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Diaphragm Wall
Sho
Diaphragm Wall Construction
Functions:
General Specification
• Excavation
width + 50mm
width: wall
• Rib thickness:
200mm
• Top thickness:
1000-1050mm
• Height: 1700-2000m
– Overall height depending on soil condition
– Top of guide wall is 1.5m above ground water table)
Design Criteria
2. Excavation
7. Joint Construction
• Joints are rough chiseled
• Add joint rebars to improve shear resistant
1. Guide Wall Installation
Bentonite
• General dosage: 5% - 8% of total mixture depending on soil condition
• Bentonite will settle if concentration is too low
• Excellent colloidal property (thixotrophic gel viscosity)
• Expand when wet
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
Water
• Preferable city water with minimum impurity
CMC (Sodium Carboxy Methyl cellose)
• Synthetic starchy white powder
• increase viscosity
• General performance: 1% of total mixture can increase
viscosity by 150 cp
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
Sodium Nitrofuminate
• Dark brown powder
• General dosage: 0.1-0.3%
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
Polymer
• Engineering substance to replace bentonite
• Inhibiting swelling action on clay
• Avoid undesirable viscosity increase
• Avoid fine solid dispersion in fluid
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
Process
• The mud film is formed through filtration
– The action that the drilling fluid is constantly permeating into soil direction due to
greater head pressure
• It is influenced by permeability of soil
– Clay Seam: ~0
– Silt Seam: High
– Sand Seam: Higher
– Sand with Gravel: Highest -> lead to thickest film
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
• As permeating into soil, drilling fluid enters in the gap of soil grain.
• The particles of bentonite separate from water and stay inside the grain
• After forming a protective film, further ingress of water is stopped
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
• Bentonite: 70 kg (6.5%)
• FCL: 1.8 kg (0.17%)
• City Water: 1000 kg (93.26%)
• CMC: 0.8 (0.07%)
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
2.9 Desander
• Equip with 1 - 2 layers of various sized vibrating mud screen
• For debris and gravel removal
• Equip with 1 - 2 cyclone
• For sand separation
• Recommended capacity for diaphragm wall construction:
– 150 - 250 cbm / hour (Grab method)
– 500 cbm / hour (Hydro-mill method)
2. Drilling Fluid (Stabilizing Solution) Preparation
• Penetrate by impaction
3. Excavation
Fresh Rock
Pre-drill & Chiseling
• Drill side and middle guide holes till the final depth
– Down-the-hole hammer (productivity: 2.5 - 3m/hr)
– Rotary drill rig with core-barrel (productivity: 0.5 - 0.7m/hr)
• Use rectangular chisel to break rock in between the two guide holes, guide
holes can improve the chiseling accuracy
• Impact area: 80×120cm
• Chisel weight: approximately 11 ton
• Due to difficulties of
excavation into rock,
a shear pin is
adopted as an
extension of
diaphragm wall into
bedrock enhance the
toe stability of wall
6. Measure
Disadvantages:
• Closing force based on weight and wire part lines
• More part lines decrease the closing speed
• Heavy grab requires high line pull crane. ex Liebherr / other European cranes.
• High machine price and maintenance cost
• Require high skilled operator for vertically control because of no monitoring.
• Require frequent manual measure with instrument
• High fuel consumption of crane - big engine
• Require free fall to achieve productivity meaning high maintenance on grab
body
• Require manual grab swivel for balance excavation
7. Grab Comparison
Disadvantages:
• Shallow excavation, less than 30m
• Light grab body weight (~7 ton), not suitable for hard ground
• Work radius is constrained by mast displacement, need to work very close
to trench
• If crawlers accidentally move during excavation, the kelly can be damaged
• More steps for changeover compared to mechanical grab
7. Grab Comparison
Disadvantages:
• No verticality control after reaching kelly bar section (~30m)
• Light grab body weight (~7 ton), not suitable for hard ground
• Work radius is constrained by mast displacement, need to work very close
to trench
• If crawlers accidentally move during excavation, the kelly can be damaged
• More steps for changeover compared to mechanical grab
7. Grab Comparison
Disadvantages:
• Specialized machine but cannot use for other purposes
• More steps for changeover compared to mechanical grab
8. Fuel Consumption & Performance
8.4 Components
Componts Brand Country of Origin
Center Line of Grab to Swing Center 4100 – 5620mm 4500 – 5360 mm 4000 – 5500 mm
Main Pump Max Flow 2 x 380 L/min 2 x 380 L/min 2 x 225 + 120 L/mim