LESSON 4: READING STRATEGIES

Learning Objectives:
By the end of the lesson the learners will be able to:
a. Achieve Reading Awareness
b. Apply reading strategies
c. Develop Vocabulary: Prefix, Roots and Suffix, Part of
Speech, and Conjunctions; apply reading strategies
d. Understand Academic Terminology
e. Understand Public Administration Terminology
f. Understand Governance Terminology
g. Do reading ECSCS test

A. READING AWARENESS

READING: How do you read?

What kind of reader are you? Complete the quiz. Discuss your answers with a partner.

The reading quiz

1. I like to read .. .. ..
a. at a desk or table
b. in a comfortable place
c. on a journey
d. Anywhere

2. I Read slowly and carefully.

a. always
b. usually
c. sometimes
d. Never

3. When I read something in English …. ..

a. I check every new word in a dictionary
b. I check a few of the new words.
c. I just read and try to understand
d. I only look at the pictures and the headings
How do you read?

Ways of Reading Description Example

Skimming  Sometimes we read  newspaper article
quickly.
 a report
 We just want to get the
general idea.  a book in a bookshop

 Perhaps we want to know

what it is about, or if it is
interesting or important
Example:
Scanning  We also read quickly to get  Get information of a date, a
a particular piece of telephone number, or the
information name of a restaurant

 We scan timetables,
telephone directories,
dictionaries, and web pages
Example:
Intensive reading or  At other times we need to  text book, an article, or a
Study reading read more carefully to report
understand everything
 a mathematical equation
 read slowly and check the
meaning. We use our  a poem
dictionaries a lot to help us.

 Perhaps we take notes and

try to remember things.

 Sometimes we need to
learn things by heart
Example:
Yesterday I saw the new patient hurrying along the corridor. He seemed very upset, so I did
not follow him, just called do him gently. Perhaps later he will feel better, and I will be able
to talk to him.

1. What is the problem described here?

2. Is this event taking place indoors or outside?
3. Did the writer try to get near the patient?
4. What do you think she said when she called to him?
5. What might the job of the writer be?
6. Why do you think she wants to talk to the patient?
QUIZ
Reading Study Skill
Match situations 1 – 3 with ways of reading a – c

Skimming Scanning Study Reading

Situations ways of reading

1. reading a chapter of a physics textbook to understand a topic
2. looking for a room number on an exam timetable
3. choosing an interesting book to read

B. DEVELOP VOCABULARY: PREFIX, ROOTS AND SUFFIX, PART OF SPEECH,

AND CONJUNCTIONS

WARM-UP ACTIVITY

Match the following words with the definition and examples below:

Prefix Roots Suffix

Terms Definition Example

A letter attached in the beginning of word or words that Amoral,
indicates its meaning antibody,
autopilot

a word or word part from which other words grow Manual, export,
evacuate

a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of Delicacy,

a word to form a new word or to change regulate, musical
the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the
original word

PREFIX

a prefix => could change the same word in different ways.

For example, You could make a cycle a unicycle, a bicycle, or a tricycle.
(Marcie Aboff and Sara Gray, If You Were a Prefix. Picture Window Books, 2008)
 A prefix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word (or word root) that
partly indicates its meaning. For example, the word prefix itself begins with the prefix pre-,
which generally means "before" or "in front of."
Many of today's English words contain prefixes from Greek or Latin. Understanding the
meanings of the most common prefixes can help us deduce the meanings of new words that we
run across in our reading.
Still, we do need to be careful: the same prefix may be spelled in more than one way (pre-
and pro-, for instance), and some prefixes (such as in-) have more than one meaning (in this
case, "not" and "into"). Even so, being able to recognize prefixes can help us build
our vocabularies
COMMON PREFIXES
Prefix Meaning Examples
a-, an- without, lack of, not amoral, acellular, abyss, achromatic, anhydrous
ante- before, earlier, in front of antecedent, antedate, antemeridian, anterior
anti- against, opposite of anticlimax. antiaircraft, antiseptic, antibody
auto- self, same autopilot, autobiography, automobile, autofocus
circum- around, about circumvent, circumnavigate, circumscribe
co- with, together copilot, coworker, coexist, coauthor
com-, con- together, with companion, commingle, contact, concentrate
contra-, contro- against, opposite contradict, contrast, contrary, controversy
de- down, off, away from devalue, deactivate, debug, degrade, deduce
dis- not, apart, away disappear, disagreeable, disbar, dissect
en- put into, cover with enclose, entangle, enslave, encase
ex- out of, from, former extract, exhale, excavate, ex-president
extra- beyond, outside, more than extracurricular, extramarital, extravagant
hetero- different, other heterosexual, heterodox, heterogeneous
homo-, homeo- same, alike homonym, homophone, homeostasis, homosexual
hyper- over, more, beyond hyperactive, hypersensitive, hypercritical
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, immoral, inconsiderate, irresponsible
in- in, into insert, inspection, infiltrate
inter- between, among intersect, interstellar, intervene, interpenetrate
intra-, intro- within, inside intravenous, intragalactic, introvert
macro- large, prominent macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosm
micro- very small microscope, microcosm, microbe
mono- one, single, alone monocle, monologue, monogamy, monotony
non- not, without nonentity, nonaggressive,
nonessential, nonfiction
omni- all, every omniscient, omnivorous, omniscient,
omnidirectional
post- after, behind postmortem, posterior, postscript, postoperative
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, predict, project, prologue
sub- under, lower submarine, subsidiary, substandard
sym-, syn- same time, together symmetry, symposium, synchronize, synapse
trans- across, beyond, through transmit, transaction, translation, transfer
tri- three, every third tricycle, trimester, triangle, triathlon
un- not, lacking, opposite of unfinished, unskilled, ungraceful, unfriendly
uni- one, single unicorn, unicellular, unicycle, unilateral

EXERCISE
Add prefix to the words below:
Roots Prefix + words
cellular
Pilot
Responsible
Appear
Active
standard
curricular
active
fiction
friendly

ROOTS
The root is the heart of the word, the element from which other words may be constructed. ...
What are the roots of these words: running, unlivable, happiness? Did you say run, live,
and happy? These roots are called free morphemes. When you strip off the affixes, what is left
(with slight spelling modifications) are words that can exist on their own.*

In English grammar, a root is a word or word part from which other words grow, usually
through the addition of prefixes and suffixes.

The root of the word vocabulary, for example, is voc, a Latin root meaning "word" or "name."
This root also appears in the words advocacy, convocation, evocative, vocal,
vociferous, and vowel.

Understanding the meanings of the common word roots can help us deduce the meanings of
new words that we encounter. But be careful: root words can have more than one meaning and
various shades of meaning. In addition, words that look similar may derive from different roots.
So when you meet up with a new word, be sure to rely on a dictionary to check its definition.

The table below defines and illustrates 30 of the most common Greek and Latin roots. (The
letter in parentheses indicates whether the root word is Greek (G) or Latin (L).)

ROOT WORDS IN ENGLISH

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLES

-ast(er)-(G) star asteroid, astronomy, astronaut, asterisk
-audi- (L) hear audible, audience, auditory, auditorium
-auto- (G) self automatic, automate, autobiography, autograph
 -bene- (L) good benefit, benign, benefactor, benevolent
-bio- (G) life biography, biology, biodegradable, symbiotic
-chrono- (G) time chronic, synchronize, chronicle, chronology
-dict- (L) say dictate, diction, edict, dictionary, addict
-duc- (L) lead, make deduce, produce, educator, conducive
-gen- (L) give birth gene, generate, generous, generation
-geo- (G) earth geography, geology, geometry, geopolitics
-graph- (G) write autograph, graphic, epigraph, demographic
-jur-, -jus- (L) law jury, justice, adjure, conjurer, justification
-log-, -logue- (L) thought logic, obloquy, apology, dialogue, analogy
-luc-, -lum- (L) light lucid, translucent, illuminate, elucidate
-man(u)- (L) hand manual, manure, manicure, manipulate
-mand-, -mend- (L) order demand, recommend, remand, mandatory
-mis-, -mit- (L) send missile, transmission, emit, submit, permit
-omni- (L) all omnivorous, omnipotence, omniscient
-path- (G) feel empathy, pathetic, apathy, pathos, antipathy
-phil- (G) love philosophy, bibliophile, philanthropy
-phon- (G) sound phonics, telephone, euphony, microphone
-photo- (G) light photograph, photon, photocopy, photogenic
-port- (L) carry export, portable, rapport, deport, important
-qui(t)- (L) quiet, rest acquit, tranquil, requiem, quiescent
-scrib-, -script- (L) write ascribe, script, describe, transcribe, proscribe
-sens-, -sent- (L) feel resent, sensitive, sentence, sentient
-tele- (G) far off telecast, telephone, telekinesis, telepathy
-terr- (L) earth terrain, territory, extraterrestrial, terrace
-vac- (L) empty evacuate, vacate, vacancy, vacuous
-vid-, -vis- (L) see visible, video, envisage, invisible, revision

EXERCISE
Find the roots of the words below:
Words Root
auditorium
biography
mandatory
microphone
 transmission
Telepathy
dictionary
Terrace
Export
Benefit

SUFFIX
A suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to
change the grammatical function (or part of speech) of the original word. For example,
the verb read is made into the noun reader by adding the suffix -er. Similarly, read is made
into the adjective readable by adding the suffix -able.
Understanding the meanings of the common suffixes can help you figure out the meanings of
new words you encounter.
But as you work on building your vocabulary, you should keep a few points in mind:
 In some cases, the spelling of a root or base word changes when a suffix is added. For
example, in words ending in y preceded by a consonant (such as the noun beauty and
the adjective ugly), the y may change to an i when a suffix is added (as in the
adjective beautiful and the noun ugliness). Also, in words ending in silent -e (such
as use and adore), the final -e may be dropped before a suffix that begins with
a vowel (as in usable and adorable). As with all spelling rules, there are exceptions of
course.

 Not all suffixes can be added to all roots. For example, the adjective beautiful is formed
by adding the suffix -ful to the noun beauty, and the noun ugliness is formed by adding
the suffix -ness to the adjective ugly. But you won't find *ugliful in your dictionary—
or in standard English. (Throughout this website, an asterisk in front of a construction
shows that it's considered non standard or ungrammatical.)

 A suffix may have more than one meaning. With adjectives and adverbs, for instance,
the -er suffix usually conveys the comparative meaning of "more" (as in the
adjectives kinder and longer). But in some cases the -er ending can also refer to
someone who performs a particular action (such as a dancer or builder) or to someone
who lives in a particular place (such as a New Yorker or a Dubliner).

Don't be put off by these variations, qualifications, and exceptions. Just think of these common
suffixes as clues to the meanings of words. As in a detective story, sometimes the clues are
clear and fairly obvious. Other times they can be puzzling or misleading. In any case, keep in
mind that the meanings of words are best determined by studying the contexts in which they
are used as well as the parts of the words themselves.

COMMON SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH

 Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy
-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal
-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence, assurance
-dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom, boredom
-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator
-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, scepticism
-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
-ment condition of argument, endorsement, punishment
-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness,
testiness
-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship,
internship
-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviation

Verb Suffixes
-ate become regulate, eradicate, enunciate,
repudiate
-en become enlighten, awaken, strengthen
-ify, -fy make or become terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify
-ize, -ise* become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize

Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable,
credible
-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional,
coastal
-esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque
-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious
-ish having the quality of fiendish, childish, snobbish
-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive
-less without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly

* "Many verbs that end in -ize can also end in -ise (such as finalize/finalise or realize/realise);
both endings are acceptable, although -ise is more common in British English."
(Charlotte Buxton, Oxford A-Z of Better Spelling. Oxford University Press, 2009)

Add suffix to the words below:

Root Root+Suffix
Delicate
Protect
Argue
 Heavy
Civil
Human
Child
Music
Region
Emotion
Create

Practice in Identifying Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root Words

A Vocabulary Review Exercise

This exercise will give you practice in recognizing and using common prefixes, suffixes, and
roots. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review the following lists:

INSTRUCTIONS:

For each sentence below, study the one word that's in bold print. See if you can identify the
root word (or base) along with any prefixes and/or suffixes that are attached to it.

After you have filled in all the blanks, compare your answers with those on page two.

1. We deal with an unimportant matter.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________

2. The dancing cat was seen by more than two-million YouTube viewers.

Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________

3. The teacher handed out a piece of paper to the students who had done extra work.

Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________

4. The magician made the rabbit disappear.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________

5. At the end of his performance, the magician made a graceful bow to the audience.

Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________

6. Shyla asked the magician for his autograph.

Root: ____________
 Prefix: ____________

7. Because of the lightness of the breeze, the sailboat moved quite slowly.

Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________

8. Despite the heaviness of his backpack, Jack raced up the hill.

Root: ____________
Suffix: ____________

9. Some dogs are shy or unfriendly, and they might bark or snap if you try to pet them.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

10. Esther quickly reopened the door and called for her cat.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

11. We stood on a bluff overlooking the ocean.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

12. In today's world, no part of the globe is unreachable.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

13. My father never let anyone see him dressed informally.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

14. Everyone thought that Mr. Darcy was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the
world.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

15. Preschoolers should have plenty of opportunities to run, play, and listen to stories.
 Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

16. The speaker pointed out the unfairness of blaming high schools for the poor preparation
of college freshmen in reading, writing, and math.

Root: ____________
Prefix: ____________
Suffix: ____________

The 8 Parts of Speech in English Grammar

WARM-UP ACTIVITY

NOUN PRONOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERJECTION

Part of Speech Definition Example

identifies action or state of being Work, go, walk
modifies a verb, adjective, or other Slowly, only
adverb
names a person, place, or thing Paper, computer
takes the place of a noun I, you, anyone
modifies a noun Smart, diligent
shows a relationship between a noun (or Close to, apart from
pronoun) and other words in a sentence
joins words, phrases, and clauses For, whereas, before
expresses emotion and can usually stand Ouch, oops, alas, help!
alone

One way to begin studying basic sentence structures in English is to identify the
traditional parts of speech (also known as word classes). These have been called the "building
blocks" of grammar. Here you'll learn the names and basic functions of these eight sentence
parts.

Learning the names of the parts of speech probably won't make you witty, wealthy, or wise. In
fact, learning just the names of the parts of speech won't even make you a better writer.

But you will gain a basic understanding of the English language.

HOW YOU DETERMINE THE PART OF SPEECH

As you study the table at the bottom of the page, keep in mind that
only interjections("Hooray!") have a habit of standing alone (or alongside complete sentences).
The other parts of speech—nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and
conjunctions—come in many varieties and may appear just about anywhere in a sentence. To
know for sure what part of speech a word is, we need to look not only at the word itself but
also at its meaning, position, and use in a sentence.
For example, in the first sentence below, work functions as a noun; in the second sentence, a
verb; and in the third sentence, an adjective:
 Bosco showed up for work two hours late.
[The noun work is the thing Bosco shows up for.]
 He will have to work until midnight.
[The verb work is the action he must perform.]
 His work permit expires next month.
[The attributive noun (or converted adjective) work modifies the noun permit.]

Don't let this variety of meanings and uses discourage or confuse you. Keep in mind that
learning the names of the basic parts of speech is just one way to understand how sentences are
put together.

Now review the parts of speech listed below, and for each one see if you can provide examples
of your own. (Click on the term for more detailed explanations and additional examples.)

NOTE: Though some traditional grammars have treated articles (the, a[n]) as a distinct part of
speech, contemporary grammars more often include articles in the category of determiners.

PARTS OF SPEECH

PART OF BASIC FUNCTION EXAMPLES

SPEECH
noun names a person, place, or thing pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom,
Captain Jack Sparrow
pronoun takes the place of a noun I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who,
which, anybody, ourselves
verb identifies action or state of being sing, dance, believe, seem, finish, eat,
drink, be, become
adjective modifies a noun hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright,
beautiful, healthy, wealthy, wise
adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully,
adverb softly, sometimes
preposition shows a relationship between a noun (or up, over, against, by, for, into, close
pronoun) and other words in a sentence to, out of, apart from
conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses and, but, or, yet
interjection expresses emotion and can usually stand ah, whoops, ouch, Yabba dabba do!
alone

PLACE THE FOLLOWING WORDS INTO THE CORRECT CATEGORY

Words Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

Happy
 Walk
Expensive
Picture
Softly
Ride
Boring
Pencil
Magazine
Cook
Funny
Sometimes
Cup
Sad
Buy
Often
Watch
Carefully
Car
never

CONJUNCTIONS

Words which connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences are called conjunctions (see "to
conjoin" = join, unite). The most common ones are 'and', 'or' and 'but'. These words all have
different nuances and connotations but they all help to build up meaningful relationships within
a sentence.

Conjunctions
Cohesive Devices
A variety of useful English Conjunctions exists, which complete this list of the most
used Cohesive Devices. Together, they can help to express a cohesive view and easy
understandable and readable texts.

Definition
1. Coordinating conjunctions: used to connect two independent clauses
2. subordinating conjunctions: used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause
and the rest of the sentence
3. correlative conjunctions: used to join various sentence elements which are grammatically
equal
There are three basic types of conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction (unless
both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses.
Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the purpose of transitional words
and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'.
Examples:
We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson]

The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word anda comma.
[Larry Wall]
And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember
them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.
1. F = for
2. A = and
3. N = nor
4. B = but
5. O = or
6. Y = yet
7. S = so

2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like
conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the
adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.
Examples:
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham
Maslow]
Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]

Conjunctions Concession
 though
 although
 even though
 while
Conjunctions Condition
 if
 only if
 unless
 until
 provided that
 assuming that
 even if
 in case (that)
  lest
Conjunctions Comparison
 than
 rather than
 whether
 as much as
 whereas
Conjunctions Time
 after
 as long as
 as soon as
 before
 by the time
 now that
 once
 since
 till
 until
 when
 whenever
 while
Conjunctions Reason
 because
 since
 so that
 in order (that)
 why
Relative Adjective
 that
 what
 whatever
 which
 whichever
Relative Pronoun
 who
 whoever
 whom
 whomever
 whose
Conjunctions Manner
 how
 as though
 as if
Conjunctions Place
 where
 wherever

3. Correlative Conjunctions
They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas
expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic.
When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether
the verb is singular or plural.
 as . . . as
 just as . . . so
 both . . . and
 hardly . . . when
 scarcely . . . when
 either . . . or
 neither . . . nor

 if . . . then
 not . . . but
 what with . . . and
 whether . . . or
 not only . . . but also
 no sooner . . . than
 rather . . . than

Conjunctive Adverbs
They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships
expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs.
Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.

Similar to And
 also
 besides
 furthermore
 likewise
 moreover
Similar to But
 however
 nevertheless
 nonetheless
 still
 conversely
 instead
 otherwise
 rather
Similar to So
 accordingly
 consequently
 hence
 meanwhile
 then
 therefore
 thus
 List of Conjunctions

EXERCISE

Tick the following conjunctions into the corresponding function:

Conjunctions Sentences Coordinating Subordinating Correlative

Rather….than I’d rather die than live wit......... you.
Whoever Whoever come to my room should br...... food.
Before The head of the office won’t sign the MOU before
fur......... discussion.
Until I’ll stay here until you receive my apo...........
When I will me......... you when you arrive.
Furthermore Cycling to work is qui............ than driving, and
furthermore, it's a lot cheaper and is better
exercises.
meanwhile My sister prepares all the cui......... meanwhile
my mother starts cooking dinner.
If …… then If condition is met, then exe........... the task
Instead Instead of having dinner with you, I pre........ to
sleep.
Both ….. and Both my brother and I love snow............

C. Understand Academic Terminology

Academic Word List Coxhead (2000). The most frequent word in each family is in italics.
There are 570 headwords and about 3000 words altogether.
Headword Definition
Other words in the family.
s *
abstract abstraction, abstractions, abstractly, abstracts, e.g. abstract
academy academia, academic, academically, academics, academies, e.g. academy
achievable, achieved, achievement, achievements, achieves,
achieve achieve
achieving
acknowled acknowledged, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgement, acknowled
ge acknowledgements ge
acquire acquired, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitions acquire
affect affected, affecting, affective, affectively, affects, unaffected affect
analogy analogies, analogous analogy
analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst,
analyse analyse
analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically
approachable, approached, approaches, approaching,
approach approach
unapproachable
definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, definitions,
define define
redefine, redefined, redefines, redefining, undefined
empirical empirically, empiricism empirical
encounter encountered, encountering, encounters encounter
energy energetic, energetically, energies energy
guideline guidelines guideline
innovation, innovated, innovates, innovating, innovations,
innovate innovate
innovative, innovator, innovators
research researched, researcher, researchers, researches, researching research
reschedule, rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling, scheduled,
schedule schedule
schedules, scheduling, unscheduled
source sourced, sources, sourcing source
submit submission, submissions, submits, submitted, submitting submit
summaries, summarise, summarised, summarises, summarising,
summary summary
summarisation, summarisations

Terms on Public Administration

WORDS MEANING
ACCOUNTABILITY A political principle according to which agencies or organizations,
such as those in government, are subject to some form of external
control, causing them to give a general accounting of and for their
actions; an essential concept in democratic public administration
AD INTERIM A Latin term meaning in the meantime. A public official is ad
interim when serving the unexpired term of a predecessor (who has
 died, resigned, or been removed) until a permanent official can be
appointed or elected
ADMINISTERED Prices determined by other than market forces such as those set by
PRICES monopolies, cartels, or governments
ADMINISTRATION 1. The management and direction of the affairs of governments and
institutions. 2. A collective term for all policy making officials of a
government. 3. The execution and implementation of public policy.
4. The time in office of a chief executive such as a president,
governor, or mayor. 5. The supervision of the estate of a dead person
to pay taxes and assign assets to heirs.
ADMINISTRATIVE That aspect of administrative responsibility by which officials are
ACCOUNTABILITY held answerable for general notions of democracy and morality as
well as for specific legal mandates.
ADMINISTRATIVE The presentation of alternative policies to an administrative agency.
ADVOCACY This practice recognizes that public administration is a highly
political process involving significant differences of judgement.
The most feasible course of action often emerges from the
competition produced when each interested group pleads the case it
presents, whether that cause be more funds to carry out agency
policies, the survival of a particular program, or the desire for a more
efficient system of administrative decision making.
ADMINISTRATIVE 1. A government organization set up to implement a law. 2. Any
AGENCY civilian government body (board, bureau, department, or
individual), other than a court or legislature, that deals with the
rights of private parties by adjudication, rule making, investigation,
prosecuting, and so on
ADMINISTRATIVE The ability of individual administrators in a bureaucracy to make
DISCRETION significant choices affecting management and operation of
programs for which they are responsible; particularly evident in
separation-of-powers systems
ADMINISTRATIVE Term encompassing a number of points in administrative law that
DUE PROCESS require that the administrative procedures of government agencies
and regulatory
commissions, as they affect private parties, be based upon written
guidelines that safeguard individual rights and protect against the
arbitrary or inequitable exercise of government authority

TERMS OF GOVERNANCE

WORDS MEANING
Affairs events and activities relating to the government, politics, economy etc of
a country, region, or the world
Government the process, method, or effects of governing
public office a job in the government that you have because you
were chosen or elected
 public service work or important positions in government, or
in organizations controlled by the government
State the government of a country
Democratic involving elections in which people vote for their political representatives
Democratic based on the principle that all people are equal and should
be able to share in making decisions
Governing a governing authority has the power to govern a country, city etc
Governmental relating to a government
Independent ruled by its own government, rather than controlled by another country
Managed controlled by the government
Multilateral involving three or more groups, especially the governments of three or
more countries
National owned or controlled by the government
Multinational a multinational state or country has people of
several different national groups living in it
non-aligned a country that is non-aligned does not receive support from a
more powerful country
representative a representative form of government is one in
which people vote for politicians who represent their opinions

EXERCISE

Complete sentences below by filling the blanks:

Going to bed late may be b...... for us. It could shorten our life. A st...... in the UK looked at
430,000 adults between the ages of 38 and 73. Researchers com............ the deaths of people
who went to bed early to those who went to bed late. People who go to bed late were 10 per
cent more lik........ to die earlier. People who sleep late were at a higher ri...... of health problems
or an early death compared to people who sleep early and wa........ up early.

A researcher said working hours should change. He said this was a public health is......... that
we need to look at. He sa....... people should start and finish work later in the day so they can
sleep more. Late sleepers have a higher risk of me.......... problems, diabetes, and breathing
problems. They also sm...... drink alcohol and take drugs more. Different sleeping patt........ at
weekends could also cause health problems for late sleepers.