STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

OF
SELF EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR FOR SHP

A DISSERTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY SYSTEMS

By
SHARAD RAJAN
RAL
(n _o
.7 AC(No................

&r. R06V

X ;v
X

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
ROORKEE -247 667 (INDIA)
JUNE, 2012
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is presented in this Dissertation entitled
'`Steady State Performance Evaluation Of Self Excited Induction Generator For
SHP". submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Master of Technology in "Alternate Hydro Energy Systems" submitted in Alternate
Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, is an authentic record
of my own work carried out during the period from July 2011 to June 2012 under the
supervision and guidance of Dr. D.K. Khatod, Assistant Professor. Alternate Hydro
Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee.

I also declare that the matter contained herein has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree or diploma elsewhere.

Date: June.. i 3, 2012

Place: Roorkee (SHARAD RAJAN)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my knowledge.

(Dr. D. K. KHATOD)
Assistant Professor
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel much honoured in presenting this report in such an authenticable form of

sheer endurance and continual efforts of inspiring excellence from various coordinating
factor of cooperation and sincere efforts drawn from all sources of knowledge. Foremost, I
would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. D.K. KHATOD. Assistant
Professor, Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,
for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me
in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.

I convey my sincere thanks to Dr. R.P. Saini, Head, Alternate Hydro Energy
Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, for his support and providing all the
facilities, which would have made it possible for me to complete the dissertation. I am also
thankful to the faculty members, technical and non-technical staffs of the same department
of their help whenever I needed it.

I would also like to pay my gratitude to Research Scholar's for their

encouragement, insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality
of this research work.

Last but certainly not the least, I would also pay my heartiest thanks to my
parents. my sister, friends and colleagues for their encouragement and support at different
level of dissertation work.

Date: June, ~3; 2012

Place: Roorkee (SHARAD RAJAN)
 ABSTRACT

The soaring rates of fossil fuels depletion over the last two decades combined with
growing concern about pollution of the environment have led to an accelerated search for
renewable energy system. This accelerated drive led to a gradual tapping of the vast hydro
energy potential available in isolated locations of the world. In most cases these generating
units have to operate at remote, unattended sites. Thus the use of self-excited induction
generator becomes more promising than synchronous generators for harnessing the
renewable energy resources such as small hydro. The poor voltage regulation under
varying load is the maj or drawback of the induction generator. The steady state analysis is
paramount as far as the running conditions of machine are concerned. To study the steady
state aspects, methods are required by which the generator performance is predicted by
using the induction motor data so that the effect of the parameters can be assessed.
The steady-state analysis of self-excited induction generators (SEIG) under
balanced conditions using Newton Raphson method is presented. MATLAB programming
is used to predict the steady state behavior of self-excited induction generator. In this
thesis, loop impedance technique has been incorporated for the set of non linear equations
to evaluate per unit frequency and magnetizing reactance values. For this purpose, various
tests have been conducted in the laboratory to determine_ the different parameters of
induction generator also the performance of induction generator has been analyzed under
different operating conditions with constant prime mover speed. Validation of simulated
results with experimental results are also been carried out.
 CONTENTS

TITLE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Induction machine 1
1.2.1 Induction Motor 3
1.2.2 Induction Generator 4
1.2.3 Torque-Slip And Current Characteristics of 4
Induction Machine
1.3 Different Modes of application of induction generator 5
1.3.1 Grid Connected Induction Generator 5
1.3.2 Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) 5
1.4 Objective of the work 6
1.5 Organization of report 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview 8
2.2 Literature review 8
CHAPTER 3 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF SEIG
3.1 General 23
3.2 Methods for steady state analysis of SEIG 24
3.2.1 Nodal admittance method 24
3.2.2 Loop impedance method 26
3.3 Algorithm 28
3.4 Different tests on SEIG 29
3.4.1 D. C. test 29

iv
 3.4.2 Block rotor test 30
3.4.3 Synchronous speed test 32
3.5 Different Characteristics of SEIG 33
3.5.1 No-Load Characteristic 33
3.5.2 Load Characteristic 34
3.5.3 Constant-Voltage Operation • 36
3.6 Performance calculation 39
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENT SET UP AND SIMULATION RESULTS
4.1 Identification of parameters of SEIG 40
4.1.1 DC Test 40
4.1.2 Block Rotor Test 40
4.1.3 Synchronous Speed Test 41
4.2 Performance Characteristics of SEIG 42
4.2.1 No Load Characteristic 43
4.2.2 Load characteristic 44
4.2.3 Constant-Voltage Operation 48
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion 52
5.2 Future Scope of Work 52
REFERENCES 54

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page No.

1.1 Typical stator construction 2
1.2 Squirrel cage rotor construction 2
1.3 Wound rotor construction 3
1.4 Torque-slip and Torque-current Characteristics of Induction 6
Machine
1.5 Grid connected scheme for induction generator 5
1.6 Self excited induction generator 6
3.1 Per Phase Equivalent Circuit Of Three Phase SEIG. 23
3.2 Per Phase Equivalent Circuit for nodal analysis 25
3.3 Simplified Representation Of Circuit Of Fig. 3.1 27
3.4 Experiment set up of SEIG 29
3.5 DC test circuit diagram of induction machine 30
3.6 Block Rotor Circuit Diagram Of Induction Machine . 31
3.7 Synchronous Speed Test Circuit Diagram 32
3.8 Circuit diagram of no load characteristic 33
3.9 Flow chart for obtaining no load characteristic 34
3.10 Experimental set up for load characteristic of SEIG 35
3.11 Flow chart for obtaining load Characteristic 36
3.12 Experimental set up for load characteristic under constant 37
voltage operation of SEIG
3.13 Flow chart for constant voltage operation 38
4.1 Variation Vg/F vs. X„, 42
4.2 Terminal Voltage vs. Capacitance 44
4.3 Terminal Voltage vs. Different Excitation Capacitors 45
4.4 Terminal Voltage vs. Output Power for 10 pf 45
4.5 Frequency (p.u..) vs. Output Power 46
4.6 Capacitor Current vs. Output Power 47
4.7 Load Current vs. Output Power 47
4.8 Current vs. Output Power 48

VI


4.9 Terminal Voltage vs. Output Power 48
4.10 Air Gap Voltage vs. Output Power
4.11 Stator Current vs. Output Power 49
4.12 Capacitor Current vs. Output Power 50
4.13 Per Unit Frequency vs. Output Power 50

VII


LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.

4.1 Block Rotor Test Experimental Results L[I]
4.2 Synchronous Speed Experimental Results 41
4.3 No Load test Experimental Results 43

VIII
 NOMENCLATURE

• A. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION

AC Alternating Current

ANN Artificial Neural Network

CVCFM Constant Voltage Constant Frequency Model

EMF Electromagnetic Force

GUI Graphical User Interface

kW Kilo Watt

p.u. Per Unit

PWM-VSI Pulse Width Modulated Voltage Source Inverter

SEIG Self Excited Induction Generator

B. LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION

Rs, R,., Rj R, Stator, rotor, load and capacitive resistance, respectively of SEIG
XS, X, X1, XX Stator, rotor, load and capacitive reactance, respectively of SEIG at
base frequency
X,,, Magnetizing reactance at base frequency
f Synchronous frequency
F, v p.u. frequency and p.u. rotational speed, respectively
Vg, V, Air gap and terminal voltages, respectively
IS, 'r, Ii, I~ Per phase stator, rotor, load, capacitive currents, respectively
Pr Active power absorbed by load
Q1 Reactive power absorbed by load
Q, Reactive power absorbed by capacitor
C Excitation capacitor

IX
V Input power factor angle
S Input apparent power
Q Input reactive power
Vl Input line voltage
II Input line current
Zab, Zbo, ZQo Stator, rotor and load impedances, respectively of SEIG
YS Y,. YL
, Stator, rotor, and load admittances, respectively of SEIG
Y. Y, Capacitive, magnetizing admittances, respectively of SEIG
Yi Combined admittance of stator and load of SEIG
Crain Minimum Capacitance

Po Output Power

IS Stator current

I C Capacitor current

IL Load current
ZL Load Impedance

X
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The continuous depletion of the fossil fuels and environment related issues with
conventional energy sources led energy planners to look for non-conventional energy
resources and to meet the ever-increasing energy demand. A number of renewable energy
sources like small hydro, wind, solar, industrial waste, geothermal and wind energy sources
are available in plenty and their utilization is felt quite promising to accomplish the future
energy requirements. Harnessing energy from small-hydro and wind for electric power
generation is an area of research interest and at present, the emphasis is being given to the
cost-effective utilization of these energy resources for quality and reliable power supply.
Induction generators are often used with wind turbines and some micro hydro installations
due to their ability to produce useful power at varying speeds, lower unit cost, inherent
ruggedness, operational and maintenance simplicity. The research is going on for the last
three decades to investigate the various issues related to the use of induction generator as a
potential alternative to synchronous generator to utilize the small hydro and wind energy to
accomplish the future energy requirement, and to feed the power to remote locations and
far flung areas, where extension of grid is either uneconomical or technically not feasible
[1, 2].

1.2 INDUCTION MACHINE

An induction machine has a fixed outer portion, called the stator and a rotating
inner position called rotor. The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum
or cast iron. They are punched and clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core)
with slots as shown in Fig. 1.1. Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each
grouping of coils, together with the core it surrounds, forms an electromagnet (a pair of
poles) on the application of AC supply and then a rotating magnetic field is created.

1
 Fig. 1.1: Typical stator construction

End Ring Conductors End Ring

Shaft

caring

Skewed Slots

Fig. 1.2: Squirrel cage rotor construction

The induction machine has two types of rotor, (a) Squirrel cage rotor and (b)
Wound rotor. Both type rotors make use of circular laminations tightly assembled on the
shaft or on the cast iron carried by shaft. The squirrel cage rotor, as shown in Fig. 1.2,
consists of a cylindrical laminated core with axially placed parallel slots for carrying the
conductors. Each slot carries a copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. These rotor bars are
permanently short-circuited at both ends by means of the end rings, as shown in Fig. 1.2.
This total assembly resembles the look of a squirrel cage. The rotor slots are not exactly
parallel to the shaft. Instead, they are given askew for obtaining the smoother and quieter
operation. Almost 90% of induction machine have squirrel cage rotors. This is because the
squirrel cage rotor has a simple and rugged construction.

2
 The wound or slip-ring rotor has a set of windings on the rotor which are not short-
circuited, but are terminated to a set of slip rings. These are helpful in adding external
resistors and contactors. The slip necessary to generate the maximum torque (pull-out
torque) is directly proportional to the rotor resistance. The effective rotor resistance is
increased by adding external resistance through the slip rings. Thus, it is possible to get
higher slip and hence, the pull-out torque at a lower speed. A particularly high resistance
can result in the pull-out torque occurring at almost zero speed, providing a very high pull-
out torque at a low starting current. A typical wound rotor configuration is shown in Fig.
1.3.

Ext:erniii Ro.tar

Fig. 1.3: Wound rotor configuration

An induction machine can be either operated as a motor or a generator. Different

operating modes of an induction machine are discussed in the following sections.

1.2.1 Induction Motor

An Induction motor is a single excited ac machine in the sense that it is supplied
power from only one ac source. Its stator winding is directly connected to ac source
whereas its rotor winding receives energy from stator by means of electro-magnetic
induction. The alternating nature of the supply voltage induces an Electromagnetic Force
(EMF) in the rotor (just like the voltage is induced in the transformer secondary) as per
Lenz's law, thereby generating another set of electromagnet. The interaction between the
two magnetic fields generates twisting force, or torque. As a result, the motor rotates in the
direction of the resultant torque.

3
1.2.2 Induction Generator
An induction generator is a type of electrical generator that is mechanically and
electrically similar to an induction motor. Induction generators are mechanically and
electrically simpler than other generators. An induction generator produces electrical power
when its shaft is rotated faster than the synchronous speed. These generators are often used
with wind turbines and some micro hydro installations due to their ability to produce useful
power at varying speeds. To excite the generator, reactive power is supplied either from the
electrical grid or from the externally connected capacitor bank. In standalone induction
generators, the magnetizing flux is established by a capacitor bank connected to the
machine and in case of grid connected, it draws magnetizing current from the grid.

1.2.3 Torque-slip and Torque-current Characteristics of an Induction Machine

Fig. 1.4 shows the complete torque-slip (or Torque-Speed) characteristics of a 3-

phase induction machine over its entire slip range from -1 to 1. During the motoring mode,
rotor speed is less than synchronous speed and the slip s varies from `1' (at standstill) to `0'
(at synchronous speed). If the rotor of 3-phase induction machine is coupled with a prime-
mover and rotated at a speed above synchronous speed, an induction machine works as an
induction generator, hence the slip is negative.

%sip
0 %r

-100%
U

.2JQ%
E
O

-300% rd
4

-400% 3'•

-500%

Fig. 1.4: Torque-slip and Torque-current Characteristics of an Induction

Machine

0
1.3 DIFFERENT MODES OF OPERATION OF INDUCTION GENERATOR
An induction generator can be operated in the following two modes:
1) Grid connected induction generator,
2) Self excited induction generator.

1.3.1 Grid Connected Induction Generator

The grid-connected induction generator takes the reactive power from the grid, and
generates real power via slip control when driven above the synchronous speed, so it is
called grid connected induction generator. The operation is relatively simple as voltage and
frequency are governed by the grid voltage and grid frequency respectively. Fig. 1.5 shows
a grid connected induction generator. The power factor of the grid connected induction
generator is fixed by its slip and its equivalent circuit parameters and not affected by the
load.

nission line

Grid

Fig. 1.5: Grid connected scheme for induction generator

1.3.2 Self-Excited Induction Generator

When an ordinary induction machine is driven by a prime mover, a small voltage is

induced in the stator windings due to rotor residual flux. The magnitude of the induced
voltage can be increased to an acceptable level by connecting a suitable size capacitor bank
across the stator terminals as shown in Fig. 1.6, and such a machine is called self excited
induction generator (SEIG). This phenomenon is known as capacitor self-excitation. The
capacitor provides the reactive power to both the induction generator as well as the load.

5
Q=Q1+Q2

Where, Q = Reactive power supplied by capacitor,

Q1= Reactive power needed by load,
Q2 = Reactive power needed by SEIG.

Fig. 1.6: Self excited induction generator

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

The objective of the work is the performance evaluation of SEIG for small hydro
applications to obtain the performance characteristics. Its equivalent circuit is solved using
Loop Impedance method which considerably reduced the time and effort needed to
formulate the problem. Different experiments have been performed to obtain the
magnetization and performance (with no load, load and constant voltage) characteristics of
SEIG. The performance characteristics of SEIG have also been simulated in MATLAB and
validated with the help of experimental results.

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

A brief description of each chapter contained in this thesis is as follows:

Chapter 1 presents the overview of induction machine along with its different operating
modes and objective of the work done carried out.

Chapter 2 presents a brief summary of literature reviewed on the steady state performance
evaluation of SEIG.

0
Chapter 3 covers the steady state modelling of three phase SEIG supplying resistive load.

Chapter 4 presents the steady state analysis of SEIG.

Chapter 5 presents the results and discussions of isolated SEIG based system.

Chapter 6 concludes the outcome of the dissertation work.

VA
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW

Induction generator is the most common generator used with non-conventional

energy system because of its simplicity, ruggedness, little maintenance etc. The main
drawback in induction generator is its need of reactive power to build up the terminal
voltage and to maintain the voltage. Using terminal capacitor across generator terminals
can generate leading reactive power. The process of voltage build up in an induction
generator is very much similar to that of a dc generator. There must be a suitable value of
residual magnetism, as it does ease the process of machine excitation. Following papers
were referred and studied to understand the present status of the work that has been done
on Steady State performance evaluation of Self Excitation Induction generator.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Bansal [1] presented an exhaustive survey of the literature discussing the process of
self-excitation and voltage build-up, modelling, steady-state, and transient analysis,
reactive power control methods, and parallel operation of SEIG. He suggested that better
methods of reactive power/voltage-control techniques would make the SEIG more suitable
for isolated applications.

Singh [2] presented the increasing importance of fuel saving has been responsible
for the revival of interest in so-called alternative source of energy. Thus, it is essential to
adopt a low cost generating system, which is capable of operating in the remote areas, and
in conjunction with the variety of prime movers. With the renewed interest. in wind turbines
and micro-hydro-generators as an alternative energy source, the induction generators are
being considered as an alternative choice to the well-developed synchronous generators..
Due to ability to generate power at varying speed facilitates its application in various
modes such as self-excited stand-alone (isolated) mode; in parallel with synchronous
generator to supplement the local load, and in grid-connected mode.. This paper, therefore,
reviews the progress made in induction generator particularly, the self-excited induction
generator (SEIG) research and development since its inception.
 Haque [3] presented a novel method for evaluation of the steady-state performance
characteristics of a SEIG under various operating conditions. The criteria for the constant
terminal voltage and the constant-stator-current operations have also been derived and
embedded into the system of equations. He formulated the problem in a simple and
straightforward way without going through lengthy and tedious derivation for the
coefficients of a set of nonlinear equations. The formulated problem has been solved using
a numerical-based routine "fsolve" given in MATLAB. The effectiveness of the proposed
method is then evaluated on a 220-V, 1.5-kW induction generator for various operating
conditions. Some of the simulation results obtained by the proposed method are also
compared with the corresponding experimental values and are found to be in very good
agreement.

Singh et al. [4] presented the performance characteristics of different induction

machines of various ratings operating as a capacitor self excited induction generator. They
used an algorithm by the Newton Raphson method & developed the steady state equivalent
circuit for the machine to compute the excitation requirement for maintaining a constant
terminal voltage at different loads. They computed the optimum output power of the
machine without exceeding the rated stator current for its rated speed. They concluded that
the machines above a certain rating is capable of developing a safe output power more than
its rated capacity and this difference in safe output power and its rated capacity increases
with rating.

Bassiouny [5] presented a simple and accurate approach to compute the

performance analysis of the induction generators The approach proposed in this paper is
based on the machine transient model when the flux linkages are chosen as state variables.
Algebraic manipulations to derive the equations as well as the computer algorithms used in
the proposed method are simple since only quadratic equations are to be solved iteratively.
No significant change in both the mathematical model and computation techniques to
compute the steady state performance analysis under different loading conditions. Simple
computer algorithms are developed to predict both - steady state performance analysis
calculations and the minimum capacitance requirements for all loading conditions. The
computer simulations obtained using the proposed method are compared with those
obtained experimentally and by solving the sixth order polynomial to confirm the validity,
accuracy and simplicity of the proposed method

7
 Seyoum et al. [6] presented the effect of magnetizing inductance on self-excitation.
They described the loading analysis of an isolated induction generator, and discussed how
the operating frequency and . generated voltage were affected by the change in operating
slip value for regulated and unregulated rotor speed. They also discussed the experimental
and simulated results for a dynamic generated voltage, frequency and power. For this
purpose, they used a dSPACE DS 1102 DSP card for data acquisition and for control of the
driven speed. He also analyzed the dynamic voltage, current, power frequency and
electromagnetic torque developed by the induction generator.

Ouazene et al. [7] discussed an arrangement using a capacitor-excited induction

generator and a variable speed drive to supply resistive loads They presented a method for
determining the output voltage and frequency in the steady state. They also showed that
how the parameters load resistance, excitation-capacitance, and speed interacts in the self-
excitation. They discussed that despite the wide variation in rotor speed; the slip would
remain small, thereby providing a high efficiency operation. By this they predicted a chart
of the generated voltage and frequency over a wide range of speeds given a set of load
resistances and exciting capacitors.

Malik et al. [8] proposed an analytical method to compute, Cm j„ the minimum

capacitance value required for self excitation under no load conditions. They found that
Cmin was inversely proportional to the square of the speed and it was inversely proportional
to the maximum saturated magnetizing reactance. They also examined the influence of load
impedance and its power factor on the terminal capacitance required to maintain self
excitation under steady state. They proposed that the steady state as well as operational
equivalent circuit methods would give same value of the terminal capacitance required to
maintain self excitation under steady state operation, No load terminal capacitance
requirements can be estimated by the analytical method proposed and gave good
agreement with the experimental measurements, the no load terminal capacitance required
was inversely proportional to v2 and Xs,,,, Simplified no load model could be used to
predict the performance of the self .excited induction generator with good 'accuracy, the
terminal capacitance. required for a loaded machine is significantly higher than the
corresponding . no load value. It is affected by load impedance, its power factor and
machine speed and the maximum power output from an isolated self excited induction
generator depends upon the terminal capacitance and the machine speed

10
 Chan et al. [9] presented a steady-state analysis of a novel single-phase self-
regulated self-excited induction generator which employs a three-phase machine. They
derived the performance equations using the method of symmetrical components. The
pattern search method of Hooke and Jeeves was used for the determination of per unit
frequency and magnetizing reactance. Due to . the phase-balancing action of the excitation
capacitance and the load compensation effect of the series capacitance, very good phase
balance was obtained over a wide range of load current. With an appropriate choice of
series and shunt excitation capacitances, nearly balanced three-phase operation was
achieved at a certain load, giving good winding utilization, a large power output, high
efficiency, and a small voltage regulation.

Nigim et al. [ 10] studied the magnetic characteristics and rotor impedance of the
induction generator (IG) to provide stable voltage regulation, without the need for external
control. The magnetization characteristic is studied for a typical induction motor that is
normally used as a generator. A new extrapolated magnetizing characteristic is then
proposed, in which the generated voltage provides a high degree of voltage stability
without changing the excitation capacitor or exceeding the generator rating. The influence
of the rotor impedance and resistance values on the generator output is also studied. They
investigated the influence of magnetizing characteristics and rotor impedance on the
voltage and frequency of the self-excited induction generator. They suggested that Rotor
reactance control could be used to reduce the no-load over voltage, thus allowing sufficient
excitation capacitance to be used without over stressing the stator windings.

Joshi et al. [11] proposed genetic algorithm-based technique to estimate and

analyze the steady-state performance of a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) An this
they presented a new technique to identify these parameters to achieve constant voltage
constant frequency operation for SEIG. They compared theoretical results with
experimental results and found to be in close agreement. They proposed a constant voltage
constant frequency model(CVCFM) to achieve the constant voltage constant frequency
operation. Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is a modern approach and efficient technique, is
used to optimize the performance index, thus resulting in the pre-estimation of control
variables to achieve the required performance characteristics. They found the SEIG to be
very effective and useful for making feasible for remote windy areas.

11
 Malik et al. [12] presented a general analysis to predict the steady state performance
of an isolated self-excited induction generator feeding a balanced R-L load. In the analysis
the effect of machine core losses has also been considered. The analysis has been used to
predict the minimum value of terminal capacitance required for excitation under no load as
well as under resistive and inductive load. The results show that the capacitance
requirement increases significantly with decreasing speed, load impedance and power
factor. They suggested the Mathematical basis for the design of a static exciter to supply a
variable terminal capacitance. The experimental and calculated iron losses in each
experiment were found to be in good agreement.

Ibrahim et al. [13] presented the effects of various parameters on the terminal
voltage and frequency of self excited induction generator using genetic algorithm. The
parameters considered are speed, capacitance, leakage reactance, stator and rotor
resistances. Simulated results obtained using genetic algorithm facilitates in exploring the
performance of self-excited induction generator. This establishes the application of user
friendly genetic algorithm for studying the behaviour of self-excited induction.

Boora [ 14] examined the phenomenon of self excitation in an induction generator

which is of practical interest. Therefore the advanced knowledge of the minimum
excitation capacitor value is required .Thus the two non-linear equations have to be solved.
Different Numerical methods for solving these equations are known from previous
literature. However, these solutions involve some guessing in a trial-and-error procedure.
In this paper, a new simple and direct method is developed to find the capacitance
requirement under R-L load. Exact values are derived for the minimum capacitance
required for self excitation and the output frequencies under no-load, inductive load and
resistive load. These calculated values can be used to predict theoretically the minimum
value of terminal capacitance required for self-excitation. For stable operation C must be
chosen to be slightly greater than Cm i,,. Furthermore, it is found that there is a speed
threshold below which no excitation is possible what the capacitor value.

Faiz et al. [15] the main goals in the design of a self-excited induction generator
(SEIG) are minimizing the rotor resistance and increasing the flux density until the
magnetic circuit of the generator saturates: In this paper, a computer design package was
developed in order to investigate the best way to obtain these goals. By reducing the stator
core length by 40%, the frequency regulation and the voltage drop were reduced. The

12
frequency regulation decreased from 10% to 4% and the voltage drop decreased from 30%
to 6%. In addition, voltage and Frequency regulations in the standard ranges were obtained
in the present design without any regulation devices.

Alghuwainem [16] examined the steady-state analysis and performance of an

isolated three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by regulated and
unregulated turbine. For the case of a regulated turbine the equivalent circuit is solved with
speed as a constant parameter, while for the unregulated turbine, the speed is considered as
a variable which depends on the shaft torque according to the turbine characteristics. The
no-load speed is considered as a constant independent parameter, which depends on wind
speed which is assumed constant in this analysis. The steady-state equivalent circuit is
solved using the node admittance method, and the shaft torque is expressed in terms of the
rotor current. The Newton Raphson method is used to solve the system nonlinear.
equations. For the present investigation, a linear speed-torque characteristic is considered,
but the method of analysis applies equally well to nonlinear characteristics. Experimental
investigations on a 1-kW three-phase induction generator driven by a separately excited dc
shunt motor have confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method of analysis.

Chtchetinine [17] discussed about terminal voltage stabilization for self excited
induction generator (SEIG) in standalone mode is studied. Some means of SEIG terminal
voltage stabilization implementing different designs of control schemes are observed. A
method for tuning of digital control block by using optimization technique is proposed.
This method is based on minimum criterion function that is weighted for sum of system
parameters. Factors of control equation had been obtained and computer modelling was
done in order to check out system' behavior in different transient modes. Data of
experimental investigation of prototype are given those confirm the results of simulation.
Overall method is based on well established theory for time domain modelling of induction
machines affords to take into account nonlinearity's of induction machine and digital
control block and seems to be reliable and accurate.
Bertotti [18] Core losses in rotating electrical machines have been estimated
through direct use of the standard Epstein loss data of the employed magnetic laminations,
without introducing empirical correcting factors. The prediction is based on a numerical
finite element approach to magnetic flux distribution, coupled to a physical model of losses
in ferromagnetic laminations under generic flux waveform, which takes into account the
specific role of the hysteresis, classical and excess loss components. An application has

13
been made to the case of a 7.5 kW four-pole induction motor under no-load conditions. The
predicted - core losses turn out to be about 20% lower than the measured ones, a fact which
points to an appreciable contribution of the rotor cage Joule losses and to the detrimental
role played on the material properties by the residual and applied stresses introduced by
lamination punching and core assemblage.
Murthy [19] presented a user friendly software based solution for complete
evaluation, of steady-state behavior of SEIG under different operating conditions. The
mathematical modeling of the machine is carried out and then simulated in MATLAB's
Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment and active windows are created with these
models. The simulation results obtained through the presented methodology are validated
through relevant experimental verification.
Alolah [20] presented a steady state analysis of three phase self-excited induction
generator. The problem is formulated as a multidimensional optimization problem. A
constrained optimizer is used to minimize a cost function of the total impedance or
admittance of the circuit of the generator to obtain the frequency and other performance of
the machine. Classic gradient optimizers are used for this purpose as "fmin" and "constr"
routines built in basic MATLAB. Unlike the other reported methods of analysis, the same
equation is to be solved irrespective of the unknown parameters. The analysis presented is
validated by experimental results.
Chan. [21 ] presented describes the steady-state analysis of self-excited induction
generators (SEIG) using an iterative method. By considering the conductance connected
across the air gap nodes, an iteration procedure is developed for the determination of the
self-excited per - unit frequency, which enables the equivalent circuit to be completely
solved. The proposed method involves only simple algebraic calculations, but the accuracy
is good and convergence is rapid. The method is subsequently extended to include core loss
effects and the analysis of SEIG with series capacitance compensation. Very good
agreement between experimental and computed results has been obtained on a 2-kW
laboratory machine.
Sandhu et al. [22] described a new model based upon phasor diagram of induction
generator has been proposed to analyze the behaviour of self excited induction generator.
Modeling results in a third order equation in generated frequency and a simple expression
for magnetizing reactance. Complete mathematical analysis to derive the different
expressions is presented here. Computed results have been compared with experimental

14
 ACC No ................

results on test machines. Closeness bet erg the two pros e validity of proposed
modeling. / )' ROOR~~~
Bhattacharya et al. [23] used symmetrical component techniques the steady-state
behaviour of a self-excited three-phase induction generator under unbalanced loading is
examined. Particular reference is made to single-phase loading, a practical application
being the use of standard three-phase cage machines in micro-hydro plants. An unbalanced
excitation scheme is proposed which improves balance overall and maximizes the
allowable power output of a particular machine. A method is presented by which de-rating
factor and voltage regulation can he predicted for a general unbalanced condition. The
results of modeling are in good agreement with experiment. Possible further applications of
the method are to the behavior of induction generators in networks and the operation of
three-phase motors from single-phase supplies.
Vicatos et al. [24] presented a detailed analysis of the performance of the Doubly-
Fed Induction Generator (DFG) under synchronous operating condition in the steady state
is presented. The rotor is excited by a voltage phasor the magnitude and the frequency of
which can vary independently. The frequency supplied has always such a value that, if
superimposed on the rotor speed a synchronous rotating field results. This produces
variable-speed constant frequency characteristics of the DFG over a wide speed range, By
varying the excitation voltage magnitude the stator and rotor power factor can be controlled
so that maximum efficiency tan be achieved. By varying the angle a between the stator and
the rotor applied voltages, DFG active power delivered can be controlled. The wide range
of variable-speed constant-frequency operation and the capability of load variation and
power factor control make the DFG attractive for wind power conversion systems as well
as variable speed hydroelectric generators.
Bonert et al. [25] proposed an electronic impedance controller to control the voltage
and the frequency of a standalone induction generator. The controller concept and its
control range are discussed. Particular attention is given to the harmonic distortion caused
by the controller and measures to reduce these distortions. The controller design is
discussed and data from an experimental generator set is provided to verify the proposed
concept.
Rai et al. [26] presents different modes of operation of single phase self-excited
induction generator, using a commercially available single phase induction motor. For
single phase self-excited induction generator system incorporating a combination of shunt
and series capacitor has been suggested. The results of a detailed experimental

15
investigation are presented to assess its suitability for practical applications. The effect of
shunt capacitor, series capacitor and load are investigated. It is observed that the
predominance of single winding machine is poor with unsatisfactory voltage regulation but
the performance considerably improves with the inclusion of series capacitor. This
investigation, therefore provides a workable analytical model for single-phase self-excited
induction generator using two winding configuration has immense standby power
generation using single phase self-excited induction generators.
Marra et al. [27] proposed concerns an application of a three-phase cage induction
machine (IM) as a self-excited generator connected to the ac side of a voltage-source pulse
width modulation bidirectional inverter. The generator is supposed to be driven by a low
head unregulated shaft hydraulic turbine. The proposed system is intended to be applied in
rural plants as a low-cost source of high quality ac sinusoidal regulated voltage with
constant frequency. Simulation results are obtained based on the stationary reference frame
model of the IM. The experimental results demonstrated that the system presents
satisfactory behavior when feeding ac loads and during the startup of induction motors.
Zidani et al [28] proposed an approach for the steady state analysis of three phase
Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). When an induction generator is used in an isolate
operation, it operates in self-excitation mode. It determines its own voltage and frequency
which depend on the value of the static bank capacitor, the induction machine parameters,
the electrical load, and the speed of the generator. The lagging reactive power required by
SEIG is obtained for different values of load. An algorithm is developed to achieve these
characteristics using Rung Kutta method and steady state equivalent circuit of the machine.
The developed analytical technique is extended to evaluate the optimal bank capacitors
such that the voltage is maintained within desired limits.
Bispo et al. [29] presents a new strategy for modeling the saturated induction
machine. Saturation is considered by means of "magnetic harmonic functions," defined in
the model and obtained experimentally, considering the fundamental and third harmonic of
the spatial flux density distribution. It is shown that the distortions on voltage and current
waveforms are due to harmonic content in the main flux, caused by saturation.
Experimental and theoretical results for a capacitor self-excited induction generator are
presented for the validity of the proposed model.
Sekhar et al. [30] studied when an induction machine is driven from external prime
mover at a speed greater than synchronous speed; it acts as induction generator provided
reactive power is supplied. This reactive current generates required magnetic field for self-
excitation of induction generator (SEIG). The induction generator thus produced has poor
voltage regulation. To get better voltage regulation the reactive current need to be changed
suitably during load variation from no load to full load. In standalone induction generator
the required reactive power is supplied by capacitor bank and reactive power supplied is
controlled by various voltage regulating schemes thus he proposed different voltage
schemes like power electronic controller, electronic load controller and magnetic amplifier.
Jayaramaiah et at [31] presented a DSP-based constant voltage controller for
standalone wind energy conversion system using an induction generator. The system uses a
pulse-width modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) with a start-up battery. To
overcome voltage regulation problem, a DSP-based voltage controller is developed. It
regulates the voltage when SEIG is subjected to a sudden application/removal of load. It is
now possible to operate the induction generator (IG) at constant voltage from no load to
full load. To predict the performance of the proposed system, a MATLAB/SIMULINK
based simulation study is carried out. The control algorithm is implemented on a
TMS320F243 DSP platform at the assembly.
Youssef et al. [32] introduced a new and simple method for voltage and frequency
control of three-phase unregulated speed induction generators in the islanding mode. The
method uses a constant voltage constant frequency (CVCF) PWM converter without
regulating the DC capacitor voltage. The capacitor voltage is left changing with the loading
conditions and the AC side voltage is regulated by controlling the modulation index. This
eliminates the need of an auxiliary switch in the DC side which reduces the cost and also
reduces the high frequency current components flowing in the DC capacitor and that
increases its life time. The proposed technique is tested under step changes in load and
prime mover speed. The proposed technique gives the same response as the old technique
but without the use of DC side switch language level for optimum performance of the
voltage controller. Viability of the compensation process is ascertained through
experimental results obtained from the laboratory prototype.
Gurung et al. [33] presents the use of MATLAB symbolic computation technique to
model and simulate self excited induction generator. In this technique, the computer itself•
carries out both the tedious job of deriving the complex coefficients of the polynomial
equations and solving them. Hence the modeling and programming becomes very simple
yet versatile. Good agreement between the results obtained from the conventional method
and that obtained using symbolic computation validates the effectiveness of this new
technique.
17
 Anagreh et al. [34] developed tool for steady state analysis of SEIG. The operating
conditions of the generator were mathematically modelled and then simulated using
MATLAB. They presented an example to demonstrate the usefulness of the developed tool.
The developed tool was made easy to use by providing an active link with the simulated
models using some of MATLAB's GUI functions.
Serag et al. [35] proposed a novel method, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm, based technique is proposed to estimate and analyze the steady state
performance of self-excited induction generator (SEIG). In this novel method the tedious
job of deriving the complex coefficients of a polynomial equation and solving it, as in
previous methods, is not required. By comparing the simulation results obtained by the
proposed method with those obtained by the well known mathematical methods, a good
agreement between these results is obtained. The comparison validates the effectiveness of
the proposed technique.
Chakraborty et al. [36] presents an iterative solution for the problems related to
steady state performance of self-excited induction generators operating in parallel. The
analysis is based on voltage and current balance equations derived from an inverse model
for steady state equivalent circuit of induction machines. The non-linearity in the
magnetization characteristics has been taken into account by piecewise linearization. The
proposed method is general and can be applied for analysis of any number of parallel
connected machines. Theoretical predictions and experimental results are presented to
study different performance characteristics of the system.
Elder et al. [37] presented the phenomenon of self excitation in induction machines
which was examined and a physical interpretation of how self excitation occurs was
presented. The important parameters are shown to be the shaft speed, the residual
magnetism, the reduced permeability at low magnetization, and the size of the capacitor
connected to the machine. The results were important in applications where induction
machines are used as stand-alone generators.
Rahim [38] attempted to determine the steady-state performance of an isolated, self
excited, induction generator when a single capacitor is connected across one phase or
between two lines. His work is mainly concentrated on the case when the machine is
supplying one or two loads. With the aid of the equivalent circuit, an analytical technique
has been used to obtain nonlinear algebraic equations for operation frequency and
magnetizing reactance. A numerical solution method is applied to solve the nonlinear
equations. A performance for different load configurations and different load conditions
18
has been considered and a possible, computed result has been confirmed with experimental
results.
Thant [39] proposed a method to evaluate the characteristics of an induction
generator taking iron losses into account. The primary focus of his study was the
development of steady state models for SEIG. He presented D-Q modelling approach for
transient state analysis in time domain of the three-phase SEIG with squirrel cage rotor
along with its operating performance evaluations. The parameters of induction generator
were calculated using no-load and blocked rotor tests.
Leidhold et al. [40] presented a strategy to control an IG working with variable
speed and load. They used an inverter and a field-oriented controller in order to excite the
induction - machine efficiently, to minimize copper and iron losses, and to regulate the
generated voltage. They implemented a laboratory setup using a conventional 4-kW
squirrel cage IM. Experimental results were presented in order to validate their strategy.
Yamazaki et al. [41] proposed and validated a method for the accurate estimation of
iron loss in rotating machines. In this method, the eddy current loss in electrical steel sheets
was directly calculated by nonlinear time-domain electromagnetic field analysis with a
simple approximation of the excess loss. The hysteresis loss was also estimated by
considering the flux distribution along the thickness of the steel sheet. They confirmed the
validity of this method by experiments performed on a ring specimen and several types of
motors. The experimental and calculated iron losses in each experiment were found to be in
good agreement. They reported the proposed method useful for the accurate estimation of
higher order harmonic losses, particularly, carrier losses caused by inverters.
Grilo et al. [42] presented an analytical method for analysis of large-disturbance
stability of squirrel-cage rotor induction generators. Their analytical method was based on
the steady-state equivalent circuit of the induction generator and on the concepts of stable
and unstable electrical-mechanical equilibrium points, which were calculated in the
electrical and mechanical torque versus rotor speed space. This analytical approach shaded
light on theoretical issues related to the stability of induction generator. They concluded
this analytical method useful for independent power producers and .utility engineers for
assessing the installation and operation of induction generators and for IG designers for
projecting the machine parameters in order to optimize the generator stability performance.
Al-Mudaiheem et al. [43] described the performance of an isolated self excited
single phase induction generator when the excitation capacitor is connected to one winding
and the load is connected to the other. Depending upon equivalent circuit, nonlinear
M]
simultaneous equations, in the magnetization reactance and operation frequency, have been
used for computer simulation of the two cases. Newton Rhapson numerical method has
been found suitable for the solution of the equations. Computer results have been supported
by laboratory tests. The model has been used to study the effect of machine parameters on
the general performance of the machine.
Olorunfemi [44] discussed that a minimum airgap flux linkage is required for the
self-excitation and stable operation of an isolated induction generator feeding an
impedance load. With the aid of bifurcation theory, it is shown that the minimum airgap
flux linkage requirement is the value at which the derivative of the magnetizing inductance
with respect to the airgap flux linkage is zero. This minimum airgap flux linkage
determines the minimum or maximum load impedance and minimum excitation
capacitance requirements. This result is demonstrated using single-phase and three-phase
induction generators.
Lee et al. [45] presents a novel approach based on eigen value and eigen value
sensitivity analyses to predict both minimum and maximum values of capacitance required
for self-excitation of parallel operated three-phase induction generators. Numerous
numerical methods based on steady-state equivalent circuit models have been proposed to
find the minimum capacitance of a self-excited induction generator by solving
simultaneous non-linear equations. Steady-state and sensitivity analyses of different
capacitance values concerning various system limits are performed. Transient analyses of
the studied induction generators under different loading conditions are also carried out. The
results show those induction generators with different speeds can be operated in parallel
properly, but the requirement before they may be connected in parallel is the phase
sequence of the running and incoming induction generators must be the same.
Experimental results obtained on 1.1 kW induction machines confirm the feasibility and
effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Pagano et al. [46] shown that, due to the saturation of the main magnetic circuits,
the generator behaviour of induction machines may not be evaluated theoretically with
accuracy by means of traditional mathematical models, especially when operations at
variable frequencies are dealt with. For this reason the paper presents a mathematical
model of saturated machines. Voltage and current space vectors are used. The model has
been carried out on the basis of two air-gap machine inductances (one differential and the
other rational) previously introduced by another author (Kovacs, 1984). It has been
validated at steady state by comparing the theoretically evaluated and experimentally
No]
measured armature currents of a mass-produced machine. That influence of saturation on
armature current amplitudes is evidenced by comparing numerical results obtained by the
suggested model with those of a traditional model. The model is also used for the
performance analysis of dynamic and steady-state generator behaviour of cylindrical
induction machines and for carrying out conditions that obtain self-excitation and stable
operations of machines supplying passive electrical networks.
Farret et al. [47] presented that self-excited induction generators (SEIG) offer many
advantages as variable-speed generators in renewable energy systems. Small hydro and
wind generating systems have constraints on the size of individual machines, and several
induction generators must be paralleled in order to access fully the potential of the site.
SEIGs connected in parallel may lose excitation momentarily owing to large transient
currents caused by differences in individual instantaneous voltages and frequency. This
phenomenon cannot be easily simulated using the conventional models because it has such
a fast transient nature. An innovative and automatic numerical solution for steady-state and
transient analysis of any number of SEIGs operating in parallel is presented. Experimental
results confirm the accuracy of the proposed model and open new possibilities for
incorporating advanced control to monitor and optimize a parallel installation of SEIGs.
The proposed SEIG model is applied to a two-turbine case, which can be extended to
simulate a wind generating system.
Melkebeek et al. [48] presented the six modes of source-connected and self-excited
induction generator operation including both voltage (VS I) and current (CSI) inverter
systems are reviewed and compared. Equivalent circuits to represent each mode are
presented and the use of the circuits to model steady state performance is illustrated. The
analysis clearly shows the fundamental importance of main flux saturation in the self-
excited cases as compared to its secondary importance in source-connected systems.
General properties of regeneration and self-excitation are derived to illustrate the basic
similarities and differences between the various modes. Experimental results which support
the validity of the models used in the study are included.
Steady-state analysis of SEIG is of interest, both from the design and operational
points of view. In SEIG, both the terminal voltage and frequency are unknown and have to
be computed for a given speed, capacitance, and load impedance. A large number, of
articles have appeared on the steady-state analysis of the SEIG. Contributions of such
articles are as follows:

21
 (i). Mathematical model has been developed to obtain SEIG using equivalent circuit
impedance of machine.
(ii). Method has been developed in which algebraic equation is solved for initial value
of F and X,,, then Newton Raphson method is used for exact solution.
(iii). Iterative technique is applied which uses an approximate equivalent circuit and
mathematical model for B-H curve and various work has been done on the
requirement of excitation capacitors, maximum power output, terminal voltage of
generator under different operating conditions and also under different pole
configuration including eign value approaches. Besides the effect of core losses also
has been taken for a general balanced three phase resistive load.

22


CHAPTER-3
. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF SEIG

3.1 GENERAL

The per-phase equivalent circuit of a three phase SEIG with an resistive load and an
excitation capacitor as shown in Fig.3.1, R1, Xi, R2, X2, R, and X. represent the stator
resistance, stator leakage resistance, rotor resistance, core loss resistance and magnetizing
reactance respectively. RL„ XL, and XX represent the load resistance, load reactance and
excitation capacitor reactance respectively F and v represents per unit (p.u.) frequency and
speed.

The reactance's are specified at base or rated frequency. All parameters and
voltages are normalized to base frequency by dividing with per unit frequency F. X,,,, Xc, v,
F and load impedance are variable quantity. Load power factor angle 0 at base frequency
is considered constant thus load impedance Z L = Z L ZB = (RL+jXL). Thus resulting in five
variables (Xc, X,,,, F, v and ZL). With the help of these variables we can easily evaluate the
performance of induction generator. In this study Vg/F is expressed by the following'third-
order polynomial of X,,, in the normal operating region.

F =k~+k2 X m +k3 X,+k4 X„ (3.1)

F

Coefficients of k's can be obtained from the synchronous speed test results.

Zr ~T
a F` FL1, b'2

I.

—
F R.
F—V

Fig. 3.1: per phase equivalent circuit of three phase SEIG.

23
 Present analysis is carried out for three-phase balanced resistive load. For the
Steady-state analysis, the following assumptions are made:

i. Frequency, magnetizing reactance and core loss are assumed to be affected by

magnetic saturation, and all other parameters of the equivalent circuit are assumed
to be constant. Self excitation results in the saturation of the main flux. As the
value of the magnetizing reactance X„7 reflects the magnitude of the main flux, it
is essential to incorporate in the analysis the variation of X,,, with the saturation
level of the main flux.
ii. Leakage reactance of stator and rotor, in per unit, are taken to be equal. This
assumption is normally valid in induction-machine analysis.
iii. MMF space harmonics and time harmonics in the induced voltage and current
waveforms are ignored. This assumption is valid in well designed machines.

3.2 METHODS FOR STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF SEIG

A proper circuit representation with accurate mathematical modeling is essential to

evaluate the steady state performance of a SEIG under different operating conditions. To
estimate and analyze the performance of a SEIG, researchers have used the conventional
equivalent circuit of an induction machine. Researchers have solved the steady state
equivalent circuit by the following two techniques.

3.2.1 Nodal admittance method:

In this method, a polynomial in F is obtained by equating the sum of real parts to

zero. Using the value of F, value of X,,, can be determined by equating the sum of
imaginary parts to zero.

24


.IX,. b I,

T
Vt
R
F—v

u u u

Yc Yc YM YR

Yl
Fig. 3.2: per phase equivalent circuit for nodal analysis

The total current at node "a" in Figure can be written as in the following equations

(3.2)
VS
Where
(Yc + YL )Ys _ 1
YL ~ (RI /F) ' Y"' jX M ' Y~ (3.3)
~'
YC +YL +YS ' (—jX/F
c Z)

_ 1 1
YS (RS /F)+ jX5 , YR = Rr (3.4)
+ JX,
F—v
V
Under self excitation F ~ 0, therefore the sum of total admittance connected across the air

gap must be zero i.e.

(Y, +YM +YR )=0 (3.5)

Real(Y, +YM +YR )=0 (3.6)

Imag ( (Y, + YM + YR ) = 0 (3.7)

For given value of the shaft speed, generator parameters, excitation capacitance and
load impedance, solution of Equation (3.6) gives the frequency F in p.0 .Then,
corresponding value of magnetizing reactance X,n can be calculated from Equation (3.7)
using the value of F obtained from Equation (3.6) After determining the values of F and
Xm, the air gap voltage Vg/F can be determined from the experimentally obtained

25
magnetization curve, which relates Vg/F and Xm By applying. mesh current method, to the
model given in Figure 3.2, the stator current (Is) and the current of the load (IL) can be
determined from the following equations
7— Eg IF
(8
3
jXcRL
F + ~XS F Z R L —jFX C

IL = jXcls (3.9)
RLF — jXc
Thus there are the four unknowns F, X,n, Xc and v in the nonlinear equations given
by (3.6) and (3.7). Out of these, two unknown must be known or can be assumed and then
by solving (3.6) and (3.7), remaining two unknowns can be calculated. With the help of
generator's magnetization curve and the two unknown parameters, the steady-state
performance of the SEIG can be obtained by solving the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.2. The
performance characteristics of the generator can be estimated using the following
relationship:

I =Y( (3.10)
179 )
V
I, =—Yr F (3.11)

I =jj (3.12)
YL
+LYC

F I,YL (3.13)

I _V,IF
Z (3.14)
C

P, = 3I, R, (3.15)

=3J,2 X
Q, FI (3.16)

3.2.2 Loop impedance method:

In this method, two non-linear simultaneous equations in terms of F and X,n are
obtained by equating the real and imaginary terms of the complex loop impedances

26
respectively to zero. Then with the help of Newton—Raphson method, the equivalent circuit
is completely solved for F and X..
Thus we have five independent variables so five equations are needed .However
based on generator operation, fixed possible values can be assigned to some of the
variables and they easily considered as fixed parameters. In this case loop impedance
approach is used the circuit of this approach is represented by three impedances shown in
Fig. 3.3.

I1

Vr Vg I-
Za 2bo

0
Fig. 3.3: simplified representation of circuit of Fig. 3.1

The loop equation for the circuit shown in Fig. 3.3 is

I l (Z ao + Z ab +Zbo )= 0 (3.17)

Where
_ 1 1 _,
)
Z°° — ( —jX c /F Z + R L /F+jX L

Zab =(R, /F+jX I )

1 1 1
+
Zb° Re/F+ IXm R2 /(F — v)+jXZ

Under normal operating conditions, the stator current I, ~ 0 thus

(Z ao + Zab + Z b° ) (3.18)

In this method, two non-linear simultaneous equations in F and X,,, are obtained by
equating the real and imaginary terms of (3.18) and (3.19) respectively to zero as

fl real (Za° + Zab + Zb° ) =0 (3.19)

f2=imag(Za0 +Z ab +Zba)_ 0 (3.20)

27
thus by knowing X,,, and F , Vg/F can be calculated and so the perforformance of generator.
The various characteristics of the generator can be obtained from its equivalent circuit.
Both methods give a set of non-linear equations which are to be solved by some iterative
technique or by some optimization technique. Algorithm for the values of X„ and F is
described below:

3.3 ALGORITHM
The computational procedure for solution of X. and F and subsequent performance
of SEIG is as follows:

Step 1: Obtain the machine data (Rs, XS , Rr, Xr) by block rotor test.

Step 2: Assume an initial value of per-unit frequency `F' and 'X,'.

Step 3: Using Newton- Raphson method solve for final value of `F' and `Xm '

Step 4: Determine relation between Vg/F and X,,, by conducting synchronous speed
test.

Step 5: By using the magnetizations curve (Vg/F vs. X,,), determine Vg/F and
correspondingly find the value of voltage, current and power at various
points of the -circuit can easily be determined.

Step 6: Store the relevant data in data file.

Step 7: By using the values of the above calculated parameters, various

characteristics that yield to the machine performance are obtained.

Step 8: Stop

28
 Here loop impedance method is used for the performance analysis of the SEIG in
the present work the procedure of obtaining various characteristics of interest is described
below:

3.4 Different tests on SEIG

To identify the parameters of equivalent circuit of SEIG, following tests are

required to be conducted ex. D.0 test ,Block rotor test, Synchronous speed test Fig. 3.4
shows experiment set up for steady state analysis of SEIG.

Fig.3.4: Experiment set up of SEIG

3.4.1 D. C. test:
This test is conducted to identify stator resistance. The circuit diagram of DC test is
shown in Fig. 3.5. The induction machine is kept at standstill condition and any two stator
terminals are used for conducting this test. A low value DC current is passed through the
motor terminals just sufficient to give a readable voltage drop across the two terminals. The
DC current passed should be less than the rated current of the machine. Two or three sets of
current and voltage readings are taken and the DC resistance R, is calculated from the
equation.

29
 Ucc,
R __ !=1 'dc, (3.21)
1 N
Where, Ids;= DC supply current to the stator terminal,
Ud~,— DC supply voltage to the stator terminal,
N=No. of reading sets
Since AC resistance is 5 to 10 % higher than DC resistance due to skin effect, so from the
value of R1, the per phase stator resistance is computed by

Rs =1.1 x 3R' (3.22)

Fig. 3.5: DC test circuit diagram of induction machine

3.4.2 Block rotor test:

Block rotor test is similar to short circuit test on transformer. It is performed on

induction machine to calculate its leakage impedance. The circuit diagram of block rotor
test is as shown in Fig. 3.7. For performing_ this test, rotor shaft is blocked by external
means. Now voltage is applied to the stator terminals through a three-phase
autotransformer and the input voltage (Vb,l), current (Ibr ), and power (Pb,.) is measured. The
applied voltage is adjusted till rated current flow in stator winding
 p1
si

Fig. 3.6: Block rotor circuit diagram of induction machine

Vbr = Input line to line voltage in block rotor

Vb,p = Input phase voltage in block rotor.
Ibr = Input line current in block rotor
Ib,p = Input phase current in block rotor
Pbr Input power in block rotor
Pb,rper phase power in block rotor.
Various equations are used as given below:

PbrP = P
3r (3.23)

Ibrp _ (3.24)

Vbrp Vbr (3.25)

Block rotor resistance Rbr = Pbr2 (3.26)

Ibr

.
Block Rotor Impedance Zbr = I
brp (3.27)

br

Block Rotor reactance X br =J~

,r — Rbr2 = XS +Xr (3.28)
With

Xs = Xr

31
3.4.3 Synchronous speed test:
The ratio of air gap voltage to frequency (Vg IF) depends on the magnetic flux and
hence magnetizing reactance X,,,. The relationship between Vg IF and X„r can be established
from the synchronous speed test data.
The circuit diagram of synchronous speed test is shown in Fig. 3.7. In this test, the
induction machine is driven at synchronous speed by a D. C. motor. A three-phase variable
voltage is then applied to the stator terminals of the induction machine and the input
voltage (V), current (I), and power (P) for various voltages is measured.
(0-15A)

-,
A2

synchronous speed by
DC motor

Fig. 3.7: Synchronous speed test circuit diagram of induction machine

From the measured data, the input apparent power (S), reactive power (Q), and
power factor angle (gyp) of the induction machine can be obtained as:

S=F3VI (3.29)

Q= S 2 —P 2 (3.30)

(p= tan' (Q1 (3.31)

The magnitude of air gap voltage at 1.0 p.u. frequency can be written as
Vg = IV,— I,(cos cp— jsinçoXR,+jX,)1 (3.32)

Here, V1 and Il are the measured line voltage and line current, respectively, of the
induction machine. From the active and reactive power balance equations, values of R, and

32
X,,, can be written as:
V2
R.= g (3.33)
(P_3IR1 )

V2
(3.34)
X Q-3IzX
i i

In this study, Vg IF is expressed by the following n order polynomial of Xm in the

normal operating region.

—f--k +k2X +.......k»X»,-' +k„+,Xm (3.35)

F 1
The calculated values of Vg IF and X,,, can now be used to evaluate the coefficients of
(3.35).
3.5 Different Characteristics of SEIG

The various characteristics of SEIG can be obtained from its equivalent circuit. The
procedure of obtaining various characteristics of interest is described as below:

3.5.1 No-Load Characteristic

It is the variation of no-load terminal voltage Vt against the excitation capacitor C

for a constant speed v. Fig. 3.8 shows circuit diagram of no load characteristic and Fig. 3.9
shows flow chart for obtaining no load characteristic.

flerminal
Voltage

Variable Capacitor Bank

Fig. 3.8: Circuit diagram of no load characteristic

33
 Start

I Obtain machine data (Rs, R,., X,., XS ) by block rotor test & DC test ~

I
Determine relation between Vg/F & X,,, by synchronous speed test I

I Obtain coefficient of polynomial between Vg/F and X,n given by (3.33) 1

I Select initial value of XX

Solve (3.18) & (3.19) to find value of F and X,,,

I
Determine Vg by using magnetizing curve given by(3.33)

I Determine terminal voltage using (3.13) & capacitor current using (3.14) 1 Increase value
of XX in
Store relevant data suitable step

Is
simulation
is over

Yes

I Plot terminal voltage vs. C

End
Fig. 3.9: Flow chart for obtaining no load characteristic

3.5.2 Load Characteristic

It is the variation of terminal voltage V, against the generator output power P,, for
various values of ZL. In this case, Xc and v are considered as fixed parameters. Fig. 3.10
shows circuit diagram of no load characteristic and Fig. 3.11 shows flow chart for
obtaining no load characteristic.

34
 Capacitor Bank

Fig. 3.10: Experimental set up for load characteristic of SEIG

35
 Start

Obtain machine data (RS, R,., X„ XS ) by block rotor test & DC test

Determine relation between Vg/F & Xm by synchronous speed test I

I Obtain coefficient of polynomial between Vg/F and X,,, given by (3.33)

I Select initial value of XX and ZL

I Solve (3.18) & (3.19) to find value of F and Xm

~ Determine Vg by using magnetizing curve given by (3.33) Increase

value of ZL
in suitable
I Determine V,, I,, Is, It, Pt using (3.13), (3.14), (3.10), (3.12), (3.14)
step

Store relevant data

Is
simulation
is over
No
Yes

Plot terminal voltage vs. Po

End

Fig. 3.11:.Flow chart for obtaining load Characteristic

3.5.3 Constant-Voltage Operation

In many applications, it is desirable to maintain the voltage within upper and lower
acceptable limits instead at a constant value. For such a case, discrete control (using

36
switched capacitors) can be used. In order to determine the optimal number and size of the
switched capacitors in discrete control, the generator performance or characteristic at a pre-
specified voltage or a constant voltage is needed. In addition, it is necessary to operate the
generator within the design specifications. Fig. 3.12 is referred for circuit diagram of
constant voltage operation.

Variable Capacitor Bank

Fig. 3.12: Experimental set up for load characteristic under constant voltage
operation of SEIG

In this case values of X,,, , F,. and Xc 'for given values of ZL and v are solved, various
characteristics of the generator for a- constant, terminal voltage can again be obtained for
various possible values of ZL and a fixed value of v.

J' Vg x Z+' Z (3.36)

Zao ab

When the magnitude of terminal voltage is kept constant at a pre-specified value V,St, the
equation becomes

37


Vg xZ'
=0 (3.37)
ZB +Z

In this case, (3.2), (3.3) and (3.37) are to be solved simultaneously to find the value
of X,,,, F, and X, for given values of Zf and v. Fig. 3.13 shows the flowchart in order to
obtain constant voltage characteristics.

Start

I Obtain machine data (Rs, R,., X,., X3) by block rotor test & DC test

I Determine relation between Vg/F & X,,, by synchronous speed test

I Obtain coefficient of polynomial between Vg/F and X,,, given by (3.33)

Select initial value °' & initial value of ZL

VtsPe

Solve (3.18), (3.19) & (3.37) to find value of F, X„ & Xc

Increase
I Determine Vg by using magnetizing curve given by (3.33)
value of ZL
in suitable
I Determine V, I,, I,r, Ii, Pt using (3.13), (3.14), (3.10), (3.12), (3.14)
step

Store relevant data

Is
simulation
is over No

Yes

I Plot terminal voltage as function of P,,

End

Fig. 3.13: Flow chart for constant voltage operation

3.6 PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
By knowing X,n , Vg/F can be evaluated from (3.35) once Vg/F is known the stator
current and the rotor current can be written as:

V/F
= g (3.38)
Zao + Zab

V/F
I2 = R g (3.39)
z
F—v +jX2

Here Vg is considered as reference (Vg = Vg ZO ). The ratio of generator terminal

voltage to p.u. frequency is V, IF = I,Zao The active and reactive powers absorbed by the

load are:

P, =3 I,I z RL (3.40)

Q, = 3II, I FX, (3.41)

The reactive power of the capacitor is Q, = 3 I, I 2 x° (3.42)

39
 CHAPTER-4
EXPERIMENT SET UP AND SIMULATION RESULTS

In this chapter, various data used for simulation purpose and results obtained after
simulation are presented.

4.1 Identification of parameters of SEIG

For experimental work and simulation of SEIG, a 1.5 HP, 3-phase, 6-pole, 50 Hz,
415 V. 2.9 A, star connected induction machine is used. For identification of the
parameters of SEIG, the following tests are conducted

4.1.1 DC Test:
The circuit diagram for block rotor test is shown in Fig. 3.6 and reading is shown
below:

a) Resistance between 2 terminals is 14.60 ohm.

b) Single phase resistance is 7.3 ohm
c) Effective stator resistance =1.2*7.3 ohm; RS =8.76 ohm.

Thus stator A.C. Resistance Rs measured from DC test is 8.76 ohm/phase.

4.1.2 Block Rotor Test:

Block rotor test is similar to short circuit test on transformer. It is performed on

induction machine to calculate its leakage impedance. For performing this test, rotor shaft
is blocked by external means. Now voltage is applied to the stator terminals through a
three-phase autotransformer. The applied voltage is adjusted till rated current flow in stator
winding.

Table 4.1: Block Rotor Test Experimental Results:

Voltage (V) Current(A) Active Reactive Power Factor (cos )

Power (W) Eower (Q)

136.1 2.909 354 587 0.517

ii
Parameters from block rotor test:

(i) Stator A.C. Resistance R=8.76 ohm/phase.

(ii) Rotor Resistance referred to the stator Rr 13.94 ohm/phase.

(iii) Stator resistance X=1 1.56 ohm/phase.

(iv)Rotor reactance referred to the stator Xc 11.56 ohm/phase.

4.1.3 Synchronous Speed Testa

The relationship between the magnetizing reactance X,,, and the air gap voltage Vg of the
machine is obtained by synchronous speed test. The circuit diagram for synchronous speed
test is shown in Fig. 3.8 and readings taken are given in Table 4.2

Table 4.2: Synchronous Speed Experimental Results:

Line Current (A) Active Power VV) R, (ohm) X,n (ohm)

Voltage (W)
(V)
49.60 0.17 0.00 26.94 -963.69 54.89
69.80 0.25 0.00 37.53 -892.80 52.32
90.70 0.32 0.00 48.76 -894.97 51.16
135.30 0.47 16.00 72.16 515.89 51.45
160.40 0.58 34.00 85.04 287.46 49.76
178.60 0.64 36.00 94.91 356.51 -50.09
228.20 0.85 75.00 120.57 260.15 48.01
249.80 0.95 85.00 131.87 283.28 46.92
274.70 1.08 114.00 144.47 250.28 45.41
312.30 1.25 96.00 164.72 492.11 44.26
320.40 1.29 86.00 169.13 671.43 43.96
339.40 1.43 109.00 178.18 577.67 41.52
361.30 1.57 79.00 189.79 2532.56 40.31
385.40 1.80 13.00 202.17 -569.51 37.60
401.10 1.95 71.00 208.75 -1490.37 35.64
418.90 2.23 42.00 216.43 -530.26 32.46

41
 424.80 2.29 180.00 217.49 1108.67 31.73
441.80 2.66 73.00 224.63 -448.42 28.23

In this study, Vg /F is expressed by the following third-order polynomial of X,,, in

the normal operating region.

V = K, +K2.X , +K3X, 2 +K4Xr,3

f
F (4.1)

The calculated values of Vg IF and X,,, can now be used to evaluate the coefficients
of above equation using the "polyfit" routine given in MATLAB. The variation of Vg IF
against X,, is shown below and it indicates that the values found through above equation
with the earlier coefficients match perfectly with the test data.

Parameters from Synchronous speed test:

From polyfit command in MATLAB value of k's for 3`d order are:

kl=198.6285; k2=0.3261;

k3= 0.1087; k4= -0.0032

Fig. 4.1: Variation Vg/F vs. Xm

42
 Variation of Vg/F vs. X„ is shown in above figure which indicates a inverse
relationship between them as the X,,, decreases Vg/F increases and vice versa. Thus it can be
implied from the above results that many. of the experimental values are perfectly matching
with the simulated values and some values are very close vicinity of simulated values.

4.2 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEIG

The objective of the work is to simulate a self excited induction generator (SEIG)
under various conditions. The developed MATLAB program is shown in Appendix-A.
Following cases are taken for study:

1. No load characteristic.
2. Load characteristic.
3. Constant voltage operation
4. Constant current operation

4.2.1 No Load Characteristic:

In this case, SEIG is started at no load & characteristic is generated between no load
terminal voltage V1 against the excitation capacitor C for a constant speed v Figs. 4.5 to 4.6
shows circuit'diagram & voltage build up for different value of capacitance.

Table 4.3: No Load test Experimental Results:

.0 (µF) V (V) I, (A)

5.217 50 0.2
.7.73 170 1.2
8 190 1.4
10 249 2.2

43
 300

250

200

> 150

100

50

0-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

C(.&F)

Fig. 4.2: terminal voltage vs. capacitance

The no-load terminal voltage V, of the generator is determined for various values of
excitation capacitor C as shown in Fig.4.2 it can be seen that the minimum voltage 41.93 V
is obtained by 5 µF and the rated voltage 249 V is obtained by 10 µF and beyond that
voltage start decreasing. The simulation results also predict the same values thus a very
close validation of experimental and simulation results are obtained.

4.2.2 Load characteristic.

Schematic diagram of 3-phase SEIG with resistive load is shown in the Fig. 3.11
Load characteristic is the variation of terminal voltage V1 against the generator output
power Po for various values of Z, In this case, load characteristics is obtained for 8 and
10µF which are shown separately in Fig.4.3 and Fig. 4.4 shows variation of V, and Po
provided C (10 µF) and v (1. p.u.) are kept constant.

44
 300

250

200
ho

150
FU
C
E 100
f-
50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500

Output Power (W)

Fig. 4.3: terminal voltage vs. different excitation capacitors

Fig. 4.3 shows the experimental results of Vt vs. Po characteristics of the generators
for various values of excitation capacitors (8, 10 pF).The P,,, 220 W at VV =161.66 V for
8 µF where for 10 gF the Pm= 454 W at V, =217.15 V.

Fig. 4.4: terminal voltage vs. output power for 10 ttF

Fig.4.4 shows a typical load characteristic of V, and Po of the generator for a fixed-
excitation capacitor (10 µF) and its pattern is found to be very similar to P-V curve of a
load bus in power system. When ZL is decreased from infinity (at no-load), initially Po

45
increases and V, decreases, and this represents normal operation. The earlier pattern
continues until the maximum power point 457.54 W is reached. Further reduction of ZL
decreases both P,, and V1, and this represents abnormal operation.

Fig. 4.5: frequency (p.u.) vs. output power

Variation of per unit F vs. P,, is shown in Fig. 4.5 and it indicates that for a given
capacitor in the normal operating region, the frequency of the generated voltage decreases
with load as can be seen in above figure. For C= 10 gF the frequency at no load is found as
49.5 Hz and its start decreasing to 47 Hz at the P,,,, of 289.3 W. Though there is wide gap
between the experimental and simulated values but we can neglect this gap as difference is
very small ranging from 0.01 to 0.07.
 2.5 _..._..__._........-..._... .. - ..___....-._......_...._..._...__..__........-.__._ ...................................._..__...__.._......-._....._.._..._.._—.._....._.........._........
----------------------------------------------

Experimental
U 0.5
' --------- Simulated

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Output Power (W)

Fig 4.6: capacitor current vs. output power

Fig 4.6 describes the plot of I C vs. Po in which the normal operation is in between
1.5 - 2.5 A and below which abnormal operation will occur I C will decrease with Po
because of the reduction of V,.

Fig.4.7: load current vs. output power

Fig. 4.7 shows a plot between I L and Po of SEIG for 10 µF excitation capacitor.
As the ZL is decreased from infinity Po and I L increases this represent normal operating
condition till P,,, is achieved which is 425.94 W at 0.8 A experimentally according to this

figure .Further reduction of ZL decreases both Po as well as I L.

 2.5 --

4-.

a) ----- Stator current

I-,
1 Load current

Capacitive current
0.5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Output Power (W)

Fig.4.8: current vs0 output power

The variation of I S, I L and I C against P0 is shown in Fig.4.8 it indicates that in

the normal operating region, I L increases with F0, as expected, but occur I C will
decrease with P0 because of the reduction of V1 .However I S is found to be very
insensitive to P0 because it is the phasor sum of I L and I C in this case the reduction of
I C is partially compensated by the increase in I L and this is why I S remains more or
less constant.

4.2.3 Constant-Voltage Operation

250

200
simulated

tw 150

• 100
E
I-
a)
I-
50

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Output Power (W)

Fig.4.9: terminal voltage vs. output power

48
 The performance characteristics of the generator for a constant terminal voltage of
240 V are evaluated and variation of voltage V, against Po is shown in Fig. 4.9. This figure
indicates that in order to kept terminal, voltage constant the combination of load (Z1,) and
capacitor(C) should be varied accordingly at fixed value of v.

213
212
211
W
0
Q 209
simulated
~° 208
207
2óI
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Output Power (W)

Fig.4.10: air gap voltage vs. output power

The performance characteristics of SEIG for a constant terminal voltage of 240 V

are evaluated and variation of voltage Vg against Po is shown in Fig. 4.10. At no-load
(when Po = 0), the stator current is purely reactive (drawn by the excitation capacitor) and
thus the difference between V, and Vg is high. As the load increases, the angle of the stator
current decreases and this causes reduction in the difference between V, and Vg. This figure
indicates that air gap voltage increases with output power.

rA
6

a 5
c
9) 4

v 3
0 simulated
N2
1

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Output Power (W)

Fig.4.11: stator current vs. output power

 Fig.4.11 shows the Constant Voltage characteristics of I S vs. Po in which the
stator current start increasing linearly up to 793.5 W beyond that the stator current starts
increasing with high rate so as to maintain constant terminal voltage.

IJ

c4

simulated

I 500 1000 1500 2000

Output Power (W)

Fig.4.12: capacitor current vs. output power

The performance characteristics of the generator for a constant terminal voltage of

240 V are evaluated and variation of IC against Po is shown in Fig. 4.12. As the load
increases, more and more capacitors are needed to maintain the constant terminal voltage,
and this leads to increased I C for a particular value of output power.

1.01
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
v 0.96
0.95
C
0.94 simulated
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Output Power (W)

Fig.4.13: per unit frequency vs. output power

50
 Fig.4.13 shows the Constant Voltage characteristics of F vs. Po which indicates that
as the load is decreased continuously the per unit frequency starts decreasing from 1 p.u. to
0.92179 p.u. maintaining air gap voltage and terminal voltage constant with the continuous
increasing of load power from 15.87 to 1586.99 W.

51
 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

In this thesis, the analysis of steady state performance of self excited induction
generator, feeding a balanced three phase resistive load in small hydro has been presented.
The proposed analysis also includes the machine core losses and variation of air gap flux
with magnetizing reactance. To evaluate the steady state performance of generator a
computer algorithm has been developed for the performance prediction under the given
speed, capacitor and load conditions, which helps in estimating system parameters. The
iterative technique for the steady state analysis of SEIG, under balanced condition is based
on loop impedance method. Using basic function of MATLAB the total impedance
equations of the equivalent circuit per phase of generator has been solved to obtain
frequency and magnetizing reactance and other performance of machine the criteria for
constant voltage operation also been included and some of the simulation results are
validated with experimental results. Thus following conclusion can be drawn:
(i). From the no load curve it has been observed that if capacitance is increased beyond
10 p.F than voltage start decreasing.
(ii). Frequency of the generated voltage decreases with load.
(iii). It is observed from load characteristics (V, vs. Po ) for fixed excitation capacitor i.e.
10 pF if ZL is decreased further from the maximum power point Pmax than both Po
and Vt decreases , abnormal operation will occur and thus voltage will collapse.
(iv). For constant voltage operation, if the load increases, the angle of the stator current
decreases and this causes reduction in the difference between terminal voltage and
air gap voltage.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

This thesis presents the steady state performance of SEIG considering iron loss with
conventional Iterative method and Newton-Raphson method respectively. The results
computed for some cases are validated through experimental results. Most of the loads in
remote and rural areas are single phase loads. The machine operated under this case is
unbalanced due to the voltage and current negative sequence components. Unbalanced

52
operation leads to voltage stresses and over heat in the machine and correspondingly leads
inefficient operation.
• To reduce these problems, strategy to be made to minimize the unbalancing by
selecting the appropriate size and rating of excitation capacitors.
• Transient analysis can also be made to evaluate the performance and designing of
machine parts such as winding and coupling shaft and devising of the protection
strategy during unbalanced condition.
• The steady state performance during unbalanced condition is also verified from
other simplified methods such as node admittance method to reduce the
computational time and fast convergence.
• Power electronics converter such as static compensator (STATCOM) can be
simulated and implemented to nullify the effect of unbalance and other related
problems.

53
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