FREIGHT FORWARDING

A freight forwarder or forwarding agent, also known as a non-vessel operating common

carrier (NVOCC), is a person or company that organizes shipments for individuals
or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final
point of distribution.

Forwarders contract with a carrier or often multiple carriers to move the goods. A forwarder
does not move the goods but acts as an expert in the logistics network. These carriers can use a
variety of shipping modes, including ships, airplanes, trucks, and railroads, and often do utilize
multiple modes for a single shipment. For example, the freight forwarder may arrange to have
cargo moved from a plant to an airport by truck, flown to the destination city, and then moved
from the airport to a customer's building by another truck.

International freight forwarders typically handle international shipments. International freight

forwarders have additional expertise in preparing and processing customs and other
documentation and performing activities pertaining to international shipments.

Information typically reviewed by a freight forwarder includes the commercial invoice, shipper's
export declaration, bill of lading and other documents required by the carrier or country
of export, import, and/or transshipment. Much of this information is now processed in
a paperless environment.

Definitions:-
1) Carrier- is a person or company that transports goods or people for any person or
company and that is responsible for any possible loss of the goods during transport.

2) Bill of lading- A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BoL) is a document issued
by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment.
A bill of Lading must be transferable, and serves three main functions:

 it is a conclusive receipt, i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been

loaded; and
 it contains or evidences the terms of the contract of carriage; and
 it serves as a document of title to the goods, subject to the nemo dat rule.
3) Commercial Invoice- a commercial invoice is a customs document. It is used as
a customs declaration provided by the person or corporation that is exporting an item
across international borders.[1] Although there is no standard format, the document must
include a few specific pieces of information such as the parties involved in the shipping
transaction, the goods being transported, the country of manufacture, and the Harmonized
System codes for those goods. A commercial invoice must often include a statement
certifying that the invoice is true, and a signature.
A commercial invoice is used to calculate tariffs, international commercial terms (like the
Cost in a CIF) and is commonly used for customs purposes.
4) Shipper’s Export Declaration-

5) Customs house agent (CHA)- a customs house agent (CHA) is licensed to act as an
agent for transaction of any business relating to the entry or departure of conveyances or
the import or export of goods at a customs station. CHAs maintain detailed, itemized and
up-to-date accounts. A CHA license may be temporary or permanent.
6) Free on board (FOB)- "Free On Board", is a term in international commercial
law specifying at what point respective obligations, costs, and risk involved in the delivery of
goods shift from the seller to the buyer under the Incoterms 2010 standard published by
the International Chamber of Commerce. FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight
or inland waterway transport. As with all Incoterms, FOB does not define the point at which
ownership of the goods is transferred.
The term FOB is also used in modern domestic shipping within the United States to describe
the point at which a seller is no longer responsible for shipping cost.
Ownership of a cargo is independent from Incoterms. In international trade, ownership of
the cargo is defined by the bill of lading or waybill.

Types of containers
1) Dry storage container
The most commonly used shipping containers; they come in various dimensions standardized
by ISO. They are used for shipping of dry materials and come in size of 20ft, 40 ft and 10ft.
2. Flat rack container
With collapsible sides, these are like simple storage shipping containers where the sides can be
folded so as to make a flat rack for shipping of wide variety of goods.

3. Open top container

With a convertible top that can be completely removed to make an open top so that materials
of any height can be shipped easily.

4. Tunnel container
Container storage units provided with doors on both ends of the container, they are extremely
helpful in quick loading and unloading of materials.

5. Open side storage container

These storage units are provided with doors that can change into completely open sides
providing a much wider room for loading of materials.

6. Double doors container

They are kind of storage units that are provided with double doors, making a wider room for
loading and unloading of materials. Construction materials include steel, iron etc in
standardized sizes of 20ft and 40ft.

7. Refrigerated ISO containers

These are temperature regulated shipping containers that always have a carefully controlled
low temperature. They are exclusively used for shipment of perishable substances like fruits
and vegetables over long distances.

8. Insulated or thermal containers

These are the shipping storage containers that come with a regulated temperature control
allowing them to maintain a higher temperature.
The choice of material is so done to allow them long life without being damaged by constant
exposure to high temperature. They are most suitable for long distance transportation of
products.
9. Tanks
Container storage units used mostly for transportation of liquid materials, they are used by a
huge proportion of entire shipping industry. They are mostly made of strong steel or other anti-
corrosive materials providing them with long life and protection to the materials.

10. Cargo storage roll container

A foldable container, this is one of the specialized container units made for purpose of
transporting sets or stacks of materials. They are made of thick and strong wire mesh along
with rollers that allows their easy movement. Availability in a range of colored wire meshes
make these shipping container units a little more cheerful.

11. Half height containers

Another kind of shipping containers includes half height containers. Made mostly of steel, these
containers are half the height of full sized containers. Used especially for good like coal, stones
etc which need easy loading and unloading.

12. Car carriers

Car carriers are container storage units made especially for shipment of cars over long
distances. They come with collapsible sides that help a car fit snugly inside the containers
without the risk of being damaged or moving from the spot.

13. Intermediate bulk shift containers

These are specialized storage shipping containers made solely for the purpose of intermediate
shipping of goods. They are designed to handle large amounts of materials and made for
purpose of shipping materials to a destination where they can be further packed and sent off to
final spot.

14. Drums
As the name suggests, circular shipping containers, made from a choice of materials like steel,
light weight metals, fiber, hard plastic etc. they are most suitable for bulk transport of liquid
materials. They are smaller in size but due to their shape, may need extra space.
15. Special purpose containers
Not the ordinary containers, these are the container units, custom made for specialized
purposes. Mostly, they are used for high profile services like shipment of weapons and arson.
As such, their construction and material composition depends on the special purpose they need
to cater to. But in most cases, security remains the top priority.

16. Swap bodies

They are a special kind of containers used mostly in Europe. Not made according to the ISO
standards, they are not standardized shipping container units but extremely useful all the same.
They are provided with a strong bottom and a convertible top making them suitable for
shipping of many types of products.