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According to the kid, there appears to be a force
with one component pointing outwards and
another directed around. How large are these Using the relations
components?
zˆ H rˆ = θˆ and zˆ H θˆ = − rˆ ,
The calculation of the effective force seen by the
kid is rather involved, and we won’t attempt to we find
reproduce it here. However, the result is remark-
ably simple, especially when written in vector F
P
centrifugal
= mω2 r rˆ
notation. There are only two terms: .
100101010101010101010101
010101010101010101010101
FPcentrifugal
vP = rˆ v r + θˆ v θ ,
P = 2mω ä rˆ v − θˆ v ë FPcoriolis
F cor ã θ rí .
FPcentrifugal
Notice that this has two parts, one in the radial
direction and the other in the angular direction.
Here is another movie of the motion observed by
In our present example, at the instant the ball is the kid, except this time the coriolis and centrifu-
released both components of the velocity are gal forces are shown.
zero. The only apparent force is the centrifugal
force, and this causes the radial component of the Let’s make an interesting and useful modification
velocity to become nonzero. Therefore, the kid to the above situation. Suppose the kid throws
sees the ball come off the merry-go-round at the ball towards the center of the merry-go-
right angles as seen by the kid. Then, since the round. What path will the kid observe the ball to
radial component of the velocity is positive, the follow?
coriolis force points in the − θˆ direction and the If the kid defines “straight ahead” to mean
kid starts to see the ball go around. “directly towards the center of the merry-go-
round”, then it turns out that he will see the ball
deflected to the right. Here is a movie showing
what the kid sees, and another showing the view
from an observer fixed to the earth. The latter
view makes it clear that the deflection observed
by the kid is entirely due to his rotational motion.
ω
P
2. Motion relative to the earth
rˆ
We are now going to talk about the fictitious φˆ
forces due to the rotation of the earth. This is
what we were referring to in an earlier section, θ
when we hinted that the surface of the earth is φ θˆ
not really an inertial frame. You will see that the
ideas of this section are just souped-up versions
of the kid on the merry-go-round. All you have
to do is look down from above the north pole. Using the relations
Let’s concentrate on the coriolis force. Suppose a
body is located at (θ,φ) in spherical coordinates, zˆ H rˆ = φˆ sin θ , zˆ H θˆ = φˆ cos θ
and that its velocity as seen on the earth is given and
by
zˆ H φˆ = − rˆ sin θ − θˆ cos θ ,
vP = rˆ v r + θˆ v θ + φˆ v φ .
it is easy to show that the coriolis force is
The earth’s angular velocity vector is
P = 2mω :;rˆ v sin θ + θˆ v cos θ
F
ω
P = zˆ ω . cor <φ φ
B
We have to work out the cross product − φˆ äv r sin θ + v θ cos θ ë C .
ã íD
F
P
coriolis
= − 2mω
P H vP ,
The easiest way to make sense of this is to draw
so we will need to know the cross products of the diagrams for some special cases:
various unit vectors shown in the following
figure:
Body moving north (v θ negative, other compo- ω
P
nents zero); coriolis force eastward: ω
P H Pv
Pv
Pv ω
P
Pv
ω
P H Pv
Pv P cor % − ω
F P H Pv
P cor % − ω
F P H Pv
0101010101010101010101
ω
P H Pv
Pv
P cor % − ω
F P H Pv
1001
0101
1
0
0101
0101
Pv drain
01010101010101010101010101010101
10010101010101010101
01010101010101010101