CIVMATL Quiz 2 Reviewer 7.

Admixture that will enhance the property

desired
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY 8. Proper mixing, batching, and transport of
concrete
Concrete Composition of Concrete - Typical Proportions:
 Conglomerate material  W (6%) + C (14%) = (20%)
 Sand, gravel, or other aggregates  FA (30%) + CA (50%) = (80%)
 Held together by a hardened paste of Traditional Mix Proportioning
cement and water
 When properly proportioned and mixed,
makes a plastic mass that can be pre-cast
 Stone-like upon complete hydration
Reinforced Concrete Structures
 Buildings
o Special Moment Resisting Frames
o Dual Systems
 Mechanical Buildings
o Semi pre-cast
Advantages of Concrete (HHPECH)
 High durability Trend of Water-Cement Ratio
 High compressive strength
 Protection of reinforcements from corrosion
 Easy manufacturing, fabrication, and
application
 Cheaper compared to other construction
materials
 High fire rating
Disadvantages of Concrete (LSTHii)
 Low tensile strength
 Susceptible to cracking after seismic
occurrences or overloading
 Tendency to have bigger element sizes
 Heavy weight
o Increases gravity loads
o Increases seismic demands
Effective Concrete (SEWDD)
1. Strength CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (ACI 211.1)
2. Economy
3. Workability Concrete Mix Design
4. Durability  Intelligent guess of optimum combination
5. Density based on experience or relationships
Good Quality Concrete (AhAwMAHCAP) previously derived
1. Aggregates with high strength and  Requires knowledge of material properties,
soundness empirical relationships, and experience
2. Aggregates that are well-graded  Process to obtain satisfactory mix:
3. Maximum size of coarse aggregates
consistent with job requirements
4. Aggregates whose particle are well-shaped
5. High quality cement
6. Clean water
  Depends on strength requirement,
durability, workability, and quality of
finish
5. Required cement content
𝑊
𝐶=
𝑊/𝐶
6. Quality of coarse aggregates
 Percent of CA inside well
compacted concrete mix
7. Computation of required fine aggregate
8. Adjustments according to the moisture
content of aggregates

Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for

Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete (ACI
211.1)

Background Data 9. For laboratory trial mix, the volumes are

 Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates scaled down to 20 L or 0.02 m3
 Unit weight of coarse aggregates 10. Carry out a Trial Batch Test
 Specific gravity and absorption of  Check the water required – add
aggregates necessary water to obtain slump
 Specific gravity of cement and air content
 Water requirements for a given type of  Slump of the trial batch was
aggregates incorrect, increase or decrease the
 Relationship between strength and water- re-estimated water content by 2 kg
cement ratio per m3 of concrete for each
 Optimum combination of coarse aggregates increase or decrease of 10 mm in
Selection of Mix Proportion (Absolute Volume slump desired
Method) 11. * Re-estimate the amount of water for one
1. Choice of slump cu.m. of concrete to correct the yield
 Depends on structural specs
Alternative Procedure (Weight Basis Method) –
2. Choice of maximum size of aggregates
reference of approximation is the weight
 Depends on reqs to structural and
construction limitations, and market
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
availability
3. Estimate of mixing water and air content
NATURAL ASPHALT
 Quantity of water per unit volume of
 Formed when crude petroleum oil rose to the
concrete depends on the ff:
Earth’s surface and formed pools
o Max size, particle shape
o Heat from the sun and wind
and grading of aggregates
vaporize lighter oils and gases
o Concrete temperature
leaving heavy residue
o Amount of entrained air
 Largest existing natural asphalt pools:
o Chemical admixtures
o Bermudez Deposits, Venezuela
4. Selection of water-cement ratio
o Lake Trinidad, Venezuela
o La Brea Pits, Los Angeles
Lake Asphalts  Constituents are bitumen which occur in
 Lake deposits resulting from surface nature as such or as residue in refining
seepage in the bed of lake petroleum
 Excavated from lake bed Tar
 Refinement by heating it to 160˚C and  Brown or black cementitious material
vaporizing water then sieved to remove large  Liquid or semi-solid consistency
particles and organic matter  Constituents are bitumen obtained as a
Rock Asphalt condensate of coal or other organic material
 Impregnated in porous rock such as which yields substantial quantities of pitch
limestone or sandstone when distilled
 Limited commercial value due to its low Asphalt Tar
asphalt content (7-13%) Refining petroleum Refine coal
Gilsonite Readily soluble in most Resistant to petroleum-
 Hard, brittle, and relatively pure rock asphalt petroleum products based solvents
found in vertical rock seams Composed almost Has low bitumen
Since natural asphalt does not usually occur in vast entirely of bitumens content
quantities, majority of asphalt used is from petroleum
crude. ASPHALT MANUFACTURING
Fractionation
BITUMINOUS MATERIALS  Aka Fractional Distillation
Bitumen  Process of manufacturing of asphalt
 Class of dark or dark-colored (solid, semi-  Separates different hydrocarbons, with
solid, gaseous or viscous) cementitious different boiling points, that make up crude
substances, natural or manufactured, oil
obtained as residue after heat-refining
 Soluble in Carbon Disulfide
 Composed primarily of hydrocarbons
o Asphaltenes and petrolenes
Hydrocarbons
 Asphaltenes
o Constitute the body of bitumen
 Petrolenes
o Resins
 Affect adhesiveness and
ductility properties
o Oils Fraction of petroleum
 Influence viscosity and  Light distillate
flow o Gasoline – 100 to 400 ˚F
Adhesiveness and Ductility -> ideal material  Medium distillate
for highways o Kerosene – 375 to 575 ˚F
Oxidation  Heavy distillate
 Causes loss of adhesiveness and ductility of o Diesel Oil – 425 to 700 ˚F
asphalts  Very Heavy distillate
 Results to asphalts that are harder, less o Lubricating Oil – over 650 ˚F
ductile, and less adhesive  Residue: Asphalt Cement
 Results to creation of more asphaltenes at
the expense of resins ASPHALT CEMENT MODIFICATIONS
Asphalt Asphalt
 Dark brown to black cementitious material  Generally solid and hard at normal
 Solid or semi-solid in consistency temperatures which needs heating in order
 to be placed, handled, and distributed for
use.
 Can be turned into liquid at lower
temperature by:
o Mixing it with volatile oils
o Emulsifying it in water
 Modified Asphalt Cements:
o Cutbacks or Liquid Asphalt
o Blown Asphalt
o Emulsified Asphalt
Liquid Asphalt or Cutbacks
 Mixed with the volatile oils or solvents
o Volatile oils or solvents will
evaporate after the completion of
construction
 Purpose: to allow easy placement of the
asphalt product without the use of high
temperatures
 Due to inflated cost of petroleum and
environmental hazards, its use is now limited
Slow Curing (SC)
 Diluted with non volatile oils or oils with very
low volatility (diesel oil and lubricating oil)
Medium Curing (MC)
 Diluted with kerosene at boiling point range
Rapid Curing (RC)
 Diluted with gasoline or naphtha at boiling
point range
Blown Asphalt
 Manufactured by blowing air through an
asphalt stock
o Less ductile
o Less prone to temperature change
 For roofing materials, automobile
undercoatings, pipe coatings, crack and joint
sealers, and as undersealing asphalts to fill
cavities
Emulsified Asphalt
 Produced by dispersing asphalt in water
treated with an emulsifying agent or soap
o Separating asphalt cement into
minute globules
 Commonly used as patching material and on
less-trafficked service roads
 Less viscous, more workable, easier to work
with
PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT
Consistency
 Degree of fluidity or plasticity
o Viscosity – resistance to flow
 Decreases as temperature
increase
 Viscosity of asphalt during mixing and
spraying are of prime importance
Adhesion
 Ability to stick to aggregate particles
o Cohesion – ability to hold the
particles firmly in place
 It is important that the materials to be bound
together by these binders are clean, dry, and
free from dust
Ductility
 Ability to stretch without breaking
o Measure of both adhesion and
cohesion
 Poor ductility due to:
o Water or dust films preventing bond
between binder and aggregate
o Water penetration or other
contaminant liquids
Rate of Setting
 Rate of hardening or curing
 Faster setting creates harder asphalt and
slower setting creates softer results
Durability
 Resistance to weathering or aging
 Ability to withstand detrimental effects of
moisture, air, and temperature
Thixotropy
 Ability of stiff materials to be more fluid when
agitated or vibrated
USES OF ASPHALT
 Relatively cheap and available in large
quantities
 Durable and adhesive
 Highly workable at elevated temperature but
resistant to deformation at normal
temperature
 Prevents water penetration
 Prevents erosion by water and wave action
Paving Material
 Supply the desired riding and nonskid
properties to the road
 Protect the less durable base materials from
damage
 Prevents water penetration
Waterproofing Coating
 Paint treatment of materials
  Seals capillaries so water and water vapor
are prevented from moving through the
material
 Painted on to parts susceptible to corrode
from weather and other sources
Tanking
 Describes the provision of an impervious
layer in the floors and walls of basements
 Generally consists of 3 layers up to 30 mm
for floors and 20 mm for walls
Flat Roof Lining
 Waterproofing and erosion-resisting
 Has to be durable, tough, capable of
following of any movements in the
supporting soil without tearing
Upstream Carpet on Rockfill Dams
 For watertight embankments
Expansion and Contraction Joints
 Adhesive and flexibility properties allows for
expansion and contraction without moisture
penetration
Roof shingles
 To increase weathering resistance
LABORATORY TESTS ON BITUMEN
1. Bitumen Content (ASTM D2172)
- Centrifuge Extractor
2. Ductility of Bitumen (ASTM D113)
- Bitumen Ductility Apparatus
3. Penetration of Bitumen (ASTM D5)
- Standard Penetrometer
4. Specific Gravity of Bitumen (ASTM D70)
- Pycnometer
5. Softening Point of Bitumen (ASTM D36)
- Softening Point Apparatus
6. Flash and Fire Point of Bitumen (ASTM D92)
- Flash Point and Fire Point Apparatus
7. Marshall Stability of Bituminous Mixture (ASTM
D1559)
- Marshall Stability Apparatus
ASPHALT CONCRETE
 Composite material of asphalt binder and
mineral aggregate mixed together then laid
down in layers and compacted
 Used mostly in road construction
 Mixed in a Batch plant or Drum plant
 Also referred to as Blacktop or Tarmac
METHOD OF MIXING
 Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC or HMA)
 Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete (WMA)
 Cold Mix Asphalt Concrete
o Emulsifying in water with soap
 Cut-back Asphalt Concrete
o Dissolving in lighter oils or solvents
 Mastic Asphalt Concrete
o Heating hard grade blown asphalt
PAVEMENT STRUCTURE
PAVEMENT ELEMENTS
Sub-grade
 Foundation soil or a layer of stabilized soil
on which the road is supported
 Prepared or natural state
Sub-base
 Layer of granular material
 Purpose:
o To insulate the pavement from sub-
grade likely to contaminate it
o To provide a good clean surface for
construction
o To increase total depth of pavement
Base
 Main structural element in the pavement
 To spread the concentrated loads from traffic
onto an area of the sub-grade large enough
to sustain the loads
 Usually consists of graded aggregates
Base-course
 Made out of lower quality aggregates of
larger size with low viscosity asphalt
 About twice as thick as wearing course
Wearing course
 Most expensive and highest quality of
materials contained in pavement
 Should ideally be stiff, stable, very durable,
with good skid resistance
Hot-rolled asphalt concrete
  Heavy-duty dense road surfacing Chip Seal
 For city streets and heavily trafficked roads  Light spray of asphalt with rock chips or
 Machine-laid, very durable, almost screenings
completely impermeable, with few voids
 Requires good non-flexible support ASPHALT CONCRETE PLACEMENT
 May contain coarse aggregates or just Asphalt Paver
asphaltic mortar  Spreads mixture in a uniform layer of desired
thickness and shape
PAVEMENT STRUCTURE  Finishes the layer to the desired elevation and
cross section, ready for compaction

Placement by Hand
ASPHALT IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION  Must be done very carefully and distributed
Asphalt Concrete uniformly to prevent segregation
 Highways, streets, parking lots, driveways  Deposited using shovels or wheelbarrows
Penetration Treatment into small piles and spread with asphalt rakes
 Spray application of liquid asphalt on or wide-blade lutes
untreated granular roadway to form light duty
wearing course COMPACTION BY ROLLERS
Dust Palliative Three phases:
 Light application of asphalt to bind fine Breakdown rolling
surface particles together to minimize their  Compacts the material beyond that imparted
displacement by wind or traffic by the paver to obtain practical density
Prime Coat Intermediate rolling
 Spray of low viscosity asphalt on an  Densifies and seals the surface
untreated base before pavement Finish rolling
construction  Removes roller marks and other blemishes
 Provides as transition from granular base to left from previous rolling
asphalt pavement
Tack Coat
 Light spray of asphalt on an existing paved
surface for bond between two pavement
courses
Fog Seal
 Light spray of emulsified asphalt
 Enrich the surface of a dried-out pavement
 Seal small cracks of old pavements
Slurry Seal
 Mixture of emulsified asphalt, fine aggregate,
and mineral filler to produce slurry
consistency
 Used to fill in bigger cracks of old pavements
Sand Seal
 Light spray of asphalt with a cover of sand

ASPHALT REPAR
Pothole Permanent Repair:
1. Untreated pothole
2. Surface and base removed for firm support
3. Tack coat applied
4. Full-depth asphalt mixture placed and
compacted
5. Finish patch compacted to level of
surrounding pavement
ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES
Stability
 Resistance to distortion or displacement
under sustained or repeated loading
especially at high temperatures
Workability
 Ability to be placed and compacted with
reasonable effort and without segregation of
coarse aggregates
Skid Resistance
 Resistance to skidding of vehicle tire, proper
traction in wet or dry conditions
Durability
 Resistance to disintegration due to the
detrimental effects of traffic, water, air and
temperature changes
Flexibility
 Ability to bend without cracking and to
conform to variations of the underlying base
Permeability
 Porosity or perviousness of the element
FACTORS AFFECTING PROPERTIES
Stability
 Affected by the grading and interlocking of
aggregates
 Affected by the shape and texture of
aggregates (angular, round, soft)
Workability
 Depends on the amount of asphalt
Skid Resistance
 Depends on the amount of surface area or
roughness that aggregates provide
 Depends on the aggregate polishing
 Asphalt bleeding reduces skid resistance
Durability
 Asphalt must coat aggregates and fill all voids
within to avoid stripping and oxidation
 Maximizing durability compromises stability
and skid resistance
o Thick coating reduces aggregate
interlock
o Thick coating results to bleeding of
asphalt
Flexibility
 Depends on viscosity and temperature
susceptibility of asphalt
 Increasing amount of binder increases
flexibility
Permeability
 Depends on aggregate grading
UNDESIRABLE PROPERTIES
Stripping
 Separation of asphalt cement from aggregate
due to water permeating in between
constituents
Bleeding
 Migration of asphalt cement to the surface
from placing and application of wheel loads
Fatigue Cracking
 Cracking resulting from repeated flexure of
the asphalt due to traffic loads and loss of
ductility
Thermal Cracking
 Cracking resulting from inability of asphalt to
acclimate to sudden drops in temperature
MIX DESIGN OF ASPHALT
Mix Design Basics
 Right grade of asphalt cement
 Right type of aggregate
 Right mix proportions
Marshall Mix Design (Bruce Marshall)
1. Aggregate selection
2. Asphalt binder selection
3. Sample preparation (5 diff. asphalt contents)
4. Stability, density, and void analysis
5. Optimum asphalt binder content selection
(max density, max stability, % air voids)

RECYCYLING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

Advantages of recycling RAP:
1. Economic savings of about 25% in materials
2. Energy saving in manufacturing and
transporting
3. Environmental savings
4. Eliminate reconstruction of utility structures
5. Reducing dead load on bridges
6. Maintaining tunnel clearance
Surface recycling, central plant recycling, in-place
recycling