PLC21206 Ethernet

PLC21206
Ethernet Overview and

Media
(Confidential – For Internal Use Only)
Copyright © 2007 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
PLC
21206 What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a high speed network designed originally for communications between

computers and peripheral devices.
Since its development in 1976 by Xerox, in cooperation with DEC and Intel, Ethernet has
been has become the “defacto” standard for information networks.
Ethernet served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard.
(Confidential – For Internal Use Only) Copyright © 2007 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
PLC
21206 Ethernet Features
• Ethernet is the standard for information networks .

– Supported by all major computer vendors
– Numerous choices for off the shelf hardware
– Ability to support very large networks
• Provides the ability to share resources such as printers, scanners, data servers
• Optimized for large data transfers
• Ethernet is an open network described by the IEEE standards.
PLC
21206 IEEE
• The IEEE owns the Ethernet network specification detailed in IEEE 802.3 specification
These standards are open to all and supported by
– SIG’s activities (Special Interest Groups)
– Conferences
– Publications
– Internet Home Page
Example: RFC 2616
describes a protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, or http
(http://standards.org/getieee802
(http://standards.org/getieee802
PLC
21206 Protocols on Ethernet
It’s helpful to think of a protocol as a language. If two devices speak the same language or
protocol, they can communicate.
There are many different protocols that can be encapsulated in an Ethernet message. In fact,
multiple protocols are routinely encapsulated into a single message. Each of the different
protocols serves a specific purpose for the particular message. Some popular protocols used on
Ethernet are:
TCP/IP - used to verify message delivery and route

TCP/IP - used to verify message delivery and route
messages
messages
FTP - used in transferring files
FTP - used in transferring files
HTTP - used with web page communications
HTTP - used with web page communications
CIP – Protocol originally developed by Rockwell for
CIP – Protocol originally
communications between developed by Rockwell
industrial devices. for on
It’s used
communications
DeviceNet, between
ControlNet, andindustrial devices. It’s used on
EtherNet/IP.
DeviceNet, ControlNet, and EtherNet/IP.
PLC
21206 EtherNet/IP
EtherNet/IP is the name of the Ethernet network that uses the

Common Industrial Protocol.
The “IP” in EtherNet/IP means Industrial Protocol

as in Ethernet/Industrial Protocol
PLC
21206 TCP/IP vs. EtherNet/IP
The name EtherNet/IP looks similar to the name of another protocol

(actually a pair of protocols) used extensively on Ethernet networks.
TCP/IP is used to verify message delivery and route messages

TCP = Transmission Control Protocol
IP = Internet Protocol
EtherNet/IP and TCP/IP are two completely different protocols,

designed for entirely different purposes.
EtherNet/IP networks use both TCP, and IP protocols in addition to CIP, the
Common Industrial Protocol.
PLC
21206 EtherNet/IP and ODVA
Although originally developed by Rockwell Automation, EtherNet/IP is an

open network. Many other companies, including competitors, sell
EtherNet/IP compatible products. This is one of the reasons it is so
attractive to our customers.
ODVA, the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association, manages the

development of the open network technologies based on the Common
Industrial Protocol (CIP™), and assists manufacturers and users of CIP
Networks through tools, training and marketing activities.
PLC
21206 OSI Reference Model
Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model
The OSI “model” describes how networks work in general. It consists of seven “layers”,
and a number of concepts which will be introduced throughout this series.
OSI Reference Model was developed by yet another standards organization…

The International Organization for Standardization., or ISO (not IOS, and not OSI !).
If
Ifthis
thisisisbeginning
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PLC
Device Profiles
Layer 7- Application
Application Objects
Layer 6 - Presentation CIP Network & Transport
Implicit Msg Explicit Msg

Layer 5 - Session
Encapsulation Protocol
Layer 4 - Transport UDP TCP
Layer 3 - Network IP-Multicast

IP
Layer 2 - Device Ethernet IEEE 802.3

MAC
Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet IEEE 802.3

Physical
The layers are not always rigid, and often the boundaries between
them are gray.
PLC
Device Profiles
Application Objects HTTP,FTP,DHCP
CIP Network & Transport
Layer 6 - Presentation and
Implicit Msg Explicit Msg Common Industrial Protocol
Layer 5 - Session

IP
Layer 2 - Device Ethernet IEEE 802.3

MAC
Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet IEEE 802.3

Physical
The tasks of CIP are defined by the top three layers, but we will
start our investigation from the bottom, at Layer 1 the Physical
Layer.
PLC
21206 OSI reference Model
Layer 1 is known as the Physical layer.
Ethernet cables are part of Layer 1.

The information handled at Layer 1 is simply bits…ones and zeros.
It’s this layer of the OSI “stack” that is responsible for the describing hardware
specifications such as the layout of pins, voltages, and...
network “topology”.
PLC Network Topologies Used In Ethernet
21206 Networks
Although Ethernet networks can be bus-based, star-based, or a combination of both, all
new Ethernet networks, and certainly all EtherNet/IP networks are variations of star
configurations.
The center of the star, is an active device such as an Ethernet switch, which will
be covered in this module.
Bus Star
(Coaxial cable) (Twisted pair, fiber, wireless)
PLC
21206 Bus Topology
What is it?
– All nodes are connected using a “backbone” which
connects other segments using taps, and
terminators similar to ControlNet.
Where is it used?
– Bus topology was used when coax media was
desired. It may be found in older, existing Bus
architectures, but is not installed in new (Coax Media)
architectures.
The bus topology is used in a lot of existing installations, but since twisted pair is more popular now, and many
devices come with a pre-installed RJ-45 port, it is not seen as often in brand new installations.
With a bus topology, a backbone is run, and devices tap into the backbone where necessary
PLC
21206 Bus Topology
Three computers on a 10Base-2 thin net coax bus type network.
PLC
21206 Star Topology
What is it?
– In a star, all nodes are connected to an active
device, either a hub or switch
Where is it used?
– Star topology is used with twisted pair, fiber optic,
and wireless systems. This is the standard
topology used in nearly all offices, factories, and
homes.
Star
Twisted Pair, Fiber Optic
and Wireless
- A star topology is the topology that is used In most new installations. It is also the topology that must be used
for implicit messaging with EtherNet/IP
- With the star topology, all of the nodes are connected to a hub or a switch in the center of the network.
- A star topology must be used when using twisted pair and fiber media.
PLC
21206 The Good And The Bad On The Star Topology
Star Topology Advantages

• In the center of most stars is an Ethernet Switch . Switches offer specific advantages that will be
discussed latter.
• Stars make the network easy to troubleshoot because each device is on it’s own cable segment.
• Adding and removing nodes is simple - just plug into or unplug from the hub or switch.
Star Topology Disadvantages

• An active component is part of the cable system. A failure of the hub or switch will
bring the entire network down
PLC
21206 Combination Topologies
Many systems combine topologies to create a

combination topology. This allows the user to take
advantage of the best features of the network. For
example, in the star/bus topology shown, all the nodes
are connected in star configurations, which makes it
easy to add or delete nodes and troubleshoot. The
stars are connected together on a bus to allow nodes
separated by long distances to be connected together.
There are many commercially available hubs and
switches that make it easy to create combination
topologies.
- Most of the time, what happens is there are combination topologies out there.
- There may be too many nodes to connect to one hub in a star topology.
What administrators do in that case is to connect two hubs together using another
piece of twisted pair. We call this topology a Hybrid Star. Star/Bus
- Another option to having more than one hub is to connect the hubs using coax.
We call this topology a star/bus topology.
PLC
21206 Media Components
•Transmission Media
•Transceiver/MAU
•Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)
•Ethernet Controller Card
•Repeater
•Bridge
•Switch
•Router/ Gateway
PLC
21206 Ethernet Transmission media
Twisted pair cable is the primary media used today for connecting devices to an Ethernet
network. Fiber optic cable is also used, though more commonly in backbone type
applications (connecting groups of nodes together over larger distances).
Ethernet cables are often referenced as follows:

10BASE-5
100BASE-T
10BASE-FL
The format of the cable reference is shown on the following page.
PLC
21206 Ethernet Cable Reference
• Cable format SSSBAND-MT/L where:

– SSS = speed (10, 100, etc for 10MB, 100MB, etc)
– BAND = BASE for baseband
– MT/L = media type or length. Coax cables will have length, twisted pair and fiber will have type (T or TX
for twisted pair, 5 for 500m)
– Example: 10BASE-5 is 10MB baseband coax cable with a 500m maximum segment.
• Coaxial cable Examples
– 10BASE-5 (Thick)
– 10BASE-2 (Thin)
• Twisted pair cable Examples (Unshielded or Shielded)
– 10BASE-T
– 100BASE-TX
• Fiber optic cable Examples - There is a variety of media options available on Ethernet.
- Cable format meanings (first bullet on slide)
– 10BASE-FL - Traditionally, the most popular is twisted pair media, which can be shielded or
– 100BASE-FX unshielded, depending on how noisy the environment it is being used in is.
PLC
21206 Ethernet Cabling Specifics
• 100BASE-T (Twisted Pair): 100 meters, 2 nodes/ segment.

– Low Cost
– Used in star topologies
– Where is it used today? Most popular with newer installations.
• 10BASE-FL(fiber): 2000 meters, 2 nodes/ segment.

– Can span large distances
– Effective in electrically noisy areas
– Where is it used today? Typically used to span large distances, connect
between buildings, create electrical surge barriers between areas, and in high
electrical noise areas.
- Twisted pair is the most popular cable-- it is also low in cost. It is the cable that we use to connect our laptops to the network.
- Fiber optic cable is a lot more expensive-- it will be found where the network has to span a long distance, and in electrically
noisy areas where the noise will interfere with the cable on other networks
- These will be the cable types of choice for EtherNet for control (EtherNet/IP)
PLC
21206 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T
What’s the difference?

• 10BASE-T is the IEEE standard that defines the requirement for sending information at
10 Mbps on unshielded twisted-pair cabling, and defines various aspects of running
baseband Ethernet on this cabling.
• 100BASE-T is the IEEE standard that defines the requirement for sending information at
100 Mbps on unshielded twisted-pair cabling, and defines various aspects of running
baseband Ethernet on this cabling.
• 1000BASE-T (also called gigabit Ethernet) is the IEEE standard that defines the
requirement for sending information at 1000 Mbps on unshielded twisted-pair cabling,
and defines various aspects of running baseband Ethernet on this cabling
PLC
21206 Media, standards, and networks
IEEE Name 10Base-2 10Base-T 1000Base-T 10GBASE-T 100Base-FX
RG-58
Coaxial Cat 3 Cat 5e Cat 6a
Cable TIA/EIA-568-B TIA/EIA-568-B TIA-568-B.2-10 Fiber optic
Wire Type UTP UTP UTP
“Thin Net”
IEEE
Standard 802.3a 802.3i 802.3ab 802.3an 802.3u
Number
Segment
185m 100m 100m 100m 2km
Length
PLC
21206 Cat5e cables
The most common cable in use is Cat5e

• Based on the EIA/TIA 568 Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring
Standard developed by the Electronics Industries Association as requested by the
Computer Communications Industry Association in 1985.
• Category 5e network cabling consists of four, unshielded twisted pairs (UTP)
• Uses RJ45 connectors
• Supports frequencies up to 125 MHz and speeds up to 1000 Mbps.
• Cat5e cables are used for:

– 1000Base-T, 100Base-T, and 10Base-T networks
PLC
21206 Transceivers
Here is a sketch of the original Ethernet network. Notice that the

“transceiver” is the device that connects the network to the end
device.
Today,
Today,except
exceptforforfiber,
fiber,
the transceiver,
the transceiver,
interface
interfaceand
and
controller,
controller,are
areusually
usually
included
included on theNIC
on the NIC
card.
card.(Network
(Network
Interface
InterfaceController)
Controller)
PLC
21206 Transceivers
Transceivers are devices that

are responsible for the
reception and transmission of
the electrical signals on a
network.
Ethernet version of the This ISA bus NIC card
PLC-5 requires an includes the transceiver,
external transceiver. with connections for
coax, and Cat5.
The AUI (attachment unit Fiber optic Transceiver
interface) is the 15-PIN
physical connector
interface between a The EN2T includes the
computer's network transceiver, and an RJ-45
interface card (NIC) and connector
an Ethernet cable.
PLC
21206 Active Devices
Twisted pair based media networks all use various devices to enable their basic “star”
configurations. The three common active devices are:
• Hubs
• Switches
• Routers
PLC
21206 Active devices on the network - Hubs
Repeaters were used on Ethernet coaxial cable systems to increase the overall
length of the network and allow additional nodes to be added. A repeater
recreated the incoming signal and re-transmitted it without noise or distortion that
may have effected the signal as it was transmitted down the cable.
When UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cabling became popular multiport repeaters
were required to implement the star configurations. These multiport repeaters
are known as hubs.
PLC
21206 Ethernet Hub
A hub at the center of a star topology utilizes twisted pair or fiber cable to connect to
devices.
A hub sends everything it receives, on any channel out all other channels. A hub
simply acts as a multiport repeater.
A message coming
in one port will be
broadcast out every
other port
PLC
Ethernet hubs are part of Layer 1, along with cables

Layer 1 is known as the Physical layer.
Hubs don’t make any intelligent decisions, so they are simply a part of the “physical”
connection, even though they are an active, electronic component.
PLC
Device Profiles
Application Objects
HTTP,FTP,DHCP
and
Implicit Msg Explicit Msg
Layer 5 - Session Common Industrial Protocol

IP
Layer 2 - Device Ethernet

MAC
Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet Cables, hubs

Physical
PLC
21206 Ethernet Bridge and Switches
A bridge isolates traffic between segments by selectively forwarding packets to their

proper destination. It is transparent to the network and protocol independent.
A bridge can connect different types of media together (i.e. 10BASE-2 and 10BASE-T).
Messages AAmultiport
multiportbridge
bridgeisis
between nodes on Only messages known
knownas asanan
between nodes on
segment A stay
different segments
Ethernet
EthernetSwitch
Switchand
and
on segment A
pass through the bridge isisone
oneofofthe
themost
most
Segment A important
important
Segment B
components
componentsofof
bridge
Ethernet
Ethernetnetworks.
networks.
Segment A
00BC03…
Messages
00AE44... between nodes on
segment B stay
on segment B
PLC
21206 Ethernet Switch
A switch is the most common device at the center of star topologies.
A switch selectively forwards packets to their proper destination. It only

sends messages to the device that it is intended for.
Switches
selectively
Incoming message is route packets of
transmitted only to the information to
desired node. specific devices
PLC
21206 Hub vs. Switch
Since switches selectively forward packets instead of broadcasting them like a hub,
switches are more efficient because that they effectively eliminate collisions on the
network, and the amount of bandwidth used.
Switches should always be used instead of hubs.
Switches
selectively
Incoming message is route packets of
transmitted to the desired information to
node only. specific devices
PLC
Ethernet switches are part of Layer 2

Layer 2 is known as the Data Link layer
Their most important data handling job is accomplished using the rules defined by Layer
2 of the OSI stack.
The information handled at Layer 2 is known as “frames”.
Of course Ethernet switches actually do consist of Layer 1 pieces as well, such as

Ethernet cables and connectors.
We will learn more about Layer 2 in course # PLC21007
PLC
Device Profiles
Application Objects
HTTP,FTP,DHCP
and
Layer 5 - Session

IP
Layer 2 - Device Ethernet Switches

MAC

Physical
PLC
21206 Routers/Gateways
A router is a device that connects network segments and routes messages

between networks. Routers use software routing tables to route packets. Routers
are used extensively on the Internet.
Sometimes, the term “Gateway” is used to refer to a router which also translates data
between different formats.
When a message is received at

the router it refers to its routing
table to determine which
segment to route the message to.
PLC
Routers generally are part of Layer 3

Layer 3 is known as the Network layer.
The most important data handling job of Routers is accomplished though software using
the rules defined by Layer 3 of the OSI stack.
The information handled at Layer 3 is known as “datagrams or packets”.
Of course Routers also do consist of Layer 1 pieces as well, such as Ethernet cables
and connectors.
We will learn more about Layer 3 in course # PLC21007
PLC
Device Profiles
Application Objects
HTTP,FTP,DHCP
and
Layer 5 - Session
IP-Multicast
Layer 3 - Network IP Routers
Layer 2 - Device Ethernet Switches

MAC

Physical
PLC
21206 Routers vs. Switches
Routers Switches
Act as a junction between networks to Connect devices to form a network and
transfer data packets between them. selectively forward frames to the
correct destination.
Based on rules defined by Based on rules defined by
Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI stack Layer 2 (Device) of the OSI stack.

PLC21206 Ethernet

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PLC21206

Ethernet Overview and

(Confidential – For Internal Use Only)

Copyright © 2007 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ethernet is a high speed network designed originally for communications between

Ethernet served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard.

• Ethernet is the standard for information networks .

• Optimized for large data transfers

• Ethernet is an open network described by the IEEE standards.

TCP/IP - used to verify message delivery and route

EtherNet/IP is the name of the Ethernet network that uses the

The “IP” in EtherNet/IP means Industrial Protocol

The name EtherNet/IP looks similar to the name of another protocol

TCP/IP is used to verify message delivery and route messages

EtherNet/IP and TCP/IP are two completely different protocols,

Although originally developed by Rockwell Automation, EtherNet/IP is an

ODVA, the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association, manages the

OSI Reference Model was developed by yet another standards organization…

Implicit Msg Explicit Msg

Layer 4 - Transport UDP TCP

Layer 3 - Network IP-Multicast

Layer 2 - Device Ethernet IEEE 802.3

Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet IEEE 802.3

Layer 4 - Transport UDP TCP

Layer 3 - Network IP-Multicast

Layer 2 - Device Ethernet IEEE 802.3

Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet IEEE 802.3

Layer 1 is known as the Physical layer.

Ethernet cables are part of Layer 1.

Three computers on a 10Base-2 thin net coax bus type network.

Star Topology Advantages

Star Topology Disadvantages

Many systems combine topologies to create a

Ethernet cables are often referenced as follows:

The format of the cable reference is shown on the following page.

• Cable format SSSBAND-MT/L where:

• 100BASE-T (Twisted Pair): 100 meters, 2 nodes/ segment.

• 10BASE-FL(fiber): 2000 meters, 2 nodes/ segment.

What’s the difference?

IEEE Name 10Base-2 10Base-T 1000Base-T 10GBASE-T 100Base-FX

The most common cable in use is Cat5e

• Category 5e network cabling consists of four, unshielded twisted pairs (UTP)

• Uses RJ45 connectors

• Supports frequencies up to 125 MHz and speeds up to 1000 Mbps.

• Cat5e cables are used for:

Here is a sketch of the original Ethernet network. Notice that the

Transceivers are devices that

Ethernet hubs are part of Layer 1, along with cables

Layer 4 - Transport UDP TCP

Layer 3 - Network IP-Multicast

Layer 2 - Device Ethernet

Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet Cables, hubs

A bridge isolates traffic between segments by selectively forwarding packets to their

A switch is the most common device at the center of star topologies.

A switch selectively forwards packets to their proper destination. It only

Switches should always be used instead of hubs.

Ethernet switches are part of Layer 2

The information handled at Layer 2 is known as “frames”.

Of course Ethernet switches actually do consist of Layer 1 pieces as well, such as

We will learn more about Layer 2 in course # PLC21007

Layer 4 - Transport UDP TCP

Layer 3 - Network IP-Multicast

Layer 2 - Device Ethernet Switches

Layer 1 - Physical Ethernet Cables, hubs