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Presidente Prudente – SP
2009
FICHA
Orientador:
Profa. Dra. Silvia M. C. Franco Andrade
Presidente Prudente – SP
2009
636.089 Cardoso, Cleber Salesse
C268e Estudo comparativo do uso de medetomidina e
xilazina em gatos e sua reversão com atipamezole /
Cleber Salesse Cardoso. – Presidente Prudente, 2009.
67 f. : il.
BANCA EXAMINADORA
____________________________________
Profª. Drª. Silvia M. C. Franco Andrade
Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE
Presidente Prudente, SP
_____________________________________
Profª. Drª. Renata Navarro Cassu
Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOOESTE
Presidente Prudente, SP
_____________________________________
Profª. Drª. Valéria Nobre Leal de Souza Oliva
Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho
UNESP, Araçatuba, SP
DEDICATÓRIA
Dedico esse trabalho aos meus pais pela imensa força apoio e
dedicação.
A minha esposa pelo companheirismo e apoio e por ter me
proporcionado durante a execução desse trabalho o momento de
maior felicidade de minha vida, a de ser pai.
AGRADECIMENTOS
Comparative study of the use of Medetomidine and Xilazine in cats and its
reversion with Atipamezole
LISTA DE TABELAS
2 ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO
Estudo comparativo dos efeitos sob o sistema cardiovascular,
temperatura, pressão arterial, pressão intraocular e glicemia da
medetomidina e xilazina em gatos e a reversão com atipamezole ............... 22
Resumo ......................................................................................................... 22
Introdução ..................................................................................................... 23
Material e Métodos........................................................................................ 25
Resultados ................................................................................................... 28
Discussão e Conclusões ............................................................................... 30
Referências ................................................................................................... 33
1.2 Xilazina
1.3 Medetomidina
1.5 Atipamezole
REFERÊNCIAS
2 ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO
Cléber Salesse Cardoso1; Elisa de Bacco Jorge2; Aline Bozzetto dos Santos3;
João Paulo Silva Smerdel3; Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho4; Sílvia Franco
Andrade5
¹
Discente do Mestrado em Ciência Animal da UNOESTE; 2Curso de Medicina
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO
pré-anestésica 1.
analgésicos e miorrelaxantes 3.
subtipos de receptores 3.
MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS
26
utilizados 24 gatos, clinicamente sadios, sem raça definida (SRD), idade média
10ml com 1mg/ml na dose de 50µg/kg IM; (grupo X) xilazina (Ronpum®; Bayer)
administração e 30, 60, 120 e 180 minutos após a administração dos agonista
A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi aferida pelo método não invasivo,
cardíaco 29.
28
sangue, com seringa de 3ml e agulha 25x8, por venopuntura da jugular nos
RESULTADOS
T120 e T180, e no grupo XA, durante T60 e T120. Na comparação dos grupos
diferenciaram de M e X. (Tabela1)
nem tão pouco do uso do antagonista atipamezole com relação aos valores
momentos T30 e T60 e nos grupos X e XA, onde ficou característica a arritmia
tempos T120 e T180 forma semelhantes entre si, e diferentes de T0. No grupo
DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÕES
em gatos31.
oculares 37,39.
aferidos da PIO.
34
REFERÊNCIAS
clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Can Vet J. 2003; 885 –
97.
amitraz and its metabolite BTS 27271 on insulin and glucagon secretion from
medetomidine compare with xylazine in Beagle dogs. Can J Vet Res 2002; 66
(1): 42 – 49.
35
11 Lamont LA, Bulmer BJ, Grimm KA, Tranquilli WJ, Sisson DD.
compared with xylazine in healthy cats. Can J Vet Res 2008; 72: 278-86.
antagonist to detomidine, MPV- 1248. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1986; 82: 121-9.
24 Soli NE, Braseth TA. Ectodex poisoning in a cat reversed with Antisedan.
combinations and atipamezole at Helsink zoo – a review of 240 cases. Acta Vet
27 Grosenbaugh DA, Muir WW. Blood pressure monitoring. Vet Med 1998; 12:
48 – 65.
Sauders:1996; 191.
30 Michell AR. Physiology in: Hall LW. Taylor PM. Anesthesia of the cat. 1. ed.
dog a dose titration study. Veterinary Surgery 1998; 27: 612- 22.
34 Verbruggen AM, Akkerdaas LC, Hellebrekers LJ, Stades FC. The effect of
35 Burke JA, Potter DE. The effects of xylazine in rabbits, cats, and monkeys. J
37 Miller PE, Nelson MJ, Rhaesa SL. Effects of topical administration of 0.5%
38 Bartoe JT, Davidson HJ, Horton MT, Jung Y, Brightman AH. The effects of
versus combined atipamezole and flumazenil. J Vet Med 2007; 54: 518-21.
(em minutos).
(TMRS) em minutos.
Grupo TMRS
*TMRS: considerado como o tempo gasto, em minutos, em que o animal se levanta após a
administração do agonista α2-adrenérgico ou após a administração do antagonista α2-
adrenérgico (atipamezole)
**Letras maiúsculas comparam grupos para cada momento. Letras iguais indicam diferenças
não significativas (p>0,05).
Obs: o antagonista α2-adrenégico (atipamezole) foi administrado no T60 nos grupos MA e XA.
42
Cléber Salesse Cardoso1, Elisa de Bacco Jorge2; Aline Bozzetto dos Santos2,
João Paulo Silva Smerdel2; Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho3; Sílvia Franco
Andrade4
1
Post-graduate Researcher in Animal Science at the University of Oeste
SUMMARY
Alpha2 adrenergic agonists are widely used in veterinary medicine for sedative,
adrenergic antagonist. The objectives of this study were to compare the clinical
effects and glycemia induced by medetomidine and xylazine in healthy cats and
induced hypothermia. There was sinusal arrhythmia and 1st A-V block in some
of the effects induced by medetomidine and xylazine in cats. Also, it did not
INTRODUCTION
The α2 adrenergic agonists are substances that cause sedation, analgesia and
muscle relaxation. Their effects are dose-dependent, and they are commonly
1,3-thiazin) has been used for medical and surgical procedures to produce a set
chemo explorer close to the vagal nuclei in the postreme area5. The regulation
44
removing of the release of insulin in sheep7, cattle8, dogs9 and cats10. Thus, the
and has a predominant action in the central nervous system. Active α2-
causes mydriasis. However, these effects are less prominent than those seen
Atipamezole was also used in the reversal of amitraz poisoning in dogs and
cats 23,24.
15,16,25
adrenergic antagonist than yohimbine or idoxazan . It also has wide
margin of safety. In rats, the therapeutic dose ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 mg/kg
subcutaneously. The subcutaneous LD50 was 44 mg/kg for rats and greater
The objective of this study was to compare the clinical effects and the effects on
xylazine. The reversal of these effects was attempted with the α2-adrenergic
antagonist, atipamezole.
females) with a mean age of 3 years and a mean weight of 3.3±5.1 kg were
obtained from the UNOESTE cat pound. First, the cats were sorted by health
condition. Only those with normal values for the following physiological
parameters were used: temperature (T), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR),
systolic arterial pressure (SAP), electrocardiogram (ECG), red (RBC) and white
(WBC) blood cell count, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and
puncture. One day before running the experiment, the cats were socially
isolated and held in individual stainless steel cages under a 12:12 artificial light-
dark cycle. The room temperature was about 25°C and they were fed ad libitum.
The cats were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 6 animals each as follows:
minutes later.
The values of T, RR, HR, SAP, ECG, and degree of sedation (DS) were
measured at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after the administration of the α2-
adrenergic agonists. DS was considered: (0) absent, (1) discreet - low ataxia
and protective reflexes present, (2) moderate - less protective reflexes and
ataxia, and (3) high-lateral decubitus and protective reflexes reduced or absent.
Mean interval for sedation return (MISR) was considered to be the time (min)
interdigital reflexes. The animal had to stand up without ataxia after the
one drop of anesthetic eye drop and one drop of fluorescein eye drop before the
exam28. Glucose was measured at 0, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after
The variables were measured between the different groups and compared
using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with contrasts using the Tukey method.
An identical procedure was used to compare the different times within each
group. Variables that did not show a normal distribution by the Kolmogorov and
Smirnov test were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparison between
the groups and the Friedman test for comparison between the moments. In both
cases, contrasts of Dunn were used. A significance level of P < 0.05 was
adopted.
RESULTS
120 and 180 min (P < 0.05). This effect was reduced by atipamezole, with
The α2 agonist’s administration reduced the respiratory rate from 160 min to
Heart rate was decreased by medetomidine from 30 min to 120 min and by
xylazine from 30 min to 180 min. Atipamezole reestablished HR after 120 min
(Table 1).
Medetomidine and xylazine decreased SAP from 120 to 180 min. Atipamezole
induced high DS from 30 to 60 min, moderate DS for 120 min and discreet DS
2).
min (Table 2). After atipamezole administration, the cardiac rhythm was normal
for cats (sinusal). Some cats presented with 1st-degree A-V block during the
experiment (one cat in group M, two cats in group MA, one cat of Group X and
Regarding the glucose variables, the α2 agonists increased glucose levels in all
groups (Table 3), but this effect was more significant with medetomidine from
mg/dL), while xylazine only induced hyperglycemia for 120 min (141.0±52.3
mg/dL) (Table 3). Cats receiving atipamezole reestablished these earlier levels
at 120 min.
The mean interval for sedation return (MISR) was significantly increased with
(P < 0.05). The MISR was drastically reduced by atipamezole in both groups
(Table 4).
DISCUSSION
adrenergic agonists 29. The decrease in respiratory rate that may occur is due to
reduce the sensitivity of the breathing center to increased PCO2 and the tidal
more severe cardiopulmonary effects than xylazine3. The present study showed
Heart rate was depressed in all groups for 30 min after administration. This
sympathetic tone 5. It was also shown that the mean heart rate of animals
output 31.
50
xylazine. This difference is probably due to its increased affinity and selection of
reversal of sedation in the groups treated with atipamezole. This was due to its
2nd degree A-V block, and, rarely, complete 3rd degree A-V block with escape
a dose of 50 μg/kg IM on the measured values of the IOP. These findings are
33,34
consistent with the use of medetomidine in dogs . In cats, the topical use of
35,36
medetomidine and xylazine decreases IOP . Some α2-adrenergic agonists
hypotensives37-39.
6,38
the subtype α2D is located in the pancreatic islets . There was a reversal of
adrenergic receptor17.
analgesia and muscle relaxation. The effect was dose-dependent and very
significant in cats39,40. Although the difference was not significant, there was a
cats39,40.
by medetomidine and xylazine in cats. Also, it did not interfere with the
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the post-graduate program of UNOESTE for financial support
and Pfizer laboratory, especially Dra. Stella Grell, for donation of medetomidine
and atipamezole.
REFERENCES
clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Can Vet J 2003; 44:885 -
97.
amitraz and its metabolite BTS 27271 on insulin and glucagon secretion from
8 Hsu WH, Hummel SK. Xylazine induced hyperglycemia in cattle: the possible
medetomidine with xylazine compare in Beagle dogs. Can J Vet Res 2002; 66:
2- 49
11 Lamont LA, Bulmer BJ, Grimm KA, Tranquilli WJ, Sisson DD.
compared with xylazine in healthy cats. Can J Vet Res 2008; 72: 278-86.
antagonist to detomidine, MPV-1248. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 1986; 82: 121-9.
combinations and atipamezole at Helsinki Zoo - a review of 240 cases. Acta Vet
24 Soli NE, Braseth TA. Ectodex poisoning in a cat with Antisedan reversed.
26 Tilley LP, Goodwin JK. ECG for the Small Animal Practitioner. 3nd ed.
Philadelphia:Saunders, 2001.
27 Grosenbaugh DA, Muir WW. Blood pressure monitoring. Vet Med 1998, 12:
48- 65.
29 Michell AR. Physiology in: Hall LW. Taylor PM. Anesthesia of the cat. 1. ed.
the dog the dose titration study. Vet Surg 1998, 27: 612- 22.
33 Burke JA, Potter DE. The effects of xylazine in rabbits, cats, and monkeys. J
35 Miller PE, Nelson MJ, Rhaesa SL. Effects of topical administration of 0.5%
36 Bartoe JT, Davidson HJ, Horton TM, Jung Y, Brightman AH. The effects of
versus combined atipamezole and flumazenil. J Vet Med 2007; 54: 518-21.
41 Bistner SI, Ford RB, Raffe MR. Handbook of veterinary procedures and
All authors disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people
heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and
minutes).
Medians represent heart rhythms: sinusal (1). sinusal arrhythmia (2). sinusal bradycardia (3). 1st-degree
A-V block (4). and sinus arrest (5). Normal rhythm: sinusal26.
DS was considered: (0) absent, (1) discreet - low ataxia and protective reflexes present, (2)
moderate - less protective reflexes and ataxia, and (3) high - lateral decubitus and protective
reflexes reduced or absent
Upper-case letters compare groups at a same time (Kruskal-Wallis test).
Lower-case letters compare times within each group (Friedman test).
Same letters indicate no significant difference (P > 0.05).
The α2-adrenergic antagonists were administrated at T60 in the MA and XA groups.
59
Table 3 - Means and standard deviations (Means ± SD) of the variable glucose,
Table 4 - Means and standard deviations (Means ± SD) of the mean interval for
Group MISR
MISR: was considered the time (min) necessary for the animal to recover protective pupillary,
palpebral, and interdigital reflexes, and also to stand up without ataxia after the atipamezole
administration
Upper-case letters compare groups at a same time (Kruskal-Wallis test).
Same letters indicate no significant difference (P > 0.05).
60
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15 Jones A, Smith BC, Simons D, Laker EF. Coronavirus biology and FIP in domestic cat
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15 European Feline Coronavirus Consortium. Coronavirus biology and FIP in domestic cat
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15 Jones A, Smith BC, Simons D, Laker EF. Coronavirus biology and FIP in domestic cat
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15 Jones A, Smith BC. Coronavirus biology and FIP in domestic cat populations. 2nd edn.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
15 Simons D, Laker EF. Feline infectious peritonitis. In: Jones A, Smith BC, eds. Coronavirus
biology and FIP in domestic cat populations. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2002: 211-34.
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