Remember basic closed loop amplifier: An op-amp with negative feedback (a non-inverting amplifier)

 When an op-amp operates in linear (i.e., not saturated) mode, the difference in voltage
between the non-inverting (+) pin and the inverting (−) pin is negligibly small.
 The input impedance between (+) and (−) pins is much larger than other resistances in the
circuit.
The input signal Vin appears at both (+) and From picture
(−) pins, resulting in a current i through Rg
equal to Vin/Rg

𝑉in
𝑖=
𝑅𝑔

Since Kirchhoff's current law states that the

same current must leave a node as enter it, and
since the impedance into the (−) pin is near So
infinity, we can assume practically all of the 𝑉𝐼
same current i flows through Rf, creating an 𝑖𝐿 =
𝑅2
output voltage
Then
𝑉out = 𝑉in + 𝑖 × 𝑅f
𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑖𝐿 × 𝑅𝐿
𝑉in
𝑉out = 𝑉in + ( × 𝑅f ) 𝑉𝐼
𝑅𝑔 𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼 + ( × 𝑅𝐿 )
𝑅2
𝑅f You can
𝑉out = 𝑉in (1 + ) 𝑅𝐿 ignore this
𝑅𝑔 𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼 (1 + )
𝑅2 part (^_^)
By combining terms, :-D
In which
we determine the closed-loop gain

𝐴closed−loop =
𝑉out
𝐴closed−loop =
𝑉Ag
𝑉𝐼

𝑉in 𝑅𝐿
𝐴CL = 1 +
𝑅f 𝑅2
𝐴CL = 1 +
𝑅𝑔

Negative-feedback applications : Non-inverting amplifier

In a non-inverting amplifier, the output voltage changes in the same direction as the input voltage.

The gain equation for the op-amp

𝑉out = 𝐴OL (𝑉+ − 𝑉− )

However, in this circuit V− is a function of Vout because of the negative feedback through the R1 R2
network. R1 and R2 form a voltage divider, and as V− is a high-impedance input, it does not load it
appreciably.

𝑉− = 𝛽 . 𝑉out Consider this picture

Where
𝑅1
𝛽=
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Substituting this into the gain equation, we
obtain
𝑉− = 𝛽 . 𝑉Ag
𝑉out = 𝐴OL (𝑉in − 𝛽 . 𝑉out )
Where
Move 𝛽 . 𝑉out to the left
𝑅2
𝛽=
𝑉out + 𝐴OL . 𝛽 . 𝑉out = 𝐴OL . 𝑉in 𝑅2 + 𝑅𝐿

Divide by 𝐴OL then And

𝑉out 𝑉Ag = 𝐴OL (𝑉𝐼 − 𝛽 . 𝑉Ag )
+ 𝛽 . 𝑉out = 𝑉in
𝐴OL
Then
So
𝑉Ag
+ 𝛽 . 𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼
𝐴OL
1
𝑉out = 𝑉in ( ) So
1
𝛽+
𝐴OL
If 𝐴OL is very large 1
𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼 ( )
1
𝑉in 𝛽+𝐴
𝑉out ≈ OL
𝛽
If 𝐴OL approaches infinity we get
𝑉in
𝑉out = 𝑉𝐼
𝑅1 𝑉Ag ≈
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝛽
𝑅2 𝑉in
𝑉out = 𝑉in (1 + ) 𝑉Ag =
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝐿
Remember 𝑉out = 𝑉in + 𝑖 × 𝑅2 so
𝑅𝐿
𝑅2 𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼 (1 + )
𝑅2
𝑖 × 𝑅2 = 𝑉in
𝑅1
Remember 𝑉Ag = 𝑉𝐼 + 𝑖𝐿 × 𝑅𝐿 so
𝑉in
𝑖= 𝑅𝐿
𝑅1 𝑖𝐿 × 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑉𝐼
𝑅2
𝑽𝑰
𝑖𝐿 = independent of RL
𝑹𝟐