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  • Astm A388

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    Luis Testa
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    Astm A388

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    Astm A388

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    305 visualizações6 páginas

    Astm A388

    Enviado por

    Luis Testa
    Astm A388

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    SASWSA-388M ARTICLE 23 ULTRASONIC STANDARDS SA.IHWSA-388M STANDARD PRACTICE FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF HEAVY STEEL FORGINGS SA-388/SA-388M ailb (Identical with ASTM Specitcation A 388/A 388-86) 1. Scope 1.1 This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques, 1.2 This practice isto be used whenever the inguiry, contract, ordet, oF specification states that forgings are fo be subject Io ullasonic examination in acvordance with ASTM Practice A 388 1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Within the text, the Sl units are shown in brackets. The valucs stated jn cach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, cach system must be used independently ofthe other Combining values fom the two systems may resull in ronconfarmance with the specification, 14 This specification and the applicable. material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units, However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M" specification designation (SI units), the ‘material shall be Furnished to inch-pound units, 18 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not ‘purport to address all ofthe safety problems associated With Us use. It is the responsibility of the user of this Standard 10 establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory imitations prior 10 se. 2. Referenced Documents 24 ASTM Standards: E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Charactris- ties of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use of Blectronie Measurement Instruments 428 Recommended Practice for Fabrication and Control fof Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ulrasonic In: spection 22 Other Documents: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Recon mended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Quali- fication and Certification SNT-IC-LA, Supplement (C—Utrasonie Testing ‘American National Standard, ANSI B46.1, Surface Texture 3. Ordering Information 43.1 When this practice is to be applied to an inquiry, contract, or order, the purchaser shall so stat and shall also furnish the following information 3.11 Method of establishing the sensitivity in secordance with 7.2.2 and 7.33 (Vee of rectangular notch 3.14141 The diameter and test metal distance of the flat-bottom hole end the material of the reference block in accordance with 7.2.22 SASWSA-388M 3.1.2 Quality level forthe entire forging or portions ‘thereof in eccordance with 10.3, and 3.1.3 Any options in aveordance with 6.1, 62, and 7.1.10, Apparatus A An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instument shall be used for this examination. The system shall have a minimum capability for examining at Sequencies from | to 5 Milz. On examining austenitic stainless forgings the system shall have the capabilities for ‘examining at frequencies down to 04 MHz 4.141 The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear presentation (within 5%) for atleast 75% of the sereen Inight (sweep line to top of screen). The 5% linearity refered to is descriptive of the sereen presentation cof amplitude. Instrument linearity shall be verified in accordance with the intent of Recommended Practice E317. Any set of blocks processed in accordance with Recommended Practices E 317 or E 428 may be used to establish the specified 5% instrument linearity. 4412 The electronic apparatus shall contain an atenuator accurate over its useful range to =10% (EI dB) of the amplitude ratio) which will allow ‘measurement of indications beyond the linear range of the instrument 4.2 Search Unis having a ransducer with a maximum active aoa of 1 in? (650 mie?) with 2/4 i, [20 mm] ‘minimum to 1/y in. [30 mm) maximum dimensions shall be used for straight beam scanning (see 7.2); and search units equipped from '/, by I in, [13 by 25, rim] to I by 1 in, (25 by 25 mm] shall be used for angle-beam scanning (eee 73) 42.1 Transducers shall be utilized at their rated frequencies. 2 Other search units may be used for evaluating od pinpointing indications 43 Couplanis having good wetting characteristics such as SAE No. 20 of No, 30 motor oil, glycerin, pine oil, or water shall be used. Couplants may not be comparable to one another and the same couplant shall he used for calibration and examination 44 Reference Blocks containing flat-botom holes may be used for calibration of equipment in aevordanee with 41.1 and may be used to establish recording levels for straight-beam examination when so specified by the order or comiact, 1998 SECTION Vv 306 SA.IHWSA-388M 5. Personnel Requirements 5.1 Personnel performing ultrasonic examinations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-IA, Supplement C — Ulirasonic Testing. 6. Preparation of Forging for Ultrasonic Examination 6.1 Unless otherwise specified in the order or contract, te forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of rou orgings the ends of forgings shall be machined perpen- dicular to the axis ofthe forging forthe axial exami sion, Faces of isk and rectangular forgings shall be nachined fat and parallel to one another 6.2 The surface roughness of exterior finishes shall not exceed 250 jin. (6 jam] unless otherwise shown fon the forging drawing or stated in the order or the 663 The surfaces of te forging to be examined shall be free of extraneous material such as loose scale, paint, din, ete 7. Procedure 1A General TAL_As far as practicable, subject the entre volume of the forging to ultrasonic examination, Be- cause of radii at change of sections and other local configurations, it may be impossible to examine some sections of a forging 17.4.2 Perform the ultrasonic examination after heat treatment for mechanical properties (exclusive of sress- relief teatments) but prior t rilling holes, cutting eyways, tapers, grooves, or machining sections to contour. Ifthe configuration of the forging required for treatment for mechanical properties prohibits a subsequent complete examination of the forging, it shall be permissible to examine prior to treatment for ‘mechanical properties. In such cases, reexamine the forging uizasonically as completely as possible aRer heat treatment 7.13 To assure complete coverage of the forging volume, index the seatch unit with a least 15% overlap with each pas. 714 Do not exceed a seanning rate of 6 in./s [150 mm/s} SASWSA-388M ARTICLE 23 748 If possible, scan all sections of forgings in ‘wo perpendicular directions, 7.4.6 Scan disk forgings using a straight beam fiom at least one at face and radially from the circumference, whenever practicable AT Scan cylindriea! sections and hollow forgings radially using a straght-beam technique. When practica- bie, also examine the forging in the axial direction, TAS In addition, examine hollow forgings. by angle-beam technique ffom the ouside diameter surface fs required in 7.3.1. 7.19 In rechecking of reevaluation by manufacturer ‘or purchaser use comparable equipment, seach unis, frequency, and couplant 7.1.10 Forgings may be examined either stationary ‘or while rotating in alate or on rollers, IFnot specified by the purchaser, either method may be used at the manufacturers option. 12 Siraight-Beam Examination 7.2.4 For sirsight-beam examination use a nominal 2'ieeMllz search unit wherever practicable; however, | MHz is the preferred frequency for coarse grained austenitie materials and long testing distances. In many instances on examining coarse grained austenitic materi- als it may be necessary to use a frequency of 0.4 Miz. Other frequencies may be used if desirable for better resolution, penetrability, or detectability of laws, 7.2.2 Establish the instrument sensitivity by ether the back reflection or reference-block technique 122A Back-Relection Technique (Back-Reflec- tion Calibration Applicable to Forgings with Parallel Entry and Back Surfaces) — With the attenuator set a an appropriate level, for example 5 to | or 14 dB, adjust the instrument controls to obiin a back reflection approximately 75% of the fullscreen height from the ‘opposite side of the forging. Sean the forging at the ‘maximum amplification setting ofthe attenuator (atenu- aor set at Ito 1). Carry out the evaluation of discontina- ites with the gain control set at the reference level. Recalfbration is required for significant changes in section thickness of diameter. [NOTE | — High sens lesele ae nately employe when ‘napecting aes seel forgings, de fo atends Hpk vel of ‘oe or hash aud y cose pines 12.22 Reference-Block Calibration — The test surface roughness on the calibration standard shall be ‘comparable fo but no better than the item to be exam~ ULTRASONIC STANDARDS. SA.IHWSA-388M fined. Adjust the instrument controls to obtain the re- quired signal amplitude from the flat-bottom hole in the specified reference block. Usilize the attenuator in order to set up on amplitudes larger than the vertical linearity of the instrument. In those cases, remove the sitenvation prior to scanning the forging [NOTE 2 — When t-srtond fees lok clan iapecid, ‘the arpa of etn fm reference ck Sask {S"compenate for stemion siice cae an example He scam Append AD 123 Recalibration — Any change in the search unit, couplant, instrument setting, or scanning speed from that used for calibration shall requir recalibration, Perform a calibration check at least once every 8h shif. When a loss of 15% or greater in the gain level is indicated, reestablish the required calibration and reexamine all of the material examined inthe preceding calibration period, When an increase of 15% of greater fn the goin level is indicated, reevaluate all recorded indications, 7.24 During the examination of the forging, moni- tor the back reflection for any significant reduction in amplitude, Reduction in back-teflection amplitude may indicate not only the presence of a discontinuity but also poor coupling of the search unit with the surface of the forging, nonparallel back-refcction surface, or local variations of attenuation in the forging, Recheck any areas causing loss of back reflection 173 Angle-Beam Examination Forgings: Rings and Hollow ‘731 Perform the examination from the cicumfer= fence of rings and hollow forgings that have an axial Tength greater than 2 in, [50 mm] and an outside to inside diameter rato of lest that 20 t0 1 732 Use @ | Milz, 45° angle-beam search unit unless thickness, OD/ID ratio, or other geometric con figuration results in flue to achieve calibration, Oxher Arequencies may be used if desirable for better resolu- tion, penetrability, or detectability of flaws. For angle- beam inspection of hollow forgings up t 2.0 to 1 ratio, provide the twansdueer with a wedge or shoe tht will result in die beam mode and angle required by the size and shape of the cross section under examination, 733 Calibrate the instrument for the angle-beam ‘examination o obtsin an indication amplitude of approx- mately 75% full-screen height ffom a rectangular or 60° V-notch on inside diameter (ID) in the axial iretion and parallel to the axis of the forging. A separate calibration standard may be used; however, it SASWSA-388M shall have the same nominal composition, heat teat- ‘ment, and thickness as the forging it represents. The {est surface finish on the calibration standard shall be ‘comparable but no beter than the ites to be examined, ‘Where a group of identical forgings is made, one of ‘hese forgings may be used as the separate calibration standard. Cut the ID notch depth to 3% maximum of the thickness or "Yin [6 mm, whichever i sm and its length approximately 1 in, [25 mm. Thickness is defined asthe thickness of the forging tobe examined at the time of examination. At the same instrument setting obiain a reflection from a similar OD notch, Draw a line through the peaks of the first reflections ‘obtained from the ID and OD notches. This shall be ‘the amplitude reference line. It is preferable to have ‘the notches in excess metal or tst metal when possible, ‘When the OD notch cannot be detected when examining the OD surface, perform the examination, when practica- Die (some ID's may be to small o permit examination), 4s indicated above from both the OD and ID surfaces uslizing the ID notch when inspecting from the OD, and the OD notch when inspecting from the ID. Curve wedges or shoes may be used when necessary and practicable 734 Perform the examination by scanning over the catise surface aree circumfereatially in both the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions from the OD surface. Examine forgings, which cannot be examined axially using a straight beam, in both axial directions ‘with an angle-beam search nit, For axial scanning, use rectangular of 601 deg. V-notehes on the ID and ‘OD forthe calibration. These notches shall be perpenic- ‘lar tothe axis ofthe forging and the same dimensions a8 the axial notch, 8. Recording 8.1 Siraight-Beam Examination — Record the follow- ing indications as information for the purchaser. These recordable indications do not constitute a rejectable condition unless negotiated as such in the purchase order. .141 In the back-reflection teclnigue, individual indications equal to or exceeding 10% of the back reflection from an adjacent area fee from indiations; in the reference-block technique, indications equal to cor exceeding 100% of the reference amplitude. 8.1.2 An indication that is continuous on the same plane regardless of amplitude, and found over an azea larger than twice the diameter of the search unit, The 1998 SECTION Vv 08 SA.IHWSA-388M ‘extent of such an indication shall be accurtely measured along with variations in amplitudes of reflections. 8.1.2.1 Planar indications shall be considered continuous over a plane if they have a major axis jreatr than Tin. (25 mm), In recording these indications worrections must be mae for beam divergence atthe cstimated Baw depth 8.1. In the back-eflection technique, discontinuity indications equal to or exceeding 5% of the back reflection. Inthe eference- block technique, indications equal to oF exceeding 50% of the reference amplitude providing that they travel, are continuous, or appear fs clusters 8.1.3.1 Traveling indications are herein defined 1s indications whose leading edge moves a distance fquivalent to 1 in, (25 mm) or more of metal depth with movement of the search unit over the surface of tbe forging. B32 A clustr of indications is defined as five or more indications located ina volume representing 22 in [50 mm] or smaller cube in the forging 8.1.4 Reduction in back reflection exceeding 20% fof the original measured in increments of 10%. 8.1.5 Amplitudes of recordable indications in inere- sents of 10%. 8.2 Angle-Beam Examination — Record discontinuity indications equal to or exceeding 50% of the indication from the reference line. When an amplitude reference Jine cannot be generated, record discontinuity indications equal t or exceeding 50% of the reference notch. These recordable indications do ot constitute a rejectable condition unless negotiated as such in the purchase order 9. Report 9.1 The report shall inelude the following: 9.141 All recordable indications (see Section 8), 9.1.2 For the purpose of reporting the locations of recordable indications, a sketch shall be prepared showing the physical outine of the forging including

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