Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Lists Also see NumPy Arrays Libraries

>>> a = 'is' Import libraries

Python Basics >>> b = 'nice' >>> import numpy Data analysis Machine learning
Learn More Python for Data Science Interactively at www.datacamp.com >>> my_list = ['my', 'list', a, b] >>> import numpy as np
>>> my_list2 = [[4,5,6,7], [3,4,5,6]] Selective import
>>> from math import pi Scientific computing 2D plotting
Variables and Data Types Selecting List Elements Index starts at 0
Subset Install Python
Variable Assignment
>>> my_list[1] Select item at index 1
>>> x=5
>>> my_list[-3] Select 3rd last item
>>> x
Slice
5 >>> my_list[1:3] Select items at index 1 and 2
Calculations With Variables >>> my_list[1:] Select items after index 0
>>> my_list[:3] Select items before index 3 Leading open data science platform Free IDE that is included Create and share
>>> x+2 Sum of two variables
>>> my_list[:] Copy my_list powered by Python with Anaconda documents with live code,
7 visualizations, text, ...
>>> x-2 Subtraction of two variables
Subset Lists of Lists
>>> my_list2[1][0] my_list[list][itemOfList]
3
>>> my_list2[1][:2] Numpy Arrays Also see Lists
>>> x*2 Multiplication of two variables
>>> my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
10 List Operations >>> my_array = np.array(my_list)
>>> x**2 Exponentiation of a variable
25 >>> my_list + my_list >>> my_2darray = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
>>> x%2 Remainder of a variable ['my', 'list', 'is', 'nice', 'my', 'list', 'is', 'nice']
Selecting Numpy Array Elements Index starts at 0
1 >>> my_list * 2
>>> x/float(2) Division of a variable ['my', 'list', 'is', 'nice', 'my', 'list', 'is', 'nice'] Subset
2.5 >>> my_list2 > 4 >>> my_array[1] Select item at index 1
True 2
Types and Type Conversion Slice
List Methods >>> my_array[0:2] Select items at index 0 and 1
str() '5', '3.45', 'True' Variables to strings
my_list.index(a) Get the index of an item array([1, 2])
>>>
int() 5, 3, 1 Variables to integers >>> my_list.count(a) Count an item Subset 2D Numpy arrays
>>> my_list.append('!') Append an item at a time >>> my_2darray[:,0] my_2darray[rows, columns]
my_list.remove('!') Remove an item array([1, 4])
float() 5.0, 1.0 Variables to floats >>>
>>> del(my_list[0:1]) Remove an item Numpy Array Operations
bool() True, True, True >>> my_list.reverse() Reverse the list
Variables to booleans >>> my_array > 3
>>> my_list.extend('!') Append an item array([False, False, False, True], dtype=bool)
>>> my_list.pop(-1) Remove an item >>> my_array * 2
Asking For Help >>> my_list.insert(0,'!') Insert an item array([2, 4, 6, 8])
>>> help(str) >>> my_list.sort() Sort the list >>> my_array + np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])
array([6, 8, 10, 12])
Strings
>>> my_string = 'thisStringIsAwesome' Numpy Array Functions
String Operations Index starts at 0
>>> my_string >>> my_array.shape Get the dimensions of the array
'thisStringIsAwesome' >>> my_string[3] >>> np.append(other_array) Append items to an array
>>> my_string[4:9] >>> np.insert(my_array, 1, 5) Insert items in an array
String Operations >>> np.delete(my_array,[1]) Delete items in an array
String Methods >>> np.mean(my_array) Mean of the array
>>> my_string * 2
'thisStringIsAwesomethisStringIsAwesome' >>> my_string.upper() String to uppercase >>> np.median(my_array) Median of the array
>>> my_string + 'Innit' >>> my_string.lower() String to lowercase >>> my_array.corrcoef() Correlation coefficient
'thisStringIsAwesomeInnit' >>> my_string.count('w') Count String elements >>> np.std(my_array) Standard deviation
>>> 'm' in my_string >>> my_string.replace('e', 'i') Replace String elements
True >>> my_string.strip() Strip whitespaces DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Advanced Indexing Also see NumPy Arrays Combining Data
Selecting data1 data2
Pandas >>> df3.loc[:,(df3>1).any()] Select cols with any vals >1 X1 X2 X1 X3
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> df3.loc[:,(df3>1).all()] Select cols with vals > 1
>>> df3.loc[:,df3.isnull().any()] Select cols with NaN a 11.432 a 20.784
>>> df3.loc[:,df3.notnull().all()] Select cols without NaN b 1.303 b NaN
Indexing With isin c 99.906 d 20.784
>>> df[(df.Country.isin(df2.Type))] Find same elements
Reshaping Data >>> df3.filter(items=”a”,”b”]) Filter on values
Merge
>>> df.select(lambda x: not x%5) Select specific elements
Pivot Where X1 X2 X3
>>> pd.merge(data1,
>>> df3= df2.pivot(index='Date', Spread rows into columns >>> s.where(s > 0) Subset the data data2, a 11.432 20.784
columns='Type', Query how='left',
values='Value') b 1.303 NaN
>>> df6.query('second > first') Query DataFrame on='X1')
c 99.906 NaN
Date Type Value

0 2016-03-01 a 11.432 Type a b c Setting/Resetting Index >>> pd.merge(data1, X1 X2 X3

1 2016-03-02 b 13.031 Date data2, a 11.432 20.784
>>> df.set_index('Country') Set the index
how='right',
2 2016-03-01 c 20.784 2016-03-01 11.432 NaN 20.784 >>> df4 = df.reset_index() Reset the index b 1.303 NaN
on='X1')
3 2016-03-03 a 99.906 >>> df = df.rename(index=str, Rename DataFrame d NaN 20.784
2016-03-02 1.303 13.031 NaN columns={"Country":"cntry",
4 2016-03-02 a 1.303 "Capital":"cptl", >>> pd.merge(data1,
2016-03-03 99.906 NaN 20.784 "Population":"ppltn"}) X1 X2 X3
5 2016-03-03 c 20.784 data2,
how='inner', a 11.432 20.784
Pivot Table Reindexing on='X1') b 1.303 NaN
>>> s2 = s.reindex(['a','c','d','e','b'])
>>> df4 = pd.pivot_table(df2, Spread rows into columns X1 X2 X3
values='Value', Forward Filling Backward Filling >>> pd.merge(data1,
index='Date', data2, a 11.432 20.784
columns='Type']) >>> df.reindex(range(4), >>> s3 = s.reindex(range(5), how='outer', b 1.303 NaN
method='ffill') method='bfill') on='X1') c 99.906 NaN
Stack / Unstack Country Capital Population 0 3
0 Belgium Brussels 11190846 1 3 d NaN 20.784
>>> stacked = df5.stack() Pivot a level of column labels 1 India New Delhi 1303171035 2 3
>>> stacked.unstack() Pivot a level of index labels 2 Brazil Brasília 207847528 3 3 Join
3 Brazil Brasília 207847528 4 3
0 1 1 5 0 0.233482 >>> data1.join(data2, how='right')
1 5 0.233482 0.390959 1 0.390959 MultiIndexing Concatenate
2 4 0.184713 0.237102 2 4 0 0.184713
>>> arrays = [np.array([1,2,3]),
3 3 0.433522 0.429401 1 0.237102 np.array([5,4,3])] Vertical
>>> df5 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(3, 2), index=arrays) >>> s.append(s2)
Unstacked 3 3 0 0.433522
>>> tuples = list(zip(*arrays)) Horizontal/Vertical
1 0.429401 >>> index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, >>> pd.concat([s,s2],axis=1, keys=['One','Two'])
Stacked names=['first', 'second']) >>> pd.concat([data1, data2], axis=1, join='inner')
>>> df6 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(3, 2), index=index)
Melt >>> df2.set_index(["Date", "Type"])
>>> pd.melt(df2, Gather columns into rows
Dates
id_vars=["Date"],
value_vars=["Type", "Value"],
Duplicate Data >>> df2['Date']= pd.to_datetime(df2['Date'])
>>> df2['Date']= pd.date_range('2000-1-1',
value_name="Observations") >>> s3.unique() Return unique values periods=6,
>>> df2.duplicated('Type') Check duplicates freq='M')
Date Type Value
Date Variable Observations >>> dates = [datetime(2012,5,1), datetime(2012,5,2)]
0 2016-03-01 Type a >>> df2.drop_duplicates('Type', keep='last') Drop duplicates >>> index = pd.DatetimeIndex(dates)
0 2016-03-01 a 11.432 1 2016-03-02 Type b
>>> df.index.duplicated() Check index duplicates >>> index = pd.date_range(datetime(2012,2,1), end, freq='BM')
1 2016-03-02 b 13.031 2 2016-03-01 Type c
2 2016-03-01 c 20.784 3 2016-03-03 Type a Grouping Data Visualization Also see Matplotlib
4 2016-03-02 Type a
3 2016-03-03 a 99.906
5 2016-03-03 Type c Aggregation >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
4 2016-03-02 a 1.303 >>> df2.groupby(by=['Date','Type']).mean()
6 2016-03-01 Value 11.432 >>> s.plot() >>> df2.plot()
>>> df4.groupby(level=0).sum()
5 2016-03-03 c 20.784 7 2016-03-02 Value 13.031 >>> df4.groupby(level=0).agg({'a':lambda x:sum(x)/len(x), >>> plt.show() >>> plt.show()
8 2016-03-01 Value 20.784 'b': np.sum})
9 2016-03-03 Value 99.906 Transformation
>>> customSum = lambda x: (x+x%2)
10 2016-03-02 Value 1.303
>>> df4.groupby(level=0).transform(customSum)
11 2016-03-03 Value 20.784

Iteration Missing Data

>>> df.dropna() Drop NaN values
>>> df.iteritems() (Column-index, Series) pairs >>> df3.fillna(df3.mean()) Fill NaN values with a predetermined value
>>> df.iterrows() (Row-index, Series) pairs >>> df2.replace("a", "f") Replace values with others
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Inspecting Your Array Subsetting, Slicing, Indexing Also see Lists
>>> a.shape Array dimensions Subsetting
NumPy Basics >>>
>>>
len(a)
b.ndim
Length of array
Number of array dimensions
>>> a[2]
3
1 2 3 Select the element at the 2nd index
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> e.size Number of array elements >>> b[1,2] 1.5 2 3 Select the element at row 0 column 2
>>> b.dtype Data type of array elements 6.0 4 5 6 (equivalent to b[1][2])
>>> b.dtype.name Name of data type
>>> b.astype(int) Convert an array to a different type Slicing
NumPy >>> a[0:2]
array([1, 2])
1 2 3 Select items at index 0 and 1
2
The NumPy library is the core library for scientific computing in Asking For Help >>> b[0:2,1] 1.5 2 3 Select items at rows 0 and 1 in column 1
>>> np.info(np.ndarray.dtype) array([ 2., 5.]) 4 5 6
Python. It provides a high-performance multidimensional array
Array Mathematics
1.5 2 3
>>> b[:1] Select all items at row 0
object, and tools for working with these arrays. array([[1.5, 2., 3.]]) 4 5 6 (equivalent to b[0:1, :])
Arithmetic Operations >>> c[1,...] Same as [1,:,:]
Use the following import convention: array([[[ 3., 2., 1.],
>>> import numpy as np [ 4., 5., 6.]]])
>>> g = a - b Subtraction
array([[-0.5, 0. , 0. ], >>> a[ : :-1] Reversed array a
NumPy Arrays [-3. , -3. , -3. ]])
array([3, 2, 1])

>>> np.subtract(a,b) Boolean Indexing

1D array 2D array 3D array Subtraction
>>> a[a<2] Select elements from a less than 2
>>> b + a Addition 1 2 3
array([[ 2.5, 4. , 6. ], array([1])
axis 1 axis 2
1 2 3 axis 1 [ 5. , 7. , 9. ]]) Fancy Indexing
1.5 2 3 >>> np.add(b,a) Addition >>> b[[1, 0, 1, 0],[0, 1, 2, 0]] Select elements (1,0),(0,1),(1,2) and (0,0)
axis 0 axis 0 array([ 4. , 2. , 6. , 1.5])
4 5 6 >>> a / b Division
array([[ 0.66666667, 1. , 1. ], >>> b[[1, 0, 1, 0]][:,[0,1,2,0]] Select a subset of the matrix’s rows
[ 0.25 , 0.4 , 0.5 ]]) array([[ 4. ,5. , 6. , 4. ], and columns
>>> np.divide(a,b) Division [ 1.5, 2. , 3. , 1.5],
Creating Arrays >>> a * b
array([[ 1.5, 4. , 9. ],
Multiplication
[ 4. , 5.
[ 1.5, 2.
,
,
6.
3.
,
,
4. ],
1.5]])

>>> a = np.array([1,2,3]) [ 4. , 10. , 18. ]])

>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], dtype = float) >>> np.multiply(a,b) Multiplication Array Manipulation
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], [(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]], >>> np.exp(b) Exponentiation
dtype = float) >>> np.sqrt(b) Square root Transposing Array
>>> np.sin(a) Print sines of an array >>> i = np.transpose(b) Permute array dimensions
Initial Placeholders >>> np.cos(b) Element-wise cosine >>> i.T Permute array dimensions
>>> np.log(a) Element-wise natural logarithm
>>> np.zeros((3,4)) Create an array of zeros >>> e.dot(f) Dot product
Changing Array Shape
>>> np.ones((2,3,4),dtype=np.int16) Create an array of ones array([[ 7., 7.], >>> b.ravel() Flatten the array
>>> d = np.arange(10,25,5) Create an array of evenly [ 7., 7.]]) >>> g.reshape(3,-2) Reshape, but don’t change data
spaced values (step value)
>>> np.linspace(0,2,9) Create an array of evenly Comparison Adding/Removing Elements
spaced values (number of samples) >>> h.resize((2,6)) Return a new array with shape (2,6)
>>> e = np.full((2,2),7) Create a constant array >>> a == b Element-wise comparison >>> np.append(h,g) Append items to an array
>>> f = np.eye(2) Create a 2X2 identity matrix array([[False, True, True], >>> np.insert(a, 1, 5) Insert items in an array
>>> np.random.random((2,2)) Create an array with random values [False, False, False]], dtype=bool) >>> np.delete(a,[1]) Delete items from an array
>>> np.empty((3,2)) Create an empty array >>> a < 2 Element-wise comparison
array([True, False, False], dtype=bool) Combining Arrays
>>> np.array_equal(a, b) Array-wise comparison >>> np.concatenate((a,d),axis=0) Concatenate arrays
I/O array([ 1, 2,
>>> np.vstack((a,b))
3, 10, 15, 20])
Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
Aggregate Functions array([[ 1. , 2. , 3. ],
Saving & Loading On Disk [ 1.5, 2. , 3. ],
>>> a.sum() Array-wise sum [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]])
>>> np.save('my_array', a) >>> a.min() Array-wise minimum value >>> np.r_[e,f] Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
>>> np.savez('array.npz', a, b) >>> b.max(axis=0) Maximum value of an array row >>> np.hstack((e,f)) Stack arrays horizontally (column-wise)
>>> np.load('my_array.npy') >>> b.cumsum(axis=1) Cumulative sum of the elements array([[ 7., 7., 1., 0.],
>>> a.mean() Mean [ 7., 7., 0., 1.]])
Saving & Loading Text Files >>> b.median() Median >>> np.column_stack((a,d)) Create stacked column-wise arrays
>>> np.loadtxt("myfile.txt") >>> a.corrcoef() Correlation coefficient array([[ 1, 10],
>>> np.std(b) Standard deviation [ 2, 15],
>>> np.genfromtxt("my_file.csv", delimiter=',') [ 3, 20]])
>>> np.savetxt("myarray.txt", a, delimiter=" ") >>> np.c_[a,d] Create stacked column-wise arrays
Copying Arrays Splitting Arrays
Data Types >>> h = a.view() Create a view of the array with the same data >>> np.hsplit(a,3) Split the array horizontally at the 3rd
>>> np.copy(a) Create a copy of the array [array([1]),array([2]),array([3])] index
>>> np.int64 Signed 64-bit integer types >>> np.vsplit(c,2) Split the array vertically at the 2nd index
>>> np.float32 Standard double-precision floating point >>> h = a.copy() Create a deep copy of the array [array([[[ 1.5, 2. , 1. ],
>>> np.complex Complex numbers represented by 128 floats [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]]]),
array([[[ 3., 2., 3.],
>>>
>>>
np.bool
np.object
Boolean type storing TRUE and FALSE values
Python object type Sorting Arrays [ 4., 5., 6.]]])]

>>> np.string_ Fixed-length string type >>> a.sort() Sort an array

>>> np.unicode_ Fixed-length unicode type >>> c.sort(axis=0) Sort the elements of an array's axis DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Plot Anatomy & Workflow
Plot Anatomy Workflow
Matplotlib Axes/Subplot The basic steps to creating plots with matplotlib are:
Learn Python Interactively at www.DataCamp.com 1 Prepare data 2 Create plot 3 Plot 4 Customize plot 5 Save plot 6 Show plot
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> x = [1,2,3,4] Step 1
>>> y = [10,20,25,30]
>>> fig = plt.figure() Step 2
Matplotlib Y-axis Figure >>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111) Step 3
>>> ax.plot(x, y, color='lightblue', linewidth=3) Step 3, 4
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces >>> ax.scatter([2,4,6],
publication-quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats [5,15,25],
color='darkgreen',
and interactive environments across marker='^')
platforms. >>> ax.set_xlim(1, 6.5)
X-axis
>>> plt.savefig('foo.png')

1 Prepare The Data Also see Lists & NumPy

>>> plt.show() Step 6

1D Data 4 Customize Plot

>>> import numpy as np Colors, Color Bars & Color Maps Mathtext
>>> x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
>>> y = np.cos(x) >>> plt.plot(x, x, x, x**2, x, x**3) >>> plt.title(r'$sigma_i=15$', fontsize=20)
>>> z = np.sin(x) >>> ax.plot(x, y, alpha = 0.4)
>>> ax.plot(x, y, c='k') Limits, Legends & Layouts
2D Data or Images >>> fig.colorbar(im, orientation='horizontal')
>>> im = ax.imshow(img, Limits & Autoscaling
>>> data = 2 * np.random.random((10, 10)) cmap='seismic')
>>> data2 = 3 * np.random.random((10, 10)) >>> ax.margins(x=0.0,y=0.1) Add padding to a plot
>>> Y, X = np.mgrid[-3:3:100j, -3:3:100j] >>> ax.axis('equal') Set the aspect ratio of the plot to 1
Markers >>> ax.set(xlim=[0,10.5],ylim=[-1.5,1.5]) Set limits for x-and y-axis
>>> U = -1 - X**2 + Y
>>> V = 1 + X - Y**2 >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> ax.set_xlim(0,10.5) Set limits for x-axis
>>> from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data >>> ax.scatter(x,y,marker=".") Legends
>>> img = np.load(get_sample_data('axes_grid/bivariate_normal.npy')) >>> ax.plot(x,y,marker="o") >>> ax.set(title='An Example Axes', Set a title and x-and y-axis labels
ylabel='Y-Axis',
Linestyles xlabel='X-Axis')
2 Create Plot >>>
>>>
plt.plot(x,y,linewidth=4.0)
plt.plot(x,y,ls='solid')
>>> ax.legend(loc='best')
Ticks
No overlapping plot elements

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> ax.xaxis.set(ticks=range(1,5), Manually set x-ticks

>>> plt.plot(x,y,ls='--') ticklabels=[3,100,-12,"foo"])
Figure >>> plt.plot(x,y,'--',x**2,y**2,'-.') >>> ax.tick_params(axis='y', Make y-ticks longer and go in and out
>>> plt.setp(lines,color='r',linewidth=4.0) direction='inout',
>>> fig = plt.figure() length=10)
>>> fig2 = plt.figure(figsize=plt.figaspect(2.0)) Text & Annotations
Subplot Spacing
Axes >>> ax.text(1, >>> fig3.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.5, Adjust the spacing between subplots
-2.1, hspace=0.3,
All plotting is done with respect to an Axes. In most cases, a 'Example Graph', left=0.125,
style='italic') right=0.9,
subplot will fit your needs. A subplot is an axes on a grid system. >>> ax.annotate("Sine", top=0.9,
>>> fig.add_axes() xy=(8, 0), bottom=0.1)
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # row-col-num xycoords='data', >>> fig.tight_layout() Fit subplot(s) in to the figure area
xytext=(10.5, 0),
>>> ax3 = fig.add_subplot(212) textcoords='data', Axis Spines
>>> fig3, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2,ncols=2) arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", >>> ax1.spines['top'].set_visible(False) Make the top axis line for a plot invisible
>>> fig4, axes2 = plt.subplots(ncols=3) connectionstyle="arc3"),) >>> ax1.spines['bottom'].set_position(('outward',10)) Move the bottom axis line outward

3 Plotting Routines 5 Save Plot

Save figures
1D Data Vector Fields >>> plt.savefig('foo.png')
>>> lines = ax.plot(x,y) Draw points with lines or markers connecting them >>> axes[0,1].arrow(0,0,0.5,0.5) Add an arrow to the axes Save transparent figures
>>> ax.scatter(x,y) Draw unconnected points, scaled or colored >>> axes[1,1].quiver(y,z) Plot a 2D field of arrows >>> plt.savefig('foo.png', transparent=True)
>>> axes[0,0].bar([1,2,3],[3,4,5]) Plot vertical rectangles (constant width) >>> axes[0,1].streamplot(X,Y,U,V) Plot 2D vector fields
>>> axes[1,0].barh([0.5,1,2.5],[0,1,2])
6
Plot horiontal rectangles (constant height)
>>> axes[1,1].axhline(0.45) Draw a horizontal line across axes Data Distributions Show Plot
>>> axes[0,1].axvline(0.65) Draw a vertical line across axes >>> ax1.hist(y) Plot a histogram
>>> ax.fill(x,y,color='blue') Draw filled polygons >>> ax3.boxplot(y) Make a box and whisker plot >>> plt.show()
>>> ax.fill_between(x,y,color='yellow') Fill between y-values and 0 >>> ax3.violinplot(z) Make a violin plot
2D Data or Images Close & Clear
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> plt.cla() Clear an axis
>>> axes2[0].pcolor(data2) Pseudocolor plot of 2D array >>> plt.clf() Clear the entire figure
>>> im = ax.imshow(img, Colormapped or RGB arrays >>> axes2[0].pcolormesh(data) Pseudocolor plot of 2D array
cmap='gist_earth', >>> plt.close() Close a window
interpolation='nearest', >>> CS = plt.contour(Y,X,U) Plot contours
vmin=-2, >>> axes2[2].contourf(data1) Plot filled contours
vmax=2) >>> axes2[2]= ax.clabel(CS) Label a contour plot DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet 3 Plotting With Seaborn
Seaborn Axis Grids
Learn Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> g = sns.FacetGrid(titanic, Subplot grid for plotting conditional >>> h = sns.PairGrid(iris) Subplot grid for plotting pairwise
col="survived", relationships >>> h = h.map(plt.scatter) relationships
row="sex") >>> sns.pairplot(iris) Plot pairwise bivariate distributions
>>> g = g.map(plt.hist,"age") >>> i = sns.JointGrid(x="x", Grid for bivariate plot with marginal
>>> sns.factorplot(x="pclass", Draw a categorical plot onto a y="y", univariate plots
y="survived", Facetgrid data=data)
Statistical Data Visualization With Seaborn hue="sex",
data=titanic)
>>> i = i.plot(sns.regplot,
sns.distplot)
The Python visualization library Seaborn is based on >>> sns.lmplot(x="sepal_width", Plot data and regression model fits >>> sns.jointplot("sepal_length", Plot bivariate distribution
y="sepal_length", across a FacetGrid "sepal_width",
matplotlib and provides a high-level interface for drawing hue="species", data=iris,
attractive statistical graphics. data=iris) kind='kde')

Categorical Plots Regression Plots

Make use of the following aliases to import the libraries: >>> sns.regplot(x="sepal_width", Plot data and a linear regression
Scatterplot
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt y="sepal_length", model fit
>>> sns.stripplot(x="species", Scatterplot with one
>>> import seaborn as sns data=iris,
y="petal_length", categorical variable
data=iris) ax=ax)
The basic steps to creating plots with Seaborn are: >>> sns.swarmplot(x="species", Categorical scatterplot with Distribution Plots
y="petal_length", non-overlapping points
1. Prepare some data data=iris) >>> plot = sns.distplot(data.y, Plot univariate distribution
2. Control figure aesthetics Bar Chart kde=False,
color="b")
3. Plot with Seaborn >>> sns.barplot(x="sex", Show point estimates and
y="survived", confidence intervals with Matrix Plots
4. Further customize your plot hue="class", scatterplot glyphs
>>> sns.heatmap(uniform_data,vmin=0,vmax=1) Heatmap
data=titanic)
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt Count Plot
>>>
>>>
>>>
import seaborn as sns
tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
sns.set_style("whitegrid") Step 2
Step 1
>>> sns.countplot(x="deck",
data=titanic,
Show count of observations
4 Further Customizations Also see Matplotlib
palette="Greens_d")
>>> g = sns.lmplot(x="tip", Step 3
Point Plot Axisgrid Objects
y="total_bill",
data=tips, >>> sns.pointplot(x="class", Show point estimates and >>> g.despine(left=True) Remove left spine
aspect=2) y="survived", confidence intervals as >>> g.set_ylabels("Survived") Set the labels of the y-axis
>>> g = (g.set_axis_labels("Tip","Total bill(USD)"). hue="sex", rectangular bars >>> g.set_xticklabels(rotation=45) Set the tick labels for x
set(xlim=(0,10),ylim=(0,100))) data=titanic, >>> g.set_axis_labels("Survived", Set the axis labels
Step 4 palette={"male":"g", "Sex")
>>> plt.title("title")
>>> plt.show(g) Step 5 "female":"m"}, >>> h.set(xlim=(0,5), Set the limit and ticks of the
markers=["^","o"], ylim=(0,5), x-and y-axis
linestyles=["-","--"]) xticks=[0,2.5,5],

1
Boxplot yticks=[0,2.5,5])
Data Also see Lists, NumPy & Pandas >>> sns.boxplot(x="alive", Boxplot
Plot
y="age",
>>> import pandas as pd hue="adult_male",
>>> import numpy as np >>> plt.title("A Title") Add plot title
data=titanic)
>>> uniform_data = np.random.rand(10, 12) >>> plt.ylabel("Survived") Adjust the label of the y-axis
>>> sns.boxplot(data=iris,orient="h") Boxplot with wide-form data
>>> data = pd.DataFrame({'x':np.arange(1,101), >>> plt.xlabel("Sex") Adjust the label of the x-axis
'y':np.random.normal(0,4,100)}) Violinplot >>> plt.ylim(0,100) Adjust the limits of the y-axis
>>> sns.violinplot(x="age", Violin plot >>> plt.xlim(0,10) Adjust the limits of the x-axis
Seaborn also offers built-in data sets: y="sex", >>> plt.setp(ax,yticks=[0,5]) Adjust a plot property
>>> titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic") hue="survived", >>> plt.tight_layout() Adjust subplot params
>>> iris = sns.load_dataset("iris") data=titanic)

2 Figure Aesthetics Also see Matplotlib

5 Show or Save Plot Also see Matplotlib
>>> plt.show() Show the plot
Context Functions >>> plt.savefig("foo.png") Save the plot as a figure
>>> f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5,6)) Create a figure and one subplot >>> plt.savefig("foo.png", Save transparent figure
>>> sns.set_context("talk") Set context to "talk" transparent=True)
>>> sns.set_context("notebook", Set context to "notebook",
Seaborn styles font_scale=1.5, Scale font elements and
>>> sns.set() (Re)set the seaborn default
rc={"lines.linewidth":2.5}) override param mapping Close & Clear Also see Matplotlib
>>> sns.set_style("whitegrid") Set the matplotlib parameters Color Palette >>> plt.cla() Clear an axis
>>> sns.set_style("ticks", Set the matplotlib parameters >>> plt.clf() Clear an entire figure
{"xtick.major.size":8, >>> sns.set_palette("husl",3) Define the color palette >>> plt.close() Close a window
"ytick.major.size":8}) >>> sns.color_palette("husl") Use with with to temporarily set palette
>>> sns.axes_style("whitegrid") Return a dict of params or use with >>> flatui = ["#9b59b6","#3498db","#95a5a6","#e74c3c","#34495e","#2ecc71"]
with to temporarily set the style >>> sns.set_palette(flatui) Set your own color palette DataCamp
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Retrieving RDD Information Reshaping Data
Basic Information Reducing
PySpark - RDD Basics >>> rdd.getNumPartitions() List the number of partitions
>>> rdd.reduceByKey(lambda x,y : x+y)
.collect()
Merge the rdd values for
each key
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> rdd.count() Count RDD instances [('a',9),('b',2)]
3 >>> rdd.reduce(lambda a, b: a + b) Merge the rdd values
>>> rdd.countByKey() Count RDD instances by key ('a',7,'a',2,'b',2)
defaultdict(<type 'int'>,{'a':2,'b':1}) Grouping by
>>> rdd.countByValue() Count RDD instances by value >>> rdd3.groupBy(lambda x: x % 2) Return RDD of grouped values
Spark defaultdict(<type 'int'>,{('b',2):1,('a',2):1,('a',7):1})
>>> rdd.collectAsMap() Return (key,value) pairs as a
.mapValues(list)
.collect()
PySpark is the Spark Python API that exposes {'a': 2,'b': 2} dictionary >>> rdd.groupByKey() Group rdd by key
>>> rdd3.sum() Sum of RDD elements .mapValues(list)
the Spark programming model to Python. 4950 .collect()
>>> sc.parallelize([]).isEmpty() Check whether RDD is empty [('a',[7,2]),('b',[2])]
True
Initializing Spark Summary
Aggregating
>>> seqOp = (lambda x,y: (x[0]+y,x[1]+1))
>>> combOp = (lambda x,y:(x[0]+y[0],x[1]+y[1]))
SparkContext >>> rdd3.max() Maximum value of RDD elements >>> rdd3.aggregate((0,0),seqOp,combOp) Aggregate RDD elements of each
99 (4950,100) partition and then the results
>>> from pyspark import SparkContext >>> rdd3.min() Minimum value of RDD elements
>>> sc = SparkContext(master = 'local[2]') >>> rdd.aggregateByKey((0,0),seqop,combop) Aggregate values of each RDD key
0
>>> rdd3.mean() Mean value of RDD elements .collect()
Inspect SparkContext 49.5 [('a',(9,2)), ('b',(2,1))]
>>> rdd3.stdev() Standard deviation of RDD elements >>> rdd3.fold(0,add) Aggregate the elements of each
>>> sc.version Retrieve SparkContext version 28.866070047722118 4950 partition, and then the results
>>> sc.pythonVer Retrieve Python version >>> rdd3.variance() Compute variance of RDD elements >>> rdd.foldByKey(0, add) Merge the values for each key
>>> sc.master Master URL to connect to 833.25 .collect()
>>> str(sc.sparkHome) Path where Spark is installed on worker nodes >>> rdd3.histogram(3) Compute histogram by bins [('a',9),('b',2)]
>>> str(sc.sparkUser()) Retrieve name of the Spark User running ([0,33,66,99],[33,33,34])
>>> rdd3.stats() Summary statistics (count, mean, stdev, max & >>> rdd3.keyBy(lambda x: x+x) Create tuples of RDD elements by
SparkContext
>>> sc.appName Return application name min) .collect() applying a function
>>> sc.applicationId Retrieve application ID
>>>
>>>
sc.defaultParallelism Return default level of parallelism
sc.defaultMinPartitions Default minimum number of partitions for Applying Functions Mathematical Operations
RDDs >>> rdd.map(lambda x: x+(x[1],x[0])) Apply a function to each RDD element >>> rdd.subtract(rdd2) Return each rdd value not contained
.collect() .collect() in rdd2
Configuration [('a',7,7,'a'),('a',2,2,'a'),('b',2,2,'b')] [('b',2),('a',7)]
>>> rdd5 = rdd.flatMap(lambda x: x+(x[1],x[0])) Apply a function to each RDD element >>> rdd2.subtractByKey(rdd) Return each (key,value) pair of rdd2
>>> from pyspark import SparkConf, SparkContext and flatten the result .collect() with no matching key in rdd
>>> conf = (SparkConf() >>> rdd5.collect() [('d', 1)]
.setMaster("local") ['a',7,7,'a','a',2,2,'a','b',2,2,'b'] >>> rdd.cartesian(rdd2).collect() Return the Cartesian product of rdd
.setAppName("My app") >>> rdd4.flatMapValues(lambda x: x) Apply a flatMap function to each (key,value) and rdd2
.set("spark.executor.memory", "1g")) .collect() pair of rdd4 without changing the keys
>>> sc = SparkContext(conf = conf) [('a','x'),('a','y'),('a','z'),('b','p'),('b','r')]
Sort
Using The Shell Selecting Data >>> rdd2.sortBy(lambda x: x[1]) Sort RDD by given function
.collect()
In the PySpark shell, a special interpreter-aware SparkContext is already Getting [('d',1),('b',1),('a',2)]
created in the variable called sc. >>> rdd.collect() Return a list with all RDD elements >>> rdd2.sortByKey() Sort (key, value) RDD by key
[('a', 7), ('a', 2), ('b', 2)] .collect()
$ ./bin/spark-shell --master local[2] >>> rdd.take(2) Take first 2 RDD elements [('a',2),('b',1),('d',1)]
$ ./bin/pyspark --master local[4] --py-files code.py [('a', 7), ('a', 2)]
>>> rdd.first() Take first RDD element
Set which master the context connects to with the --master argument, and
('a', 7) Repartitioning
add Python .zip, .egg or .py files to the runtime path by passing a >>> rdd.top(2) Take top 2 RDD elements
[('b', 2), ('a', 7)] >>> rdd.repartition(4) New RDD with 4 partitions
comma-separated list to --py-files. >>> rdd.coalesce(1) Decrease the number of partitions in the RDD to 1
Sampling
Loading Data >>> rdd3.sample(False, 0.15, 81).collect() Return sampled subset of rdd3
[3,4,27,31,40,41,42,43,60,76,79,80,86,97] Saving
Parallelized Collections Filtering >>> rdd.saveAsTextFile("rdd.txt")
>>> rdd.filter(lambda x: "a" in x) Filter the RDD >>> rdd.saveAsHadoopFile("hdfs://namenodehost/parent/child",
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([('a',7),('a',2),('b',2)]) .collect() 'org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextOutputFormat')
>>> rdd2 = sc.parallelize([('a',2),('d',1),('b',1)]) [('a',7),('a',2)]
>>> rdd3 = sc.parallelize(range(100)) >>> rdd5.distinct().collect() Return distinct RDD values
>>> rdd4 = sc.parallelize([("a",["x","y","z"]),
("b",["p", "r"])])
['a',2,'b',7]
>>> rdd.keys().collect() Return (key,value) RDD's keys
Stopping SparkContext
['a', 'a', 'b'] >>> sc.stop()
External Data
Read either one text file from HDFS, a local file system or or any Iterating Execution
Hadoop-supported file system URI with textFile(), or read in a directory >>> def g(x): print(x)
>>> rdd.foreach(g) Apply a function to all RDD elements $ ./bin/spark-submit examples/src/main/python/pi.py
of text files with wholeTextFiles().
('a', 7)
>>> textFile = sc.textFile("/my/directory/*.txt") ('b', 2) DataCamp
>>> textFile2 = sc.wholeTextFiles("/my/directory/") ('a', 2) Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Duplicate Values GroupBy
>>> df = df.dropDuplicates() >>> df.groupBy("age")\ Group by age, count the members
PySpark - SQL Basics .count() \
.show()
in the groups
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com Queries
>>> from pyspark.sql import functions as F
Select Filter
>>> df.select("firstName").show() Show all entries in firstName column >>> df.filter(df["age"]>24).show() Filter entries of age, only keep those
>>> df.select("firstName","lastName") \ records of which the values are >24
PySpark & Spark SQL .show()
>>> df.select("firstName", Show all entries in firstName, age

Spark SQL is Apache Spark's module for "age", and type

Sort
explode("phoneNumber") \
working with structured data. .alias("contactInfo")) \
.select("contactInfo.type", >>> peopledf.sort(peopledf.age.desc()).collect()
>>> df.sort("age", ascending=False).collect()
Initializing SparkSession "firstName",
"age") \ >>> df.orderBy(["age","city"],ascending=[0,1])\
A SparkSession can be used create DataFrame, register DataFrame as tables, .show() .collect()
execute SQL over tables, cache tables, and read parquet files. >>> df.select(df["firstName"],df["age"]+ 1) Show all entries in firstName and age,
.show() add 1 to the entries of age
>>> from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
>>> spark = SparkSession \
>>> df.select(df['age'] > 24).show()
When
Show all entries where age >24 Missing & Replacing Values
.builder \ >>> df.select("firstName", Show firstName and 0 or 1 depending
.appName("Python Spark SQL basic example") \ >>> df.na.fill(50).show() Replace null values
F.when(df.age > 30, 1) \ on age >30 >>> df.na.drop().show() Return new df omitting rows with null values
.config("spark.some.config.option", "some-value") \ .otherwise(0)) \
.getOrCreate() >>> df.na \ Return new df replacing one value with
.show() .replace(10, 20) \ another
>>> df[df.firstName.isin("Jane","Boris")] Show firstName if in the given options .show()
Creating DataFrames Like
.collect()

From RDDs
>>> df.select("firstName", Show firstName, and lastName is
df.lastName.like("Smith")) \ TRUE if lastName is like Smith
Repartitioning
.show()
>>> from pyspark.sql.types import * Startswith - Endswith >>> df.repartition(10)\ df with 10 partitions
>>> df.select("firstName", Show firstName, and TRUE if .rdd \
Infer Schema .getNumPartitions()
>>> sc = spark.sparkContext df.lastName \ lastName starts with Sm
.startswith("Sm")) \ >>> df.coalesce(1).rdd.getNumPartitions() df with 1 partition
>>> lines = sc.textFile("people.txt")
.show()
>>> parts = lines.map(lambda l: l.split(",")) >>> df.select(df.lastName.endswith("th")) \ Show last names ending in th
>>>
>>>
people = parts.map(lambda p: Row(name=p[0],age=int(p[1])))
peopledf = spark.createDataFrame(people)
.show() Running SQL Queries Programmatically
Substring
Specify Schema >>> df.select(df.firstName.substr(1, 3) \ Return substrings of firstName Registering DataFrames as Views
>>> people = parts.map(lambda p: Row(name=p[0], .alias("name")) \
age=int(p[1].strip()))) .collect() >>> peopledf.createGlobalTempView("people")
>>> schemaString = "name age" Between >>> df.createTempView("customer")
>>> fields = [StructField(field_name, StringType(), True) for >>> df.select(df.age.between(22, 24)) \ Show age: values are TRUE if between >>> df.createOrReplaceTempView("customer")
field_name in schemaString.split()] .show() 22 and 24
>>> schema = StructType(fields) Query Views
>>> spark.createDataFrame(people, schema).show()
+--------+---+
| name|age|
Add, Update & Remove Columns >>> df5 = spark.sql("SELECT * FROM customer").show()
+--------+---+ >>> peopledf2 = spark.sql("SELECT * FROM global_temp.people")\
|
|
Mine| 28|
Filip| 29|
Adding Columns .show()
|Jonathan| 30|
+--------+---+ >>> df = df.withColumn('city',df.address.city) \
.withColumn('postalCode',df.address.postalCode) \
From Spark Data Sources .withColumn('state',df.address.state) \
.withColumn('streetAddress',df.address.streetAddress) \
Output
.withColumn('telePhoneNumber', Data Structures
JSON explode(df.phoneNumber.number)) \
>>> df = spark.read.json("customer.json") .withColumn('telePhoneType',
>>> df.show() >>> rdd1 = df.rdd Convert df into an RDD
+--------------------+---+---------+--------+--------------------+ explode(df.phoneNumber.type)) >>> df.toJSON().first() Convert df into a RDD of string
| address|age|firstName |lastName| phoneNumber|
+--------------------+---+---------+--------+--------------------+ >>> df.toPandas() Return the contents of df as Pandas
|[New York,10021,N...| 25|
|[New York,10021,N...| 21|
John|
Jane|
Smith|[[212 555-1234,ho...|
Doe|[[322 888-1234,ho...|
Updating Columns DataFrame
+--------------------+---+---------+--------+--------------------+
>>> df2 = spark.read.load("people.json", format="json")
>>> df = df.withColumnRenamed('telePhoneNumber', 'phoneNumber') Write & Save to Files
Parquet files Removing Columns >>> df.select("firstName", "city")\
>>> df3 = spark.read.load("users.parquet") .write \
TXT files >>> df = df.drop("address", "phoneNumber") .save("nameAndCity.parquet")
>>> df4 = spark.read.text("people.txt") >>> df = df.drop(df.address).drop(df.phoneNumber) >>> df.select("firstName", "age") \
.write \
.save("namesAndAges.json",format="json")
Inspect Data
>>> df.dtypes Return df column names and data types >>> df.describe().show() Compute summary statistics Stopping SparkSession
>>> df.show() Display the content of df >>> df.columns Return the columns of df
>>> df.count() >>> spark.stop()
>>> df.head() Return first n rows Count the number of rows in df
>>> df.first() Return first row >>> df.distinct().count() Count the number of distinct rows in df
>>> df.take(2) Return the first n rows >>> df.printSchema() Print the schema of df DataCamp
>>> df.schema Return the schema of df >>> df.explain() Print the (logical and physical) plans
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Model Architecture Inspect Model
>>> model.output_shape
Sequential Model Model output shape
Keras >>> from keras.models import Sequential
>>>
>>>
model.summary()
model.get_config()
Model summary representation
Model configuration
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> model = Sequential() >>> model.get_weights() List all weight tensors in the model
>>> model2 = Sequential()
>>> model3 = Sequential() Compile Model
Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) MLP: Binary Classification
Keras Binary Classification >>> model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
Keras is a powerful and easy-to-use deep learning library for >>> from keras.layers import Dense metrics=['accuracy'])
Theano and TensorFlow that provides a high-level neural >>> model.add(Dense(12, MLP: Multi-Class Classification
input_dim=8, >>> model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
networks API to develop and evaluate deep learning models. kernel_initializer='uniform', loss='categorical_crossentropy',
activation='relu')) metrics=['accuracy'])
A Basic Example >>> model.add(Dense(8,kernel_initializer='uniform',activation='relu'))
MLP: Regression
>>> model.add(Dense(1,kernel_initializer='uniform',activation='sigmoid')) >>> model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
>>> import numpy as np loss='mse',
>>> from keras.models import Sequential Multi-Class Classification metrics=['mae'])
>>> from keras.layers import Dense >>> from keras.layers import Dropout
>>> data = np.random.random((1000,100)) >>> model.add(Dense(512,activation='relu',input_shape=(784,))) Recurrent Neural Network
>>> labels = np.random.randint(2,size=(1000,1)) >>> model.add(Dropout(0.2)) >>> model3.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
>>> model = Sequential() optimizer='adam',
>>> model.add(Dense(512,activation='relu')) metrics=['accuracy'])
>>> model.add(Dense(32, >>> model.add(Dropout(0.2))
activation='relu', >>> model.add(Dense(10,activation='softmax'))

>>>
input_dim=100))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
Regression Model Training
>>> model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', >>> model.add(Dense(64,activation='relu',input_dim=train_data.shape[1])) >>> model3.fit(x_train4,
loss='binary_crossentropy', >>> model.add(Dense(1)) y_train4,
metrics=['accuracy']) batch_size=32,
>>> model.fit(data,labels,epochs=10,batch_size=32) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) epochs=15,
verbose=1,
>>> predictions = model.predict(data) >>> from keras.layers import Activation,Conv2D,MaxPooling2D,Flatten validation_data=(x_test4,y_test4))
>>> model2.add(Conv2D(32,(3,3),padding='same',input_shape=x_train.shape[1:]))
Data Also see NumPy, Pandas & Scikit-Learn >>>
>>>
model2.add(Activation('relu'))
model2.add(Conv2D(32,(3,3))) Evaluate Your Model's Performance
Your data needs to be stored as NumPy arrays or as a list of NumPy arrays. Ide- >>> model2.add(Activation('relu')) >>> score = model3.evaluate(x_test,
>>> model2.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2,2))) y_test,
ally, you split the data in training and test sets, for which you can also resort batch_size=32)
>>> model2.add(Dropout(0.25))
to the train_test_split module of sklearn.cross_validation.
>>> model2.add(Conv2D(64,(3,3), padding='same'))
Keras Data Sets >>>
>>>
model2.add(Activation('relu'))
model2.add(Conv2D(64,(3, 3)))
Prediction
>>> from keras.datasets import boston_housing, >>> model2.add(Activation('relu')) >>> model3.predict(x_test4, batch_size=32)
mnist, >>> model2.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2,2))) >>> model3.predict_classes(x_test4,batch_size=32)
cifar10, >>> model2.add(Dropout(0.25))
imdb
>>> (x_train,y_train),(x_test,y_test) = mnist.load_data()
>>> (x_train2,y_train2),(x_test2,y_test2) = boston_housing.load_data()
>>>
>>>
model2.add(Flatten())
model2.add(Dense(512))
Save/ Reload Models
>>> (x_train3,y_train3),(x_test3,y_test3) = cifar10.load_data() >>> model2.add(Activation('relu')) >>> from keras.models import load_model
>>> (x_train4,y_train4),(x_test4,y_test4) = imdb.load_data(num_words=20000) >>> model2.add(Dropout(0.5)) >>> model3.save('model_file.h5')
>>> num_classes = 10 >>> my_model = load_model('my_model.h5')
>>> model2.add(Dense(num_classes))
>>> model2.add(Activation('softmax'))
Other
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Model Fine-tuning
>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
>>> data = np.loadtxt(urlopen("http://archive.ics.uci.edu/
ml/machine-learning-databases/pima-indians-diabetes/
>>> from keras.klayers import Embedding,LSTM Optimization Parameters
pima-indians-diabetes.data"),delimiter=",") >>> model3.add(Embedding(20000,128)) >>> from keras.optimizers import RMSprop
>>> X = data[:,0:8] >>> model3.add(LSTM(128,dropout=0.2,recurrent_dropout=0.2)) >>> opt = RMSprop(lr=0.0001, decay=1e-6)
>>> y = data [:,8] >>> model3.add(Dense(1,activation='sigmoid')) >>> model2.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer=opt,
metrics=['accuracy'])
Preprocessing Also see NumPy & Scikit-Learn
Early Stopping
Sequence Padding Train and Test Sets >>> from keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping
>>> from keras.preprocessing import sequence >>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split >>> early_stopping_monitor = EarlyStopping(patience=2)
>>> x_train4 = sequence.pad_sequences(x_train4,maxlen=80) >>> X_train5,X_test5,y_train5,y_test5 = train_test_split(X, >>> model3.fit(x_train4,
>>> x_test4 = sequence.pad_sequences(x_test4,maxlen=80) y,
test_size=0.33, y_train4,
random_state=42) batch_size=32,
One-Hot Encoding epochs=15,
>>> from keras.utils import to_categorical Standardization/Normalization validation_data=(x_test4,y_test4),
>>> Y_train = to_categorical(y_train, num_classes) >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler callbacks=[early_stopping_monitor])
>>> Y_test = to_categorical(y_test, num_classes) >>> scaler = StandardScaler().fit(x_train2)
>>> Y_train3 = to_categorical(y_train3, num_classes) >>> standardized_X = scaler.transform(x_train2) DataCamp
>>> Y_test3 = to_categorical(y_test3, num_classes) >>> standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(x_test2) Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet 3 Renderers & Visual Customizations
Glyphs Customized Glyphs Also see Data
Bokeh Scatter Markers Selection and Non-Selection Glyphs
Learn Bokeh Interactively at www.DataCamp.com, >>> p1.circle(np.array([1,2,3]), np.array([3,2,1]), >>> p = figure(tools='box_select')
taught by Bryan Van de Ven, core contributor fill_color='white') >>> p.circle('mpg', 'cyl', source=cds_df,
>>> p2.square(np.array([1.5,3.5,5.5]), [1,4,3], selection_color='red',
color='blue', size=1) nonselection_alpha=0.1)
Line Glyphs
Plotting With Bokeh >>> p1.line([1,2,3,4], [3,4,5,6], line_width=2) Hover Glyphs
>>> p2.multi_line(pd.DataFrame([[1,2,3],[5,6,7]]), >>> hover = HoverTool(tooltips=None, mode='vline')
The Python interactive visualization library Bokeh pd.DataFrame([[3,4,5],[3,2,1]]), >>> p3.add_tools(hover)
enables high-performance visual presentation of color="blue")
Colormapping
large datasets in modern web browsers. Rows & Columns Layout US
Asia >>> color_mapper = CategoricalColorMapper(
factors=['US', 'Asia', 'Europe'],
Europe

Rows Columns palette=['blue', 'red', 'green'])

Bokeh’s mid-level general purpose bokeh.plotting >>> from bokeh.layouts import row >>> from bokeh.layouts import columns >>> p3.circle('mpg', 'cyl', source=cds_df,
>>> layout = row(p1,p2,p3) >>> layout = column(p1,p2,p3)
interface is centered around two main components: data color=dict(field='origin',
Nesting Rows & Columns transform=color_mapper),
and glyphs. >>>layout = row(column(p1,p2), p3) legend='Origin'))

Grid Layout Linked Plots Also see Data

+ = >>> from bokeh.layouts import gridplot
>>> row1 = [p1,p2]
Linked Axes
data glyphs plot >>> p2.x_range = p1.x_range
>>> row2 = [p3]
>>> p2.y_range = p1.y_range
>>> layout = gridplot([[p1,p2],[p3]])
The basic steps to creating plots with the bokeh.plotting Linked Brushing
interface are: Tabbed Layout >>> p4 = figure(plot_width = 100, tools='box_select,lasso_select')
>>> from bokeh.models.widgets import Panel, Tabs >>> p4.circle('mpg', 'cyl', source=cds_df)
1. Prepare some data: >>> tab1 = Panel(child=p1, title="tab1") >>> p5 = figure(plot_width = 200, tools='box_select,lasso_select')
Python lists, NumPy arrays, Pandas DataFrames and other sequences of values >>> p5.circle('mpg', 'hp', source=cds_df)
>>> tab2 = Panel(child=p2, title="tab2")
2. Create a new plot >>> layout = Tabs(tabs=[tab1, tab2]) >>> layout = row(p4,p5)
3. Add renderers for your data, with visual customizations Legends
4. Specify where to generate the output Legend Location Legend Orientation
5. Show or save the results Inside Plot Area >>> p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"
>>> from bokeh.plotting import figure >>> p.legend.location = 'bottom_left' >>> p.legend.orientation = "vertical"
>>> from bokeh.io import output_file, show Outside Plot Area
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> r1 = p2.asterisk(np.array([1,2,3]), np.array([3,2,1]) Legend Background & Border
Step 1 >>> r2 = p2.line([1,2,3,4], [3,4,5,6])
>>> y = [6, 7, 2, 4, 5] >>> p.legend.border_line_color = "navy"
>>> legend = Legend(items=[("One" , [p1, r1]),("Two" , [r2])], location=(0, -30))
>>> p = figure(title="simple line example", Step 2 >>> p.add_layout(legend, 'right') >>> p.legend.background_fill_color = "white"
x_axis_label='x',
y_axis_label='y')
>>> p.line(x, y, legend="Temp.", line_width=2) Step 3 4 Output Statistical Charts With Bokeh
Bokeh’s high-level bokeh.charts interface is ideal for quickly
Also see Data
>>> output_file("lines.html") Step 4 Output to HTML File
>>> show(p) Step 5 creating statistical charts
>>> from bokeh.io import output_file, show

1 Data Also see Lists, NumPy & Pandas

>>> output_file('my_bar_chart.html', mode='cdn')
Notebook Output
Bar Chart
>>> from bokeh.charts import Bar
Under the hood, your data is converted to Column Data >>> p = Bar(df, stacked=True, palette=['red','blue'])
>>> from bokeh.io import output_notebook, show
Sources. You can also do this manually: Box Plot
>>> import numpy as np >>> output_notebook()
>>> import pandas as pd >>> from bokeh.charts import BoxPlot
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.array([[33.9,4,65, 'US'], Embedding >>> p = BoxPlot(df, values='vals', label='cyl',
[32.4,4,66, 'Asia'], legend='bottom_right')
Standalone HTML
Label 1

[21.4,4,109, 'Europe']]),
Label 2
Label 3

columns=['mpg','cyl', 'hp', 'origin'],

index=['Toyota', 'Fiat', 'Volvo'])
>>> from bokeh.embed import file_html Histogram
>>> html = file_html(p, CDN, "my_plot") Histogram

>>> from bokeh.charts import Histogram

>>> from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource Components >>> p = Histogram(df, title='Histogram')
>>> cds_df = ColumnDataSource(df)
>>> from bokeh.embed import components Scatter Plot
2 Plotting
>>> script, div = components(p) >>> from bokeh.charts import Scatter

5
>>> p = Scatter(df, x='mpg', y ='hp', marker='square',
Show or Save Your Plots
y-axis
>>> from bokeh.plotting import figure xlabel='Miles Per Gallon',
>>> p1 = figure(plot_width=300, tools='pan,box_zoom') ylabel='Horsepower')
x-axis

>>> p2 = figure(plot_width=300, plot_height=300, >>> show(p1) >>> save(p1)

x_range=(0, 8), y_range=(0, 8)) >>> show(layout) >>> save(layout) DataCamp
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 Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Linear Algebra Also see NumPy
You’ll use the linalg and sparse modules. Note that scipy.linalg contains and expands on numpy.linalg.
SciPy - Linear Algebra >>> from scipy import linalg, sparse Matrix Functions
Learn More Python for Data Science Interactively at www.datacamp.com
Creating Matrices Addition
>>> np.add(A,D) Addition
>>> A = np.matrix(np.random.random((2,2)))
>>> B = np.asmatrix(b) Subtraction
SciPy >>> C = np.mat(np.random.random((10,5))) >>> np.subtract(A,D) Subtraction
The SciPy library is one of the core packages for >>> D = np.mat([[3,4], [5,6]]) Division
>>> np.divide(A,D) Division
scientific computing that provides mathematical Basic Matrix Routines Multiplication
algorithms and convenience functions built on the >>> A @ D Multiplication operator
Inverse
NumPy extension of Python. >>> A.I Inverse (Python 3)
>>> np.multiply(D,A) Multiplication
>>> linalg.inv(A) Inverse
>>> np.dot(A,D) Dot product
Interacting With NumPy Also see NumPy Transposition >>> np.vdot(A,D) Vector dot product
>>> import numpy as np >>> A.T Tranpose matrix >>> np.inner(A,D) Inner product
>>> A.H Conjugate transposition >>> np.outer(A,D) Outer product
>>> a = np.array([1,2,3])
>>> b = np.array([(1+5j,2j,3j), (4j,5j,6j)]) Trace >>> np.tensordot(A,D) Tensor dot product
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], [(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]]) >>> np.trace(A) Trace >>> np.kron(A,D) Kronecker product
Norm Exponential Functions
Index Tricks >>> linalg.expm(A) Matrix exponential
>>> linalg.norm(A) Frobenius norm
>>> np.mgrid[0:5,0:5] Create a dense meshgrid >>> linalg.expm2(A) Matrix exponential (Taylor Series)
>>> linalg.norm(A,1) L1 norm (max column sum)
>>> np.ogrid[0:2,0:2] Create an open meshgrid >>> linalg.expm3(D) Matrix exponential (eigenvalue
>>> linalg.norm(A,np.inf) L inf norm (max row sum) decomposition)
>>> np.r_[3,[0]*5,-1:1:10j] Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
>>> np.c_[b,c] Create stacked column-wise arrays Rank Logarithm Function
>>> np.linalg.matrix_rank(C) Matrix rank >>> linalg.logm(A) Matrix logarithm
Shape Manipulation Determinant Trigonometric Functions
>>> linalg.det(A) Determinant >>> linalg.sinm(D) Matrix sine
>>> np.transpose(b) Permute array dimensions
Solving linear problems >>> linalg.cosm(D) Matrix cosine
>>> b.flatten() Flatten the array >>> linalg.tanm(A) Matrix tangent
>>> np.hstack((b,c)) Stack arrays horizontally (column-wise) >>> linalg.solve(A,b) Solver for dense matrices
>>> np.vstack((a,b)) Stack arrays vertically (row-wise) >>> E = np.mat(a).T Solver for dense matrices Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions
>>> np.hsplit(c,2) Split the array horizontally at the 2nd index >>> linalg.lstsq(F,E) Least-squares solution to linear matrix >>> linalg.sinhm(D) Hypberbolic matrix sine
>>> np.vpslit(d,2) Split the array vertically at the 2nd index equation >>> linalg.coshm(D) Hyperbolic matrix cosine
Generalized inverse >>> linalg.tanhm(A) Hyperbolic matrix tangent
Polynomials >>> linalg.pinv(C) Compute the pseudo-inverse of a matrix Matrix Sign Function
(least-squares solver) >>> np.signm(A) Matrix sign function
>>> from numpy import poly1d
>>> p = poly1d([3,4,5]) Create a polynomial object >>> linalg.pinv2(C) Compute the pseudo-inverse of a matrix Matrix Square Root
(SVD) >>> linalg.sqrtm(A) Matrix square root
Vectorizing Functions Creating Sparse Matrices Arbitrary Functions
>>> def myfunc(a): >>> linalg.funm(A, lambda x: x*x) Evaluate matrix function
if a < 0: >>> F = np.eye(3, k=1) Create a 2X2 identity matrix
return a*2
else:
>>> G = np.mat(np.identity(2)) Create a 2x2 identity matrix Decompositions
return a/2 >>> C[C > 0.5] = 0
>>> np.vectorize(myfunc) Vectorize functions
>>> H = sparse.csr_matrix(C) Compressed Sparse Row matrix Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
>>> I = sparse.csc_matrix(D) Compressed Sparse Column matrix >>> la, v = linalg.eig(A) Solve ordinary or generalized
>>> J = sparse.dok_matrix(A) Dictionary Of Keys matrix eigenvalue problem for square matrix
Type Handling >>> E.todense() Sparse matrix to full matrix >>> l1, l2 = la Unpack eigenvalues
>>> sparse.isspmatrix_csc(A) Identify sparse matrix >>> v[:,0] First eigenvector
>>> np.real(b) Return the real part of the array elements >>> v[:,1] Second eigenvector
>>> np.imag(b) Return the imaginary part of the array elements
>>> np.real_if_close(c,tol=1000) Return a real array if complex parts close to 0 Sparse Matrix Routines >>> linalg.eigvals(A) Unpack eigenvalues
>>> np.cast['f'](np.pi) Cast object to a data type Singular Value Decomposition
Inverse >>> U,s,Vh = linalg.svd(B) Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
>>> sparse.linalg.inv(I) Inverse >>> M,N = B.shape
Other Useful Functions
Norm >>> Sig = linalg.diagsvd(s,M,N) Construct sigma matrix in SVD
>>> np.angle(b,deg=True) Return the angle of the complex argument >>> sparse.linalg.norm(I) Norm LU Decomposition
>>> g = np.linspace(0,np.pi,num=5) Create an array of evenly spaced values Solving linear problems >>> P,L,U = linalg.lu(C) LU Decomposition
(number of samples)
>>> g [3:] += np.pi >>> sparse.linalg.spsolve(H,I) Solver for sparse matrices
>>> np.unwrap(g) Unwrap Sparse Matrix Decompositions
>>>
>>>
np.logspace(0,10,3) Create an array of evenly spaced values (log scale)
np.select([c<4],[c*2]) Return values from a list of arrays depending on
Sparse Matrix Functions >>> la, v = sparse.linalg.eigs(F,1) Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
conditions >>> sparse.linalg.expm(I) Sparse matrix exponential >>> sparse.linalg.svds(H, 2) SVD
>>> misc.factorial(a) Factorial
>>> Combine N things taken at k time
>>>
misc.comb(10,3,exact=True)
misc.central_diff_weights(3) Weights for Np-point central derivative Asking For Help DataCamp
>>> misc.derivative(myfunc,1.0) Find the n-th derivative of a function at a point >>> help(scipy.linalg.diagsvd)
>>> np.info(np.matrix) Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Create Your Model Evaluate Your Model’s Performance
Supervised Learning Estimators Classification Metrics
Scikit-Learn
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com Linear Regression Accuracy Score
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression >>> knn.score(X_test, y_test) Estimator score method
>>> lr = LinearRegression(normalize=True) >>> from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score Metric scoring functions
>>> accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
Scikit-learn >>> from sklearn.svm import SVC Classification Report
>>> svc = SVC(kernel='linear') >>> from sklearn.metrics import classification_report Precision, recall, f1-score
Scikit-learn is an open source Python library that Naive Bayes >>> print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred)) and support
implements a range of machine learning, >>> from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB Confusion Matrix
>>> gnb = GaussianNB() >>> from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
preprocessing, cross-validation and visualization >>> print(confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred))
algorithms using a unified interface. KNN
>>> from sklearn import neighbors Regression Metrics
A Basic Example >>> knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
>>> from sklearn import neighbors, datasets, preprocessing
Mean Absolute Error
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split Unsupervised Learning Estimators >>> from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
>>> from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score >>> y_true = [3, -0.5, 2]
>>> iris = datasets.load_iris() Principal Component Analysis (PCA) >>> mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred)
>>> X, y = iris.data[:, :2], iris.target >>> from sklearn.decomposition import PCA Mean Squared Error
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=33) >>> pca = PCA(n_components=0.95) >>> from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
>>> scaler = preprocessing.StandardScaler().fit(X_train) >>> mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
>>> X_train = scaler.transform(X_train)
K Means
>>> X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) >>> from sklearn.cluster import KMeans R² Score
>>> knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5) >>> k_means = KMeans(n_clusters=3, random_state=0) >>> from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
>>> r2_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> y_pred = knn.predict(X_test)
>>> accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred) Model Fitting Clustering Metrics
Adjusted Rand Index
Supervised learning >>> from sklearn.metrics import adjusted_rand_score
Loading The Data Also see NumPy & Pandas >>> lr.fit(X, y) Fit the model to the data
>>> adjusted_rand_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
Your data needs to be numeric and stored as NumPy arrays or SciPy sparse >>> svc.fit(X_train, y_train) Homogeneity
>>> from sklearn.metrics import homogeneity_score
matrices. Other types that are convertible to numeric arrays, such as Pandas Unsupervised Learning >>> homogeneity_score(y_true, y_pred)
DataFrame, are also acceptable. >>> k_means.fit(X_train) Fit the model to the data
>>> pca_model = pca.fit_transform(X_train) Fit to data, then transform it V-measure
>>> import numpy as np >>> from sklearn.metrics import v_measure_score
>>> X = np.random.random((10,5)) >>> metrics.v_measure_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> y = np.array(['M','M','F','F','M','F','M','M','F','F','F'])
>>> X[X < 0.7] = 0 Prediction Cross-Validation
>>> from sklearn.cross_validation import cross_val_score
Supervised Estimators >>> print(cross_val_score(knn, X_train, y_train, cv=4))
Training And Test Data >>> y_pred = svc.predict(np.random.random((2,5))) Predict labels
>>> y_pred = lr.predict(X_test)
>>> print(cross_val_score(lr, X, y, cv=2))
Predict labels
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split >>> y_pred = knn.predict_proba(X_test) Estimate probability of a label
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,
y, Unsupervised Estimators Tune Your Model
random_state=0) >>> y_pred = k_means.predict(X_test) Predict labels in clustering algos Grid Search
>>> from sklearn.grid_search import GridSearchCV
>>> params = {"n_neighbors": np.arange(1,3),
Preprocessing The Data "metric": ["euclidean", "cityblock"]}
>>> grid = GridSearchCV(estimator=knn,
Standardization Encoding Categorical Features param_grid=params)
>>> grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder >>> print(grid.best_score_)
>>> scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X_train) >>> print(grid.best_estimator_.n_neighbors)
>>> enc = LabelEncoder()
>>> standardized_X = scaler.transform(X_train) >>> y = enc.fit_transform(y)
>>> standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) Randomized Parameter Optimization
Normalization Imputing Missing Values >>> from sklearn.grid_search import RandomizedSearchCV
>>> params = {"n_neighbors": range(1,5),
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Normalizer "weights": ["uniform", "distance"]}
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer >>> rsearch = RandomizedSearchCV(estimator=knn,
>>> scaler = Normalizer().fit(X_train) >>> imp = Imputer(missing_values=0, strategy='mean', axis=0) param_distributions=params,
>>> normalized_X = scaler.transform(X_train) >>> imp.fit_transform(X_train) cv=4,
>>> normalized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) n_iter=8,
random_state=5)
Binarization Generating Polynomial Features >>> rsearch.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> print(rsearch.best_score_)
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Binarizer >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
>>> binarizer = Binarizer(threshold=0.0).fit(X) >>> poly = PolynomialFeatures(5)
>>> binary_X = binarizer.transform(X) >>> poly.fit_transform(X) DataCamp
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