Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of
the 15th century until the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined
term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration
emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning
of globalization. It also marks the rise of the period of widespread adoption in Europe
of colonialism and mercantilisms national policies. Many lands previously unknown to
Europeans were discovered by them during this period, though most were already
inhabited. From the perspective of many non-Europeans, the Age of Discovery marked
the arrival of invaders from previously unknown continents.
Global exploration started with the Portuguese discoveries of the
Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores, the coast of Africa, and the discovery
of the sea route to India in 1498; and, on behalf of the Crown of Castile(Spain), the
trans-Atlantic Voyages of Christopher Columbus between 1492 and 1502, and the
first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519–1522. These discoveries led to numerous
naval expeditions across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, and land expeditions in
the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia that continued into the late 19th century, and
ended with the exploration of the Polar Regions in the 20th century.
European overseas exploration led to the rise of global trade and the
European colonial empires, with the contact between the Old World (Europe, Asia and
Africa) and the New World (the Americas and Australia) producing the Columbian
Exchange; a wide transfer of plants, animals, food, human populations
(including slaves), communicable diseases and culture between
the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. This represented one of the most-
significant global events concerning ecology, agriculture and culture in history. The Age
of Discovery and later European exploration allowed the global mapping of the world,
resulting in a new world-view and distant civilizations coming into contact, but also led to
the propagation of diseases that decimated populations not previously in contact with
Eurasia and Africa and to the enslavement, exploitation, military conquest and
economic dominance by Europe and its colonies over native populations. It also allowed
for the expansion of Christianity throughout the world, with the spread
of missionary activity, it eventually became the world's largest religion.

Europe
History Timeline
https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eutimeln.htme


 3500 - 2600 BC Minoan people settled the island of Crete, became an important maritime power
trading with Egypt and Asia Minor
 3000 BC Aegeans and Minoans developed bronze tools and trade networks
 3100 - 2400 BC Construction of Stonehenge completed in England in multiple phases
 2500 - 2000 BC Use of bronze tools spread across mainland Europe
 1900 - 1600 BC Mycenaean Age began, Mycenaean people spread across the Greek mainland
 1627 BC Thera Volcano erupted, decimated nearby Minoan settlements, changed the climate of the
entire region
 1420 BC Mycenaeans occupied the Minoan cities on Crete
 1104 BC Phoenicians founded the city of Cadiz in present day Spain
 1085 BC Madrid founded
 900 - 800 BC Greek city states founded. Greeks modified the Phoenician alphabet to create the Greek
alphabet
 776 BC First Olympic games held in Delphi
 753 BC Rome founded
 600 BC The Forum built in Rome
 550 BC World wonder, the Temple of Artemis completed in Ephesus
 546 BC Cyrus the Great proclaimed "King of the Persian Empire"
500 - 400 BC

 509 BC Romans converted to a republic form of government

 470 - 399 BC The Greek philosopher, Socrates, developed the Socratic method of inquiry and the
beginnings of ethics. He also contributed to philosophical thought.
 466 - 456 BC World wonder, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia is completed
 428 - 348 BC Plato, a student of Socrates, founded one of the earliest organized schools in western
civilization, influenced studies of mathematics and philosophy throughout the known world.
400 - 100 BC
 384 - 322 BC Aristotle, a student of Plato, developed formal logic, the camera obscura, the beginnings
of the scientific method, and zoology
 353 - 350 BC World wonder, the Mausoleum at Harlicarnassus was completed in modern day Turkey
 331 - 334 BC Alexander the Great conquered the entire Persian Empire
 312 BC The first Roman aqueduct, Aqua Appia, was constructed
 292 - 280 BC World wonder, the Colossus of Rhodes is completed. Stood over 30 m (107 ft) high.
100 - 0 BC
 70 - 1 BC The poet Virgil wrote the Aenid
 44 BC Gaius Julius Caesar assassinated on the Ides of March
 30 BC Egypt became a Roman province. Roman general, Mark Anthony and Egyptian pharaoh,
Cleopatra committed suicide
 27 BC Rome's republic ended and the empire began. Augustus Caesar was sole ruler of the Roman
Empire
 7 BC - 4 CE Rome conquered Judea in modern day Israel. Jesus of Nazareth was born in this Judean
province.
0 - 400 CE
 50 -43 Romans conquered Britain, founded the city of London
 80 The Colosseum was built in Rome
 122 Hadrian's Wall was built in northern England
 200 - 300 Germanic tribes such as the Ostrogoths and Visigoths began to organize
 306 - 322 Constantine declared emperor of the Roman empire. He ended persecution of Christians and
converts to Christianity
 325 Ecumenical Council of Nicea convened to develop Nicene Creed, set the date for Easter, and
homogenized Christian beliefs
 400 - 600 Decline of the Roman Empire
400 - 900 CE
 710 - 730 Muslim forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, conquered Spain
 741 - 813 Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire to include modern day Belgium, Netherlands,
Germany, northern Italy, and northern Spain.
 793 - 802 Viking settlers expanded from Scandinavia outwards to northern England, Ireland, and
northern France.
 825 Vikings arrived at Iceland
 843 Viking settlers founded Dublin
 859 Russian city of Novogrod founded
 872 Harold I unified all of Norway
 886 - 911 Viking leader Rollo sacked Paris and in a treaty, was given the region of Normandy in
France
900 - 1100
 962 The Saxon leader Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope
 982 - 985 Viking explorer Erik the Red banished from Iceland and subsequently discovered
Greenland
 1025 Poland declared independence from the Holy Roman Empire, emerged as major European
power
 1057 William the Conqueror conquered all of England for France
 1066 Tower of London constructed
 1096 - 1300 The Crusades began causing many Muslim and Christian deaths. Crusaders battled across
the Middle East and Spain.
1100 - 1400
 1144 Gothic architecture gained prominence
 1237 Mongols crossed the Ural mountains and ruled Russia
 1252 The Inquisition began, torture approved in cases of religious disobedience
 1347 - 1350 The Black Death struck Europe killing an estimated 30 - 60% of Europe's population
 1350 - 1500 The Renaissance began in Italy
1400 - 1700
 1430 Joan of Arc was burned at the stake for leading French troops
 1434 The Medici family rose to power in Italy, Cosimio de Medici became ruler of Florence
 1492 Columbus began his exploration of the New World
 1492 Gutenberg Bible printed using moveable type
 1500 - 1600 English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch colonies were founded throughout the
New World and Africa
 1503 Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa
 1517 The Protestant reformation began
 1588 England defeated the Spanish Armada and gained control of the seas
 1600 Galileo challenged geocentric view of the universe
 1687 Isaac Newton founded Newtonian physics
1700 - 1900
 1750 - 1850 English Industrial Revolution began
 1789 French revolution stormed the Bastille
 1792 - 1821 Napoleon conquered much of Europe for the French
 1802 Ludwig van Beethoven performed Moonlight Sonata
 1804 Napolean proclaimed Emperor of France
 1845 - 1849 Irish potato famine killed approximately 1 million Irish
 1848 Karl Marx argued for socialism, revolutions occurred in Europe; issued Communist Manifesto
 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
 1860 - 1869 Italy and Germany unified into modern countries
1900 - 2000
 1914 - 1918 World War I occurred throughout Europe
 1930's Great Depression weakened European economies
 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor Germany
 1939 Winston Churchill became prime minister of Britain
 1939 - 1945 World War II occurred throughout the world. Hitler created concentration camps for
Jews. Russia expanded their country. Mussolini overthrown in Italy.
 1944 D-Day landing in Normandy by allies
 1945 Hitler committed suicide; Germany surrendered
 1946 - 1990 Cold War took place between USSR and the United States
 1957 USSR launched Sputnik into space
 1978 World's first successful &test-tube& baby born in Great Britain
 1989 Poland overthrew communism. Tim Berners-Lee of Great Britain created the World Wide Web.
Berlin Wall demolished
 1991 USSR collapsed, Cold War ended
 1992 Maasricht treaty created European Union
 1995 CERN in Switzerland created antihydrogen atoms
 2002 The European Union released the Euro as a new form of currency
 2003 Ten thousand people died in heat wave in France
 2005 French protestors rioted in the streets. Pope John Paul II died. Bomb attack on three of London's
underground trains killed 56, injured over 700
 2007 - 2009 Russia attacked Georgia
 2008 Former Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadzic arrested on charges of genocide
 2010 Polish President, Lech Kaczynski and 96 other passengers and crew, killed in airplane crash
 2011 Greeks rioted in the streets over government and economic troubles

Summary of Spanish Colonization in the Philippines

https://janfaelagmao0021.wordpress.com/2016/03/10/summary-of-spanish-colonization-
in-the-philippines /
The Spaniards ruled the Philippines for 300 years under these conditions, continually harassed by
Chinese pirates, by the Moros (Mohammedans from Mindanao and Sulu), by the Dutch and the
English who wanted to take possession of the Islands, and finally by the frequent revolts on the
part of the natives.
When European traders, in search for a new route to the Spice Islands, stumbled into the
Philippine archipelago in 1521, they found the people living in a comparatively high state of
civilization. The natives dwelt on houses made of bamboo and palm leaves, and were properly
attired at all times. They cultivated rice, which was their staple food, fished the extensive waters
around them, and brewed many kinds of drinks, which they were very fond of. The women’s
position in society was high; tribal laws and customs recognized her equality with the men in
many respects. The people practiced monogamy in general. Codes of law governed their
conduct. Punishments with varying degrees of severity were meted out to culprits whose offenses
were tried in public courts presided over by the chiefs.
Several languages were spoken, then, as now, although there was one common alphabet
called babaying, which resembled the ancient alphabet of India. Spanish historians, writing about
the early Filipinos, affirmed that there was hardly a man or woman who could not read and write.
There was oral and written literature.
Such was the state of culture of the Filipinos when Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the
Philippines at the head of a Spanish expedition searching for the Spice Islands in 1521. Magellan
never completed the journey himself; he was killed in an encounter with natives after having
claimed the Philippines for Spain.
The actual work of colonization began in 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi concluded
treaties of friendship with the native chiefs. Then he proceeded to establish a Spanish town on
Cebu Island, to convert the people to Roman Catholicism.
Spain’s foremost aim in the Philippines was to spread their religion. For this purpose
thousands of Catholic missionaries belonging to various orders came to the Philippines. The
contribution of this mission work toward the advancement of education, culture, and architecture
in general was enormous, although in later years the friars came to be considered as the
opponents of the enlightenment of the people. It was also at this point when the Spanish
missionaries tried to eliminate the ancient written literature of the Filipinos. Because of the
destruction of ancient writings, in their eagerness to erase the previous cultural records of the
Philippines, only the orally transmitted literature has survived.
Starting on a clean slate, it can be said that the missionaries encouraged the growth of
literature, art, science, and industry. The religious orders established schools and colleges,
founded libraries and museums, and set up printing presses. They also built hospitals, asylums,
and orphanages to take care of the sick and needy (including the unwanted babies sired by
friars).
But Spain’s biggest legacy to the Philippines is Roman Catholism, which the people
embraced readily from the beginning. The missionary zeal to make the country an outpost of the
Catholicism in spite of the fact that (even with unsparing exploitation), the Philippines was a
financial liability as a colony. Whether this is true or not, historians seem to agree that the cross,
rather than the sword, conquered the Filipinos.
The colorful rituals and numerous holidays of the Catholic Church gave rise to many folk
traditions. The fiesta, or religious festival, for example, quickly became the chief occasion for the
folk to gather and perform songs and dances. Each town was assigned a patron saint on whose
birthday the festival was held. The folk have come to associate the occasion with gay colors,
brass bands, and general merrymaking. It was during these feasts, too, that the peasants indulged
in such pastimes as drinking palm wine and cock-fighting.
With the rising influence of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, there began a contention
for power between the religious and civil authorities, which proved harmful to the Filipinos.
Each camp accused the other of oppressing the people. In the conflict, the progress of the nation
was retarded, because the Spaniards spent much time and energy in quarreling among themselves
instead of governing.
One chief source of abuse, the encomienda system, was not abolished until the end of the 18th
century. By this system, pieces of territory, with their inhabitants and resources, were granted by
the Spanish king to the colonizers as a reward for services to the Crown. The encomenderos
ruled like the feudal lords of Medieval Europe, and exploited their territories to the limit. They
abused, overtaxed, cheated, and practically enslaved the Filipinos. The few priests who tried to
defend the people were helpless, and the elaborate laws framed to protect the subjects were
openly flouted.
Even after the encomienda system was abolished, corrupt Spanish officials continued to
exploit the people, who still had to render forced labor and pay heavy tribute. The feudal
economy remained, with land concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and the Church
itself. Attempts at reform by sympathetic Spanish officials were quickly put down by influential
personages who had their own interests to protect. With the growth of the country’s population,
poverty was widespread among the masses; mendicancy, unknown before the coming of the
Spaniards was common. The beggar by the church gate or the frequented street corner, and the
blind mendicant begging from house to house became familiar sights.
The Spaniards ruled the Philippines for 300 years under these conditions, continually harassed
by Chinese pirates, by the Moros (Mohammedans from Mindanao and Sulu), by the Dutch and
the English who wanted to take possession of the Islands, and finally by the frequent revolts on
the part of the natives.
Reflection:
The Spaniards conquered the Philippines for 333 years. No unity, no proper government,
divided tribes. Those are some reasons on why the Spanish easily conquered our land. Result of
these are, we adapted their culture, traditions, and even their languages which we used until
today. the Spanish took advantage of the already divided up people in the Philippines and easily
dominated by them. When a Filipino tribe was planning to have a revolution, the Spanish would
send another group of Filipino tribes to conquer their fellow Filipinos, which results of creating a
stronger sense of division.
If the Spaniards did not colonize our country, we can’t have our religion today, the
Christianity. We all know that they were the one who presented our today’s religion even they
forced the Filipinos before, but still we adapted it and devoted with our strong faith. Due to their
power (the Spaniards), they became abusive to the Indios which they discriminated in their own
land. This results to the revolution of the Filipinos. The Spanish showed how advanced and
strong they are in terms of technologies and how to handle a
war. https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eutimeln.htmAthena
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