Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Experiment Instructions
Table of contents
1 Teaching objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Technical description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6 Forced oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.1 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.2 Control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.3 Worksheet circular plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.4 Symbols and formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.4.1 List of symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH , Hamburg
1 Teaching objective
1
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
2
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
2 Technical description
experiments
- Rapid attachment and simple adjustment of
components by way of T-slots, T-slot blocks
and clamping levers
3
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
4
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
processes
- Mechanical plotter ( drum recorder, 3) for recor-
3 ding oscillation processes versus time
4
- Plotter (4) at exciter unit for determining phase
and amplitude with forced oscillation
5
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
6
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
7
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
2.2.3 Upkeep
8
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Main dimensions L x W x H:
1000 x 800 x1800 mm
Frame opening L x H: 870 x 680 mm
Weight: 200 kg
Thread pendulums
Thread pendulum with steel ball
mass m: 520 g
max. length L: 1000 mm
Thread pendulum with wooden ball
mass m: 50 g
max. length L: 1000 mm
Rod pendulums
Rod pendulum, short
mass m: 316 g
length L: 800 mm
Rod pendulum, long
mass m: 395 g
length L: 1000 mm
2 additional weights, adjustable, steel
mass m: 492 g
2 knife-edge bearings, adjustable
mass m: 200 g
Wooden pendulum
mass m: 600 g
length L: 800 mm
Additional mass, steel
mass m: 481 g
9
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Beam, rigid W x H: 25 x 12 mm
mass m: 1680 g
length L: 700 mm
Beam, flexible W x H: 25 x 4 mm
mass m: 620 g
length L: 700 mm
10
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Damper
oscillating mass m: 130 g
damper constant b: 5 - 15 Ns/m
damper medium: hydraulic test fluid
viscosity at 20°C : 22 mm 2/s
Amplitude meter with contact
measuring range: 20 mm
Stand with base plate
height: 500 mm
Plotter, mechanical
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH , Hamburg
Exciter unit
Frequency range f: 0 - 50 Hz
Unbalance mass: 100 g
Eccentricity ε: 0 -10 mm
Unbalance m⋅ε: 0-1000 mmg
Total mass m: 772 g
Drive: d.c. servo-motor, brushless
ratio i: 3.2
Circular plot surface
Diameter: 100 mm
Absorber, adjustable
Frequency range f: 5 - 50 Hz
Weights: 368 g
Leaf springs: W x H: 20 x 1.5 mm
Total mass m 1100 g
Additional masses for attachment to exciter
2 x mass m: 50 g
1 x mass m: 100 g
2 x mass m: 200 g
1 x mass m: 400 g
11
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
12
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
13
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
oscillation.
Two differentiation operations and insertion of this
Periodic time T result in the equation of motion give
√
g
ω= ,
L
2π
T= ω =2π
√
g
L
.
14
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
T2 1.5 2
L= g = 9.81 =0.559 m.
Rope clamps (2 π) 2 (2 π) 2
15
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
h
at the centre of gravity S likewise attempts to return
mg
the pendulum to its initial position. Given the mass
moment of inertia (MMI) Jo about the suspension
Physical pendulum with extensive point O this results in
mass distribution ..
Jo ⋅ ϕ = − rso ⋅ m g sin ϕ.
√
m g rso
S ω= ,
ϕ Jo
2π
√
Jo
T= ω =2π .
m g rso
Thin rod as pendulum
The MMI Jo about the suspension point O is deter-
mined from the MMI Js about the centre of gravity
16
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
m ⋅ L2 L2 m ⋅ L2
Jo = Js + m ⋅ rso 2 = +m⋅ = .
12 4 3
√
3g
ω= ,
2L
T=
2π
ω
=2π
√ 2 L
3 g
.
g
√ =2π√
2L 2 0.8
T=2π = 1.465 s.
3 3 g
T20 = 29.33 s .
17
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
√
√
L 0.4
L = 800 mm L = 400 mm T=2π =2π = 1.268 s.
g 9.81
18
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
√
√
Lred = 2/3 L Lred Jo
T=2π =2π ,
g m g rso
S
T
L Jo
Lred = .
m rso
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Centre of mass
19
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
L2
T rso −rso Lred +
2
= 0.
12
Seconds pendulum
20
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
√
3 L2red − L2
rso1,2 = Lred⁄2 ± .
12
21
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
22
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
2 2
2 π 2π −2
g = Lred =
T 1.465 0.530 = 9.75 m s .
23
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Jo Js + m r2so
Lred 1 = =
m rso m rso
suspension point O2
Jo Js + m (x − rso)2
Lred 2 = = .
m (x − rso) m (x − rso)
24
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
√
x JG
T=2π = 1.500 s.
mG g rsG
mz
The total MMI, the total mass and the joint centre
of gravity distance are made up as follows
Attachment of additional mass mz JG = Jo + mz x2,
mG = m + mz,
m rso + mz x
rsG = .
m + mz
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TM 150 Universal Vibration System
The solution is
√
2 24 2
x1,2 =
T g
± T g − Jo + T g m r
2 π 4 m 2 π mz so
2 π
2
z
26
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
T = 1.476 s T = 1.482 s
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2.432kg
The measured periods of oscillation are virtually
independent of the size of the mass.
27
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
28
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
x1 F=c⋅x
x2
Elongation x
29
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
formation
30
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
49.05
c2 = = 1.44 N/mm (1.50 N/mm),
34.0
58.86
c3 = = 3.09 N/mm (3.00 N/mm).
19.0
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60
c = 3.09 N/mm
50
c = 1.44 N/mm
Spring force F in N
40
30
c = 0.84 N/mm
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Elongation x in mm
Force-elongation diagram
31
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
32
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Fitting beam
3
- Install locating bearing (1) at perpendicular fra-
me section
4 - Fasten beam (2) with cheese-head bolt M6 (5)
to bearing shaft
1 2
- Attach adjustable spring mount (3) as descri-
bed under 4.1
- Insert spring (4) required between threaded
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Fitting plotter
6 - Install plotter (6) opposite locating bearing at
perpendicular frame section
Tension
- Screw pen holder (9) with cheese-head bolt M6
to outer end of beam (2)
33
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
aring
34
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
mass m
Fc
O Fc = c x = c ϕ a.
ϕ x
mL
√
3 c a2 1 3 c a2
ω2o = ,f= .
mL 2
2π 2
35
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
T=2π
√
m L2
3 c a2
.
36
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
37
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
38
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
.. d b2 . c a2
ϕ+ ϕ+ ϕ = 0.
J0 J0
No damping
D=0
The solution produces decaying harmonic oscilla-
Slight damping tions
D = 0.4
ω0 ^ −Dω0t
Considerable damping ϕ(t) = ϕe sin (ωd t + ψ)
Limit case ωd
D=1
39
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
40
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
41
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Influence of damping
Experiment Needle valve Lever arm b
position in mm
1 open 150
2 close 150
3 open 600
4 close 600
42
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
1
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43
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
6 Forced oscillation
0 1 2
Ω
or reduce resonance:
Exitation/natural frequency
ω0
- additional damping
- shift in natural frequency (biasing)
- attachment of absorber
Fe = mu ε Ω2 sin Ωt.
F = mu ε Ω2
Fe = F sin Ωt Ωt where mu is the unbalance mass with eccentricity
ε and Ω the excitation frequency/speed of the
ε
mu unbalance mass. The exciter is attached to the
centre of the beam at L/2. Substitution in the
moment equilibrium about the fulcrum point O of
the beam oscillator gives
.. . L
Jo ϕ + d b2 ϕ + c a2 ϕ =mu ε Ω2 sin Ω t
2
or with y = ϕ L
44
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
.. . mu L2
2
y + 2 D ω0 y + ω0 y = ε Ω2 sin Ω t
J0 2
Ω2
y(t) = y^ sin (Ωt + ψ)
√ [1−(Ω⁄ω0) 2]2 + [2 D Ω⁄ω0]2
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^ mu ε L2
y= .
2 Jo
Ω2
y(t) = y^ sin (Ωt + ψ) .
1−(Ω⁄ω0) 2
45
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
10
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH , Hamburg
ve).
0.1 The influence of damping can be seen in addition
4
to the non-damped situation.
0.2 The amplitudes are normalized to the value of y^.
2
0.5
D=1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 Ω⁄ω0 2
Enlargement funktion
180°
D=0
Phase shift
D=1
90°
0°
0 0.5 1 1.5 Ω⁄ω0 2
46
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Fitting beam
1 2
- Insert spring 1, c=3.00 N/mm (4), between
threaded stem of spring mount and beam and
secure
5 2
1
- Horizontally align beam over spring mount (3)
4 Fitting limiter
max
47
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
48
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Phase
90°
flects the phase shift between unbalance
mass and oscillator.
Resonance
circle
Phase shift ψ A circular plot is shown on the left.
Amplitudes
Supercritical Subcritical
circle circle
49
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
50
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
ψ3
x2 ψ2
x3
x1
Readings
Frequency in Hz Amplitude y in Phase ψ in deg.
mm
6.0 6.0 0
8.4 18.0 80
10.0 7.0 175
51
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
6.4.1 Set-up
52
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Slight damping,
c=3.00 N/mm, a = 650 mm
Frequency 4 6 8 8.25 8.5 8.75 9 10 12 14 16 20
Amplitude 0.5 0.8 3.5 9.5 18 8.5 5 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4
53
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
30
1. No damping
2. Slight damping
20
Amplitude in mm
3. Moderate damping
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4. Considerable damping
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Exiter frequency Ω in Hz
Resonance curves for damper settings (c = 3.00 N/mm, a = 650mm)
54
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
5 3
- Connect the grounding cable to the black (-)
socket of the control unit (5)
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH , Hamburg
55
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Original resonance f
The absorption of oscillations makes use of the
fact that the attachment of a second oscillatory
New resonance points
system - absorber - to the basic system increases
the number of natural frequencies by one. A beam
which originally had one resonance point f now has
two, namely f1 and f2 (two-mass system).
These new resonance points are above and below
the original resonance. Appropriate matching of
the natural frequency of the absorber makes it
f
1 fT f2 possible to achieve an absorber point fT at the
Absorber point
original resonance point (see adjacent resonance
curves). Here the basic system is completely at
rest; merely the additional mass oscillates at an
amplitude governed by the level of excitation.
56
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
6.5.1 Set-up
57
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Basic system
Switch on exciter and move to resonance point of
basic system
58
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
59
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
7 Appendix
7.1 Tools
Fitting springs WS 10
Fitting beam - locating bearing: ISK 5
Fitting damper - beam: ISK 5
Fitting stylus holder - beam: ISK 5
Fitting limiter: knurl
60
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Front
intern / extern
Schreiber / Recorder
5 V TTL
Si Masse / Ground
Kontakt Frequenzeinstellung
Unwuchterreger
220 - 240 V, 50 Hz Contactor Exciter motor Set Frequency
Power- Main switch Fuse 800 mA M Sockets contact unit Socket exiter motor
supply
Back
61
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
62
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
L, Lred: Length
m, mu, mz: Mass
M: Moment
rso: Distance between centre of gravity and
point of suspension
t: Time
T: Periodic time
x, y: Deflection, amplitude
ε: Eccentricity
ϕ: Angle, amplitude
ω, ω0 : Natural angular frequency
Ω: Exciter angular frequency
ψ: Phase shift
63
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Pendulum oscillation
Mathematic Pendulum
Equation of motion
.. g
ϕ+ ϕ=0
L
Natural frequency
ω=
√ g
L
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Periodic time
2π
√
L
T= ω =2π
g
Physical pendulum
Equation of motion
.. rso m g
ϕ+ ϕ=0
Jo
Natural frequency
√
m g rso
ω=
Jo
Periodic time
2π
√
Jo
T= ω =2π
m g rso
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TM 150 Universal Vibration System
Natural frequency
√
3g
ω=
2L
Periodic time
=2π√
2π 2 L
T=
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ω 3 g
Spring-mass system
.
Fd = d y
Damped oscillation
Equation of motion
.. .
y + 2 D ω0 y + ω02 y = 0
Degree of damping
d
D=
2 m ω0
Natural frequency
c
ω2o =
m
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TM 150 Universal Vibration System
ωd = ω0 √
1−D2
Forced oscillation
Exciter force at unbalanced excitation
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Fe = mu ε Ω2 sin Ωt
Equation of motion
.. . mu
y + 2 D ω0 y + ω02 y = ε Ω2 sin Ω t
m
Phase shift
2 D Ω ω0
ψ = arctan
ω20 − Ω2
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TM 150 Universal Vibration System
7.5 Index
A
Absorber experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Absorber point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Acceleration due to gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Amplitude measurment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
B
Bar oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Beam oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Bifilar suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
C
Centre of mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH , Hamburg
Circular plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Concentrated mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Control exciter motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Control unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 61
D
Damper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Damped oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Damper constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Degree of damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
E
Enlargement function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Equation of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
F
Filling damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Fitting exciter unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Fitting limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Fitting plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Force-elongation graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Forced oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
H
Harmonic oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Homogeneous differential equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
I
Installing stylus for circular plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Installing stylus for drum plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
L
List of formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
List of symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
67
TM 150 Universal Vibration System
M
Main switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Mass moment of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Mathematical pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
N
Natural angular frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Natural oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Non-damped oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
P
Pendulum experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 13
Period of oscillation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Phase shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Physical pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH , Hamburg
R
Radius of gyration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Reduced pendulum length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Resonance curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 54
Resonance curves with damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Reversible pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Rod pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
S
Seconds pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Speed meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Spring constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Spring-mass system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 28
Subcritical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Supercritical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
T
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Testing exciter unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Thread pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
U
Unbalance system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Upkeep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
W
Wooden pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Worksheet circular plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
68