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Mobile Bug Mini project

2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with extreme respect that we remember the names of all who had been of great help
and guidance throughout the project. We place on record on our deepest sense of
gratitude to Prof. P. A. Mercy, Head of Department, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, for providing us with the required facilities.
We also express our sincere gratitude to Smt. K. Meenakshi, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, who had been our project guides for all the valuable
suggestions, guidance, constant help and encouragement.
We thank The Almighty for all the blessings showered upon us throughout the project.

ARUN TOM
ASWANTH LAL
BEVIN KC
BIJU BALAGOPAL
BINOJ MOHAN P

ABSTRACT
This handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector can sense the presence of an
activated mobile phone from a distance of 3 meters. So it can be used to prevent use of
mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting
the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission.
The circuit can detect both incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission
even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the bug detects RF
transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and
the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission ceases.

An ordinary RF detector using tuned LC circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in
the GHz frequency band used in mobile phones. The transmission frequency of mobile
phones ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. So a circuit
detecting gigahertz signals is required for a mobile bug.

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...04
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM……………………………………………………05
2.1 ANTENNA…………………………………………………..06
2.2 RECEIVER………………………………………………… 06
2.3 I-V CONVERTER…………………………………………...06
2.4 TRANSISTOR SWITCH……………………………………09
2.5 MONOSTABLE TIMER USING IC 555……………………10
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM………………………………………………….13
4. PRINCIPLE AND OPERATIONS……………………………………..14
5. PROCESS OF PCB MAKING…………………………………………16
6. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………17
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………18

1. INTRODUCTION
There are many incidents where the misuse of mobile happens in our daily life.
Examination centers have banned use of mobile phones. But the use of mobile phones in
examination halls has increased rapidly. To prevent these malpractices we have designed
a device to indicate the presence of active mobile phones.

Mobile communication frequencies range from 0.9 GHz to 3 GHz. A circuit detecting
gigahertz frequency is required for this device. A capacitor with its leads as inductor acts
as a gigahertz loop antenna. This device named MOBILE BUG produces a warning alarm
when an incoming or outgoing call or SMS are detected in its range. Its range is about 5
meters. It is a handy pocket size device.

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
The radio frequencies signals are detected by antenna and the receiver section output is
fed to the current to voltage converter. Here the voltage corresponding to the input
current is produced which is given as a trigger to the monostable timer. The output from
the monostable timer is provided as input to the buzzer.

I-V CONVERTER
RECEIVER

MONOSTABLE TIMER

TRANSISTOR SWITCH

ANTENNA

LOUD SPEAKER

BUZZER

2.1 ANTENNA
A small loop RF antenna is used for reception of signal.

2.2 RECEIVER
The signal captured by the antenna is taken to receiver. This part consists of disc
capacitor along with its leads acting as tank circuit. Capacitor of value 0.22uF is used for
this. The length of leads should be 18mm and should be separated by 8mm to get the
desired frequency range of 0.9GHz to 3GHz.

2.3 I-V CONVERTER


Since the output from the antenna will be as current we need a current to voltage
converter as second stage. Its output swings between high and low at the output pin. This
opamp has high slew rate.
Op amp IC CA3130 is used in the circuit as current to voltage converter with disk
capacitor coupled between Inverting and non-inverting ends. It combines the property of
both CMOS and bipolar transistor.
Gate protected P-Channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistor are used in the input circuit to
provide very high input impedance, very low input current and exceptional speed
performance. The use of PMOS transistor in the input stage results in common-mode
input Voltage capability down to 0.5 below the negative-supply terminal, an important
attribute in single-supply application.
The CA3130 series circuits operate at supply ranging from 5V to 16V. They can be phase
compensated with a single external capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset
voltage for application requiring offset-null capability. Terminal positions are also made
to permit strobing of the output stage. A CMOS transistor pair capable of swinging the
output voltage within 10mv of either supply voltage is taken as output circuit.

Functional diagram of CA3130

Non -Inv

---
CA 3130

Inv

1
FIG 1 Functional diagram of CA3130

Pin configuration:
1. for offset null
2. inverted input
3. non inverted input
4. negative bias
5. offset voltage
6. output
7. positive bias
8. phase compensation or strobe

GROUND

I
V= I*R

-
+

General structure of I-V Converter


FIG 2 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF I-V CONVERTERS

Department of EEE 18
GEC Thrissur

2.4 TRANSISTOR SWITCH


BJT BC548 is used as switch. In common emitter configuration when input at base is
low, transistor will be in cut-off. In this state transistor is in open position. When the
input at base becomes high the transistor enters saturation and switch is in closed
position.
Increasing V above the voltage corresponding to edge of saturation increases the base
current, which drives the transistor deep into saturation. The collector to emitter voltage
decreases only slightly keeping the switch in closed position.

R25
R1

Voltage

vc
ic
FIG 3 TRANSISTOR SWITCH

2.5 MONOSTABLE TIMER USING IC 555

FIG 4 Internal configuration of IC 555

FIG 5 Circuit for monostable operation


A negative trigger is to be applied at pin2 and the trigger value should go below 1/3 of
Vcc. Reset input (pin 2) is used if input should go back to zero before the time elapsed.
A reasonable lower limit of timing resistor is 10kohms. A practical minimum value of
timing capacitor c is 95pF. Below this, stray effects of capacitor become noticeable,
limiting the accuracy and predictability. R should not be greater than 15M ohms. If
leakage current in the capacitor is such that the sum of threshold and leakage current is in
excess of 120nA the circuit will never time out because upper threshold will never be
reached.
Due to above all reasons, we select value of R such that, with a voltage drop 1/3 V+
across it, the value should 100 times more. The limit that should be placed with capacitor
is leakage, not its capacitance value.

External RC network connected to pin 7 and 6 determines the ON time. Junction of


capacitor and resistor is fed to the threshold and the internal discharge transistor is also
connected to the junction of resistor and capacitor. The circuit diagram of the
555monostable circuit is given in figure. Notice that the resistor value R and the capacitor
value C are unspecified. The values of these components determine the length of time
that monostable output is in the high state, and they may be calculated using the equation
below.
T=1.1RC
Where T is the time period in seconds, and R and C are the component values in Ohms
(Ω) and Farads (F). If you will need to adjust the time period of the monostable circuit in
use, you can use a linear variable resistor for R, as shown in figure below. Because the
resistance of a variable resistor goes to around 0Ω at one end of its range, a 1kΩ resistor
is placed in series with it so that the value of R never falls below 1kΩ. As the shaft of the
variable resistor is turned from its lowest setting to its highest, T will become longer. If
your chosen variable resistor has three connections, it is a potentiometer, and you should
connect to the centre connection and either of the end connections.

FIG 6 Circuit to vary time period


3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4. PRINCIPLE AND WORKING
Here the circuit uses a 0.22uF capacitor (C3) to capture the RF signals from mobile
phone. The lead length of capacitor is fixed as 18mm and is separated by 8mm. This disc
capacitor along with its lead as inductor acts as gigahertz loop antenna to collect the
signals from mobile phone.

Op amp CA 3130 (IC1) is used as a current to voltage converter with disc capacitor C3
connected between its inverting and non-inverting inputs. It is a CMOS version using
gate protected p-channel MOSFET transistor in the input to provide very high input
impedance, very low input current and very high speed of operation. The output CMOS
transistor is capable of swinging the output between 10mV of either supply voltage
terminal. Capacitor C3 on conjunction with the lead inductance acts as a transmission line
that intercepts the signal from mobile phones. This capacitor creates a field, stores energy
and transfer the energy to minute current to the input of IC1. This will upset the balance
in input of IC1 and convert current to corresponding voltage. Capacitor C4 along with
high value resistor R1 keep the non- inverting input stable for easy swing of output to
high stage. Resistor R2 provides the discharge path for capacitor (C4). Feedback resistor
R3 makes the inverting input high when the output becomes high. Capacitor C5 (47pF) is
connected across ‘strobe’ (pin 8) and ‘null’ inputs (pin 1) of IC1 for phase compensation
and gain control to optimize the frequency response.

When mobile phone signal is detected by C3, the output of IC1 becomes high and low
alternately according to the frequency of the signal as indicated by the LED1. This trigger
monostable timer IC2 through C7. Capacitor C3 maintains the base bias of transistor T1
for speed switching action. The low value timing components R6 and C9 produce very
short time delay to avoid nuisance.

Assemble the circuit on PCB as compact as possible and enclose in a small box like junk
mobile case. As mentioned earlier, C3 Should have a lead length 18mm and spacing of
8mm. Carefully solder capacitances in standing position with equal spacing of leads.
The response can be optimized with trimming the lead length of C3 for desired
frequency. Telescopic type antenna may be used.

Use miniature 12V battery and a small buzzer to make gadget pocket size. The unit will
give us warning indication if someone uses mobile in the range of about 3m.

5. PROCESS OF PCB MAKING


PCB designing includes several steps. Major steps are designing, film exposure,
screening, painting, etching, drilling and shaping. First step is the process to make a PCB
layout using softwares like express PCB. The PCB layout is printed on a butter paper.
Next step is film exposure. A mixture of photo coat and potassium dichromate is coated
on the screen and is kept for drying. The printed butter paper is fixed on the screen and
the screen is exposed to ultra violet rays. Screen is then washed with a mixture of
hydrogen peroxide and water in the ratio 1:4. Then we get the layout on the screen. The
screen is printed on copper clad sheet using ink. Next step is etching. The printed copper
clad sheet is immersed fully in ferric chloride solution for 15 minutes. Then the copper
path containing ink is cleaned using thinner and holes are drilled for the exact spacing of
the component.

6. CONCLUSION
The Mobile Bug was successfully set up and tested. It can detect frequencies
ranging from 0.9GHz to 3.0GHz. It was found to detect mobile signals with in a range of
about 5 meters. This device produces a warning alarm when an incoming or outgoing call
or sms was detected in its range. This is a low cost handy pocket size device.
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Ramakant. A. Gayakwad, Fourth edition, 2007,”OP-AMPS AND


LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS”

• www.atmel.com

• www.alldatasheet.com

• www.electronics4u.com

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