic Tape Drive:

A magnetically coated strip of plastic on which data can be encoded.

Tapes for computers are similar to tapes used to store music.
Tape is much less expensive than other storage mediums but commonly a much
slower solution that is commonly used for backup.
It is generally attached to the computer using USB interface
Data is backed-up sequentially to tape
Optical Disc Drives:
Optical disc is any storage media that holds content in digital format and is read
using a laser assembly is considered optical media.
The most common types of optical media are
Blu-ray (BD)
Compact Disc (CD)
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
Optical Disc:

•
•
•

CD-ROM Drive:

Had become a standard component in computers today

Read data from CD-ROM
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory, which means that data can
only be read and cannot be changed or written to
CD-RW Drive:
 CD-RW can change or write data to a CD
The moving laser assembly writes or ‘burns’ the data onto the CD
CD-R can only write once
CD-RW: allows data to be rewritten multiple times
A CD can hold 700 MB
DVD – ROM Drive:
DVD-ROM drive is a device that
reads DVD disks
Has largely replaced ordinary CD-
ROM drives
Large storage capacity of DVD
disks
DVD can store upto 4.7 GB of
data

DVD-RW:
DVD-RW drive can change or
write data to a DVD
Writes data on to a DVD-R disks
and rewrites data on to DVD-RW
disks
Dual layer DVD-RW drives can
burn dual layer DVDs
Dual layer DVDs have 2
recordable layers
Dual layer DVD can hold up to
8.5 GB of data

Blue – Ray Drive:

The latest optical drive to date released in 2006
Will eventually replace the DVD format because of high capacity
Blue ray disc can store 25 GB of data
BD-R drive can write data once to the disc
BD-RE drive can re-write data any number of times
BD- R DL can store 50 GB of data
Off-line Storage:
Also known as disconnected or removable storage.
Is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of
a processing unit.
It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can
access it again.
Examples of off-line storage are Floppy Disk Zip diskette USB Flash drive
SD/Memory card
Floppy Disk and Floppy Disk Drive (FDD):
A floppy disk is a computer h/w that can read or write data to a floppy disk
Comes in different sizes of 8”, 5.25”, 3.5” and are obsolete now.
External FDD, interface through PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)
and Berg
A floppy disk, also called a floppy, diskette, or just disk, is a type of disk
storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed
in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles.
Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD)
Can store up to 1.44 MB of data
Zip Diskette:
Hardware data storage device
developed by Iomega that
functions like a Standard 1.44"
floppy drive.
Capable to hold up to 100 MB of
data or 250 MB of data on new
drives.
Now it less popular as users
needed larger storage
capabilities.

USB flash Drive or Thumb Drive:

A small, portable flash memory
card that plugs into a computer’s
USB port and functions as a
portable hard drive.
Flash drives are available in sizes
such as 256MB, 512MB, 1GB,
5GB, and 16GB and are an easy
way to transfer and store
information.
Uses memory chip to store data
Fast and convenient way to store
data

SD card:
 Secure Digital cards are popular type of flash memory
Primarily used in Digital cameras to store photos and videos in digital format
Comes in various capacities ranging from 2GB to 512 GB
Other SD cards are Mini SD and Micro SD
Micro SD are used in smart phones as extendable memory

Other Flash Drive:

Compact flash card used in DSLR

cameras
Provides quick and easy storage
of pictures and videos
XD Picture card is non standard
SD card
Proprietary in Olympus and
Fujifilm cameras

eMMC memory:

eMMc – embedded Multi Media Controller

This Kind of memory that you typically find in smart phone and tablets as internal
memory
Firmware is stored in a certain portion of memory which acts as a ROM and
remaining part can be used for storage purpose
Central Processing Unit:

The microprocessor consists of three sections:

Arithmetic Logic Unit
Registers
Control Unit
The main component of the motherboard
The brain of the computer where all data processing takes place
It is in-charge for executing the programs and performing arithmetic and logical
calculations
It’s largest component on the mother board
It is a square chip that is inserted directly into socket of the motherboard
 Core : CPU core is a part of CPU, in which the reading and execution of
instructions takes place.
CPU may be a single core CPU or dual core or quad core or octa core

CPU MANUFACTURERS:

The largest manufacturer of CPU

Founded in late 60’s and dominated the
CPU market.
series: 286,386,486, celeron, Pentium.

Advanced Micro Devices are the 2nd

largest CPU manufactures
Founded in late 60’s and become an
chief competitor in 90’s
series: K5,K6, Athlon, Duron, Sempron
High End Series: Athlon64, Opetron,
Phenom.

32 Bit and 64 Bit CPU differs by the architecture and the way it handles the memory.
232 = 4Giga bytes
264 = 16 Exa Bytes

MOTHER BOARD:

The main component of the computer

A large circuit board where all the computer components connect to
o Processor socket
o Memory (Ram Slots)
o Bus Slots
 A motherboard, also known as the primary circuit inside the computer, and where
the central processing unit(CPU), Memory slots, drives and other peripherals.
A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components
of the system communicate. it also connects the central processing unit and hosts
other subsystems and devices.
An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's
supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and
the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent,
the features and capabilities of the motherboard.

Form Factor

Depending upon the size of the motherboards are upgraded in their evolution known as
formfactor
AT is the form factor that was
developed by IBM and used in 1980’s
size :12 X 13.8 Inches
Stands for Advance Technology
Obsolete technology

ATX is the de-facto form factor that

was developed by Intel and used in
PCs today
Size: 12 X 9.6 inches

Micro ATX is smaller than the ATX

size : 9.6 X9.6 inches
square design suitable for smaller
computer cases (cabinets)
Fewer features and consume less
power
 BTX designed by Intel to make
further improvements
Improved board design which created
more inline overflow
Flexible enough to work with both
large and small cases
Take full advantages of structural
development

ITX form factor :

ITX was designed for small and
space saving computers
Consume less power and are cooled
by heat sinks (no fans)
Developed by VIA technologies
Mini – ITX is the starting for ITX
revolution in 2001

Nano-ITX developed in 2005 used in

Digital video recorders and media
centers and cars

Pico –ITX evolved in 2007

Mobile-ITX introduced in 2009 with X-86

architecture and provide developers to
built compatible new computer based
products

NLX Form factor:

 NLX was developed by INTEL and designed for low end/profile computers
Utilizes a riser cards
Expansion cards can be plugged in parallel with motherboard
NLX mother boards are found in slim line computer cases
ATX Motherboard Components:

1.Clock Generator
2. CPU socket
3. Memory Slot
4. ROM Bios
5. CMOS Chip
6. Battery
7. Chipset
8. Expansion Slot
9. IDE Ports
9.1 IDE Port continue
9.2 IDE Port with Raid
10. Serial ATA Port
11. Floppy Disk port
12. IO Interface
13. Power Supply & Connections
14. Front Panel Connections

Clock Generator:
An IC fabricated in the mother board
To provide synchronize communication between the CPU and external world.
Clock generator IC provides the time cycles to CPU.
In fact the speed of the CPU is measured by the hundreds of MHz and units of
GHz.
This speed is measured on the basis of time cycles provided by the clock
generator
CPU Socket:
The processor socket is the place on the motherboard where the CPU is placed
Its a square plastic or metal holder with multiple holes
Provides the physical and electrical contact between the CPU and mother board
 A modern CPU Socket is called ZIF (Zero Insertion Force) socket.
The CPU is inserted in to the ZIF socket with no force
There are several types of CPU socket design called ‘packages’
One of the most important such design Pin Grid Array (PGA)
PGA is a typical square ZIF socket design with holes and a lock down lever

Land Grid Array (LGA):

It is a metal casing with a door that closes over the CPU.
Has pins that makes the contact with bottom of the processor.
Types of Sockets:
Sockets can be categorized by two brands INTEL and AMD
INTEL:

LGA – 775:
Also known as socket –T
Released in 2004
Has 775 pins
Succeeded socket 478
Designed for Pentium 4 and
Pentium Dual core processors

LGA- 1366:
Has 1366 pins
Known as Socket – B
Released in 2008
Successor of LGA-775
Uses Intel Core i7 and Xenon
Processors
LGA – 1156:
Consists of 1156 pins
Known as socket – H
Released in 2009
Uses Intel Core i3 and Core i5
Processor

LGA-1155:
Also known as socket-H2
Replaced LGA-1156
Not compatible with LGA-1156
Released in 2011

LGA – 1150:
Known as socket – H3
Has 1150 pins
Released in 2013
Successor of LGA-1155

LGA – 2011:
Also known as socket –R
Has 2011 pins
Released in 2011
Successor of LGA-1366
Designed for high performance
CPUs
AMD Socket Types:
Socket AM3:
Uses the PGA package
Released in 2009
Successor of AM2+
Has 941 pins
Socket AM3+:
Successor and modification of
AM3
Has 942 pins
Released in 2011
Compatible with AM3
Socket FM1:
Released in 2011
Has 901 pins
Designed for AMD and APU
processor (Accelerated
Processing Unit)
Designed to act as CPU and
graphics accelerator on a single
chip
Socket FM2:
Released in 2012
Has 904 pins

Socket FM2+:
Released in 2014
Has 904 pins

Memory Socket or Memory Slots or RAM slots(Memory error checking):

 RAM is installed on the motherboard in the memory slots
The average motherboard will have between 2 and 4 memory slots
Different types of memory slots
1. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
2. DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
3. RIMM (RAMBUS Inline Memory Module)
SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module):
It is older technology
Has redundant pins on both
sides.
Will have either 32 or 72 pins
Has a 32 bit data path
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module):
Commonly used technology in
present days.
Can have 168,184 or 240 pins
Has 2 independent rows of pins. 1
row per side.
Has 64 bit data path
RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module):
Developed by Rambus Inc.
Has 184 pins and resembles a DIMM
The difference is the notches are placed in the centre of slot.
In 1999 RIMM is the breakthrough in the memory speed
Never fully caught on because of the advancement in technology in DIMM’s

RAM speed (Bit Vs Byte):

The term 32 bits or 64 bit data path refers to the number of bits of data that can be
transferred per 1 cycle
Bit is the smallest data unit which a computer can read
8 bits = 1 byte
ROM Bios & CMOS Chip:

CMOS chip:
Computer need to maintain certain settings (date & time and hardware settings) that are
stored in CMOS chip

Battery:
 To supply power for the CMOS chip for maintaining its settings, CMOS battery is
used
A small button cell battery ( resembles like wrist watch’s battery) is mounted on the
mother board
Chipset:

A chipset is smaller set of chips that has replaced a larger amount of sets
Its job is to control data flow between the CPU, peripherals, bus slots, and
memory.
The chipset is divided in to two main parts North Bridge and South Bridge
North Bridge:

North Bridge is located at the north side or upper side of the motherboard provided
looking up the motherboard up side
It is located near the CPU and directly connected to the CPU
It is directly connected to the CPU and main memory, PCI-E/AGP slots (higher
level devices)
The communications between any two among the three components must be
 progressed through north bridge
Since it is the bridge among the above said three components and located in the
north side of the motherboard hence the name north bridge
South Bridge & Buses:
South bridge locates at the southern part of the mother board
It interconnects and acts as the bridge among the PCI slots, IDE connectors, SATA
connectors and USB ports (lower level devices)
The above mentioned slots are connected to the CPU, main memory, PCI-e, AGP
(high level devices) through the south bridge via north bridge.
All the higher level devices to lower level devices are interconnected
(buses)through north bridge and south bridge and vice-versa. Therefore south
bridge and north bridge are interconnected each other.
Generally north bridge is a bridge between high band width devices hence they are
termed as high level devices and south bridge bridges lower bandwidth devices
hence the devices are termed as low level devices
All the pathway that interconnects all the slots/ports/connectors are called buses.
This buses are controlled by a chip called bus controller that forms a part of
chipset.
A mother board has different types of buses based on the speed viz., a 66 MHz
bus can transfer data at 66 million cycles per second.
Higher the bus speed the faster the computer can perform.
Generally the bus speed of the computer is the speed of Front side bus which is
speed of the bus between the north bridge and CPUs
Expansion Slots or Bus slots:

Each and every mother board is equipped with bus slots

They are located at the bottom rear of the mother board.
This slots can be inserted with the adapter/ expansion cards. Viz., If the mother
board does not have built in sound system a sound card can be placed in to this
 bus slot to accomplish this purpose or if the mother board does have enough USB
ports, then we can insert USB card in to this slot to have more number of USB
ports
Types of Bus Slots:
To cope up with the speed of the system we have different types of expansion slots
1. ISA
2. PCI
3. AGP
4. AMR
5. CNR
6. PCIe
7. PCI-X
ISA slots (Industry Standard Architecture):
Used in early 1980’s
ISA slots are black in color
Data width is 8 bit/16bits
Speed 8 MBps
With the advent of pentium
processors, ISA slots are
replaced with PCI slots.
ISA slots are outdated
PCI Slots (Peripheral Component Interface):
Modern bus type
Developed in 1993
PCI slots are white in color
Half in the size of the ISA slots
Also called mezzaine bus
32 bit data path
Speed is 264MBps.
Their bus is connected to the
south bridge. Hence PCI slots are
slower.
Cannot handle the greater video
requirements viz., intense
graphics games
AGP Slots (Accelerated Graphics port):
Created to assist in accelerating 3D computer graphics
Generally brown in color
32 bit data path
Faster than standard PCI ,528 MBps and above
Has its own dedicated path way to the processor (connected to north bridge)
Only used for video cards

AMR Slot(Audio-Modem Riser) & CNRslot (Commn. & N/W Riser):

Allows manufacturer to create mother boards that didn’t have Analog input / output
functions such as Audio devices and modems
Developed by INTEL in 1998
About half the size of the standard PCI slot
Only software driven
Designed by INTEL as the improvement of AMR
It is either Hardware or Software driven
Plug and play compatible
Both AMR and CNR have become obsolete as there is numerous increase in
integrated components of mother board
PCIe Slots (PCI express):
Latest version of bus slots
Generally yellow in color
Fastest than PCI
It is directly connected to CPU via North bridge
Running upto 4GBps
Transfer data in serial.
Design to succeed all other bus slots
Not backward Compatible
4 different sizes in PCIe slots
PCIe X1 : has 1 lane for data. (1 lane = 4 wires, 2/2 for send/recieve)
PCIe X4 : has 4 lanes for data.
PCIe X8 :has 8 lanes for data.
PCIe X16: has 16 lanes for data and succeeded the AGP for video cards
PCI- X Slot (PCI Extended):
An extension of old standard PCI
slot
Almost twice the length of the
standard PCI slot
64 bit bus
Is backward compatible with old
standard PCI slot.
It is mainly designed to work with
high end servers
Mini PCI:

Used in laptops
Approx. ¼ the size of a standard PCI slot
You can insert a regular PCI card in to mini PCI slot, but you must have a PCI to
mini PCI convertor and vice-versa
32 bit, 33MHz bus
Expansion cards or Adapter Cards:

Are the circuit boards that can be installed in to the expansion slots of the mother
 board
Adapter cards are designed to increase the functionality of the computer
For example : audio cards, video cards, storage cards, etc.,
Video Cards:

Generates images from computer to monitor

It’s a PCB that can be directly attached to the mother board it is also called as
Graphics card or Graphics Adapter
It has several key components such as GPU (Graphics Processor Unit), memory,
bus type and video ports.
Video is transferred to the monitor using video ports
Types of video ports:
1. S Video or Separate Video or Super video:

Analog transmitter
Transmits 2 signals over one cable one for color and the other for brightness
Round port black color
2. VGA or Video Graphics Array:
Older technology developed in
1987
Has 15 pins divided in to 3 rows
Blue color
Transmits analog signals
3. DVI (Digital Visual Interface):
 Newer technology designed and developed in 1999 that succeeded VGA
Delivered uncompressed high quality video to LCD monitors
The Dual Link DVI standard has additional 6 pins than single link DVI standard
which allows to send high resolution video signal without compression

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) and Display Port :

HDMI Developed in 2002 and designed to send uncompressed audio and video
digital data through a single cable.
HDMI is the best standard in digital consumer electronics delivering crystal clear
video as well as audio

Display port:

Debuted in 2006 and developed by VESA(Video Electronic Standards Association)

Primarily used for video can also be used to carry USB and audio data as well
It is a high performance interface that is meant to replace older VGA and DVI
standards
They can also be connected to older VGA , DVI and HDMI interfaces using
convertors or adapters
Audio card:
Processes audio through computer’s speakers
Has an audio output port for attaching speakers (Green)
Has an audio input port for microphone.(Pink)
More sophisticated sound cards has extra ports for example port for subwoofers,
surround sound and ports for other audio digital equipment

USB card and Fire wire Card:

USB card is an adapter card with USB ports.
If the user has requirement for numerous USB ports and has a shortage of USB
ports he or she can use USB card to add or extend USB capability of the computer
Fire wire card is an adapter card with more fire wire ports
If the computer not having or having insufficient fire wire ports can be installed with
fire wire card so as to add or extend fire wire capability of the computer

eSATA card :
Used for adding external eSATA ports
Adds the capability of adding external eSATA hard drives
Adding external hard drives to a system permits to store and backup the data
Video Capture Card:

Allows a user to capture analog video, for example from a video camera and then
converts in to a digital form and then store it on their computer.

TV Tuner Card:
Allows the TV signals to be picked up by a computer.
It converts the analog television signals in to digital format and allows the user to
store the television programs digitally in to the hard disk or internal storage. Hence
TV tuner cards acts as video capture cards.
NIC (Network Interface Card) and Wireless NIC:
Used to connect a computer to a network using an ethernet cable
Converts serial data in to parallel data
Provides a constant dedicated connection to a network
Each NIC has its own unique identifier called MAC address
Connects to a network wirelessly
Has a built in antenna
Convenient way for computers to connect to a network without the hassle of cables

RAID Card (Redundant array of Independent Disk):

Adapter card for creating a hardware RAID array.
RAID is used for data redundancy
In a hardware RAID setup, the operating system is not aware of RAID
implementation.
An IDE with RAID is a RAID card with numerous PATA interface that support
RAID.
Commonly used RAID techniques are RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5 and RAID 10
IDE Ports (Integrated Drive Electronics) or PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology
Attachment)or Parallel ATA:
PATA also called EIDE is an interface standard for attaching drives to the
computer such as hard drives, CD and DVD drives
Uses a 40 pin ribbon cable (2 male interfaces for each cable) as its connector.
Latest standard is ATA -133, means the data transfer speed is 133 MBps
Older mother boards have 2 PATA interfaces, So a total of 4 PATA drives can be
connected ( 2 drives per each interface). Modern mother board has 1 PATA
interface or none
Per interface One drive is master and other is slave
An IDE with RAID is a RAID card with numerous PATA interface that support
RAID.

Each drive is designated (slave or master) by a jumper setting

A jumper is just a small short length conductor that is used to close a electric circuit
of a drive
Jumper circuit is located at the back of each PATA drive
The jumper setting are master or slave or cable select
Drives that are set to cable select automatically configures as master or slave
according to their position on the cable
PATA interfaces are replaced by SATA
Serial ATA or SATA Interface:
SATA interface is the newest standard for drives
Faster than PATA, because SATA send data as a single bit at a time
Transfers data at a speed of 6 Gbps
Hot swappable
Smaller cables

Floppy Drive Interface:

Uses 34 pin flat ribbon cable
This cable is used to Connect the floppy drive and floppy drive interface on the
mother board using IDC (Insulation Displacement Connector)
Data transfer speed for 1.44 MB floppy drive is 500 KBps
I/O INTERFACE:

Motherboard comprises of numerous number of I/O interfaces

This input/output panel is located at top rear of the mother board
PS 2:

The PS 2 is a 6 pin multi din connector

Green PS 2 is used to plug in mouse
Purple PS2 is used to plug in keyboard
PS2 were slowly phased out and replaced by USB
USB (Universal Serial Bus):

Typically each computer has numerous USB ports because there are several
peripherals that utilizes USB connectivity examples keyboard, external drives,
printers etc.,
In addition to data connectivity the USB also supplies electric power to the
connected peripherals
The rear USB ports of the cabinet are directly inbuilt in to the mother board, the
front panel USB of the cabinet is connected to the mother board through USB
connectivity cords
 USB Version:
USB 1.0(1996):1.5 Mbps, USB 1.1(1998):12 Mbps,
USB 2.0(2001):480 Mbps, USB 3.0:5.0 Gbps(Latest)
Serial Port and Parallel port:

Serial port is the older technology rarely seen on modern motherboard which is
used to transfer data serially.
Mainly used to connect terminals and modems to the computer . Now a days
replaced by faster USB.
The most common interface of serial port is RS -232 standard which uses DE
connector (e.g. DE-9 connector)
Parallel port is also older technology rarely seen on modern motherboard which is
used to transfer data parallely.
Mainly used to connect printers (Dot Matrix) . Now a days replaced by faster USB.
Used a wide D- connector known as the DB -25
Video Port:

Mother boards do have a video adapter known as integrated video

Generates images from your computer to monitor
The most common type of port of an integrated video adapter is VGA
The VGA port carries analog data, it has 15 pins divided in to three rows and is
blue in color.
Integrated video adapters are not powerful, they are apt for normal daily
applications, when they are used for extreme graphics applications (e.g. gaming)
they fall short.
Hence most of the users bypass the integrated videos and opt for video cards.
Fire wire port and NIC (integrated):

Fire wire is a connector of IEEE standard

Recognized by its “D” shape.
Commonly used by attaching cameras and printers
Although Fire wire as same speed (400 Mbps) similar to USB it is not as much
popular as USB.
Therefore modern mother boards may consists none or fewer (one or two) fire wire
ports
The integrated NIC is used for networking purpose.
Designed for an ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector
Each NIC has an unique address called MAC address (48 bit address which is
physical)
It transfer speed is 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps depending upon the category of twisted
pair cable.
Sound Card and eSATA port and eSATAp port :

The integrated sound card process audio through computer’s speakers

Basic integrated sound card has a port for speakers (Green) and a port for
microphone (purple)
Sophisticated sound cards have more ports for example ports for sub woofer and
surround sound and ports for digital audio equipment
eSATA port or external SATA port is an integrated port for attaching external SATA
drives
Functions are similar to USB and Fire wire.
Transfer speed are faster
Disadvantage is that it requires separate power plug
The eSATAp port combines data transfer and power in all in one port. Similar to
USB and Fire wire
Power Supply and Connections:

A power supply is a device that supply specified power to all the computer
peripherals through the wires that was emerging from one end of the device.
The device is termed as SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)
It takes AC power as input and converts in to specific voltages the computer needs
ATX is the most common form factor that a power supply (SMPS) comes in.
Power Connectors:
P1 – Main connector. 20 or 24
pins
P4 – Supplies power to CPU. 4
pins
MOLEX – Power Connection for
PATA drives
SATA – Power connection for
SATA drives
4 pin BERG – For floppy drives
6 pin – Power connection for
certain PCI-E cards

Front Panel Connecting Pin:

Section where you would plug in wire that connects to items that are in the front
bezel of the computer case.
Color coded for ease of connection
2. Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working
condition.
AIM: To assemble and disassemble the system

Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.

Steps for Assembling

Fix the SMPS on the cabinet of PC using the screws provided.
Fix the motherboard on the cabinet of PC using the screws provided.
Connect the power cables from SMPS to motherboard.
Insert the preprocessor into the slot provided such that the corner with no pin
coincide with corner without pinhole on motherboard.
Apply the appropriate adhesive on the processor for fixing the processor fan.
Fix the processor fan on the processor and use clips on it to keep it firm.
Connect the power cable to the processor fan
Insert the RAM card into the slots provided on the motherboard.
Set the jumpers setting on the hard disc drive.
Fix the hard disc drive in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws
provided.
Fix the FDD in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
Fix the CD-ROM in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
Connect the FDD,HDD, CD-ROM drive to motherboard using flat ribbon.
Connect power supply to the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive using the cables from the
SMPS.
Connect wires of speakers and lights of cabinet to the motherboard.
Connect the network interface and other cards to motherboard by inserting in right
slots and fix them in cabinet using the screws provided.
Place the cabinet in right position.
Fix the doors of the cabinet.
 Connect the data cable of monitor to the CPU.
Connect the keyboard cable to the CPU.
Connect the mouse cable to the CPU.
Connect other devices to CPU.
Connect the LAN cable to NIC in CPU.
Connect the power supply to CPU.
Connect the power supply to Monitor.
Switch on the computer after giving the power supply.

Getting the Cabinet ready:-

1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
2. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.

Preparing to fit the Components:

1. Network adapter drive.
2. Floppy disk drive.
3. Ribbon cables.
4. Hard disk.
5. CD-ROM Drive.
6. RAM
7. CPU
8. Heat sink / cooler / fan.
9. Mother board.
10. Screws.

Fitting the Mother board:

1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate
holes in the block panel I/O shield of the case.
2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.
Mother board parts:
1. ACR slot.
2. PCI Slot.
3. AGP Slot.
4. ATX Connectors.
5. CPU Fan.
 6. Chipset North Bridge.
7. CPU socket.
8. Floppy.
9. System memory.
10. Chipset south bridge.
11. Panel connector.
12. Power supply.
13. IDE connectors.

ATX Connectors:
1. PS, Mouse.
2. Key board.
3. USB.
4. Parallel ( Prints )
5. Serial COM1.
6. Serial COM 2.
7. Joystick.
8. Sound.

Fitting the processor:

1. Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the
direction to fit in the processor.
3. You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide smoothly
into the socket.
4. Lock the lever back down.
5. Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink / CPU
fan.
Fitting the RAM:
1. The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
2. There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
3. The mother board’s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
Installing the PCI Cards:
 1. Most of the cards are inbuilt these days.
2. NIL, Sound Cards etc. are fitted into PCI slots.

Fitting the hard disk and Floppy disk:

1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.

Installing the CD-ROM Drives:

1. CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
ST
2. 1 check that the jumper configuration is correct.
3. Fix the screw.

Connecting the ribbon Cables:-

1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard
first.
2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be
facing the CD Power.

Powering the driver and motherboard:

Connecting the cables for the case front pane:
1. SD, SPK or SPEAK: The loud speakers o/p. it has 4 pins.
2. RS, RE, RS or RESET: Connect the two pin Reset cable here.
3. PWR, PW, PWSW, PS or power SW: Power switch, the pc’s on (switch,
the plug is two pin ).
4. PWLED, PWRLED or Power LED: The light emitting diode on the front
panel of the case illuminates when the computer is switched on. It’s a 2-pin
cable.
5. HD, HDD, and LED: These two pins connect to the cable for the hard
disk activity LED.

Final Check:-
1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
2. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
 3. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there
sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
6. Are the drive secure?
7. Have u connected the power cables to all driver?

Powering up for the first time:

1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
All system, fans should start spinning.
U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
Amber light on monitor should go green.
You will see computer start to boot with a memory check.
Now check front LED’S to see if u plugged them in correctly.
Check all other buttons.
Power afford change any wrong settings.

Steps for Disassembling

Switch of the power supply
Disconnect the power supply cable from monitor.
Disconnect the power supply cable from CPU.
Disconnect the LAN cable to NIC in CPU.
Disconnect the other devices in CPU such as printers.
Disconnect the mouse cable from CPU.
Disconnect the keyboard cable from CPU.
Disconnect data cable of monitor from CPU.
Remove the doors of cabinet.
Place the cabinet such that motherboard faces the ceiling.
Disconnect the NIC and other cards from mother board by removing from slots
and unscrewing from cabinet.
Disconnect the wires of speakers from mother board.
Remove power supply cables from HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive etc.
Disconnect the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive from mother board by removing flat
ribbon cable.
Remove CR-ROM from cabinet.
Remove the FDD from cabinet by unscrewing it.
Remove the HDD from cabinet by unscrewing it.
Removing RAM cards from slots on mother board.
Disconnect the power cables from processor fan.
Remove the processor fan by unlocking clips on it.
Disconnect the power cables from SMPS on power cabinet.
Remove mother board from cabinet by unscrewing it.
Remove the SMPS from cabinet of PC by unscrewing it.
3. Every student should individually install windows 7 (professional) on the
personal computer. He/She must install the device drivers software, and basic
application software’s viz., adobe reader, ms-office etc.,.

Aim:- Windows 7 Installation Step by Step

In order to install your copy of the Windows 7 operating system, make sure to have the
following items:
-Windows 7 Installation disk
-Drivers CD: * Use after installation process if needed.
*NOTE: Please make sure to back up all of your important data before proceeding with
this installation

Step 1. Insert the Windows 7 operating system disk into your DVD drive, and then restart
your computer

Step 2. You will see a prompt that says ‘Press any key to continue’ after the ZT logo
disappears. When you see this press any key immediately.

*NOTE: The following screen shots may differ from what you may see during your
installation. (i.e. Win7 version, HDD disk space etc..)

Step 3: ‘Starting Windows’ with the Windows7 logo will appear.

Step 4. Language options, by default English will be set along with “time and currency
format” and “keyboard or input method”

Step 5. Click “Install Now”

Step 6. End User License Agreement (E.U.L.A.), check the box to accept, and click “Next”

Step 7. “Which type of installation?” window will appear. Upgrade will be greyed
out; the only option you should be able to choose is Custom (advanced).
Step 8. “Where do you want to install windows?” Make sure the partition is highlighted.

Step 9. Delete the partition by clicking on Drive options (advanced) on the bottom right
corner of the field. Make sure the partition is highlighted and click on Delete. If drive
advanced options is greyed out, then the partition will not have to be deleted.
NOTE: Deleting the partitions will erase all data on the system
Step 10. Disk 0 Unallocated Space should be the only listing at this point. If it is press
next, If not please proceed to delete any additional partitions that may be listed.
Step 11. The next screen will show “Installing Windows”. This process should take
approximately 10 minutes after which the system will reboot

*NOTE: Do not press any keys during this boot up process so as to not disturb the rest of
the installation.

Step 12. The next screen will show “Installing Windows” again to complete the installation
process.
Step 13. “Setup is starting Windows” will appear on the screen, then you will be
asked to create a user name and a computer name.
Step 14. The next step will prompt you to create a password for your account (optional).

Step 15. The next screen will come up and ask you to choose one of three options:
“Use recommended settings”, “Install important updates only” and “Ask me later”.

Step 16. This screen will allow you to choose your local time zone and also adjust the date
and time.
Step 17. Click on the appropriate location of your computer to enable Windows 7 to
apply the correct network settings.
4. Each student must able to configure the basic computer management
settings of windows components. Each student must familiar to work with
MS-DOS command prompt and basic DOS commands.

AIM: Exposure to Basic commands in MS-DOS commands like ver, vol, date, time,
cls, dir, md, cd, path, rd, copy con, type, copy, move, del, ren, prompt, ipconfig etc.

Directory Structure of DOS: One thing is to be kept in mind is that a directory can
have as many child (sub) directories, but the child directory can have only one parent
directory. (DIR)

These internal commands are further grouped according to their properties. These
are as follows.

General purpose File related commands Directory related commands

7. COPY CON
DIR
8. TYPE MD
9. COPY CD
VOL
10. REN RD
11. DEL
6. TIME

General purpose commands

1. CLS:- (Clear the screen) This command is used to clear the screen or
wipe out every thing written on the screen.

Syntax:- C:\> CLS and press Enter

2. DIR:- (Directory) Dir command is used for listing files and directories present
in the current disk.

Syntax:- C:\> DIR [/options]

Example:- C:\> DIR /P

 /P Page wise Options:-

/W Widths wise

/S List all files and directory of subdirectories

/AH Display directory with hidden files

/AS Display directory with system files

/AD Display only directories present in current drive

3. VER:-(Version) Version numbers indicates that which edition of DOS

we are working on.

Syntax:- C:\> VER press enter

Output:-
C:\>VER
Windows 98 [Version 4.10.2222]

4. VOL:-(Volume) Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if it exist.

Syntax:- C:\> VOL press enter

Output:-C:\>VOL

Volume in drive C is JAI

Volume Serial Number is 3E42-1907

5. DATE:- Display the current Date

Syntax:- C:\> DATE

C:\>DATE
Current date is Fri 02-15-2002
Enter new date (mm-dd-yy):

6. TIME:- Display current time

Syntax:- C:\> TIME

C:\>TIME
Current time is 8:38:47.70a
Enter new time:

Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt for a
new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time.

Note:- We enter the time in the format of 24 hour clock.

File related commands

7. COPY CON:- This command gives the facility to create a new text file.
Syntax:- C:\> COPY CON <Filename>
C:\>COPY CON Rose.txt
A clock in a office can never get stolen
Too many employees watch it all the time
^Z
1 file(s) copied

After copy con we must specify a suitable file name. Press enter. Start typing the
informations of the file. After gathering the information we press ^Z (CTRL+Z) button or
F6 button to save the file. After pressing enter key computer will show a message like
1 file(s) copied. This means that file is stored in the disk. Suppose we don't want to
save the file or we just want to abort from file creation job, then we simply press ^C
(CTRL+C) button to abort without saving the file, intend of pressing ^Z button.

Notes:- 1. Never forget to give a suitable filename

2. You can use extension as .TXT for denoting the file as Text file.

8. TYPE:- This command is used to display the contents or text of any file
to the display device.

Syntax:- C:\> TYPE <Filename>

A:\>TYPE GULAB.TXT
A clock in a office can never get stolen
Too many employees watch it all the time

9. COPY :- Copy command is used for copy any file to another location or to
copy the files to another directory. This command may also be used for copying any
file to another disk with different file name.

Syntax:- C:\> COPY <Source

filename> <Target file name>

-
C:\>COPY ROSE.TXT ROSE.MSG
1 file(s) copied

10. REN:- (Rename) This command is used to change the name of any
file or directory.

Syntax:- C:\> REN <Source filename> <Target filename>

C:\>REN ROSE.TXT GULBAL.TXT
If we get successfully C:\ that means filename or directory name is get changed.
Either it will show the error message.

To changing the filename present in floppy disk

C:\>REN A:\ROSE.TXT GULAB.TXT
Note that you cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination.

11. DEL:- This command is used for erasing any file from the disk.
Syntax:- C:\> DEL <Filename>
C:\>DEL LOTUS.TXT
If it successfully erase the file from dosk then C:\> prompt will be appear, either
computer will show an error message.

Note:- /P option is used for permission before deleting the file.

Directory related commands

12. MD:- (Make Directory)- This command allows to create a new directory.

Syntax:- C:\> MD <Dirname>

C:\> MD REPORT
C:\>

Now this directory can be used for keeping various sort of reports. Under this
directory we can create another directory which is known as subdirectory.

13. CD:- (Change Directory):- We can enter or exit from any directory
using this command.

Syntax:- To access any directory

C:\> CD <Directory name>
C:\> CD REPORT
C:\REPORT>

Prompt will change with the directory name. If we keep two dots after CD command
than we will exit from the directory.

Syntax:-C:\> CD..
C:\REPORT> CD..
C:\>

14. RD:-(Remove directory):- This command is used when we want to

remove any unusable directory form our disk.

Syntax:- C:\> RD <Directory name>

C:\> RD REPORT

15. PATH:- This command is used for display or sets directories for executable files.

Synatx:- C:\> PATH

This command display current path settings.

C:\> PATH=C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;C:\WINDOWS\;C:\TC
this command will sets the directories windows, the command subfolder of windows
and TC folder for executable files. Operating system will look for executable files in
these directories.

Example:- C:\> DIR/? or C:\> COPY/?

16. Prompt allows the user to set a new DOS prompt instead of usual C:\> or
A:\>; eg C:\> prompt pcc; Prompt$p$g - this allows you to reset default prompt;
Prompt $d (current date); Prompt $t (current time);

17. MOVE:- Move command is used for moving one file or multiple files
from one location to another location or from one disk to another disk.

Syntax:- C:\> MOVE <file name> <path name>

C:\SONGS> MOVE *.MP3 C:\ SONGS\OLD SONGS\

C:\>

18. ipconfig: internet protocol configuration(to display the IP

address) Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : hsd1.ut.comcast.net.

IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.201.245
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.201.1

ipconfig /all

Windows IP Configuration

Host Name . . . . . . . . . : COMPUTERH1

DNS Servers . . . . . . . . : 123.45.67.8
111.111.111.1
111.111.111.1
Node type . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast
NetBIOS Scope ID. . . . . . :
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . : No
NetBIOS Resolution Uses DNS : No
5. Every student should install Linux on the computer. This computer should have
windows installed .The system should be configured as dual boot with both
windows and Linux.

AIM: Installing Ubuntu (9.04)

These instructions guide through the installation of Ubuntu 9.04 assuming that you are
using a PC with a Windows OS.

Before beginnng, it is strongly recommended that you back up your current system and all
of your files and applications. As you to through these instructions,

1. Download an Ubuntu image and burn an installation CD. One source of Ubuntu
9.04 is at: http://releases.ubuntu.com/9.04/

Scroll down to the section “Alternate Install CD” and select: “PC (Intel x86) alternate install
CD”, if you are running a Windows based PC. This will begin the download.

2. When the download is complete, you will need to create a CD/DVD with the disk
image. If you need instructions on this process see:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BurningIsoHowto.

3. Insert the installation CD that you have created and re-boot your machine. The
following screen should appear:

Select English.

4. Select “Install Ubuntu” from the next screen:

5. You will see the following screen while the CD is loading:

6. Select English and click on Forward:

 6. Select the Pacific Time Zone and click on Forward:

8. Select USA and click on Forward:

9. This is a critical step. If you are not careful you can wipe out your entire Windows
OS and all of your files. It is assumed that you want to keep your current Windows OS and
want to install Ubuntu on a separate partition. It is recommended that you select “Install
them side by side, choosing between them each startup.” Then click on Forward.

10. Complete the information in the next screen, including your name, your login name
and a password. The computer name should be entered automatically. Next, you will
select whether you want to have a required login for Ubuntu or not. Make sure that you
remember the passwords that you specify. Then click Forward.

11. Read the information on the next screen and click Install.

12. The installation will proceed and after some time you will see the following screen:
13. Click on Restart Now. You will eventually be presented with the login screen (if you
specified that option).

14. Explore the Ubuntu operating system and the various applications that are
installed.
6. Several mini tasks would be that covers basic commands in Linux and
basic system administration in Linux which includes: Basic Linux
commands in Bash, Create hard and symbolic links .Text processing,
using wildcards.

AIM: Exposure to Basic commands in Linux General Purpose utilities like man, who,
tty, clear, date, cal, passwd; File Handling utilities like pwd, mkdir, rmdir, cp, rm, mv,
cat, cd, ls, ln; Filters like wc, cmp, diff, head, tail, sort.

To edit a file-$vi

i-for insert mode, character you type will show up as text

x-for deleting a character

3x-for deleting 3 consecutive characters

a-for appending characters

[esc}-to get into command mode

u-to undo the most recent change

U-to undo all the changes made to the line

p-to put the contents of the recent buffer back to where the cursor is press
[esc]-wq to write the file to disk and quit press [esc]-q! to quit without writing the file to disk

1 or space bar or right arrow – To move right one character

h or crtl+h or left arrow-To move left one character

j or ctrl+j or ctrl+n or
down arrow –To move down one line
k or ctrl+p or up arrow- To move up one line
0-To move to the top of the line

$- To move to the end of the current line

+ or RETURN – To move to the beginning of the next line

. – To move to the beginning of the previous line CTRL+f – move forward one full screen

Ctrl+d – move forward one half screen Ctrl+b – move back one full screen Ctrl+u – move
back one half screen G-move to the end of the file

rd
R b – replace the current character with b 3 -replace 3 characters with b
Wild card Matches

* 0 or more characters

? Exactly one character

[abcde] Exactly one character listed

[a-e] Exactly one character in the given range

[!abcde] Any character that is not listed

[!a-e] Any character that is not in the given

range

{debian,linux} Exactly one entire word in the options

given

s.no Command name description

1 Date Display or set the $date

he linux system
time

2 Ls Viewing linux file $ls

system

3 Tree Show the root or $tree

base directory lay
out,along
directories

4 Man Display the manual $man

pages

5 Cat Outputs contents of $cat

file name to display

6 Mv Moves specific $mv

files/directories to files(s)?dir(s)
specific
files/directories

7 Cp Copies one file and $cp file 1 file 2

creates another file

8 Rm Deletes file $rm file

9 Grep Searching through $grey string files(s)

file and displays
lines containing
matching string

10 Mkdir Creates an empty $mkdir dirname

11 Rmdir Deletes directory(if $rm dir dirname
empty)

12 Ps Displays quick list $ps

of process

13 Pwd Displays the path of $pwd

current directory

14 Clear Clears all textand $clear

with the
and at the
top of the window

15 Head Display the first few $head-linecount

file name
Lines of a file

16 Tail Display the last few $tail-line count file

lines of a file name

17 Wc Count number of $wc file name

/characters in a file

18 Who List users currently $who

loggedin
7. Web Browsers and Surfing the web: Students customize their web
browsers with the LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and
popup blockers. Also, plug-in like Macromedia Flash and JRE for Applets
should be configured.

AIM: To learn to surf the web

THEORY:
Web browser provides the means to the searching and also helps to download
the web content.

Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP,FTP.

Common file formats a browser accepts are HTML

Well known browsers natively support a variety of other formats in addition to

HTML such as JPEG,PNG,GIF image formats

Different web browsers available in the market are:

Silver Smith
Mosaic
Netscape
Mozilla
Opera
Lynx
Safari

Bookmark:

Each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet Bookmarks which serve as
a named anchor – primarily to URLs. The primary purpose of this book mark is to
easily catalog and access web pages that the web browser user has visited or
plans to visit, without having to navigate the web to get there.

Pop-up Blockers:

Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract the
attention of the users. These pop ups are hosted on the web sites which are
frequently visited by the netizens. These pop ups are activated when these web
sites open a new web browser window and there by displaying the advertisements.
Plug-ins:

A plug-in is a software component program that interacts with a main application to

provide a better integration of the media. The basic difference between application
programs and plug-ins is that multimedia files are launched in a separate window
where as in plug-ins multimedia play in the browser window.
Few famous plug-ins are:
Apple Quick Time
Macromedia flash
Microsoft Media Player
Adobe Shockwave
Sun Micro systems Java Applet

PROCEDURE:

LAN Proxy Settings:

select tools menu in Internet Explorer
Select Internet Options
Select Connections
You end up in two options
Dial-up and virtual network settings
LAN setting :
The selection at this step is dependent on the kind of connection you are
trying to configure. They are:
Dial-up modem connection
LAN connection
DSL or Cable modem
8. Search Engines and Netiquette: Students should know what search
engines are and how to use the search engines. A few topics would be
given to the students for which they need to search on Google.

AIM: Students are enabled to use search engines for simple search, academic
search and any other context based search (Bing, Google etc). Students are
acquainted to the principles of micro-blogging, wiki, collaboration using social
networks, participating in online technology forums.

PURPOSE: To know what search engines are and how to use the search engines.

THEORY:

Search engine:

A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to find
information on the internet

Function of a search engine:

You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to instructions for
removing stains from clothes.

Limitations:

Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see
information in other data bases later on.

On the internet a search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes: A

spider (crawler or bot) that goes to every page or representative pages on every
web site that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each
page to discover and read site’s other pages.

Pros:

You can select the search terms

You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines
You can change search terms as much as you wish
You will normally receive numerous links
Its fast
Cons:

There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to

choose
You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to
identify the most relevant sites.
The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant or
altogether irrelevant
EX:

Alta Vista
Ask Jeeves
Google
Lycos etc.,
Meta Search Engines:

Meta search engines or “meta crawlers” don’t crawl the web themselves. Instead
they search the resources of multiple search engines by sending a search to
several search engines at once aggregating the result.

Pros:

You only need to use one search tool which is time- efficient
You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing
learning curve
You benefit from the difference among several search tools at once
Cons:

Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual

search engines full range of query tools resulting in less refined
searches
You can not personally select the search engines queried by Meta
search services.
9. Cyber Hygiene: Students would be exposed to the various threats on
internet and would be asked to configure their computer to be safe on the
internet. They need to first install antivirus software, configure their
personal firewall and windows update on their computer. Then they need
to customize their browsers to block popup, block activeX downloads to
avoid virus and/or worms.

AIM: Awareness of various threats on the internet. Importance of security patch

updates and anti-virus solutions. Ethical Hacking, Firewalls, Multi-factor
authentication techniques including smartcard, biometrics are also practiced.

PURPOSE: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to
be safe on the internet.

THEORY:

Anti-virus:

Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or

that you purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most
viruses, worms, Trojan horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your
computer sick.

Firewall:

A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer

network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located
at a network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network
from users from other networks.

Ethical Hacking:

Ethical hacking and a ethical hacker are terms that describe hacking performed to
help a company or individual identify potential threats on the computer or network.
An ethical hacker attempts to hack their way past the system security, finding any
weak points in the security that could be exploited by other hackers. The
organization uses what the ethical hacker finds to improve the system security, in
an effort to minimize, if not eliminate any potential hacker attacks.
PROCEDURE:

Installing Symantec antivirus for Windows:

Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive

Double click on the Symantec-setup.exe
The installer will open
Click next to proceed
License agreement will open. Click I accept the terms of the
license agreement and then click next.
Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.

Get Computer Updates:

Click start settings control panel

Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog
box
Check the box Keep my computer up to date
Choose a setting
Click OK

Block Pop ups:

In the Internet explorer open tools pop-up blocker

Click on Turn on Pop- up blocker

Windows Firewall:

Go to Start control panel Network and Internet

Connections windows firewall
In the general tab check the On(recommended) box
If you don’t want any exceptions check on Don’t allow exceptions
box
10. Each student will familiar with Microsoft word and different templates of
it for design a RESUME. Creating Project Abstract features to be covered:
Formatting styles, inserting table, bullets and numbering, changing text
direction, cell alignment

AIM: Creating project : Abstract Features to be covered:-Formatting Styles,

Inserting table, Bullets and Numbering, Changing Text Direction, Cell alignment,
Footnote, Hyperlink, Symbols, Spell Check , Track Changes, Images from files and
clipart, Drawing toolbar and Word Art, Formatting Images, Textboxes and
Paragraphs.
PURPOSE:

To create a document applying the above mentioned techniques.

THEORY:

Header and Footer:

1. To create a header, enter text or graphics in the header area or click

button on the header and footer tool bar.

2. To create footer, click switch between header and footer.

3. Then click exit.

Date and Time:

Insert a date field that automatically updates so that the current date is
displayed when you open or print the file.

Insert a time field that automatically updates so that the current time is
displayed when you open or print the file.

Border:
 On the format menu, click borders and shadings.

To specify that the border appears on a particular side of a page, such as

only at the top, click custom under setting.

To specify a particular page or section for the borders to appear, click the
option you want to apply.

To specify the exact position of the border on the page. Finally, click OK.

Color:

Select the text you want to make a different color.

To apply the color most recently applied to text, click font color.

To apply different colors, click the arrow on the right of the font color button,
select the color you want and then click the button.

Procedure:
First click start button on the status bar.

Then select program and again select Microsoft word. On the menu bar click the
file option.

Then again click new. Then enter the text not less than 100 words.

A header appears at the top and the footer appears at the bottom of each page.

On the view menu, click header and footer option. From dialogue box, make the
required changes and then click OK.

On the format menu, click borders and shading s make required changes and the
click OK.

Select the text you want and make the different color. Click on right of the font
color button.Then select the color you want and then click on the button.

Table:

A table consists of rows and columns.

Cell Alignment:

Aligns contents written in a table in the top left corner or top right corner or in the
center etc...
Foot Note:

Foot notes are used to comments on, or provide references for text in a document.
Hyperlink:

It is a colored and underlined text or a graphic that you click to go to

a file, a location in a file, an HTML page on the World Wide Web, or an HTML page
in an intranet.

Symbols:

You may not be able to enter certain symbols into your word
document, as there is a limitation on the keys on the key board. Creating these
new symbols especially when working with mathematical terms it becomes very
difficult .For example we can insert symbols such as

Spell check:
 It automatically checks for spelling and grammatical errors

Bullets and Numbering:

In Microsoft word we can easily create bulleted or numbered list of items.

Formatting Styles:

A style is a set of rules to be followed for the effective document. Style can be
applied to text, paragraph, table or a list.

Changing text direction:

You can change the text orientation in drawing objects, such as text boxes,
shapes, and callouts, or in table cells so that the text is displayed vertically
or horizontally.

1. Click the drawing object or table cell that contains the text you want to
change.
2. On the Format menu, click Text Direction.
3. Click the orientation you want.
Track Changes:
Track changes are an excellent feature of Microsoft word as it enables a user or
reviewer to keep track of the changes that have taken a period. Changes like
insertion, deletion or formatting changes can be kept track of.

Procedure:

Changing Text direction:

4. Click the drawing object or table cell that contains the text you want to
change.
5. On the Format menu, click Text Direction.
6. Click the orientation you want.
Table:

1. Click where you want to create a table.

2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table.
3. Under Table size, select the number of columns and rows.
4. Under AutoFit behavior, choose options to adjust table size.
5. To use a built-in table format, click AutoFormat.
Select the options you want
Cell Alignment:

1. Click the cell that contains text you want to align.

 2. On the Tables and Borders toolbar, select the option for the horizontal and
vertical alignment you want— for example, Align Bottom Center or Align Top
Right.
Foot Note:

1. In print layout view, click where you want to insert the note reference mark.
2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and then click Footnote.
3. Click Footnotes or Endnotes.
By default, Word places footnotes at the end of each page and endnotes at
the end of the document. You can change the placement of footnotes and
endnotes by making a selection in the Footnotes or Endnotes box.
4. In the Number format box, click the format you want.
5. Click Insert.
Word inserts the note number and places the insertion point next to the note
number.
6. Type the note text.
7. Scroll to your place in the document and continue typing.
As you insert additional footnotes or endnotes in the document, Word
automatically applies the correct number format.
Hyper link:

Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click Insert
Hyperlink on the Standard toolbar
Do one of the following:
 1. Link to an existing file or web page:
Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page.
In the Address box, type the address you want to link to or, in the
Look in box, click the down arrow, and navigate to and select the file.
2. Link to a file you haven’t created yet
Under Link to, click Create New Document.
In the Name of new document box, type the name of the new file.
Under When to edit, click either Edit the new document later or Edit
the new document now

An e-mail address:
1. Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink, and then click
Insert Hyperlink on the Standard toolbar
2. Under Link to, click E-mail Address.
3. Either type the e-mail address you want in the E-mail address box, or select
an e-mail address in the recently used e-mail addresses box.
4. In the Subject box, type the subject of the e-mail message
A specific location in another document

1. Insert a bookmark in the destination file or Web page.

2. Open the file that you want to link from, and select the text or object you
want to display as the hyperlink. On the Standard toolbar, click Insert
Hyperlink.
3. Under Link to, click Existing File or Web Page.
4. In the Look in box, click the down arrow, and navigate to and select the file
that you want to link to.
5. Click Bookmark, select the bookmark you want, and then click OK.
Symbol:
 1. Click where you want to insert the symbol.
2. On the Insert menu, click Symbol, and then click the Symbols tab.
3. In the Font box, click the font that you want.
4. Double-click the symbol that you want to insert.
5. Click Close
Spell check:

1. On the Standard toolbar, click Spelling and Grammar .

2. When Word finds a possible spelling or grammatical problem, make your
changes in the Spelling and Grammar dialog box.
Bullets and Numbering:

1. Type 1. to start a numbered list or * (asterisk) to start a bulleted list, and

then press SPACEBAR or TAB.
2. Type any text you want.
3. Press ENTER to add the next list item.
Word automatically inserts the next number or bullet.
4. To finish the list, press ENTER twice, or press BACKSPACE to delete the
last bullet or number in the list
Formatting Styles:

1. Select the words, paragraph, list, or table you want to change.

2. If the Styles and Formatting task pane is not open, click Styles and
Formatting on the Formatting toolbar
3. Click the style you want in the Styles and Formatting task pane.
If the style you want is not listed, click All Styles in the Show box
Track Changes:
1. Open the document you want to revise.
2. On the Tools menu, click Track Changes
PURPOSE:

To create a news Letter

THEORY:

Table of contents:

Table of contents displays a list of headings in a created document. It

basically provides an outline of the entire document created

Newspaper columns:

One can create a newspaper columns document by specifying the

number of new letter-style column required and then adjust their width, and add
vertical lines between columns.
Images from files and clipart:

Inserting a picture (graphic) from a file and clipart may be required for
a document. This picture could be a scanned photograph or any other digitally
produced one. These pictures can be modified, resized, cropped and enhanced.

Drawing toolbar and Word Art:

One can create his/her own drawings in Microsoft word.Ms word

provides a full fledged drawing tool bar.

Word Art in Microsoft word enables you to create special and

decorative text.

Formatting Images, Textboxes and Paragraphs:

 Formatting an image includes selecting appropriate color, size, layout
and cropping.

Generally the text in a document follows a standard orientation (line

after line). A text box provides a different orientation to the text with in a document.
It can arrange the text in any where and can be resized and moreover moved to
any section of the document or even outside.

When you are formatting a paragraph, you do not need to highlight

the entire paragraph. Placing the cursor any where in the paragraph enables you
to format it. After you set a paragraph format, subsequent paragraphs will have the
same format unless you change the format

PROCEDURE:

Table of contents:

1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and click Index and Tables.
3. Click the Table of Contents tab.
4. To use one of the available designs, click a design in the Formats box.
5. Select any other table of contents options you want.
Newspaper columns:

1. Select the entire or part of document to be converted into a newsletter-style

2. Click on format menu, select columns

3. Any desired number of columns are presets-one or two or three or left or right
b\can be selected.

4. Width and spacing can be fixed and equal columns width can be checked for
uniformity

5. If newspaper columns are to be separated by a line, then check line between

6. Under apply to will be whole document if entire document is selected else we

have to select a selected text.
7. Click ok

Inserting images from files and clip art:

1. Click where you want to insert the picture.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click From File.
3. Locate the picture you want to insert.
4. Double-click the picture you want to insert.
CLIP ART:

1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click Clip Art.
2. In the Clip Art task pane, in the Search for box, type a word or phrase
that describes the clip you want or type in all or some of the file name
of the clip.
3. To narrow your search, do one or both of the following:
To limit search results to a specific collection of clips, in the
Search in box, click the arrow and select the collections you
want to search.
To limit search results to a specific type of media file, in the
Results should be box, click the arrow and select the check
box next to the types of clips you want to find.
4. Click Go.
5. If you don't know the exact file name, you can substitute wildcard
characters for one or more real characters. Use the asterisk (*) as a
substitute for zero or more characters in a file name. Use the question mark
(?) as a substitute for a single character in a file name.
6. In the Results box, click the clip to insert it.

Drawing Toolbar and Word Art:

1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing.

2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click New Drawing.
A drawing canvas is inserted into your document.
3. Use the Drawing toolbar to add any shapes or pictures that you want.
WORD ART:
 1. On the Drawing toolbar, click Insert WordArt .

2. Click the WordArt effect you want, and then click OK.

3. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, type the text you want.

4. Do any of the following:

To change the font type, in the Font list, select a font.

To change the font size, in the Size list, select a size.
To make text bold, click the Bold button.
To make text italic, click the Italic button.
Formatting Images:

1. Formatting of the images can be achieved by selecting the image and double
click on the picture, format picture dialog box appears.

2. The same can be achieved by selecting the tools menu customize tool bars
tab picture and click close.

Basic formatting features of an image

Resize a drawing
1. Select the drawing canvas
2. On the Drawing Canvas toolbar, do one of the following:
o To make the drawing canvas boundary larger without changing the size

of the objects on the canvas, click Expand.

o To make the drawing canvas boundary fit tightly around the drawing

objects or pictures, click Fit.

 o To scale the drawing and make the objects and canvas proportionately

smaller or larger, click Scale Drawing, and then drag the edges of the
canvas.
Resize a picture or shape
1. Position the mouse pointer over one of the sizing handles
2. Drag the sizing handle until the object is the shape and size you want.
To increase or decrease the size in one or more directions, drag the mouse
away from or toward the center, while doing one of the following:
o To keep the center of an object in the same place, hold down CTRL
while dragging the mouse.
o To maintain the object's proportions, drag one of the corner sizing
handles.
o To maintain the proportions while keeping the center in the same
place, hold down CTRL while dragging one of the corner sizing
handles.
Crop a picture

1. Select the picture you want to crop.

2. On the Picture toolbar, click Crop.
3. Position the cropping tool over a cropping handle and then do one of the
following:
To crop one side, drag the center handle on that side inward.
To crop equally on two sides at once, hold down CTRL as you drag
the center handle on either side inward.
To crop equally on all four sides at once, hold down CTRL as you
drag a corner handle inward.
4. On the Picture toolbar, click Crop to turn off the Crop command.
Text Box:

1. On the Drawing toolbar, click Text Box .

2. Click or drag in your document where you want to insert the text box
 3. You can use the options on the Drawing toolbar to enhance a text box— for
example, to change the fill color— just as you can with any other drawing
object
Paragraphs:

Change line spacing

Select the text you want to change.
1. On the Formatting toolbar, point to Line Spacing, and then do one of the
following:
To apply a new setting, click the arrow, and then select the number
that you want.
To apply the most recently used setting, click the button.
To set more precise measurements, click the arrow, click More, and
then select the options you want under Line Spacing.
Change spacing before or after paragraphs

1. Select the paragraphs in which you want to change spacing.

2. On the Format menu, click Paragraph, and then click the Indents and
Spacing tab.
3. Under Spacing, enter the spacing you want in the Before or After box.
Change paragraph direction
1. Place the insertion point in the paragraph that you want to change, or select
several paragraphs.
2. Do one of the following:
To have text begin from the left, click Left-to-Right on the Formatting
toolbar.
 To have text begin from the right, click Right-to-Left on the
Formatting toolbar.
When you change the paragraph direction, Microsoft Word leaves justified and
centered text as it is. In the case of left-aligned or right-aligned text, Word flips the
alignment to its opposite. For example, if you have a left-to-right paragraph that is
right aligned, such as the date at the top of a letter, clicking Right-to-Left results in
a right-to-left paragraph that is left aligned.
11.Excel orientation: The student must know the importance of Ms-Excel as
a spreadsheet tool, give the details of the four tasks and features that
would be covered in each using Excel-Accessing, Overview of toolbars,
saving Excel files, using help and resources.

AIM: Using spread sheet features of EXCEL including the macros, formulae, pivot tables,
graphical representations.

Creating a Scheduler - Features to be covered:- Gridlines, Format Cells, Summation,

auto fill, Formatting Text.

PURPOSE:

To maintain a shift schedule with specifications

THEORY:

Pivot Tables:

A PivotTable report is an interactive table that quickly combines and compares large
amounts of data. You can rotate its rows and columns to see different summaries of the
source data, and you can display the details for areas of interest.

PURPOSE:

To maintain a control chart for printing books with given data.

THEORY:

1. On the chart menu click chart type

2. Text direction.
Click the arrow down next to the text direction button. For right to left click right to
left. For left to right reading order, click left to right.

For reading order that is consistent with the language of the first entered character,
click context. For reading order that is inconsistent with the language of the first
entered character, click control.

3. In the tools menu click options and then click chart tab.

4. To show all worksheet data in the chart even if some rows and columns are hidden,
clear the plot visible cells by check box.
 5. To prevent hidden rows and columns from displaying in the chart, select the plot
cells only check box.

Hyper Linking:

1. Create a worksheet: On the file menu, click new, and then click blank workbook task
pane.

2. Insert a worksheet: C lick worksheet on the insert menu. Right click on sheet tab and
then click insert double click the template for the type of sheet you want.

3. Hyperlink: Using hyperlink we can insert one more sheet in the present sheet

4. Count function: Create a blank worksheet press control +c. In the worksheet select cell
A and press control +c. On the tools menu point to formula auditing and then click formula
auditing menu.

Worksheet:

1. In the file menu go to menu then a new worksheet is created.

2 To add a single worksheet, click worksheet on the Insert menu. To add multiple
worksheets hold down shift and then click the number of worksheet tasks to add in a open
workbook
Sort:

1. Click a cell in the list you want to sort.

2. On the Data menu click sort.
3. Under first key sort click the custom sort order you want and then click ok.
4. Click any other sorting option you want.
PROCEDURE:

Formulae in Excel:

First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then on Microsoft excel. Then open a new document. Give the main
heading and subheading by changing the size so that they look in block letters. Enter the
data. To calculate go to Insert menu in the menu bar and then click on function and then
ok. Then select the data to which you want to calculate mean. Then you get the required
answer. In same way, sample means standard deviation lower count limit and upper count
limit. Go to insert menu and click on function and select the required operation to be done
and select the data and calculate. Formulas for all the above are given below.

Mean = (s1 + s2 + s3 + s4 + s5)/5;

Sample mean = avg (mean)

Standard deviation = (mean, sample, mean)

Sample standard déviation= avg (Standard déviation)

Lower count limit = sample mean – sample standard deviation.

Upper count limit = Sample mean + Sample Standard deviation

Hyper linking:

First click on start button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and
then Ms-excel. To get a new blank worksheet go to programs and then click on excel
sheet. Rename the first sheet as student by right clicking on sheet 1 and renaming. Insert
hyperlink insert and click on hyperlink. Then go to sheet 2 and rename as CSE type in
particulars of ECE right click on sheet 3. Then go to sheet -4 rename as IT. In this type all
the four sheets are created.

WORKSHEET

First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then Ms-excel. Then enter the data as given. Enter the student’s names,
Subjective wise marks, total and avg. Then calculate the total and avg by using formula.
Then go to Data menu and click sort. Under first key sort, click custom sort order needed
i.e. ascending order or alphabetical order and then click o.k. Then the required worksheet
is prepared

Grid lines:

1. Click the worksheet.

2. On the file menu, click page setup and the click the sheet tab.
3. Click gridlines.
4. Select the sheets on which you want to change the gridlines color.
5. On the Tools menu click options click the color you want in the color box.
6. To use the default gridlines color click automatic.
7. Lines you can add to a chart that make it easier to view and evaluate data.
Gridlines extend from the tick marks on an axis across a plot area.

Format Cell:

1. Change the font and font size.

2. Change the text color.
3. Make selected text or numbers bold, italic or underlined.
4. Create a new style.
Auto fit:
 1. Combine cells horizontally or vertically to make one large cell.
2. Add borders to cells.
3. Shade cells with colors.
4. Change the column width and row height
5. Change the font, font size or colors of text.
6. Align text vertically at the top, center and bottom of cell.
Formatting the text:

1. Select the text you want to format.

2. On the format menu click cells and then click number tab.
3. In the catalog box click text.
4. Enter the numbers in the formatted cells.
5. Click ok.
6. Then press enter and reenter the data.
PROCEDURE:

First click start button of the screen on status bar. Click on programs and then
Microsoft excel. To get a new blank work sheet go to programs and then click on excel
sheet. On the file menu click page setup and then click sheet tab click gridlines. In this way
do the required changes using format cell, make the required changes using formatting
text also make the required changes. Enter the data in the data in the worksheet
consisting of week name person name and timings 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Make all the above
changes to the text.
Pivot Tables:

1. Open the workbook where you want to create the PivotTable report.
o If you are basing the report on a Web query, parameter query, report
template, Office Data Connection file, or query file, retrieve the data into the
workbook, and then click a cell in the Microsoft Excel list containing the
retrieved data.
If the retrieved data is from an OLAP database, or the Office Data
Connection returns the data as a blank PivotTable report, continue with
step 6 below.
o If you are basing the report on an Excel list or database, click a cell in the
list or database.
2. On the Data menu, click PivotTable and PivotChart Report.
3. In step 1 of the PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard, follow the instructions, and click
PivotTable under What kind of report do you want to create?
4. Follow the instructions in step 2 of the wizard.
5. Follow the instructions in step 3 of the wizard, and then decide whether to lay out
the report onscreen or in the wizard.
 12. Students will be working on basic power point utilities and tools which
help them create a basic power point presentation

Students will be working on basic power point utilities and tools which help them
create basic power point presentation. Covered during this week includes:-PPT
Orientation, slide layouts, Inserting Text, Word art, formatting Text, Bullets and
numbering, auto shapes, lines and arrows,inserting-images,clip art, Table and chartsin
PowerPoint.

TITLE:

Create a power point presentation consists of slide layouts inserting text,

formatting text, bullets and numbering of five slides with following information’s.

Slide 1 – contents

Slide 2 – Name

Slide 3 – Address

Slide 4 – Hobbies

Slide 5 – Friends

PURPOSE:

To maintain a PowerPoint presentation with some specifications

THEORY:

SLIDE LAYOUT:

1. On the format menu, click slide layout.

 2. On the slides tab in normal view, select the slides; you want to apply a layout
too.
3. In the slide layout task pane, point to layout you and then click it.
4. A new slide can also be inserted within the task pane. Point the layout you
want the slide to have, click the arrow and then click the insert new slide.

INSERT TEXT:

1. Text can be added to layout.

2. Align text in the top, middle or bottom of a cell.
3. Align text on the right or left, or in the center of a cell.
4. Change cell margins.
5. Insert a tab in a table.
6. To make the symbol command available, in normal view, place the insertion
point on the outbox tab or in a text place holders on the slide.
7. On the insert menu, click symbol.
8. To change fonts, click a name in the font box.

FORMATTING TEXT:

1. Select the text you want to format as superscript or subscript.

2. On the format menu, click font.
3. To show or hide text formatting, on the standard toolbar, click show formatting.
BULLETS AND NUMBERINGS:

1. Select the lines of text that you want to add bullets or numbering to.
2. Click bullets or numbering.
AUTOSHAPES:

1. Select the auto shape that has the text you want to position.
2. Double-click the selection rectangle of the auto shape or text box and then click
the text box tab in the format dialog box.
3. In the text anchor point box, click the position you want the text to start in.

LINES AND ARROWS:

1. In Microsoft power point, double click the chart.

2. Double click the chart item you want to change.
3. On the patterns tab, do one or both of the following.
4. To change the colors, patterns or lines, select the options you want.
5. To specify a fill effect, click fill effect and then select the options you want on
the gradient, text patterns or picture tabs.
To return to the slide, click outside the about.
PROCEDURE:

First click on start button at the button of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then Microsoft PowerPoint. Go to file and new. Then you find different
pattern of slides on right side of your screen. Then select which is completely empty. Then
enter the contents in the first slide as per given information, name in the second slide,
Address in the third slide, Hobbies in the fourth slide and friends in the fifth slide. Except
first slide, all the second, third, fourth, fifth slides should be inserted. When you select
pattern of slide from a new slide, on slide which you selected you will find an arrow
towards its right side, click that arrow and then again click insert slide. Then save it. Then
adjust the layout. Then format the text then give bullets or numbering to the text if
required. Go to auto shapes. Select more auto shapes and insert wherever required. Then
again go to insert option and select new slides. And select chart and a chart with
datasheet appear. Give the name, roll no, marks in three subjects and calculate the total.
Then save the file

Create a power point presentation consisting of inserting images, clip art of 4 slides
with the following information.

Slide 1:- Name of your college in bold letters.

Slide 2:- Address of your college in bold letters.

Slide 3:- List of all available courses.

Slide 4:- Extra co-curricular activities.

And apply the transaction effects and set the time three seconds for each
slide and view it in slide show.

INSERT IMAGES:
 1. Click where you want to insert the picture.
2. On the drawing tool bar, click insert picture.
3. Locate the folder that contains the picture that you want to insert, and then click
the picture file.
CLIP ART:

1. On the insert menu, point to structure and then click clipart.

2. In the clipart task pane, in the search for box, type a word or phrase that
describes the clip, you want to type in all or same of the file menus of the clip.
3. In the results box, click the clip to insert it.
TABLE:

1. On the standard tool bar, click insert table.

2. Print to select the numbers of rows and columns you want and then click.
CHART:

1. Click the slide where you want to place the embedded object.
 2. On the insert menu, click chart.
3. Click a cell on the data sheet and then type the information you want.
To return to the slide, click outside the chart

PROCEDURE:

First click on start button at the bottom of the screen on status bar. Click on
programs and then Microsoft power point go to file menu. Then you find different pattern of
slides on right side of your screen. Then select which is completely empty. Then enter the
name of your college in bold letters. Address of your college in bold letters in the second
slide. List of all the available courses in the third slide, extra co-curricular activities in the
fourth slide except first slide, all the second, third, fourth slide should be inserted. When
you select pattern of slide from a new slide, on slide which you selected, you will find an
arrow towards it right side click that arrow and then again click insert slide. Then save it
the select the slide show and then select the view show option. Then review the
presentation in slide show by selecting next and after completing the slide show then click
end show. Click on start button at the button of the screen on status bar, click on programs
and then Microsoft power point. Go to file menu. On insert menu and select table option
and give no. of rows and no. of columns and give the name, Roll no and marks in three
subjects and find the total