TABLE OF CONTENTS

TTTLE
CHAPTER I

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of the problems
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Null Hypothesis
1.5 Conceptual Framework
1.6 Theoretical Framework
1.7 Scope and delimitation
1.8 Definition of terms

CHAPTER II

2.1 Review and Related literature

CHAPTER III

3.1 Research design

3.2 The Sample
3.3 Instruments
3.3 Data gathering procedure
3.4 Plan for Data Analysis
3.5 Statistical Parameter
 BOS TAURUS BONES ASH AS A
ALTERNATIVE REPLACEMENT FOR CHEMICAL
COMPONENTS TO PRODUCE
CEMENT

A Quantitative Research presented to the faculty of Basic Education Department

ILIGAN MEDICAL CENTER COLLEGE

Laya Extension, Pala-o, Iligan City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Practical Research 2

Makabinta, Nowaini S.
Maranga, Irish B.
Maruhom, Farinah B.
Pansar, Abdulfatah I.

Grade 12 – H STEM

JULY 2018
 CHAPTER I

The Problem

Introduction

The production of one tons of cement liberates about one tons of CO2 to the

atmosphere, as the result of de-carbonation of the limestone in the kiln during

manufacture of cement and the combustion of fossil fuel. The contribution of Portland

cement production worldwide to the greenhouse gas emission is estimated to be about

1.35 billion tons annually or about 7% of the total greenhouse gas emissions to the earth’s

atmosphere. This effect of cement production on the environment has made the research

for alternative materials to cement popular in the last decades. Various works have been

conducted in this area, by looking for materials that will totally or partially replace

cements in the construction industry; Most especially agro-based waste materials. (Turner

and Townsend, 2012)

The search for such waste material, which is used as a choice for cement, must

guide to global sustainable expansion as well as small environmental impact. One of such

waste, which is cow bones from which cow bone ash is obtained Application of Cow

Bone Ash (CBA) disposal for road construction, such as, rigid pavement construction, is

significant and this serves various benefits to the environment. This application will

reduce landfills, promote waste management at little cost, reduce pollution by these

wastes and increase economic base of butchers when such wastes are sold, thereby

encouraging more production. Also, CBA production requires less energy demand

compared with Portland cement production and saves the needed foreign exchange spent

on importation of cement and its components. (Manikanta Varma)

According to Seidler Chemical Co., Bone Ash Ca5 (OH) (PO4)3 is a calcium-rich

chemical made from concentrated animal bones. Bone ash occurs when bones calcinated

when heated at high temperatures. Bone ash serves as a major component of traditional
bone in china, a form of porcelain ceramic, although most porcelain with high calcium

and phosphorus content comes from alternative sources rather than animal bones.
Statement of the problem

The researchers seek to answer the following:

1. Is there a significance difference between the amount of CBA and the amount

of normal cement as an alternative composition of cement?

2. How much amount of cattle bone ash is needed to produce a kilogram of

cement?

3. How much rate of possibilities that CBA can be used as an alternative

composition of cement?

4. Is using CBA as an alternative composition of cement durable enough to be

used in constructing buildings?

5. How long does CBA as an alternative composition of cement will takes to

harden?
Significance of the study

This conducted study will contribute and be beneficial to our environment

because it will lessen the consumption of natural material such as limestone and reduce

the emission of CO2 in our atmosphere during manufacturing of cement as a result of

decarbonation of the limestone in kiln. The effect of cement production on the

environment has made the research for alternative materials to produce as alternative

chemical components of cement.

Null Hypothesis

The researchers predicted that the outcomes after the experimentation was stated

that there is no significance difference between the amount of CBA and the normal

cement because CBA and limestone – a natural sources of CaO (calcium oxide) both

have similarities in chemical composition such as the CaO, they are both produces CaO

which is the main composition of cement, It is also predicted that during the process of

making cement using CBA, It requires atleast 80% of CBA to produce a kilogram of

cement, and the researchers claims that the CBA is 25% can be used as an alternative

cement because it has less durability and it takes too long to harden.
Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework will illustrate the behavior of the researchers.

Process
• Collecting cattle bones (IV) • Analayze the satistical
• Analyze and study data gathered from
the bone from free-range market to experimenation results
compositions to use in experimentation with to be presented.
understand its other cement compostion
concept. (DV) for making alternative
Input cement Output
Theoretical Framework
Scope and Delimitation

The researchers’ study will scope and delimit the study about cattle bone ash

including its chemical components to answer the findings of the statement of the

problem, so it would support the claim of the researchers’ study. The informations and

collected data would not exceed in its scope and delimitation.

Definition of terms

For better understanding of the discussion in the succeeding chapters the key concepts
are defined.

Bone Ash. Is the white porous residue chiefly of tribasic calcium phosphate from bones calcined
in air used especially in making pottery and glass and in cleaning jewelry.

Bos Taurus. Is a scientific terms of domesticated cattle.

Calcination. "heating to high temperatures in air or oxygen"

Cattles. —colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.

CBA. Means cattle bone ash.

Combustion. A chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen combines with other substances to
produce heat and usually light

Decarbonation. These terms are often used synonymously in high purity water treatment.

Kiln. An oven furnace or heated enclosure and for a substance by burning, firing, or drying

Portland Cement. A hydraulic cement made by finely pulverizing the clinker produced by
calcining to incipient fusion a mixture of clay and limestone similar materials .

Pozzolan-finely divided sliceous or sliceous and aluminous material that reacts chemically with
slaked lime at ordinary temperature and in the presence of moisture to form strong slow
hardening cement.
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Related Literature

Bone ash is done by removing any meat articulated to the bone. The bone is then

treated to remove organic material by heating the bones to about 1000°C or more. During

the process of heating, the bones are sterilized as well. Afterward they are grind into fine

particles to become powder like and suitable to be used as cementitious material. The

figure shows the sterilized bone and powder form. (Ceramic dictionary, 2015).

Moreover, the use of bone ash would be very applicable in developing

country where livestock is staple food production and relative to the fact for limitation of

cement materials. The use of one incinerated or pulverised bone can be considered as

artificial pozzolanic material. Bone ash are force to constitute the hydraulic property by

calcinating them in higher temperatures (Yilmaz, K.2010).

According to Neville, A. M. 2003, The loss of ignition is limited is measured by

considering the extent of carbonation and hydration of free lime and free magnesium due

to atmospheric exposure of the pulverised bone (1.14%). The alkaline property cause by

the combination of K2O and Na2O for pulverised bone is 2.18% which is low. This is

beneficial considering the possible reduction of the destructive alkali aggregate reaction.

Also, the limits pulverise bone alkalinity is free from cyanide which is an agent of

corrosion of reinforcement. In addition, the specific gravity is lower than that of Portland

cement which indicate the applicability of pulverised bone ash mixture to be a light

weight cement or concrete mixture.

 Chapter III

Research Methodology

Research Design

The researchers used field experiment type of experimental method to apprehend

if the process of utilizing bone ash can be used as alternative chemical components to

produce cement, because the researchers manipulates the independent variable and apply

several approaches and trials during experimentation until the researchers obtain possible

final result. The researchers will be doing an experimentation to come up with a product.

They will be given enough time to do their experimentation. The researchers aimed to

determine if the cattle bone ash can be an alternative chemical component to produce

cement.
The Sample

The researchers doesn't involve respondents to the study, but it delimits the study

only to focus experimenting if the cattle bone ash can be as an alternative chemical

component to produce cement.

The Instrument(s)

The researchers’ study used experimental method to calibrate and apply several

approaches to obtain the final result of the study. The instrument being used by the

researchers to gather data are based through books, articles and theories that would relate

to the researchers study.

Data Collection Procedure

After validating the instrument being used by the researchers, the researchers will

ask permission to the research adviser to check the data that has been collected by the

researchers, when the research adviser already approve and correct the errors, the

researchers may now change the errors that have been corrected by the research adviser

and finalize everything.

Plan for Data Analysis

The researchers will also use the statistical record on and how much amount needed of

cattle bone ash to produce a kilogram of cement, The data that have been accumulated by

the researchers will be analyzed through the gathered theories and literature, The

researchers would also let the instructor or adviser to check the progress of the

researcher’ study after experimentation to identify and correction the mistakes and errors

in the output of the study.

Statistical Treatment

A parametric study was carried out on different CBA mixtures for better accuracy of

result to be evaluated on a specific mix. The cement mixtures as earlier stated were

substitution of cattle bone ash (CBA) for Portland cement in proportions of 20% up to

40%. Each of the cement mixtures, three (3) batches were mixed to fill three molds.

Afterward, the workability of the mixtures will be examined.

Samples of adopted Parametric Study

% Mixtures Bone Ash (g) Portland cement Sand (g) Water (g)
mixtures (g)
20% CBA 200 800 3000 600

30% CBA 300 700 3000 600

40% CBA 400 600 3000 600