Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
1
Rajesh P, 2Meenakshi R, 3Rajkumar R, 4Selvam K
Department off Botany, School off Life Sciences, Periyar University
Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Objective: Thishis study aims at providing a knowledge of medicinal plant use in the Kalasapadi
comprehensive documentation on ethanoveterinary hills for future generations and to incorporate it into
plant knowledge of the tribal people in order to existing livestock health care services.
services
preserve the fost-eroding knowledge
edge and resources of
the kalasapadi hills, Pappireddipatti
tti revenue Tk,
Dharmapuri. Keywords: Ethno-veterinary
veterinary medicine, Malayali
tribes, Livestock, Kalasapadi, Kalrayan hills.
Methods: Field work was conducted from 2015 2015–
2016. Moreover 36 informants were interviewed. 1. Introduction:
First, successive oral free listing and semi
semi-structured
interviews were performed. The veterinary diseases as India is rich in plant diversity and possesses almost
described by the informants were categorized 7% of the world's
ld's flowering plants. The Eastern Ghats
according to the symptoms they cause and the organs of India are endowed with an extensively rich variety
they affect. Information on the cited plants, informant of biological species, geographical formations, and
consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL) was diverse ethnic tribes. Ethnomedicinal studies in the
calculated based on use reports. Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu have been carried out
previously
usly by a number of researchers [1, 2]. There is
Results: Utilization of 49 plant species
species, belonging to abundant undocumented traditional knowledge of
30 genera under 311 families, has been recorded herbal remedies used to treat animal diseases in most
against livestock ailments. Plant parts, such as leaf, cultures [3]. Indian therapeutic system adopted
root, flower, bark, resin, and rhizome, are used in the observations and rational procedures by the end of the
preparation. Among the plant parts, bark is Vedicic eara. This led to the foundations of a new
predominately used. Most of the preparations include medicinal system known as Ayurveda. The
parts of more than one plant as the ingredients, and knowledge formed the basis for veterinary medicine
many of such combined preparations are used for [4]. In India, ancient literature such as the Vedas, and
treating more than one ailment. other written scripuatures like Scand Puran (2350
BC), Cherak and shusrutha (2500-600
(2500 BC), have long
Conclusion: According to the local people, the most documented the treatment of animal disease by using
often mentioned species have high medicinal medicinal plants [5,6] The uses of a protective
potential. At the same time the comprehensive ointment for human beings, cows and horses have
pharmacological investigations of the herbal plants been documented in the Atharva Veda (IV, 9, 2) [7].
will be helpful in development of new drugs for a Traditional ethnoveterinary
veterinary medicine (EVM) prepared
particular condition. There is a need to conserve the by humans, for the purposes of maintaining or
restoring animal health, plays a significant role in fact that plants serve as potent medicines for curing
several regions of the world especially in areas where various diseases of the tribal community as well as
cattle is a major source of income for rural peoples their livestock [25]. As 80% of populations from the
[8]. In certain areas, these folk medical prescriptions developed countries are depend on traditional
are endemic and have survived throughout ages from medicine prepared from the medicinal plants, it is
one generation to the next throughout spiritual word necessary to investigate them for understanding their
of mouth. They do not exist as written knowledge. properties, safety, and their efficacy [26]. Keeping
Indigenous people developed this knowledge through this in view, the present study was initiated to explore
practical experience and skill to solve the problems plants utilized for ethnoveterinary health care and
that they faced on day to day activity [9, 10]. The document the traditional veterinary medicinal
treatment of animal diseases often parallels the knowledge of Kalasapadi hills Malayali tribes.
treatment of human illness, as do the fundamental
concepts [11] and the similar therapeutic plants may 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
be used for both, humans and animals [12]. Especially 2.1 Study area
in mountainous and high elevation areas, cattle is very
important for local economies, food and social The present study area was conducted among the
security, and is often a symbol of prestige [13, 14]. Kalasapadi hamlets, west part of the Kalrayan hills in
Livelihood strategies of rural people heavily depend Pappireddipatti block of Dharmapuri district, Tamil
on livestock farming, particularly in developing Nadu, India (Fig. 1). The total extends of
countries [15]. Livestock plays a vital role in (Indian) Pappireddipatti taluk (Sub-district) is 788.3 Sq. km
farmer’s life. It gives manure, fuel, milk and meat, etc (Statistical handbook-2007-08). Kalasapadi is located
and also generates rural economy and rural at 11° 54'and 48 66" N latitude and 78° 29' and 12 36"
employment. Farmers take care of their livestock E longitudes and altitude varies from 252 to 3783 ft
using EVM. These medicines are cheaper than (etrex 20-Germin) the highest peak (Bootu malai) of
western drug [16, 17]. According to [18], we also the hills is 1153 meters above mean sea level. The
determined the frequency index (FI), informant average annual rainfall ranges from 783.97 to 1582.20
consensus factor (ICF) of the ethno-veterinary mm, and the temperature varies from 25°C to 35°C.
diseases and use-value of the plant species. Cattle are Vegetation of Kalrayan hills is semi-deciduous to
considered as the wealth of the tribal people, and their scrub forests where sandal wood grows naturally
well-being is considered to be very important [19]. As along with other dominant species like teak and
the tribal people are enriched with traditional ethno- bamboo. Indigenous species like Terminalia chebula,
veterinary knowledge, the forest resources in their Pterocarpus marsupium and Dalbergia latifolia also
surroundings play a very significant role in their found abundant in this region [27].
routine life [20], and medicinal plants are the chief
source for the primary health-care services of such
rural population [21]. Ethno-veterinary medicine
(EVM) is defined as the traditional animal healthcare
which comprises the folk knowledge, believes,
practices, skills, methods, and practices pertaining to
health care of animals [22, 23]. As the villagers
around the globe are having limited access to modern
medicine, they strictly depend on the traditional
medicine for the health care of livestock. Regrettably,
these practices are not properly documented and
largely lost because they are passed on generation
through verbal communication and dilution due to
lack of observation and technical skills. EVM
contributes in the management of animal diseases in a
cost-effective manner but unfortunately research
works, which prove the pharmaceutical efficiency of Fig 1: Location map of study area
plants, have not been done so far, or a very little
research work has been done [24]. It is an established
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2.2 Tribal community High FIC values can thus be used to pinpoint
particularly interesting species for the search of
Native tribal people of Karayan hills are called bioactive compounds [36]. FIC is calculated using the
Malayali (lit. Malai = hill; alu = inhabit) [28], their following formula [37].Most frequently used plants
language has been formed by the place where they for different ailment categories based on maximum
stayed [1]. The native people of the Kalrayans were FL (%) in each ailment category
called as Vedar (Hunter). The warriors belonging to
Karalar community had invaded from Kanchipuram FL=
district and settled in Kalrayan hills. The mixed
population of Karalar and Vedar communities Where Np = number of informants that claim a use of
presently called Malayali and they call themselves as a plant species to treat a particular disease; N =
malayala goundars [29]. Some of them are farmers number of informants that use the plants as a
and remaining People depend on works interrelated medicine to treat any given disease [31]. Informant
with agriculture and involved in livestock keeping, consensus factor the informant consensus factor (FIC)
poultries, collection of honey, bee wax, and other was used to see if there was agreement in the use of
minor forest products [30]. plants in the ailment categories between the plant
users in the study area. The Fic was calculated using
2.3 Data Collection the following formula [35]. Where Nur refers to the
number of use-reports for a particular ailment
A systematic and extensive ethno veterinary medicine
category and Nt refers to the number of taxa used for
survey was carried out in Kalasapadi hills during Jan
aparticular ailment category by all informants. The
2015 to March 2016 following the standard protocols
product of this factor ranges from 0 to 1. A high value
for the collection of ethno- botanical data [31, 32].
(close to 1.0) indicates that relatively few taxa are
Ethno veterinary information and EVM importance of
used by a large proportion of the informants. A low
plants were collected from traditional healers, aged
value indicates that the informants disagree on the
persons, and farmers having familiarity and
taxa tobe used in the treatment within a category of
knowledge with plants by following standard methods
illness. Where Nur is the number of individual plant
such as personal interviews, discussions, and field
use reports for a particular illness category, and Nt is
observations through regular field visits to various
the total number of species used by all informants for
hamlets. The information on EVM was cross verified
this illness category. The fidelity level (FL) The
by the communication with traditional healers and
fidelity level (FL), the percentage of informants
other knowledgeable persons, elders, farmers,
claiming the use of a certain plant for the same major
livestock owners, informants residing in nearby area.
purpose, was calculated for the most frequently
The plants of EVM interest were identified and
reported and men, and among respondents[38]. The
verified with standard flora available [33, 34] and the
women learn from their mothers or fathers through
voucher specimens were deposited in Department of
routine observations while their fathers’ teach the
Botany, Periyar University, Salem. EVM plants
man, in addition to routine observations, since the
enumerated according to the ailments cured in
traditional knowledge in the family or community is
alphabetical sequence of the botanical name in each
passed from male parent to his first-born son [39].
ailment with vernacular name followed by family,
Categories of ailments and informant consensus factor
plant part used, mode of preparation, administration,
(FIC) for each category
and dosage required.
Where, Nur = number of use reports from informants
2.4 Data analysis
for a particular plant-use category; Nt = number of
The informant or respondent consensus factor (FIC) taxa or species that are used for that plant use
(Table. 3) was calculated to estimate user variability category for all informants.
of medicinal plants [35, 36]. FIC values range from
0.00 to 1.00. High FIC values are obtained when only Fic=
one or a few plant species are reported to be used by a
high proportion of informants to treat a particular
ailment, whereas low FIC values indicate that
informants disagree over which plant to use [35].
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2456
30
25
% 20
Ethnoveterinary 15
Species
10
5
0
Shrub Tree Herb Climber Prostrate
herb
Habit
Fig 2: Habit
Table 1: List of Disease and medicinal plants used by local Malayali Tribales in Kalasapadi hills
Dysenter Carmona retusa Boraginaceae Kurangu Shrub Leaf Paste butter 3 tender leaves
y with vethalai milk of each plant
blood Shrub Leaf are ground
(Ratha Cassia Fabaceae Avaram Paste butter together and
kalichal) auriculata Shrub Leaf milk paste into a
Lemon juice
Flueggea phyllanthacea Vara poola Paste butter and add to a
leucopyrus e milk butter milk is
given orally
twice a day for
3 or 4 days or
up to cure.
Asparagus Lillieaceae Thanner climber Root Paste - Root and leaf
rescemosus vettan tuber crused, in paste
khilangu from these are
Herb Leaf - externally
Evolvulus Convolvulace Ushnaganthi Paste applied on the
Mastitis alsinoides(linn) ae infected area.
(blood in
milk ) shrub Leaf -
Kleinia Asteraceae Nainaaku Paste Leaves and
grandiflora elai Curcuma longa
(Wall.ex) Herb Rhizo - (Fresh
Curcuma longa Zingiberacea Manjal me Paste rhizome) are
L., e crused, mixed
with Ricinus
communis oil
and are
externally used
to cure
Mastitis.
Cadaba Capparaceae Mullu shrub Leaf Paste Hot 3 tender
fruticosa ellamolagar water leaves of each
Fever (L.)Druce anai
(kunthu) Rutaceae Mullu shrub Leaf Hot plant are
Toddalia molagaranai water ground
asiatica Paste together and
(L.)Lam Asclepiadac Earukku Shrub Leaf Hot paste and add
water
eae Paste 5 pepper
Calotropis
(milagu) and
gigantea (L.)
(vellaipoondu
W.T.Aiton
)Allium
sativam at
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bearable heat
decoction is
administered
orally two or
three tumbler
for 1 or 2 days
in the
morning and
evening.
20-25 leaves
Parturit Grewia asiatica Tiliaceae Thadasa Tree Leaf Raw - are given the
ion maram feed orally at
- the time of
(Delivery Bauhnia Fabaceae Sitathi Tree Leaf Raw delivery which
problems recemosa regulates the
and proper
release elimination of
of placenta.
retained
placenta)
Achyranthes Amaranthace Nayuruvi Herb Whole Juice Slaked Slaked limes
aspera Linn. ae plant lime with Nayuruvi
leaf like juice
Dog bite are exteranally
applied on the
Calotropis Asclepiadace Vella Shrub Latex latex - infected area.
procera A. ae earukku
Tender twig
latex applies
for externally.
Borassus Areceae Panai Tree Leaf Juice Salt Borassus
flabellifer petiole flabellifer leaf
L. petiole and
Eye heating are
wounds taken in equal
due to amount of salt
stick pound and
injuries Ricinus Euphorbiacea Muthu Shrub Seed oil - juice is applied
(kuchi communis L e kottai externally as
kannil drops in eyes
kuthutha through white
l) cloth 2 or 3
times up to
cure.
Oil is applied
externally as
drops in eyes
through finger2
or 3 times up to
cure.
Decalepis Dioscoreacea Peru Climber Root Paste - Fresh root
hamiltonii e maviligam
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Fresh root
grain Fresh
root used as
fodder to
increase
lactation.
Cissus Vitaceae Perandai Climber Stem Paste Stem half
Feeding quadrangularis paste and
problem L.
(Theevan Herb Stem Paste Salt ordinary salt
Asclepiadac Kallu
am Caralluma eae Mulaiyan is applied in
utkollam umbellata tongue
ai) Haw. externally.
Andrographis Acanthaceae Periyananga Herb Leaf Decoct Hot
lineate Wall. i ion water
Snake Each three
bite Andrographis Hot plant dry power
paniculata(Bur Acanthaceae Herb Leaf Decoct water with Hot water
m.F.) Siriyanangai ion and
Hot administered
Aristolochia Aristolochiac Herb Leaf Decoct water orally
bracteolate eae Aaduthinda ion (sooranum) and
Lam. paalai 4 or 5 pepper
are taken
internally cure
snake bite.
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Evolvulus Convolvulace Uishnaganth climber Leaf paste Slaked Leaf paste and
Wounds alsinoides ae i lime (slaked lime)
and (Linn.) Verbenacea shrub Leaf paste Slaked applied
injuries Lantana e Uni mul lime on the Wound
camera.L part externally.
Coccinia indica Cucurbitacea Kovai kodi Climber Leaf Juice Salt
Yoke gal Wight&Arn. e Leaf juice and
(kaluthu salt applied
katti) Perularia Asclepiadace Veliparuthi climber Leaf Juice Salt On externally.
extensa ae
(jacq.)N.E.Br
Endostemon Lamiaceae Kaayapathin Herb Leaf Paste - Leaf grind
Cancer viscosus i well into paste
(puthu (Roth)M.R.Ash
kattigal) by Fabaceae Tree Root paste - mixed with
Aachaa Bark salt and apply
Hardwickia externally
binata Roxb Root bark
exudates are
applied
externally.
Animal Begonia Sp., Begonieaceae Orukai Herb Leaf Juice Water Cattles are
uniformt Peperomia Piperaceae thalai always in
y blanda (Jacq.) Herb Leaf juice Water groups the won
Sangalapoo disturbed other
ndu animals.
Mesmeri Mimosa Mimosaceae Thotta Herb Leaf Paste - Hole plant
sm pudica L. Sinungi crused and
(vasiyam Droseraceae Prostrate Whole Paste - mixed the
) herb plant coconut oil
Drosera Alukanni
apply the
burmannii vahl
animal.
Bone Albizia Fabaceae Kudumada Tree Bark Paste Egg(naa Albizia
fracture procera duri tukholi) procera or
(Ealumb Benth. Artocarpus
u Tree Paste
murivu)
Moraceae Bark hirsutus bark
Artocarpus Kattu Pala are grind well
hirsutus Lam. with egg
white yolk
and made into
solid paste
Paste is
applied
externally on
the area up to
cure.
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2456
16
14
12
Percentage of Species
10
8
6
4
2
0
Euphorbiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Solanaceae
Acanthaceae
Areceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asteraceae
Begonieaceae
Boraginaceae
Poaceae
Rutaceae
Tiliaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Zingiberaceae
Fabaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Lillieaceae
Capparaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Aristolochiace
Moraceae
Ebenaceae
Musaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Piperaceae
Amaranthaceae
Lamiaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Mimosaceae
Droseraceae
4% 2%
4% 8% 2% 2%
6%
4% 2%
4%
15%
45%
2%
Fruit Grains Root bark Root tuber Rhizome Leaf Leaf petiole
from the cup and extract oozing from the preparation about 500 g of Eleasine coracana .flour is added and
through the cloth is administered as drops in ears, mixed well while care must be taken to avoid the
eyes, and nostrils for three times in both sides. formation of any solid material. This preparation is
Finally, solid materialal remained in the cloth is boiled for 15 minutes until it becomes gel. This
administered orally. It is done in early hours or in the processed material is allowed to cool down and it is i
evening hours only. This entire process is called as directly applied at bearable heat on the sprain area and
“Nasiam vetuthal,” and it is continued for 22-3 days or left for 3 days without washing. It will be followed for
up to cure. In some health problems, the herbal 3 to 5 times at 3 days of interval. The same procedure
treatment is connected
nnected with spiritual aspects. For the can be followed to cure rheumatic swellings
swelling in human
processing of the herbal materials, they are using mud beings also. For the treatment of o the same disease,
pots only and during the preparation, they never keep Artocarpus hirsutus bark powder is also used instead
the utensils or medicinal plants directly in the ground. of E. coracana in another preparation.
preparation Apart from the
They hope that this practice may reduce the effica
efficacy various ill health problems, they are protecting their
of the drug. Some of the preparations are carried out mobile wealth through some general health
only in specific days such as Tuesdays, Sundays, or in management practices such as post-natal
pos care of
Amavasai (no moon days) and can be used after 6 animals, protection from ecto- ecto and endo-parasitic
months only. For the treatment of udder infections, laziness in feeding, low lactation problems,
inflammations, bloating, poison bites, and throat use of antiseptics, and care for insect bites. For the
swellings,
ngs, certain plants are used for the purpose of post-natal
natal care, they treat animals consecutively from
chanting sacred words to recover from ill health by 2 to 21 days after delivery. The details of plants used
holding the plant parts by the healers and this process for the treatment of various EV ailments, their
is known as “Paadam Poduthal”” (Chanting Manthra preparations, administration, and dosages are given in
to recover from ill health). In 1 L of boiled juice, (Table 2).
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
Percentage
10.00%
0.00%
preparation
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