R9616 Framework European Method

Hans van Wolferen TNO
Jean Schweitzer DGC

Jan Pieter Bijkerk GASTEC
Martin Koot GASTEC
June 1996
Framework for a European

method to determine the
energy consumption for
domestic hot water produetion
SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1 031 /Z/95·052 • Final repørt
Jean Schweitzer DGC
Jan Pieter Bijkerk GASTEC
Martin Koot GAS TEC
June 1996
Framework for a European

method to determine the
energy consuroption for
dornestic hot water produetion
SAVE Contract No XVII/4.1 031 /Z/95-052 - Final report
Contributions: Paul Vloon AFECI

Reginald Brown BSRIA
Charles Pele CETIAT
Jean Schweitzer DGC
Otto Paulsen DTI
Sophie Gaffet Gaz de France
Romano Accornero ltalgas
Mikael Naslund LTH
Ulrich Langer VAILLANT
Jan Pieter Bijkerk,
Martin Koot GASTEC
Tit! e Framework for a European method to determine the energy consumption
for dornestic hot water produetion
Repart
Categary Project Report
Author Hans van Wolferen, TNO

Jean Schweitzer, DGC
Jan Pieter Bijkerk, GASTEC
Martin Koot, GASTEC
Date of issue 03-10-96
Copyright Danish Gas Technology Centre a/s
FileNumber 712.11
Project N arne SAVE
ISBN 87-7795-083-6
For services of anykind rendered by Danis h Gas Technology Centre a/s (DGC) the foliowing conditions shall apply
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("General Conditions for Consulting Services (ABR 89)"), which are considered adoptedfor the assignment.
• DGC's liability per error and negligence and damages suffered by the client or any third party is limited to
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harmless against all losses, expenses and claims which may exceed the liability of DG C.
• DGC shall - without limitation - re-perform its own services in connection with errors and negligences contai-
ned in the material delivered to the client by DGC.
This report is copyright, and must not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior w ritten consent of DG C.
This English translation is providedfor convenience only and in case of discrepancy the Danish wording shall be
applicable.
June 1992
CONTENTS
SUMMARY 5
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1 ASSEMBLING OF NATIONAL DATA ON SANITARY HOT

W ATER APPLIANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l O
l. l Introduetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l O
l .l .l Controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l O
l . l .2 Comments to the controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
l .2 Survey o f the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l
1.2.1 Different types of appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.2 Distribution systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.3 Standards, guidelines and common practise on system design . . . . 15
1.3 Condusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
l .4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
l .5 Appendix l : Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 ASSEMBLING OF DATA ON TYPE TESTING OF SANITARY

HOT WATER APPLIANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1 Introduetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 24
2.1 .l Controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1 .2 Comments to the controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2. l .3 Organisation of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2 . 1 .4 Presentation of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Survey of the results .... . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . 26
2.3 Condusions and proposels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4. l Appendix l : Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2 .4.2 Appendix 2 : the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.3 Appendix 3 : Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.4.4 Appendix 4 : France . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 46
2.4.5 Appendix 5 : Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .. . . . . . . . . .. 57
2.4.6 Appendix 6 : United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. . .. 59
2.4.7 Appendix 7 : Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. .. 68
2.4.8 Appendix 8 : ltaly ... . . .... . .. .. . . . . . ... . ... . . . . .. 71
2.4. 9 Appendix 9 : European standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
3 ASSEMBLING OF THE METHODOLOGIES FOR

CALCULATION OF HOT WATER ENERGY USE . .. . . ... . .. 78
3.1 Introduetion . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. . 78
3 .l. l Controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.2 Comments to the controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.3 Organisation of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. 78
SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

3.1.4 Definitions (from [15]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.5 Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3. l .6 Analys is o f the different p hases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1.7 Target accuracy for modeiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.1.8 Condusion: How to treat the problem .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2 Survey of the results (existing methods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2.1 Comparative tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2.2 Evaluetion of the existing methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3 Condusion and proposels . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 86
3.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.5 Appendices : Details on some methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.5.1 Introduetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.5.2 Overview of the documents/references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.5.3 [l] "l'eau chaude dans les båtiments residentiels et tertiaires. 90
3.5.4 [2] Regles Th-C: "Regles de calcul du coefficient de
performance thermique globale des logements" . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5.5 [3] "la prevision du rendement annuel des chaudieres". . . . . . . 94
3.5.6 [7] Energetische Guete von BWE-Systemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.5.7 [9] Economy calculation of heat consumption, warm water
supply of installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.5.8 [ 17] Hot water produetion efficiency of electrically heated tank 96
3.5.9 [l 8] "Prøvning of vurdering af solvarmebeholdere med gas -
eller oliefyr som supplement" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.5.10 [21] Modelling of hot water produetion of boiler equipped with
water tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4 CREATION OF THE FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Ol

4.1 Introduetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Ol
4.1 .l Controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Ol
4.1.2 Comments to the controet specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Ol
4.2 Process specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 02
4.2.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 02
4.2.2 Process description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 02
4.2.3 Model output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 03
4.2.4 Model input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 04
4.2.5 Demands and priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 05
4.2.6 Organisation of management and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . l 05
4.3 Process modeiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 05
4.3.1 Process visuelisation and characterisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 06
4.3.2 Relevant process factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 14
4.3.3 Experimental data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.3.4 Relations between process factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 20
4.3.5 Modelling principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.3.6 Model validetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4 Condusions and recommendations 128
SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

SUMMARY
The last years a growing demand for more comfort and a change in user-
behaviour has increased the use of hot water in dwellings. As a result hereof
the energy consumption for hot water use has also increased and has become
a non-negligible part of the energy consumption of dwellings. Moreover with
the reinforcement of building insulation regulations, the relative part of energy
consumption used for space heating has decreased and the energy use for hot
water produetion has increased. From an environmental point of view it is
desirable to decrease this energy consumption or in any case to halt the growth
of it. Also for end-users a diminishing of energy use is welcome as this will
lower their energy bill.
To support a decrease in this energy consumption an objective method is

needed to inform the consumer about the expected energy consumption of the
hot water appliance in practice. This method will use an approach in terms of
annual efficiency. For boilers this method has already been developed in a
European SAVE project 11 Annual efficiency calculation method for dornestic
boilers 11 (Contract N° XVII/ 4.1031 /93-008). Thi s promising method has been
incorporated in a computer programme called 'BoiiSim'.
Most of the project participants of the SAVE 'Annual Efficiency• project,

together with som e new partners 1, have decided to investigate the possibilities
and the field of application for a method to datermine the energy consumption
for dornestic hot water production. This method, based on the method
developed in the 'Annual Efficiency• project, will be incorporated in the BoiiSim
programme. Befare starting to create such a method a preliminary study has
been carried out in arder to identify the existing appliances, methods and
standards related to sanitary hot water production.
The aim of this preliminary study was the creation of a general European
framework for the development of a determination method of energy consump-
tion for dornestic hot water production. This study is the first step of a global
project which will lead to the conception, realisation and validetion of a
harmonized method for determination of energy use for hot water production,
including interaction with the heating function. The framework will be the basis
for the development of a uniform tool to compare the calculated energy use of
various hot water appliances and installations under user-defined operating
conditions.
AFECI, BSRIA, CETIAT, DGC, DTI, GASTEC, Gaz de France, ltalgas, LTH, TNO,
VAILLANT
5 SAVE Contract No XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

In building the framework three main parts have been loaked at:
which kinds of hot water appliances should be considered,
- which kinds of tests for determining the energy use of the appliance are
deseribed in European standards and/or national regulations
- which kinds of methadolegies for calculating the annual energy consumption
have already been developed.
WhidJ kinds ol applianæs?

- - ---,
l Us;; behaviou-r - l
Whkl'llrinds ol measurBm6fftll?
Outdoar elimate
Buikling Elliciency
& meuurement(s)
..__lns1a1
__ 1auo
_· _" -' ~ _____ _ _ _ _l_ __ __ _______ -o~ ~~~o~ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ :
L _ _ _ _ _ · __j Step2
L
Støp1
Whkl'llrinds ol methodologiss?
By means of questionnaires the various kinds of data have been assembled by

the participating institutes. Various kinds of appliances using different heat
sources (gas, oil, electricity) and having to comply with different standards are
examined as well as the various methodologies varying from very simple to
complex.
The diversity in data is presented in orderly tables which e.g. give the market
share of an appliance, the parameters that are measured during a standard test
and the characteristics of a methodology calculating the annual efficiency.
More specific information about the questionnaires used and the assembled
data is given in the form of appendices.
On the basis of the data collected a general framework for a European method
to datermine the energy consumption for dornestic hot water produetion has
been set up. The available data on appliances, standards and methodologies
has been classified and a first anset for filling in the framework has been
made.
The foliowing condusions con be drawn:
- Several types of hot water appliances have a substantiel market share in one
or more European countries. For these appliances, which differ in their
cernbination with dornestic heating (stand alone or integrated), the heat
source {gas, oil, electricity) and supply principle (direct or storage), different
mathematical models have to be developed for predicting their annual
energy use
6 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

- However, European standards provide insufficient tests for determining
necessary parameters for calculating this annua! energy use of the above-
mentioned hot water appliances.
- The difficulty in modeiling hot water produetion performances of appliances

depends on the type of appliance. Inspiration from saveral existing tools con
be used for this modelling. However, these tools need to be studied in more
detail to see if they are satisfactory or not and especially if they do take into
account all the relevant influencing parameters identified.
The modeiling of some appliances presents obviously some difficulties.
- In modeiling the energy consumption of hot water applionces the distribution

system plays an important role. Modelling of the hot water distribution system
con however be done relatively simply.
The various parts defined in the framework have to be worked out further with
theoretical investigotions and experimental studies. In this way the framework
con be seen as the first step of the project which will fill up these parts. Steps
which have to be taken now are the fulfilment, validetion ond implementation
of the methodology for calculating the annual efficiency of hot water
appliances. The result will be a uniform method to determine the energy
consumption for damestic hot water production.
7 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

INTRODUCTION
In the SAVE-project "Annua l efficiency calculation method for dornestic boilers"

(Contract No XVII/ 4. l 031 /93-008) a method has been developed to calculate
the_annual efficiency of a central heating installation. This promising. method
has been incorporated in a computer programme called 'BoiiSim'. This
programme con e.g. be used to determine the optimum central heating
installation for a given building and to show the effects of shifts in heat
demand patterns on the annual efficiency of the central heating installation. In
this way the methodology will improve the practice of combining boilers and
central heating systems on the one hand and will stimulate the development
and utilisation of boilers featuring a high annual efficiency on the ether hand .
The last years a growing demand for more comfort and a change in user-
behaviour has increased the use of hot water in dwellings. As a result hereof
the energy consumption for hot water use has also increased and has become
a non-negligible part of the energy consumption of dwellings. Therefor it is
desirable to have an annual efficiency calculation method for hot water
appliances as well. This applies especially for devices which take care of both
the central heating and the hot water supply (e.g. combination boilers)
The project members of the SAVE 'Annual Efficiency' project have decided to
investigate the possibilities and the field of application for a method to
determine the energy consumption for dornestic hot water production. This
method will be based on the method developed in the 'Annual Efficiency'
project and will be incorporated in the BoiiSim programme. Befare starting to
create such a method in a more or less random way a preliminary study has
been carried out of which this report is the result.
The aim of the study was the creation of a general European framework for the
davelapment of a determination method of energy consumption for dornestic hot
water production. This study is the first step of a global project which will lead
to the conception, realisation and validetion of a harmonized method for
determination of energy use for hot water production. The framework will be
the basis for the development of a uniform tool to compare the energy use of
various hot water appliances and installations under operating conditions.
The study has been split up in 4 work packages (WPJ for each of which a work
package responsible has been appointed. The results of each work package
con be found in the foliowing chapters. The work has consisted of assembling
of: national data on sanitary hot water a ppiiances (chapter l J, data on type
testing of sanitary hot water appliances (chapter 2) and on methodologies for
calculation o f hot water energy use (c hapter 3). O n the basis o f thi s
information a general framework for a European method to datermine the
8 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

energy consumption for dornestic hot water produetion has been set up (chapter
4). Hereby not only gas fired appliances are considered but also electricol ond
oil fired appliances. Each chapter starts with the controet specifications os
stated in the work programme of the SAVE controet (XVII/4.1 031 /Z/95-052),
followed by the comments on the controet specificotions which describe the
carrying out of the work in the work package. In chapter l, 2 and 3 a survey
of the assembled data is given in the form of o toble (see § 1.2, 2.2 and 3.2).
At the end of these chopters more specific information obout the questionnoire
used and the assembled dato is given in the form of oppendices.
The foliowing institutes ond people hove contributed to the project:

AFECI Association des Fobriconts Europilens de Chouffe-boins et de
Chouffe-eou lnstontones au Goz
Paul Vloon (NEFIT FASTO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands
BSRIA The Building Services Research ond Information Association
Reginald Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom
CETIAT Centre technique des industries aerauliques et thermiques
Charles Pele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France
DGC Danish Gas Technology Centre
Jean 5chweitzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denmark
DTI Danish Technological lnstitute
Otto Paulsen . . . . . . . . . . Denmark
GAZ DE FRANCE Direction de la Recherche
Sophie Gaffet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France
ITALGAS Romano Accornero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ltaly
LTH Lund lnstitute o f Technology
Mikael Naslund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sweden
TNO-MEP TNO lnstitute of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research
and Process Innovation
Hans van Wolferen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands
VAILLANT Ulrich Langer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany
GASTEC NV Centre o f Gas Technology
Jan Pieter Biikerk, Martin Koot . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands
The contribution of each of these parties has increased the value of and the
basis for the framework created in this report. The vorious parts defined in this
framework have to be worked out further with theoretical investigations and
experimental studies. Tothis end o detoiled project will be proposed which will
fill up these parts and which will lead to a uniform method to datermine the
energy consumption for dornestic hot water production.

1 ASSEMBLING OF NATIONAL DATA ON SANITARY HOT WATER
APPLIANCES
Prepared by: Hans van Wolferen, TNO
Preface to the final version
The first draft of this report (TNO ref.nr. 96-01 000) has been sent to all pro;ect
partidpants and is discussed at the Gastec meeting on April 22 and 23 1996.
In this final version the results of the reactions and discussions are
incorporated.
The integral text of the answers on the questionnaire and additional information
is in the pro;ect file of TNO.
1.1 Introduetion
J. J. J Controet specifications
Obiective
An overview of the types of dornestic sanitary hot water appliances used in
Europe.
This ineludes
- different types of appliances
interaction with boilers for dornestic heating
- control systems
- distribution systems
Programme
The WP raspansible will set up an inquiry in arder to assemble the desired
data. One participant in each country will calleet the information needed ond
send it to the WP responsible. The WP raspansible will clossify the dato ond
make a re port.
Organization
TNO will be the WP responsible. The centributing party for each country is:
Denmark DTI
France Gaz de France & CETIAT
Germany Vaillant
ltaly ltalgas
Netherlands Gastec
Sweden LTH
United Kingdom BSRIA
lO SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

J. J.2 Comments to the contract specifications
Programme
- The questionnoire used is given in appendix l.
- TNO _odds- data from the data calleetion of the Boiler annua l efficiency
project [l].
A first draft of the repart is sent to all participants to ollow o check on their
dato; also edditianol information is osked from the porticipants.
1.2 Survey of the results
J.2. J Different types of appliances
From the questionnaire the foliowing figures ore found for the morket shore of
the different oppliances. Note that:
- For all countries the numbers of existing oppliances are given except for the
UK where the sold numbers are given.
- For most countries the figures relate to the number of houses, served with the
appliance mentianed (for instonce o market share of 50 % for district heoting
means that 50 % of the dwellings is served with it, not thot 50 % of the
appliances is a district heoting generator.).
- For Germony figures o re given for both the old ond new lander (Gel ond
Ge2).
In table 1.2.1.1 and 1.2.1.2 the main figures ore given, reloted to integration
with dornestic heating ond the fuel.
market shore
integration with
damestic heoting DK Fr Ge lt Nll Nl2 Sw UK
all main
stand alone lO 57.7 60-65 50 66 54 30 38

integration 90 32.6 40-45 48 46 46 70 62
no hot woter 2
alder /less common 9.7
double appliance 8 -2 12 -l
1
no data available.
2
no data available, seems to be o fairly importont morket shore.
Tab/e 1.2. 1. 1: Marketshare of integrated versus stand alone sanitary hot

water.
11 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1 031/Z/95..052

market share
fuel DK Fr Ge lt Nll NL2 Sw UK

all main main
gas 15 32.2 20 54 90 85 5 66.5

oil (cool) 25 7.8 30 7-8 15 3
electricity lO 42.4 45 33 16 9 50 30.5
district heating 50 7.9 5 <l 6 6 15
solar heating <<l + +
1
ether 9.7 15
none 2
total 100 100 100 100 112 100 100 100
1
: wood
Tab/e l . 2. 1. 2: Market share o f fuel use for sanitary hot water.
12 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95-G52

heat source conversion supply market share
principle principle DK l DK2 DK3 Fr Gel Ge2 lt Nll Nl2 Sw UK
ex is re~ l new tot. main sold
Stand alone - no integration with domestic heating
gas di reet di reet + + - 14.1 ++ ++ ++1 46 41 . 7
gas di reet storage . . - 1.2 + + ++1 4 . 0.5
gas heat pump direct
gas heat pump storage
o il di reet di reet
oil (or cool) di reet storage . . . . + ++
o il heat pump direct
o il heat pump storage
electricity di reet di reet + + - +++ + . . 9

electricity di reet storage ++ ++ ++ 42.4 ++ +++ 32 16 9 +++ 21.5
electricity heat pump direct
electricity heat pump storage + + + - +
solar heating di reet di reet

solar heating di reet storage + + + . . . <l + +
not applied
+ applied in less then 5 %
++ between 5 and 20 %
+++ between 20 and 40 %
++++ more then 40 %
both methane and LPG; naturel gas: 14 % for both direct and storage appliances .
Tab/e 7.2. 7.3a: Marketshare of different types of stand alone sanitary hot water appliances.
13 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

heat source conversion supply market share
principle principle DK l DK2 DK3 Fr Gel Ge2 lt Nll NL2 Sw UK
ex is re~l new tot. main sold
Integration with domestic heating
gas di reet di reet + + + 1408 + (+) +++1 33 33 - 23
gas di reet storage ++ ++ ++ 201 + (+) ++1 7 7 + 37
gas heat pump direct
o il di reet di reet ! -
o il di reet storage +++ +++ +++ 708 +++ (+) ++ ++ 3
o il heat pump direct
electricity di reet di reet

electricity di reet storage + + + + (+)
electricity heat pump direct
electricity heat pump storage + + + - - . . . . ++
distro heating di reet di reet ++ +++ +++ - - +++

distro heating di reet storage +++ ++ ++ 709 + - - 6 6 ++

solar heating di reet storage + + +
cool 00 oo . . - . - +
w o od di reet storage . - - - - - l - - ++
1 both methane and LPG; natural gas: 39 % for both direct and storage applianceso
Tab/e 1020103b: Marketshare of different types of integrated sanitary hot water applianceso
1.4 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

1.2.2 Distribution systems
Market share
The market share of different types of distribution systems is given in table
1.2.2.1:
distribution type market share

DK Fr Gel Ge2 l t NL Sw UK
direct pipes free ++++ ++++ ol der + ++++ > 95%
direct pipes in walls +++ ++ indiv . ind i v + indiv
circular pipes free ++ older + +

circular pipes in walls ++ ++++1 coll. or for coll + coll
comfort
1 Collective installations
Tab/e 1.2.2. 7: Marketshare of distribution systems.
Circular systems control system

Germany:
11
A time controlled circular pump is obliged according to the Heizungsanlagen-
11
verord nung •
ltaly:
Thermostat working on a water pump; a timer usually selects the time ranges
for the control to be enabled to operate.
1.2.3 Standards, guidelines and common practise on system design
The references for standards, guidelines and common practice are given in
paragraph l .4. The main results of the questionna-ire are given for each
country below.
Denmark
Position of heating appliances: celler or room for washing etc .
Structure, length and diameter of distribution system

- pipes l /2 11 - 3/4 11 galvanized steel or 15- 22 mm copper.
France
There is a guideline (standard) on hot water need for both the design and the
average use [l 0]. The foliowing data are provided:
15 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/%/95.052

- net hot water demand, depending on the number of rooms;
- hourly, weekly and monthly repartition of this net hot water demand;
- monthly water inlet temperature for 23 cities.
Another publication [l l] lists the various possible uses in a dwelling. The hot
water needs depend on the available equipment and the number of occupants.
In the design guide [12] all relevant design data are given.
There is usually a dead volume between the water heating equipment and each
draw-off point of roughly 0.5 to l litre, in most cases totalling 2 litres for the
dwelling as o whole.
Position of heating appliances:

- kitchen or celler;
- bathroom, especially for electric storage water heaters.
Structure, length and diameter of distribution system:

- lag time should not exceed 5 sec, to satisfy 90 % of the population (Gaz de
France study). Then the length of the pipes should not exceed 4 m (sink) and
7 m (shower), using 12 mm diameter.
- Minimum internat pipe diametersaregiven in a guideline [12].
Position and Function of water outlets:

- kitchen; l mixing outlet for the sink;
- bathroom: l for each wash basin and l mixing tap for shower and/or bath.
Germany
Position of individuel heating appliances: celler, bathroom.

- depending on position of heating appliance.
Position and function of water outlets, at two comfort levels, according to the
standard [14]:
- normal (kitchen, bath or shower & wash basin in bathroom);
- comfort (kitchen, bath & shower & wash basin & bidet in bathroom, extra
water outlets in guest room);
ltaly
Position of heating appliances:
- direct: kitchen l bathroom;
- storage: bathroom;
- combination boilers: balcony (flets) or boiler room (houses) .
16 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

- old: pipes l /2 11 - 1 11 galvanized steel or copper;
- new: pipes 3/8 11 - 3/4 11 polypropylene;
- pipe length: max. l O m in flets, l O - 20 m in houses with central water
production.
Position and function of water outlets

Common flets usually have the foliowing hot water outlets [l]:
· 3 in bathroom;
• l in the kitchen;
in the washroom or edditianol bathroom.
Netherlands
Common position of heating appliances:
- single family dwellings:
- attic (integrated appliances and large stand alone gas fired appliances);
· kitchen (small electric boilers and small stand alone gas fired appliances);

- maximum total lag time at tap point < 20 sec (kitchen), < 30 sec (bathroom,
basin), < 40 sec (bathraom, shower or bath) [20].
Position and function of water outlets:

• 2 in bathroom;
l in the kitchen;
- increasing number of single handle mixing valves;
- sametimes thermostat controlled shower outlet.
Sweden
Position o f heating appliances: together with boiler .

- lag time at tap point < 30 sec.
Position and function of water outlets

- aften single handle mixing valves;
- sametimes thermostat controlled outlet.
United Kingdom
Common position of heating appliances:
- two storey houses:
- kitchen - ground floor (heating or combination boiler);
- upper floor (water tank of gravity driven systems).
17 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-G52

- 15 - 22 mm copper pipe;
- plastic pipe increasing, not common.
Typical position and function of water outlets in a 2 to 3 bedroom house :

- kitchen !sink, dishwasher, washing machine);
- bathroom jbasin, bath, shower);
- toilet jbasin).
In lerger houses extra outlets may be:

- utility room jadditional sink and alternative location for washing machine);
- en suite bedroe m !additional shower and bo sin).
1.3 Condusions
Conclusions:
- Integrated appliances for sanitary hot water produetion and dornestic heating
are already applied in significant numbers in most countries. Thereseems to
be a tendency towards further growth of this market share.
- The basic four fuels/ energy sources for sanitary hot water produetion a re
gas, oil, electricity and district heating. Solar heating is still a miner source,
aften used in cernbination with gas or electricity. Cool and wood are also
used.
- The foliowing appliances are used in significant numbers in two or more
countries:
- stand alene gas di reet direct gas instantaneous water heatars
- stand alone gas di reet storage gas storage water heatars
- stand alene oil direct storage oil storage water heaters
- stand alene elec direct direct electric instantaneous water heaters
- stand alene elec direct storage electric storage water heaters
- stand alene elec heat pump storage electric heat pump storage water
heatars
- integrated gas di reet direct gas instantaneous boilers

- integrated gas direct storage gas storage boilers
- integrated oil direct storage oil storage boilers
- integrated electr. direct storage electric storage boilers
- integrated electr. heat pump storage electric heat pump storage boilers
- integrated distr.h. direct direct district heating instantaneous
- integrated distr.h. direct storage district heating storage
18 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

- In the UK a rather unique appliance is used: a gas fired central heating
boiler with an indirect copper cylinder which is grovity fed with cold woter
from a cistern in the roof space. The cylinder is fitted with o 3 kW electric
heating element to provide o boekup in case of boiler foilure and for summer
hot water production. The typical copocities for single Femily houses are 120
or 140 litres at 60 °C.
- In Sweden wood fired storage boilers ore opplied aften .
- In Germany cool fired storage boilers ore used often .
- For distribution systems both direct and circulor systems ore applied .
There ore tendendes towards:
- growing opplication of pipes in wolls;
- growing application of flexible tubes.
1.4 References
[l] SAVE project: Annual efficiency calculotion method for dornestic boilers
Technicol repart Work package 3 - 5: assembling of national data
J. von Wolferen
TNO, Apeldoorn, December 1994
Market studies
[2] SOFRES study
France
[3] Ergebnisse der Housholtskundenbefragung 1991 FUr die Bundesrepublik
Deutschland
(Results of o market study omong families 1991 for the Germon Federal
Republic)
Vereinigung Deutscher Elektrizitatswerke -VDEW- e.V. May 1992
[4] Morket analysis of IPE-DOXA
SNAM -ltoly
[5] Bosisonderzoek aordgos kleinverbruikers BAK 1994
(market study omong smoll users of naturel gas 1994)
R.J. Weegink
EnergieNed, Arnhem, The Netherlonds, June 1995
[6] Energistatistik for smahus, flerbostadshus och lokaler
{Abstract of energy statistics for dwellings ond non-residential premises)
E16 SM 9401
Statistiske Centralhyren SCB (Central Stotistics Office - Sweden)
[7] The UK morket for woter heating
BSRIA, June 1995
19 SAVE Controet W XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

Design rules
Denmark
[8] DS 439
[9] SBI 165
France
[l O] Guide de Peau chaude sanitaire dans les båtiments residentiels et
tertiai res
(Guidelines for sanitary hot water installations for residential and tertial
buildings (hotels, old people's homes, campings, restaurants, hospitals)
PYC edition, AICVF, 1991
[11] Produetion d'eau chaude sanitaåre individuelle par le gaz et economies
d'energie
(Production of sanitary hot water using gas and energy economics)
Association technique de l'industrie du gazen France
[12] DTU 60-11, Regles de calcul des installations de plomberie sanitaire et
des installations d'evocuation des eoux pluviales
(Colculation rules of plumbing sanitory installations and rainwater
evacuation installations)
CSTB, October 1988
German y
[13] DIN 4708, Teil l - Zentrale Wasserwårmungsanlagen; Begriffe und
Berechnungsgrundlagen
(Central heat-water-installations; terms and calculations-basis)
April 1994
[14] DIN 4708, Teil 2- Zentrale Wosserwårmungsanlagen; Regeln zur
Ermittlung des Wårmebedarfs zur Erwårmerung von Trinkwasser in
Wohngebåuden
(Central heat-water-installations; Rules for the determination of the water-
heat-demand in dwelling-houses)
April 1994
[15] DIN 1988, ports l -8
[16] VDI 2067, Blott 4- Berechnung der Kosten von
Wårmeversorgungsanlogen; Warmwasserversorgung
(Economy calculation of heat consuming installations; Installations warm
woter supply)
Februory 1982
ltaly
[17] UNI 9182- lmpionti di alimentazione e distribuzione d'acqua fredda e
calda - criteria di progettazione, collaudo e gestione
(Building - Plumbing design criteria - Water supply and distribution)

Netherlands
[18] NEN l 006- Algemene voorschriften voor drinkwaterinstallaties
(General rules for sanitary installations)
NNI, Delft
[19] Handboek installatietechniek
(Handbook on installation engineeringJ
ISSO/Novem/TVVL, Rotterdam, 1994
(20] Werkbladen Drinkwaterinstallaties
(Guidelines on drinking water installations)
VEWIN
[21] Het ontwerpen van sanitaire instaliaties
(Design of sanitary installations)
W.J.H. Scheffer
Audet, Nijmegen, 1989
[22] ISSO publication 30 - Tapwaterinstallaties in woningen
(Sanitary installations in dwellings)
ISSO, Rotterdam, 1994
Sweden
[23] Bovarkets Byggregler BBR94
(Building code)
Bovarket (National board of housing, building and planning)
United Kingdom
[24] Building regulations 1991
[25] British Standard Specification for forced circulation hot water central
heating systems for dornestic pramises
British Standards Institution, 1990
[26] BS 6700- British Standard Specification for design, installation, testing
and maintenance of services supplying water for dornestic use within
buildings and their certiloges
British Standards Institution, 1987
21 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

1.5 Appendix 1 : Questionnaire
1. Different types of appliances
Piease indicate the market share of the foliowing types of appliances:
heat source conversion supply market remarks

principle principle share
Stand alone - no integration with damestic heating

gas di reet di reet
gas di reet storage
gas heat pump di reet
o il di reet storage
o il heat pump di reet
electricity di reet storage
electricity heat pump di reet
electricity heat pump storage
solar heating di reet storage
Integration with damestic heating

gas di reet di reet
gas di reet storage
gas heat pump di reet
o il di reet storage
o il heat pump di reet
electricity di reet storage
electricity heat pump di reet
electricity heat pump storage
distr. heating di reet di reet
distr. heating storage di reet
solar heating di reet storage

Piease give the markel shares. Add recent markel surveys .
lf these shares are not known exactly piease give an indicaiion using the
foliowing classification:
not applied
+ applied in less then 5 %
++ between 5 and 20 %
+++ between 20 and 40 %
++++ more then 40 %
lf more then one appliance in one house is common piease indicate .
2. Distribution systems
Piease indicate the markel share of the foliowing types of distribution system :
distribution type markel share
direct pipes free

circular pipes free
direct pipes in walls
circular pipes in walls
In case of circular systems piease describe the control system .
Are their any standards or guidelines on the design of the system?
Piease describe the common practice on hot water systems . lf more

configurations are common piease give examples:
position of healing appliances
structure, length and diameter of distribution system
position and function of water outlets (kitchen, bath, shower, ... )

2 ASSEMBLING OF DATA ON TYPE TESTING OF SANITARY HOT WATER
APPLIANCES
Prepared by : Jan Pieter Bijkerk, Martin Koot, GASTEC
2.1 Introduetion
2.J.J Controet spec:ifications
Obiective
An overview of national and European standards applying to testing of sanitary
hot water appliances.
This includes:
• scope of the standards
• requirements for rational use of energy
• necessary tests
• parameters to be measured
Programme
The WP responsible will set up an inquiry in order to assemble the desired
data. This inquiry will also give room to comments or data which is not directly
asked for but which to the opinion of the reader is important for the project.
One participant in each country will calleet the information needed and send it
to the WP responsible. The WP responsible will classify the data and hand it
over to the WP 4 responsible in such a way that it con easily be used for
creating the framework for calculating the annual efficiency.
Organisation
GASTEC will be the WP responsible. The centributing party of each country will
be:
Denmark DTI
France Gaz de France and CETIAT
lto ly ltalgas
Sweden LTH
Netherlands GASTEC
Germany Yaillant
United Kingdom BSRIA
2. J.2 Comments to the contract spec:ifications
An inventory on standards, guidelines and Iabeiiing systems has been made not
only for gas-fired appliances but also for electrical heated and oil fired ap-
pliances and appliances working in relation to district heating and solar used
24 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

appliances.
The data assembling is organised by GASTEC, using a questionnaire. The data
is assembled and presented in a form that will give a quick overview on the
national and European standards, guidelines and quality Iabeiiing systems
concerning sanitary hot water appliances. Also an overview of the
measurements carried out according to the standards is given in table 2.2.1
and 2.2.2 which show the survey of the results.
GASTEC itself will provide the national data of the Netherlands and also
European data about standards, guidelines and labelling .
2. 1.3 Organisation of the work
The national data assembling has been carried out in four steps:
l . Establish which data is required; GASTEC produced a questionnaire. This
questionnaire was based on a start note of TNO about the items which at
least have to be taken into account for the framework. The purpose of the
questionnaire was to Find out which measurements related to rational use of
energy are required or common practise in the different countries which
participate in the project.
2. GASTEC sent the questionnaire to the foliowing list of participants:
- DTI
- GdF
- ltalgas
- lTH
- Vaillant
- BSRIA
3. GASTEC checked the information of all the participants for completeness
and clarity.
4. GASTEC mode a repart on this work, including a survey of all data. The
data will be handed to TNO for further processing in work package A of
the project.
2. r.4 Presentation of the results
A survey of the results is presented in this repart in table 2.2.1 and 2.2.2,
followed by comments, condusions and proposals.
The questionnaire used ond a more specified survey of the assembled national
data will be presented in the appendices. They also inelude a list ofreferences
for each country. The referred publications are archived by GASTEC.
In the appendices a distinction has been made in the answers between gas,
electrical and district heating appliances. Data about oil fired appliances is
only deseribed for France. For the Dutch situation there are no standards or
what ever available on oil fired oppliances. The other countries did not supply
25 SAVE Controet W XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

ony information on oil fired oppliances. Information on opplionces connected
to district healing is given by the Danish porticiponts ond the Swedish
participant. For opplionces using solar energy no information is ovoiloble.
Porticulorly on rationol use of energy there ore no standards or guidelines in
use in...Eur.ope. -
The information of the United Kingdom hove been presented os o repart in

which most of the answers con be found. The dislinetion between the different
fuels hos not been made. An overview is also given in the tables on the next
pages.
2.2 Survey of the results

Nll = Keuringseisen Nr. 77 [l] F6 • Draft specification No. 87 1667
Nl2 = Keuringseisen Nr. 78 [2] F7 • NF D 35-324
Nl3 - Gaskeur basis label [3] F8 = NF D 35-325
Gel =DIN 3368 F9 "" NF D 35-329
Ge2 = DIN 3377 Fl O = Draft specification PR 4
Ge3 = DIN 4702 Fll - NF D 35-336
Ge4 = DIN 4708 UKl = BS 5386
Ge5 = DIN V 4753 UK2- BS 6332
Fl = NF D 35-321 UK3 =EN 297
F2 = NF D 35-323 Il= UNI7138 and 7139
F3 = NF D 35-326 12 .. UNI 7168
F4 = NF D 35-327
F5 = NF D 35-328
E26 = (Proposed) European Standard (instantaneous water heaters)

E89 = (Proposed) European Standard (storage water heaters)
E625 = European Standard (combination boilers)
• The document applies for the item

+/- The document opplies more or less for the item
empty The document does not apply for the item

General overview on gas a ppiiances ( 1)
HL i Qermany ; Pranca
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General overview on gas appliances (2)
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; temperature i • ! • ; i • ! • ! • i • i • ; • i • l ; ; ; i i ; ; , i i
5 .4 j Sufficient l No j No l No ! No j No ! No l No l No l No l No i j j j l l i j l !
~•-o.o.uuo-.a.uo.~ oo.u.o.o .o.o._.,.,..,_,_.,.~•~o-o-•-r•-~••.,•·•••·•••nuu·o .. oo·oo·o.o o.o.o.o.o.o.o. o.o. oo.o.oo ~ ••·•••••• •·••-•u_.o"!oooooou uoo •-: • • •••••o·- • • ••• 1'" '',.._...,_, , ,,,.,,_.,_uooouuooo : •••-U •Ou•o• •· .. ·••· •· •• -nou-no~ou-oooooo ·oo o ooo •-~•••-•••• ••••• • -:•-•-•-•-"-'-1-•-•-•oooooo-~o-uooo.o o.o o.o o-o~-•n•-•••-••••:U~U6uuu.o oo!.o•••• ••••••••"! •••uo oo oo •!••-n••• • •••••~ •• ooooooooo~-~...,u.-o-L- --•-•·"~"' "''·O·••·••••••-: • •-••"on oo.-o oun•
6• : Comfort l • ! No l No i No : • : ! : +l- l +l- ! +l- l : i : : ; : ; i .l

2.3 Conclusions and proposais
Conclusions
There are national standards and some guidelines on hot water appliances.
Labelling systems are found in Denmark and in the Netherlands, where in
faet the Iabeiiing system is being developed at this moment.
In a few countries these national standards were mandatory. (France, The
Netherlands, Germany, ............. )
Most of the standords are in force until the European standards PrEN 26
and PrEN 89 will be official.
For combination boilers there is already an official European standard (EN
625) available.
In most cases there are different standards for instantaneous, storage and
combined appliances.
There is lot of information available about standards on gas appliances.
For oil, electricity, disfriet heating and solar heating there are less
standards available. All the specific documents only concern safety.
Exception to this is the disfriet heoting port where for instonce Denmark and
Sweden have some edditicnol information.
The requirements on rationol use of energy for gas fired hot water oppli-
onces cre eosy to meet for the manufocturers.
Standards on electricol opplionces give, reloted to standards on gas fired
applionces less requirements on rational use of energy.
Sesides the Dutch national standards ond those of Germany, only the Euro-
pean standards require real efficiency rates. The ether national standards
are very much related to the proposed European standards.
None of the test methods deseribed in the different answers cover all the
aspects mentianed in the questionnaire.
Detailed information on tapping patterns is available in a view countries
(NL, DK, Ge, Fr). The Netherlands have the most detailed information on
this item.
There is some common practise on test facilities. The most common practise
is available in the Netherlands. In this case we mention the tests carried out
in combination with a hot water installation.
To the testing on occupant behaviour there are a few requirements defined
in standards. There is some common practise on this in the Netherlands,
France and Denmark.
Tests to be carried out are very simple but won't give sufficient information
to calculate the annua! efficiency of hot water appliances.
Only in the Netherlands a comfort label will become available in 1996.
Most of the aspects menticned in the questionnaire have been taken info
account in this label.

Proposals
For all countries a uniform method to determine/calculate the annua!
efficiency of sanitary hot water applionces might be developed to stimulate
and reach energy savings, to compQre applionces and to set o challenge to
- the-manufocturers to develop their products~ - - --~-----
The information from several countries (Nl, DK, GE, Fr) about tapping pat-
terns have to be matehed to see which point of departure for stimuleting
energy savings has been chosen.
30 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1 031/Z/9·5-052

2.4 Appendices
2.4. J Appendix l : Questionnaire
On data of national standards on type testing of sanitary hot

water appliances.
1. Are there a ny national standards, guidelines luntil O1-0 1-1996) o r quality

Iabeiiing systems for sanitary hot water appliances? lf yes, piease add all
relevant information in the original language and where possible in
English.
Piease answer every next question separately for the three items standards,
guidelines and quality Iabeiiing system.
2. Description of the documents
2. l Piease specify the status of the document:

is/was it necessary to meet the requirements in the document for
national legislation or to obtain a voluntary quality label, etc.
2.2 Piease specify -the scope of the document, e.g.
Yes No
Type of appliance
.. lndependent hot water appliances D D
.. Integrated with boilers for dornestic healing D D
Heat source
.. Gas D D
.. Qil D D
.. Electricity D D
.. District healing D D
.. solar healing D D
Supply principle
.. direct D D
.. Storage D D
Further more we like to know any further information you have on this
subject. Piease see to it that items mentianed below are being discussed at
Iea st.

• type of the appliance the document applies for
• lirnitalions in heat input
• lirnitalions in the fuels that con be used by the appliances
• etc.
2.3 Piease add more relevant information if passible ar necessary.
3. Requirements for rational use of energy
3.1 Which parts of the mentianed items especially deal with requirements for
rational use of energy for sanilary hot water appliances?
4. Necessary tests
4.1 Which test methods are used to delermine all theaspeels of rational use of
energy on sanitary hot waler appliances?
Piease see to il thai items mentianed below are being discussed at least.
Yes No
Test carried out :
• at different flow rates o o
Piease specify these rates
• continuously o o
• disconlinuously o o
• with tap patterns o o
lf yes piease specify patterns
• full load o o
• stand-by losses o o
Piease add explaining remarks (in English) about the above mentianed
tests as well as the number(s) of the sections in the documents these tests
are deseribed in
For the questions 5.1 and 5 .2 we notethat you con also use parts af the
information given in the questionnaire from WP 3-5 from the SAVE-projaet on
annual efficiency of damestic boilers. For the new partidpants this is not
possible.
32 SAVE Conlracl N" YNII/ 4.1 031/Z/95.052

5. Parameters to be measured
5.1 Piease describe the parts of the standard etc., or if not available, the
common practise in test facilities which deal with the hot water systems .
" length and diameter of pipes (add drawings if available)
" position and fundion of water outlets (kitchen, bath, shower etc.)
5.2 Piease describe the parts of the standard etc ., or if not available, the
common proctise in testing on occupant behaviour. Piease add all the
information ond if possible add examples and drawings.
The foliowing data is at Ieas! required:
" detoiled top pattern ;
" water volume;
"water inlet temperoture;
" desired hot woter temperoture(s);
" water flow;
" number of laps ;
5.3 Pieoseodd all relevant information including necessary schemes about all
the parameters which have to be measured.
5.4 Do you consider the obove mentianed test methods to be sufficient for
calculating the annual efficiency of sanitary hot water appliances?
6. Comfort
6.1 Are there any quality labels on the aspect of comfort for sonitary hot water
appliances available in your country?
In this particulm question we mean comfort aspects os
" simultaneity aspeels
" appliance classification
" tap flow
" waiting time (or delay time}
" equability of tap temperatures
Piease clarify these items in the way they are used in your country.
33 SAVE Controet No XVII/4. 1031/Z/9 5·052

2.4.2 Appendix 2 : the Netherlands
Gas appliances
l. Until Ol .O 1. 1990 there was a Iabeiiing system called GIVE G. Thi s GIVE G
system for sanitary hot water is split up into two ports. One port deols with
the requirements for instantaneous water heaters (keuringseisen Nr. 78),
the ether part deals with the requirements for storage hot water applionces
(keuringseisen Nr . 77).
2.1 Until O1.01 .1990 i t was necessary to meet the requirements in the GIVEG
system for the Dutch market. After Ol .O l .1990 until Ol .O l .1996 there
was a free choice for the menufaeturer to onswer the requirements in the
GIVEG system or the requirements in the European standards being de-
veloped at thai moment.
After Ol .Ol. 1996 the GIVE G system is not allowed onymore. This means
that all the manufacturers have to answer the European standards PrEN 26
[4 ]and 89 [5], single hot water appliances and with NEN-EN 625 [6],
cernbined appliances .
2.3 At this moment a voluntary quality label on the basis of the 'Keuringseisen
Nr. 77 en 78' is being developed in the Netherlonds. This will bealabel
thot meets all the aspeels of the (Pr) EN 89 en 26 ·but will olso add same
requirements to indicate the quality of the applionce. The names of the
documents w i 11 b e "Gaskeu r /Basis-label For i nstantaneous hot water ap-
pliances" and "Gaskeur/Basis-label for storage hot woter appliances 11 •
3.1
Standards, guidelines, Parts dealing with rational use of energy
Iabeiiing systems
Keuringseisen Nr. 77 E.XXX
Keuringseisen Nr. 78 E.XVI (E.XII a t/m. c)
4.1 Explaining remarks
Keuringseisen Nr. 77
The measurements carried out in the mentianed port of the document are
based on same kind of basic pattern in which o quorier of the total
storage valurne is tapped within defined periods so thot o overage
temperature of 65°( is reached.
Sesides af these the same measurements are carried out with periods
which are 2 and 4 times the periods as in the first measurement. The
minimum efficiencies which appliances have to fulfil are respectively 64%,
58% and 50%, calculated an gross calorific value.
34 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Keuringseisen Nr. 78
Depending on the type of appliance (mentioned in sections E. Xlta and b)
continuous tapping tests have to be carried out at temperature rises of 45°
and 35° . Efficiency rates have to be respectively 73% and 7 4%.
5.1 In non of the documents tests are deseribed or required on hot water
systems in cernbination with water outlets.
There is some common practise in the Netherlands on this [7]. This means
that there is a defined system which is in use. At this moment the systems
are only used for research purposes on energy use and comfort aspects of
the appliances implemented in a specific (hot) water system. In the
Netherlands there are two systems determined. The first system is called a
attic placing, the second is the kitchen placing . The area menticned in the
description is the place where the appliance is located.
There are different design rules (l 0]. In a guideline [11, 12, 13] saveral
systems are defined and also different comfort levels are distinguished.
5.2 Keuringseisen Nr. 77 en 78

In these documents there are no requirements on occupant behaviour. This
means that there are no tests specified which give information on
occupant behaviour. In these documents there are no parameters as
menticned in the questionnaire specified .
.:
Basides the before menticned documents, there is an (old) standard for the
hot water tap pattern, designed for test purposes [8].
EPN (Energy Performance Standard)

Furthermore the national standard on energy performance [9] gives the
hot water demand and cerreetions factors for the losses due to the pipe
network.
The projaet menticned in the answers on the questionnaire for the SAVE
projaet on annual efficiency of boilers (WP 3-5) has finished [7]. Saveral
detailed tap patterns for calculation of energy use have been derived [7].
An example of a detailed tap pattern, used for test purposes and also
applied for the Gaskeur comfort label efficiency determination method is
menticned below. The pattern gives information on the start time, volume,
flow, point of use, useful temperature and desired temperature .

Nr Time Top velurne Topdebiet T(gewenst) T(nuttig) Gebruik
[l] [l/min] [•q [•q
l 7.00 4 3 .5 40 25 wostafel
2 7 .15 63.5 " 40 40 douche
3 7 .30 4 3 .5 40 25 wastofel
4 8.00 3.5 55 40 spoelen
5 9.00 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
6 9.05 3.5 40 25 handen wassen
7 10.00 3.5 55 40 spaalen
8 10 .30 l 3.5 40 25 handen wassen
9 l 0 .35 0.5 3.5 40 25 korte top
10 10 .45 3.5 40 25 handen wassen
11 11.00 3.5 55 40 spoelen
12 11.30 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
13 11 .32 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
14 11.34 3 .5 40 25 handen wossen
15 13.00 5 3.5 55 40 speelan
16 13.05 5 3.5 55 40 voatwassen
17 13.25 2 3.5 55 40 spaelan
18 13 .27 2 3.5 55 40 spaelan
19 13 .29 2 3.5 55 40 spoelen
20 14 .00 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
21 14.30 3 .5 40 25 handen wassen
22 14 .35 0.5 3.5 40 25 korte tap
23 14 .45 l 3 .5 40 25 handen wassen
24 14 .48 l 3.5 40 25 korte top
25 14 .51 0 .5 3 .5 40 25 korte top
26 15.00 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
27 16.00 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
28 16. 10 0.5 3.5 40 25 korte tap
29 16.20 0.5 3.5 40 25 korte top
30 16.30 3.5 55 40 spoelen
31 18.00 5 3.5 55 40 spaelan
32 18 .05 5 3 .5 55 40 voat wossen
33 18 .25 2 3.5 55 40 spoelen
34 18.27 2 3.5 55 40 spoelen
35 18 .29 2 3.5 55 40 spoelen
36 19.30 l 3 .5 40 25 handen wassen
37 19.35 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
38 19.40 0.5 3 .5 40 25 karte lap
39 19 .45 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
40 19.50 3.5 40 25 handen wassen
41 20.00 l 3.5 55 40 spoelen
42 20.10 2 3.5 55 40 spoelen
43 21.00 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
44 22 .00 3.5 55 40 spoelen
45 22.30 l 3.5 40 25 handen wossen
46 23 .00 2 3.5 55 40 spoelen
46 23 . 15 4 3.5 40 25 wastafel
48 23.30 63.5 * 40 40 douche
49 23.45 4 3.5 40 25 wastofel
36 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

5.3 Parameters which have to be measured are only flows, in- and outlet tam-
peratures ond temperature of the woter in the tank. There ore no scheme's
ovoiloble.
5.4 No, we consider the specified meosurements in the menticned documents

not enough to calculate the annual efficiency of sanitary hot water
oppliances.
Besides of theabove menticned there is a technical repart of KIWA called

announcement nr. 11 O [14] about technical aspects of hot water
installations. This report deseribas also a method to calculate the energy
use of hot water installations.
6. In the Netherlands there is a quality Iabeiiing system For gas appliances

for households. This system is called Gaskeur. This Iabeiiing system
consists of a basic label with additional indkations on For instance
Central heating High efficiency and clean combustion. Furthermore a label
is being developed on comfort for hot water appliances. Aspects as simul-
taneity, appliance classification, tap Flow, waiting times and equability of
tap temperatures are token into account.
On the item rational use of energy/efficiency the criteria do contein a
method to datermine an efficiency. This method is based on a tapping
pattern which is related to the appliance and his classification. The
tapping patterns are more or less different depending on the classification
of the hot water appliance. The patterns are menticned in the appendix in
which the complete comfort label is indicated.
Also in [11] comfort ospects ore distinguished and described .
Electrical appliances
The information on this subject for the Dutch situation is given in appendix 9 on
the European standards. This because of the faet that there are only European
standords available on this subject which are also in force for the Netherlands.
References
[l] Keuringseisennr. 77, Keuringseisen voor warmwater voorraadtoestellen,

Apeldoorn, december 1983
[2] Keuringseisennr. 78, Keuringseisen voor warmwater doorstroomtoestellen,
Apeldoorn, december 1983
37 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1 031/Z/95-Q52

[3) Goskeur basis label, Voluntory quality label which con be accompanied
by different specific labels on for instance high efficiency, clean
combustion and comfort.
Apeldoorn, 1995
[4] PrEN 26, Proposal for a European standard on Gas fired instantaneous
water heaters for sanitary uses, fitted with atmospheric burners.
June 1995
[5) PrEN 89, Proposa l for a European standard o n Gas fired storage woter
heaters for sanitary uses.
March 1994
[6) NEN-EN 625, European standard on Gas fired central heating boilers-
specific requirements for the dornestic hot water operation of combination
boilers of nominal heat input not exceeding 70 kW.
[7] Standaard-installaties en -tappatronen voor de warmtapwatervoorziening,
E.N. de Boer, Apeldoorn 1996
[8) Meetprogramma's voor het bepalen von het gebruiksrendement von een
warmwatertoestel, een cv-toestel en een combi-toestel (measuring
pragrammes for the determination of the utilization efficiency of a hot
water apparatus, a boiler or a combi-boiler)
GASTEC, TNO, Gasunie, Bouwfonds, Apeldoorn 1981
[9] NEN 5128, Energieprestatie van woningen en woongebouwen, Bepa-
lingsmethode IEnergy Performance of residential buildings, Determination
method), NNI 1994
[l O] Werkbladen drinkwaterinstallaties, jGuidelines on drinking water
installations), VEWIN
[11] ISSO Publikatie 30 Tapwaterinstallaties in woningen IGuidelines, Hot
water installations for dwellings), december 1994
[12] ISSO/VNI Guideline 30-1, Variantenboek tapwaterinstallaties in wonin-
gen, IGuideline for different hot water installations for dwellings),
Augustus 1995
[13) ISSO/VNI Guideline 30-2, Praktijk richtlijn tapwaterinstallaties in
woningen, lpractical guideline for hot water installations for dwellings),
Augustus 1995
[14] mededelingen nummer 11 O, Technische aspecten van warmwater-
voorzieningen, ITechnical aspects of hot water installations) KIWA, june
1990

2.4.3 Appendix 3 : Germany
Gas appliances
Explaining remarks on the different documents .
Gel = DIN 3368
3.1 DIN 3368 In part 4 of this dacument figures for efficiency rates are
mentioned . The test melhads used to delermine these figures arigin from
EN 26.
5.2 Measurements ore corried out at a conslant flow rate. The water inlet
temperature shall be less than 25°( and a 6 T of 40°C. Thi s test will be
carried out in one tap.
6. Concerning comfort there are only time limits defined to heat up the
water by 45K or time limits according to EN 26.
Ge2 = DIN 3377
3.1 l This standord gives a melhad to delermine the efficiency of the

4.1 storage water healer. The efficiency is calculated by the energy needed
for the warming up of the hot water to approximately 50°C divided by
-:- the heat input. Besides of thi s measuring of the stand by losses is also
described.
6. Requirements regerding temperature constancy of the tapped water efter

tapping of 70% and 85% of the volume. Further more a time limit is
defined for healing up. A formule is given to calculate the limit
depending on the volume.
Ge3 = DIN 4702
In the document DIN 4702 concerning standard efficiency, a method to

datermine the efficiency of the appliance in relation to a tapping pattern is
described . This method is also menticned in the answers on the questionnaire
of WP 3-5 of the former SAVE project.
2.1 This document is not a requirement but only a defined method to compare
different boilers systems.
3.1 l A method to delermine a sort of annual efficiency is described.

4. l Flow rates and tap patterns are depending on the hot water volume
39 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1 031/Z/95.052

[table 2.4.3.1 ]. The hot water velurnes are related to the boiler heat
output and also stand by losses are taken into account.
Ze il ZP 120 ZP 160 ZP 2.40 ZP .480 ZP 6.40 Zaplzeit Bemerkungen

l l l l l min.
Speicher wird vor dem Ver•uch•beginn entladen lentsprechend der Zaplung noch 23 h, •iehe Bild 1)
o Beginn deo Ver•uche•. wenn der

Brenner nach erielgter Aulla·
dung de• Speichero abschohet.
l 3,75 5 7,5 15 20 1
2 3,75 5 7,5 15 20 1
3 6 e 12 2.4 32 1,6
4 9 12 18 36 .48 2,4
6 3,75 5 7,5 15 20 1
8,5 3,75 5 7,5 15 20 1
9 6 e 12 24 32 1,6 Zoplmengen wCihrend

du Varsuehas
9,S 9 12 18 36 48 2,4 IAuswerlzeitroum)
11 3,75 s 7,S 15 20 1
21 3,75 s 7,5 IS 20 l
21,5 6 e 12 2.4 32 1,6
22 3,75 s 7,5 15 20 1
22,S 6 8 12 2.4 32 1,6
23 51,7S 69 103,5 207 276 13,8
Versuch•ende; der Brenner

schohel noch Wladeraullodung
des Spelchers ab.
Tab/e 2.4.3.1: Hot water tap pattern for test purposes
10
60
o
o
o
oilll _l
o l
l 4 6
ill _l n
10 ,, " 1a 10 " 1Zhl4
ti
Larenneril\ll
v.,.sudlsbtgim -V....uthsWidt
... _j
Figure 2.4.3. 1: Tap programme
5.4 The test method is use ful to compare boilers and is al so used in Denmark
(see also the answering of the questionnaire WP2 of DTI, Appendix 5)
6. Comfort aspects which are taken into account are simultaneity and flows
Ge4 = DIN 4708

These documents are nothing morethan design rules. Further more two different
comfort levels are distinguished. These levels depend on the omount of woter
which is needed in a specific dwelling.
Ge5 = DIN V 4753
This document is also based on ether documents as there ore DIN 3377 ond
DIN 44532-3. The requirements and tests ore very similor.
3.1/ A method to datermine the stand by losses is deseribed ond olso

4. l requirements ore given.
l . the stand by losses are meosured by the electricol heat input over a
time period without topping water
2. the stand by losses o re determined by the behoviour du ring o cooling
period from 70°C to 60°C without topping woter
General
There are several documents concerning hot water oppliances. In most of the
documents there aresimple test methods concerning efficiency described. Test
methods concerning rational use of energy in terms of annua! efficiency ore not
described.
Voillont has developed a method to datermine the efficiency on hot woter

oppliances for a situation in which olso the central heoting port of combinotion
boilers is in use.
This method is deseribed in next few pages, which ore o copy of the
description of Voillont GmbH.

~Vaillant
MeBtechnische Sestimmung der Jahres-Nutzungsgrade von Kombi-Wasser-
Heizern fUr die Funktion Warmwasserbereitung
Beschreibung der PrOimethode zur Ermittlung der Primårenergienutzung bei eingeschalteter Heizfunktion
Elnleitung
Es wird ein PrOfstand dargestellt, mit dem die Aufnahme von Warmwassernutzungsgraden von Kombi-
Gerålen au! Basis zeitdefinierter Zapfmuster durchfOhrbar ist. Hierbei ist neben der PrOfung im Sommerbe-
trieb bei ausgeschalteter Helzung auch die Aufnahme der verwendeten und genutzten Energien bei Betrieb
der Waimwasserfunktion mit eingeschalteter Heizfunktion (Winterbetrieb) moglich. Die zur Berechnung des
Wintemutzungsgrades verwendete Methode wird im weiteren vorgestellt.
Der PrOfstand
ln'den PrOfstand nach untenstehender Abbildung sind die Elamente Gasversorgung, PrOfaufbau Heizung,
PrOfaufbau Warmwasserbetrieb sowie die elektrische Verdrahtung und die automatische MeBdatenverar-
beitung und Steuereinheit integriert. Der gesamte Gasverbrauch in dem 24-stiindigen MeBintervall wird mit
einem kalibrierten Gasziihler aufgenommen. Die Heizfunktion wird durch einen Aufbau betrieben, der eine
reproduzierbare Messung des Teillastwirkungsgrades nach EN 297 A2 gewiihrleistet. Die Nutzwårme wird
mit den MeBparametem im Heizkreis ermittelt, wobei die Rucklauftemperatur mit Hille einer Temperaturre-
gel ung, die au! den KOhlkreis wirkt, und einem Pufferspeicher konstant gehalten .wird. Dem Brauchwasser-
einlauf des PrOfgeråls ist ein Druckregelventil und ein Volumenstromaufnehmer vorgelagert, der mit den
gamessenen Temperaturen an Ein- und Auslauf die Sestimmung der momentanen Warmwasserleistung
gestatlet An den beiden Zweigen des Warmwasserauslaufs sind die verschiedenen Volumensirorne eines
Zapfmusters durch Regelventile manuel! einstellbar und konnen durch die Steuerlogik Ober die magneti-
sehen Schaltventile entsprechend dem Zapfmuster entnommen werden. Die zur Ermittlung des Primårener-
gieverbrauchs benetigten MeBdaten werden durch die MeBwerterfassung sutgenommen und verarbeitet.
Weiterhin wird der elektrische Energieverbrauch im Betrachtungszeitraum erfaBt.
BIIINHtltila Pnifgørlt·
B Brenn~~r
p PIJII1NI
GA Guarmatur
• PWT PrimArwinnetaUICher
SWT Sekund6rwlrmetaUKher
VU VonangurT'ISC:Iwllventil
Be:standteOø pnjtallfbllt
SP Vorrataspeicher
KS Kloinspelcher
BV Bypaø-Vondl
DV Dt\ICI<mn:I•""'9SVInlil
MV Meplisdin SialivenUl
RV RegetYentil, man. elr.ielbar
SV Slchert181tawnlil
MS Magneisehaller
GZ Guzlhler
TR Temperalwragler
VS Volumenslrornartnetmer
WT Wlrmelaulcher
MoDilal løn•
Iamoeraturan tn·
Vl V""-ul. HeiL
RL R~Uf. HeiL
KE KONicrala • EJn
KA KOhlmis - Aua llD&lla..l.lll;
SP Spolcher
WE WarmwUMr • ElnW WW·Eingang
WA Warrnwunr-Aus G Gauahler
u u • U UrngebUng •
42 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

~Vaillanl
Methode zur Ermittlung des Warmwassernutzungsgrades i m Winterbetrieb
Die folgenden Endergabnisse werden durch eine 24-stundige ZapfmusterprCifung mit Oberlagerter Hei-
zungs-Teillastpriifung gewonnen: Gesamter Gasverbrauch, Nutzenergie heizungsseitig, Nutzenergie warm-
wasserseitig, gesamter Verbrauch an elektrischer Energie sowie die zur Berechnung des
Gaskorrekturfaktors notwendigen Dalen Gaszåhlerdruck, Gaszåhlertemperatur, Umgebungsdruck und
Umgebungstemperatur, die iiber die von der automatisehen MeBwerterfassung festgesteliten Brenner1auf-
zeiten fiir Heizung und Warmwasserbereitung taktweise gernittelt werden. Aus dem so gemiltellen Korrek-
turfaktor, dem Gaszåhlerfaktor, der aus dem absoluten Gasverbrauch und den addierten Brennerlaufzeiten
berechnet wird, und dem festgesteliten Gasverbrauch wird die Ciber den MeBzeitraum von 24 Stunden auf-
gewendete, gesamte Energlemenge bestimmt
Die ermittelten Nutzenergien fiir Heizung und Warmwasserbereitung im Kombi-Betrieb entsprechen quanti-
tativ den addierten Nutzenergien der beiden Anwendungen fUr sich allein. Dies entspricht der Forderung des
Geråtegebrauchers unabhångig vom Gerålesystem den Bedart an Heiz- und Warmwasserwarme zu erfiil-
len. Der Vorteil eines Kombi-Geriltes gegenCiber dem parallelen Einsatz zweier GerAte fUr Heizung und
Warmwassererzeugung ist die Varminderung der aufgewendeten gesarnten Energiemenge, da sich die
Bereitschaftsverluste durch die gegenseitige Begunstigung der beiden Geriltefunktionen minimieren. Daher
werden i m weiteren die aufgewendeten Energiernengen nilher betrachtet.
Ausgehend von einer durchgefiihrten Teillast-WirkungsgradprCifung des Kombi-Geriltes ist die fiir den Heiz-
betrieb aufgewendete Energlemenge innerhalb des Kombi-Prozesses unmittelbar sus der durch die Nut-
zungsgradmessung festgesteliten heizungsseitigen Nutzenergie ermittelbar. Diese Annahme gilt, wenn
einerseits eine reproduzierbare und mit der Prufung im reinen Heizbetrieb vergleichbare taktende Teillast-
prufung lm Kombi-Betrieb durchgefuhrt werden kann. Andererseits gilt die Oberlegung, daB der Heizbetrieb
die Grundfunktion des Kombis darstellt. Die Varånderungen der eingesetzten Energiemengen, die durch die
Warmwasserbereitung verursacht wird, ist somlt auch der Brauchwasserfunktion zuzurechnen. Die Diffe-
renz .der festgesteliten Gesamtverbrauchsmenge en Energie und des heizseitigen Energieverbrauchs stellt
die aufgewendete Energie fUr die Warmwasserbereitung im Kombi-ProzeB dar. Daraus låBt sich mit Hille
der duren die Massung festgesteliten warmwasserseitigen Nutzwårme der Warmwassemutzungsgred im
Winterbetrieb berechnen. Der ermittelte, gesamte elektrische Verbrauch wird lur Heizung und Warmwasse~
anteHig zu den jeweils aufgewendeten Wårmemengen getrennt. Die unten aulgefiihrte Abbildung verdeut·
licht die beschriebene Methode.
Darstellung von Gesarn t·Wiirmemengen (schematisch)

ohne elektrischen Verbrauch
Schraflierte Flachen: MeBresullllte
Nua.en Verbnouch
l nur Hei>berrieb • (30% ·Prtlfunsl l l nur Warmwasser (Sommerbelriebl
Aus den festgesteliten Warmwassemutzungsgraden im Sommer· und im Winterbetrieb wird ein Jahres-
Warmwassemutzungsgrad durch die Mittelung der Betriebszeiten der Heilfunktion im ganzjåhrigen Durch:
schnitt bestimmt.

For the electricol opplionces there are two documents mentianed in the onswers
to the questionnoire. These documents are DIN 44532-2 and DIN 44532-3.
Both documents concern electrical storage woter heaters. The document 44532-
2 gives information obout tests to carry out. The document 44532-3 deals with
requirements.
In terms of rationol use of energy only stand by losses are taken into account.
The meosurements ore carried out over o period of 48 hours and o water
temperature of 65°C.
There is o specific part of document dealing with comfort aspects, but the
information is not of use in this case.
References
[l] Vaillant's answers to the questionnaire

Remscheid, U. Langer, February 1996
[2] DIN 3368 (Teil 2, 2 A3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,)
March 1989
[3] DIN 3377 Gas appliances storage water heaters
[4] DIN 4702, Teil 8 - Heizkessel; Ermittlung des Norm-Nutzungsgrades und
des Norm-Emissionsfaktors.
(Central heating boiler; Determination of the standard efficiency and the
standard emissivity.)
March 1990
[5] DIN 4708, Teil l - Zentrale Wassererwarmungsanlagen; Begriffe und
Berechnungsgrundlagen .
{Central heat-water-installations; terms and calculations-basis)
April 1994
[6] DIN 4708, Teil 2 - Zentrale Wassererwarmungsanlagen; Regeln zur
Ermittlung des Warmebedarfs zur Erwarmerung von Trinkwasser in
Wohngebauden,
(Central heat-water-installations; Rules for the determination of the water-
heat-demand in dwelling houses),
April 1994
[7] DIN 4708, Teil 3 - Zentrale Wassererwarmungsanlagen; Regeln zur
Leistungsprufung von Wassererwarmern fUr Wohngebaude,
{Central heat-water-installations; Rules for testing the efficiency of water
heaters in dwelling houses),
April 1994
44 SAVE Controet N" XVII/ 4.1 031/Z/95.052

(8] DIN 44532, Teit 2 - Electrical water heaters; storage water heaters with
rated capocity up to 1000 l; performance characteristics; test
June 1989
(9] DIN 44532, Teit 3 - Electrical water heaters; storage water heaters with
rated capocity up to 1000 l; performance choracteristics; requiremenfs,
June 1989
[l O] DIN V 4753, Teit 8 - Wassererwarmer und Wassererwarmungsanlagen
FUr Trink- und Betriebswasser, Warmedammung von Wassererwarmern bis
l 0001 Nenninhalt; Anforderungen und Prufung,
(Water heaters and water heating installations for drinking water and for
service water, Thermal insulation for water heaters with nominal capocity
up to 10001; Requirements and testing.)
August 1995
[11] Varordnung uber energiesporende Anforderungen an heizungstechnische
Aniagen und Brauchwasseranlagen,
Bonn, Marz 1994
AS SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

2.4.4 Appendix 4 : France
Gas appliances
l l o) Notionol standords
2.1 The survey of the results for France arigins from the repart n°952838.20
[2] This repart is obout the standards and guidelines which are in use in
France. References for standards in France are:
-PrEN: Proposed European Standard
- NF D: Official French Standard
The "D" meons Domestic, the number efter this indicates the classificotion
of the standard. For example D 35322 is a specific internal codification
of classification of AFNOR (French Standardization Association.)
In the mentianed repart [2] only a selection has been made of the items
which deol especially with requirements for rational use of energy for gas
fired sonitary hot water appliances .
b) Guidelines
There are Departmental Orders like the ane from 12 .08.1993, ollawing
the installation of the littie woter heoters {8,7 kW) monufactured befare
1978, which meons with no shunt and no triple security system
(atmospheric security, fouling security and security in case of the pilot
flame is blowed off). These appliances must be replaced by others befare
August the 25 of 1996. More, even if these appliances contein the triple
security,- they must not provide water for a bath or a shower only for sink
or woshbosin.
There is an other Departmental Order, form 02.08.1977, related to the

general technical and security rules for gos and LPG installations situated
inside habitations and outbuildings.
And onother ane from 23 .06.1978, in which it is stipulated that the

sanitary hot water temperature must not exceed 60°C.
Further more there are other types of documents, the DTU (Unified Tech-
nical Document), which will soon be assimilated to National Standards.
For this SAVE project, we con cite the DTU 60 - 11: Calculation rules for
plumbing sanitary and rainwater evacuation installations, and the DTU
61 - : Gas installations, which concerns installations rules for gas ap-
plionces, fumes evacuotion, ond the ventilation of dwellings.
5.1/ length of pipes

5.2 There are nostandards or guidelines obout these parameters. However
Goz de France carried out a study where the results showed that to

satisfy 90% of the population, the waiting time must not exceed 5
seconds, and then, the length of the pipes between the water heater and
a sink or a shower should not exceed the foliowing values:
Diameter af pipe 12 mm
Length for the sink 4m
Length for the shower 7m
The sink pipe length is smaller than the shower pipe length, because
people still like less waiting if the duretion af the drawing is short (to
wash one•s hands for example).
Further more, if tops are near the water heater, the linear thermal losses
will be reduced.
Diameter of pipes
Table 2.4.4.1 represents the minimum internal diameter af pipes given in
the DTU 60 - l l . For a best comfort 14 mm or more should certainly be
better for shower and bath.
For a flow rate at least lnternal diameters

Equipment equal to: of feed pipes
[mm]
cold water hot water
[l/s] [l/s]
Sink 0,2 0,2 12
Wash basin 0,2 0,2 lO
Bat h 0,33 0,33 13
Shower 0,2 0,2 12
Hand wash basin O, l lO
Washing machine 0,2 lO
Dish washer O, l lO
Tab/e 2.4.4. 1: Minimum internat diameters of pipes
Water inlet temperature

The water generated by the water heater or the boiler varies from about
45°( to 85°( (it depends on the performance of the appliance), but the
outlet water temperature may not exceed 60°C (Departmental Order of
23.06.1978)
Desired water temperature, flow and valurne

The foliowing values arigin from studies made by Gaz de France
concerning the expectations af the users. These desired values cerrespond
to a mixing between hot ad cold water, necessary to satisfy 80% of the
French Population:
47 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4. 1031/Z/9 5.052

Q T v E
[l/min] [DC] [l] [kJ for a cald T ol 1O'C J
Shower l l 39 65,8 7526

Bath 16 40 103 11888
Washing up 8 47 27,4 3851
Shave 5 48 15,9 2379
Toilet 7 40 23,6 2501
Washing hands 7 40 3, l 389
Tab/e 2.4.4.2: Watertemperature, flow and volume to satisfy 80% of the

population
5.3/ In France there are some standard consumption profiles which

5.4 are relevant to the SAVE study. These profiles origin from the CSTB
(Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment) and are used in Gaz de
France 1s experimental buildings. The profiles are shown in the tables at
the end of these appendix.
In the fable on pages 53 and further some information is collected about

energy needs of different types of families.
The study of Gaz de France gives information about the necessary energy
quantity to satisfy 80% o f the French population (see also table 2 .4.4.2)
Further more it is determined that the insulation thickness of the pipes is
certainly important too.
6. There is no label available in France on the aspect of comfort for sanitary

hot water appliances, but thanks to the values giving by the Gaz de
France 1s studies about comfort (stability of hot water temperature, waiting
time) and the needs (power, volume, .... etc. for different types o f dra-
wings), the manufacturers try to improve their appliances to limit the
problem of simultaneity drawings, the stability of hot water temperature,
and the waiting times.

_
Electrical heated and oil fired appliances
_l.
Documcnu NFC7JlZI NFC 73 llJ NFC7J 635 NFDJOOOJ
........
(IUIConliobloOI
....nnlinal
Sc.anu Sialidord SCODdord Stoadud SCODdord
Queotloa 3.1.•4.1 l 7 dlidoncy l 9 Coolinl ponllll!llr (IQ l 6 El&<ioncy
~ • \11 EA:.!~!
w. K• ....§.:..!,__ Effid<ncv r:J "'• bolle<
Vlhlch paru d<al whh r<qul,_.".,
v, • 6Øu. e....,. 70'C
fQr radonnoa.l w.c W, UthttftCI'IVtowum.up
"'• - ... m.n Øo"' e, l 7 Coolånl .,......... , (C<) fer
El : ft\ØIY ol dt.t walla' indo_.taftt opplianao.
Vlhlch «o< m«hod li< wcd Øo • bocw.m IO'C end 25'C bd'cxe lhe ~ l[ ec
el - Er : tfti!IIV af du~ w.~
c' - E:!!. ~(~)
ond--.. ""'
hoc l!nlpCI'IQII'C 11:
th..nd al th ......, 81 lo .~ T~c ... ••
dounnincd by • "'""""''"'
COltlet r:J 8c• 81 + (60 K ±lK)
th<-durinaJIIII'Pire a, : .,øtc:nc IEII'1JCnrurr:
patmnl.
e1 • •c- (25 K ±sKl tl .. IJI duration of axJiint
e1 - øo•c ±l'C
V, • voiUØII!r:Jthonunc• To: ...._.tweottho
c • vollllnll ol1:he •tOnlll!
Rt<tulmnent:
Vah.... r:J
~
Effieloney
- Ieo
......,........,
å &u. mm n r:J t.q;,.,..na
·-(lillr) (>) e, . e•• e, .a•. Tle • ..._,...,.. otlhe ond

lO 0,72
IS 0,78 ~·"'"'"
d<annl,.lion r:J To ond T1e
JO 0,80
... in 17.1.1.1., 17.1.1.1
50 0,82
75 0,86
100 0,89
125 0,90
ISO 0,91
200 <tJOO 0.9J
Doc.u.mtnll NFC7Jlll NFC7Jlll NFC7J6JS NfDJOOOJ

(nao onlloblr ol
lhb•--na.
reørinlinal
Sranu Standard Sialidord StiiDdord Standard
l l Coolånl panl111.8l<f (IQ
SIOnd "' løutt
far in~qna:d oppl;onao
K•~
C(ø,. e.> ITench .-had (... WP7 r:J
'Annuol ollidenev SAVE
Wl : m<r&YCUnl............ prajea')
dwi,. 21 houn a> INIInaln
"'" ........ e,
a. : 1mbfane cempennøe
., ..... 7
IIISiondbv ' - ( Wøs)
w.,- w..o"f ~5
To· T· '·
w,.,:""""'
(eW2)
d.fin<d ... 18
m._. .... r:Jm.

Øon ol 'åle
D"iQa'
"-"'
6T : dilra<na<l af Ih<
lhmnolt:lt

Docum.enu NFq . 221 NFC 7J 22J l-en 6Js
(n , availabit at
NFDJDOOJ
~
lhilmoment,
reprinrinl)
~
Statul Standard Standard Standard Sr.andard
Que:aaion 2.1 NO NO
Neauarv to met:l du: reqlftremen' YES IOT "NF tlrcoicit~" label
loriobol
Quation 2.2.
T ypt appliance :
· indeopcndanr YES YES YES YES

• intCI{I'fUcd NO NO NO NO
Hca1sourcc: elecmcny clecmap;y elecui.cir, o il
Supply prinaplc noroge dirret ltOmte dirtet lltorql!:
Limiution m h cm input NO but th1s st"-ndard ~~pplie5 to NO 70kW

houtc~hold arrli:::~ncc:t only
References
[l] Gaz de France 1s answers to questionnaire

S. Gaffet, February 1996
[2] Recapitulation of normative requirements concerning dornestic water
heaters for saving energy purposes. N. Dutrias and C. Aime
Gaz de France, October 1995
[3] Standards (these are given in the tables below)
REFERENCE TEXIS
-'-·
f ·wa MTAHEOUIWATBIHEATBII"
FRENCH REFERENCEI
PrEN Zl ~RED DOM~C WATER HEATERI FlTTED WITH ATMOIIPHERIC -..EAS.

(JIMIOIIHI
Ca..lftcalion Index
D:II-IIZZ
'·
Pr EN Zl GAS-FIRED DOMESTIC ,l'WATER HEATEAS WITH ATMOBPHI!RIC BURNER AND AIRTIGHT
(JIIIr 11111 COMBUSTION CIRCUIT·FITUD WITH A FAH BUILT INTO THE "'COWIUSTION AIR" OR "CCMBUSTTON
PRODUCT" CIRCUIT OR WITH: ... TOTAL PREMIX IIURNER.
CiaUIIIcallon Index +~- '\ ;;j,
D:II-IIZ2AI
NPD:II~ZI GA&FIRED INSTANTANEOUS DQNESTIC WATER HEATERS WITH AUTOMI\TIC VARIATION OF
(Oclobor 11UI OliTPUT'. .i·..i·~ ~. ~if.;.
Appvvod on 18-011-85 "~

Eft-oon 1&-lo..es ~-.)
NPD:II-3U GM-AREO fNS"TAHTNIEOUS -~TER HEATERS.
Europ..n iltindard EN 21
(OCIGHr 11771
Appn>vod on 27-115,-IMI
Effedlve an 27..oi-M
NF D:II~Zl
"_;,"
GAs-FIRED INSTANTANEOUS DOMESTIC WAlJ!R'"~TERS DEBIGNED FOR CONNECTION TO A
(Octobtr IIIII MECHANICAL VMC SYSTEM FOR VENTING OF,JHE COIIIIIUITION PRODUCTS.
' r
~•:;·n· _.__.r,.'~.;~
Appn>vod on 05-0•81
EHecUve on 05-10.81
"- -\
50 SAVE Contract Na XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

REFERENCE TEXTS
.......
. "'
•tN" .NITANEOUI WATER HEATERB"
"',,.:r.•
FRENCH REFERENCES
.~~~;~ T1TlD
NFD:II-.IU ~STAHTAAEOUS-~DOW!~ WA'ÆR HEATERS IIUIII'IP«l PROPANE-'IR AT ZS ~ Nm

(.luno11111 BUTANE- AJ.~~ tlJIM (H.C. V.) AHO DE&IGHED FOR CON«CnON TO A MECHAIIICAI. \IMC
SYSTEM FCilfl VEHTIP«l OF TKf COiolliUSllON PRooucns.
"-"<! on 05-0~81
EWoctivo on 05-111-81
'>
,~~-
•'"
.....
:,
NF D :11-.1%7 GA&49RED INSUNTANI!OUS DOMEBnC WATel HEATERB W1lH ATMOSPHERIC B~NER Nm
(FobNoly 1 n21 ~RTlGifT COMIIIJ8TION..I:IACUIT FTfTED W1lH A FAN BULT INTO lHE "'CON8US110N AIR" OR
"COMBU&nON PR~ ,CI~IT.
NF D :11-.121 INSTANTANEOUS DOMESTfC WA'ÆR HEA'ÆR IIURHINO PROPNIE..O.IR AT 25loUIM3 Nm BVTANE·

(Oc1obor 11111 AIR AT 24 3 MJIM3 jN.C.\1.).
Apptoved on :za..oe-112
EfflctiVI Dn 2~10-12
.-"\'\
.A
•n ~IRED WATER IOISTANT~E~EATERS FlTTED W1lH AA EXHAUST FAN FOR THE
Dta1ft 8pectftcaUon No. 17 1
of U October 1117 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. l
~upbyiiMICERUG -t7 l
~r"'-.~ REFERENCE JEXTS
~;!TORAGE WATER HEATERS •

..--::r
FRENCH IIEfEIIENCEII 2;r.. ·~~
..
- ~~ ·-----~1
PrEN l i
(N....."Hr1114)
NF D :11-.124 GA~IRED &TORAG~;Wo\~EATING APPLIANCES W1lH FNMSIIIBTED IURHERS.

(Fobnlory 11111
\, " - -
ApøniVOd 011 2IHIHI8
Eftoellwo on 211-02-11
........._,
NFDU4U ~!RED HOUSEHOLD ØT~
-
"'""''\
ATEIHIEAn NO APPI.IANCE8 W1lH NON FAlMlilliSTED
~~~··
"-"<!011 27-45-111
Eft001Noon27-...
"-.r"?
HOUSEHOlD STORAGE WATER-HEAT~~8, W1lH NON fAN.t.$618TED I~NERS,
OPERATING ON PROPANEoAIR AT 2S ~~rJIJf~RAT 2~.3 ~ ( NCV),
, . _... .., 07-QJ-13
ElflldNion07~ ~.
Draft l~tectfie~lion PR '
(Jonuory 1110)
Drwwn up by 11M1 LGPL
/ '''""\ REFERENCE IEXTS

• DOMESTIC WATER HEA11NG IN COMBINED BOILERS"
"'~~
....-"""?
'- '
~~·
FAENCH REFERENCES TITLEI
:~
'"-•
PrEN Ul G...WIRED ~EH+IW. HEAT~G BOllERS· &PE.CIFIC REOUIRE:~ FOR THE DOMEtmC WATER
(Jutyllll) HEATINO F ~CTIOHIH~INE D BOilSI WITHA RATED HEAT l~ LESS 'llWI 0R EOUAI. TO
7DKW.
( .) ,
.:""' '\,
NFDSS-.no
fNo'nllllber 1111)
COMEBnc HOT WA Tii!1 ~WoFF SYSTeO IN QAS.FIRED COMBINEO BOILERB.
,..,,'\-~
l

A~IC 2..
~" Mode 4e produetfon : ladtwtdu.li (pacaataata

.,."',.,..' •ns-...lll'o.~r
Kode 4e prodaetfoa f fDdfyfdual, laatantanle
n.>~.~\. • Oeeupatfoa A peraqnnea Oeeupatlon : J peraonnea
~.,..-- f
~l~"'"
Conao..a~lon f . . '*""
157,1 l/j ..40;,-1 t~/~ Conaoaaatfoa : 12J,a 1/j
u.Jai}ar~w -l- finit •• aouur•s• 32a 1/h ~~ ~l.-J.Jl_~ Dlbft 4e aoutlrase : 259 !/h
ifSIMI "'~ E..d Vol"lll~ (f:tt:r) i)or&toi 6t~}

DEbut Fia Vol~•• (l) Durl!e (a) Dl! but Pia VolUIIe (l) Dude (a)
(h, ata, a) (h, •la, •> (b, ala, a) (b, ata, •>
-7 00-- ,tJ" 7 00 00 7 00 30 .-P'""
~~·
7 00 00 JO 2,a 2,2 30
-7 15--04 '~ "
~æ
w -r-~p- ~·
7 15 00 7 15 00 7 15 04 0,] ·
o.~ "'- ( 4 - , .,l rJ
--52 .s.
~?"~"f:~~~c",,Jf ~1:·il:l u,__....

7 JO 00 7 l l 51 l l -~ ~"' ~
7 30 00 7 31 10,2
-7 57- 19- J77, , .-.:.. ~-
•å
,::!:~~.. ~~. -~ a
-:;;t;=!"
··~i!t~1 -'t ~~~·-

7 57 00 _..,..: ~ .';;1 '::, f9 7 57 00 7 57 111 1
•. 'lo .... "'ffi l
x a tø oo
~"';f.l V ..lt!.\
"!il' :!!
a 111 oo ·:~-~~-!!~?-
~- ..... ~
10 a 111 09 l 9
l 111 10 "'"''
·Æ::f ·:~:;;· til
II_J 1 oS\~~"'· \.n,2

"'• l "' .".
8 42 00 8 J! 05 \I.-r"'·" '!9 ,7 545 8 4Z 00 1 545
8 53 00 ·""'""- '1(,.,~!1;'03
L
::; 0,3 3 11 53 oo ..J. 'r(~,;u· oJ 0,2 3
' 10 00 l i ~ \\1."'69 -6,2 69 ' 10 od9( l"li}. 9iull"08 4,9 611

~ 1
9rj!~oo ~-ø#'' 11 311 45
- 45
....a:.____ -
,~~ 7 931144
~.l 3,2 44
:1f
-1,9
(:,1t~~:
13 43 43 43 13 43 43 3,1 43
14 13 40
-20 220 14 ll 39 15,11 2l9
15 OJ 15
- l,~ 15 15 03 00 15 Ol 15 1,1 15
15 111 00 15 19 41
-9,2 101 15 111 00 15 19 41 7 ,l 101
15 45 00 15 45 02
-
0,2 2 15 45 00 15 45 02 0,16 z
191500 19 15 18
-1,6 la 19 15 00 19 15 111 1,3 111
- 19 lO 00
19 lO 00 19 ]1 Ja 8,9 9a 19 31 J7 7
19 4a 00 19 53 40
-
ll l40 19 411 00 l' 53 40 24,.5
"
l40
20 2l 00 20' 23 41
-J,a- 41 20 Zl 00 20 2l 42 l 42
210000 21 00 09
-0,8 9 210000 210008 0,6 8

Kode de produetion : lndlwldae1, tnetenten!e Hode de produetion 1 tndlwtduel, Inetantanie
Occupatlon : 2 pereonnea Occupetlon : t penonne
Conaoa.etlon : 78i7 l/j Conaam.ation : 38 1 8 l/j
Dtblt de aoutlrese 1 173 1/h D!bit de aoutlrase 1 100 1/h
Dl but Fin Vo1UM (l) Durle (e) Dl but Fia Voluø (l) Durte (e)
•>
~
(h, •lu, (h 1 a1a 1 e) (h, •la, a) (h, Dln 1 e) æ-~"' _;.~
7 00 00 7 00 37 37 ~::ol .. l i:. 7 00 00 7 00 32 0,9' ' '
7 15 00
1.8
~- - ~ 4
~~ ... r;-:1
~ ailfu;J ~~
-- 00
7 15 7 15 03 0,1 ... ~:;!::_· : ~~~,:~~~ 1~. : : :~ :::~~1'
.ir~
"
7 15 04 0,2
--
7 30 00 7 32 15 l 6 .s~:".. -,:~~~,;''\i~l5<;;"'"'jj·
..~,1.1l!l 'ilr, .. "'-!j!, .;.
7 ]0 00
--
7 57 00
7 31 59
7 57 18
3 ,l 4~~~- l·'li-L~ .
1.. 1f:.•"''_· ~p 5_
ls "1=t
t•d r-o·· ,~~'

-;••"fi-,
:.iit
18
7 57 00 7 57 23 ••.•. .,~, Æ •• w!:: -:.....
-- ..a..J=· -~1 ,2\~
.......
8 18 00 8 18 12_,"(~, · · .,,t~~t6. •.t,J l 12 8 18 00 8 ~~ 07 ~l~blf.'f• \ 0,2 7,0
8 42 00 l 8 .$.2 57''i!:~W· ''ltr!J1.6 657 8 42 00 .. -~t':ilF·32 " ! .' 15,9 572 l

··!li:·· 'i3L
8 53 00 "'"" "-!j;,'l!~,~;!;&of' ~2 o,l 2 8 sJ oo ·( ' - ~!l'~l~·~ol o,1 3
9 -~g, oo ~\i:,, ··:~9 ':;11.'"z1 ] ,z 81 ·'"'\! 00 ···~ f-""

11
' 11 08 l, 9 68
~f-]1. 00 "~k'"'' 9 38 52 2.,5 52 l .. !!j;,:!l?. 3t_9, 9"' 9 38 47 1,3 47
'\3''''~]
::~,.i:r'O"
00
14 1o·oo 14 10 00
15 00 15 03 00 P•• d'occupatlon dana cette ple'e horetre.

0] Pes d'occupatlon dana cette pleae boralre.
15 18 00 15 18 00
15 45 00 15 45 00
19 lS 00 19 15 18 0,5 18
19 15 00 19 15 19 o.9 19
19 30 00 19 31 58
19 30 00 19 31 40 2,8 100
5.7 118
19 48 00 19 53 56 9,9 356
19 48 00 19 54 52 19.8 412
20 l] 00 20 l] 43 1,2 43
20 23 00 20 23 50 2.4 so
21 00 00 2l 00 07 0,2 7,0
21 00 00 21 00 10 o.s 10

Mode cle produetion : f:.f~~~~,~~~ Mode de productloa : lncll•lduel, •ccu.ul1tloa
Occapatlon : 4 per•onne•
Occup1tlon : l per•onne•
Coa1oa.1tloa z 107,7 1/j
1 Con•-•tlon : 7a,6 1/j
l
D!blt de 1out1nse : 261 1/h Dlblt de •outlnse -: 191 l/h
Dlbut
•>
F111 Vo11111e (l) Durl!e C•> Dl but lla Yalwae (l) Dude (•) ··'
(b, ala, (b, •la, •> .:::-
-"' (b, aln, 1) (h, ala, 1)
....-:n~·
c;::"l..
" r•
7 00 00 7 00 24 1,a ~~""'\;. ~~? ·" 7 00 00 · 7 00 24 1,3 7,~~''*~- ·~ f
7 15 00
7 30 00
7 15 03
7 31 31
0,2
6,6
-~~•.. l~[~"
~'!;;,.. ~~i;:'''~··;:æ!~·".'"'"
?,j ;>""
7 15 00
7 30 00
7 15 02
7 31 30 l
. ~=
0,1
~
- .. ,.......
·~J.: :i:::.. T~~~k.=:i1~::::::::~;
4 a ~-'"'-. ·~. "·"W9o
. . . .:.~ • ft ~a ~
, ...
.,;;<!' ~;~~:~ 1 ~J;~oi1' '~;:.">g,

""ih s,-.:r.r • :f!&
7 57 00 7 57 16 16 7 57 00 7 57 15 -~P' ii 8 ~ . 15
,;....,:t:;:"'ti"..~.. :;!_
a 18 oo 8 18 os ~:'l#- ··i~~;~~'o':'&!!n--''b 1 8 a ta oo 8 18 7
~-·4'9'- 27
:r.:
8 42 00 ~""l
•;:j =l2,4 l 447
. ;jf.~ - -tii
l :~~ .. - 8 •z oo -~~8 49:t %6

'"ill: .. ~~,;;:r·
.,,, 23 7
•
446
8 53 00 .#~j ~'l;''tl~~?·~!l.~· 0,% l 2 8 53 00 'lli:

~!:.
"'1:) "tE;:
~~8 ,,~~".()2
.. --:r.-
0,1 2
~;l~ .J 10
'•"'' 56
9 10:!;00
...o;E .il'
....
.:~:-
4,1 l 56 _,:;'ifO.'
'li
00 ''\ fl' 9 10 56 l 3 l 56
. 9 3$] 00 ,.,
::1.1 tr- -m-
9 38 38 2,7 l 38 \"il;,,9 la :oO!.
'' '"'- ~f~
9 38 38 2 l 38
!i r""- .
·~"i3:g,p~~ 13 43 38 2,7 l 38 'o 13 ' 43 oo 13 43 38 2 38
. 14 lO 00 14 13 lO i.l,l l 190 14 10 00 14 13 10 10,1 190
IS 03 00 15 03 13 0,9 l 13 15 03 00 l 15 03 13 l 0,7 13
15 18 00 15 19 28 6,4 l · as 151800 l 15 19 28 l 4,7 a8
IS 45 00 15 45 02 0,1 l 2 1s ~s oo l 15 45 02
l 0,1 2
19 15 00 19 15 16 1,2 l 16 19 15 00 l 19 15 17 l 0,9 17
19 30 00
19 48 00
19 31 30
19 49 30
'·'
22,9
l
l 315
90 19 30 00
19 48 .00
l
l
19 31 30
19 53 15
l
l
4,8
16,7 315
90
20 23 00 20 23 38 2,1 l 38 20 23 00 l 20 23 38
l 2 38
210000 21 00 08 0,6 l a 210000 l 21 00 07 l 0,4 7
54 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

Mode de prodaettoa 1 tndl•lduel, aceueule~loa
Mode de productloa 1 lndlYlduel, accu.u1et~on
Occupatloa 1 2 pereonnea
Occupatton 1 l peraonne
Cona-ation · 1 .49 1 9 1/ j
Conaaa.atlon : 24,9 l/j
Dlblt de aoutlrase l ua llb
DEbit da aoutlrase 1_100 l/b
DEbut Pin Voluae (l) Durle (1)

DE bit Fln Voluile (l) Durfe (e) (h, eln, a) (h, eln, a)
(h, eta, a} (h, eln, a) _::~
::~r# r -- orrl''
7 00 00 7 00 111 .. 0,5 ; ~tF+- ··~l~~"" :

7 00 00
--
7 00 31 1,1
~-"""•· '"uj(''''"'
7 15 00 7 15 OJ 0,1 -~ :. ~~~~~~t:~~~l.·~~-j 'ft~ •
7 15 00
--
7 15 03
o.1 .L "'~J~-- J~ 'i:. •·
7 JO 00 7 31 49
7 JO 00 7 J1 08 l •
'f..,.. ' ~~~~8
·~ ;;:J ....
-
7 57 00 7 57 17 -e.1-.•.
....... \Ø'·-"'"~ ·- :: 17
"' 2r
,..,.."-'! 6
7 57 00 7 57 14 ··'l''""g
·;~~~~- ~.
·~ f!P'"-lc
~ '" ~ 14 --- .,:;.r
?-1;:- ~;~~~J
ll ,,r.
~ lp=
r=
l. ·'
8 00
1IJ 11 18 l 11
~ ~J
8 18 00 8 18 oJ<(". ,:1·
....
·~:;j•
.,,
·•:m~~.•
o. t'~
Jr
3 -8 42 ...:.
a 42 oo ,eøJ"-'f7 49 "if· 9,7 349

00 l=~~~~03 ~~{: ~h ,3 543
··n ...Y
.
·'
-
n,l 3
'f;iL "~it.~J ,;Ø-l•
11 53 00 _o~;!i~ 0,1 3
!,}.~ 00
a.-:..~~
2,4 67
"' ~ 00 ~ f. __,,~J, io 43
~
1,2 43
.;p',~ :l:'"
"ij ~l 00
s: ...:
-'l"'" 9 38 45 1,6 45
.' P.;. .' 31. ~ 9 38 29- - o,a 29
~11~1°'00
ill ~-TI·~--
. 00
~ ' • 14 10 00
14 10 00 l
l 15 03 00 Paa d'occupation dane cette plaae boralra.
1S 03 00 Paa d • occupatloa dana l:ette plaae horalre.
15 111 00
15 18 00 r
15 45 00
1S 45 00
l 19 15 00 19 15 19 l o.1 19
19 15 00 19 15 14 0,4 14 l 19 30 00 19 31 49 l . 3,9 109
19 3Q 00 19 31 12 2 72
19 41 00 19 54 15 l 13.7 385
19 48 00 19 52 05. 6,1 245
20 23 00 20 23 48 l
-
1,7 l 48
20 23 00 20 13 29 0,8 29
210000 210011 l
-0,4 l 11
21 00 00 21 00 03 1),1 3
SAVE Controet N" XV11/4.1031/Z/95-G52

55
r\
; t
~ucuJ&}4l,~t nwis ~ c:l.om~c. \-.o~ W4kr eJ So' C.

in{vf\~oø-' of-t"tc. <W:li\ctb\, ''\'"p~t<~\o-_o~ ""~ ~
l
CXCI)pln~~
~"'P"'i. ..'r
Pollet 6 alimenter
Evier lusage cuisinal

e;> 50
60
(2) Evier + lawbo 1100 80

2100 120
360g,jf.i!· ~r~- 150
~
Lawbo + douche
• :!;)''
_..ti:J f=;Øi-·
280CJ'~••
41.5
71,5
18
55
100
130
...
~..!! •
Lallllbo + .400 11 75
® petite baiQnoire 300
3200
21
37
71,5
101,5
120
175
2100 24 68 95
(f) 3400 39 107" 170
4200 48 132 190
e+ + ,·· v.w!W· 1700 19 • 52.5 115
~ P't] te bJg~!?!tfl. 3400 39 107 170
-~Bn ....~~M~· 4100 53 145,5 235
Evier+lavabo+ 2500 29 79.3 150

tt> g.-.nde baignoire
(+douchet
4200
5500
48
63
132
173
240
340
Evier + lavebo + 1·2 2700 31 88 170

<l> g.-.nde baignoire
laVIHinga
+ ~
5-6
4100
6000
53
68
. 147
188
260
360
Evier + lavabo + 3700 42 116 230

~ g.-.nde baignoire +
lave-linge+
6500
7900
75
90
207
248
320
420
Jaw.yaiaselle
t:"' .
~ ..,.~,......,,~",,.,. .IIII".
@1)\.,\ .. W4,~~cu\+ ~
\J)nnf. +.Wil.tMlQSI~+ b· "'let(+~}
+'
WA4~"'~ ~~C
~-Il"· .. wa, l.M • b:l·f.,q}t ...-
"""~ ~· ... ,L WA~Cr

2.4.5 Appendix 5 : Denmark
Gas appliances
In Denmark appliances for hot water produetion are most of the time boilers in
combinalian with a storage tank.
The melhad mentianed in [3] is a combinalian of a method for seasonal boiler

efficiency and a method for hot water efficiency.
The boiler annua! efficiency method follows the DIN 4702 part 8 methad,
except for the choice af input, which here is related to the application and not
to the boiler.
The tap water efficiency is measured in a 24 hours period with a tapping
program included. The tapping program is bosed on the regulotory tapping
program. These have also been mentianed in the repart af WP 3-5 af the
former SAVE projaet [2] and arigin from [3]. The mentianed tapping patterns
aregiven below.
No. Tapping Start time for topping !min.)
l l Beth o
2 2 Bath 30
3 3 Shower 60
4 4 Shower 80
5 5 Sink 100
6 6 Sink 120
Tabel 2.4 .5.1: Tapping pattern for boiler with hot water tank
No. Tapping Start time for tapping !min.)

l l Shower o
2 2 Shower 20
3 3 Shower 40
4 4 Shower 60
5 5 Shower 80
6 6 Shower 100
7 7 Sink 120
8 8 Sink 140
9 9 Sink 160
lO lO Sink 180
ll 11 Sink 200
12 12 Sink 220
Tabel 2.4.5.2: Tapping pattern for boiler with instantaneous hot water
produetion
There are same problems in the method, because of the heat capocity in the
storage.
57 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4. 1031/Z/9 S-Q52

District heating
Standard or guideline on hot water tanks or instantaneous water heaters for

district heating or for cernbination with boilers
l . Measurements inelucled
-heat transfer [4, p32 and p43]
- volume (heated) [4. p36]
- heat loss to the surroundings [4, p26 and p42]
2. Interpretation
The tapping is stated on p9 [4] (form regulations). Simple modeiling gives
fig. 2.4.5.1, which says that a bigger tank gives a smaller demand for heat
input.
40
32.3
~
~30
æ l1
i
:;;: : 1n Of"
~
Qj 20 " T
'l\
lD
§ -\
\
"" .
l
"'>
"':;; 10 l\ "CO/io
--..... ;:u er
--
> \
.~
' ~
-..
:;;:
~
w o
o
-~
- - -- """ --- --
'VIIg lJt 1.,~
5
~ li\ VW l en ....
Beholders effektive energiindhold Eelf, kWh
Fig. 2.4.5. 7 Effective heat input in relation to the content of the storage tank.
3. Annual efficiency
Is not stated, but normally it is possible to calculate it from the heat
measured under l .
4. Measurement parameters
temperatures, flow and pressures.
References
[l] DTI's answers to questionnaire

O. Paulsen, february 1996, otp/sp/1535
[2] Annual efficiency Calculation Method For Dornestic Boilers, Controet No.
XVII/4.1 031/93-008, Work package 3-5: Assembling of national data
H. van Wolferen TNO, December 1994
[3] Testing procedures for the determination of annual efficiency and annual
emissions of dornestic boilers.
J. Schweitzer DGC, May 1991
[4] Prøvning af vandvarmere, Prøvestand og prøvemetoder
H. Lawaetz DTI, May 1985
[5] Fjernvarmeunits, Betingelser for godkendelse af standardunits
DTI, September 1994
58 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1 031/Z/95.052

2.4.6 Appendix 6 : United Kingdom
Gas appliances
There is a -relative ly wide range o f UK standards relating to dornestic hot w a ter

appliances and their components but most of these are primarily concerned
with the safety. Relatively few have efficiency criteria.
Compliance with British Standards is not mandatory, except where that

standard, or parts of it, are referenced in Regulations eg the Building
Regulations l 991 . Some of the standards are covered by the quality assurance
scheme operated by BSI (the 11 Kitemark 11 scheme). Other organisations involved
in providing produet approvals for the purpose of demenstroting compliance
with particular regulatory requirements relating to the safety of hot water
appliances inelude the following:
British Gas Safety and performance testing

af natura! gas appliances
British Board of Agreement(BBA) Safety testing of unvented hot
water heaters
Cool Research Establishment (CRE) Safety and performance testing
of solid fuel appliances
Water Research Centre (WRcJ Testing of materiels in contoet
with water
British Elecrrotechnical Approvals Board (BEAB) Testing of electrical heating
systems
In general, efficiency standards for dornestic hot water produetion have only
been Formuleted where dornestic hot water produetion is the sole function of the
appliance. Where the oppliance serves a dual function eg a cernbination
boiler, only the heating efficiency is routinely tested for compliance with the
standard. The hot water function of dual function appliances may however be
tested for the purpose of validating manufacturers elaims with regard to
dornestic hot water flow rate by some procedure in addition to the standard
test. In such a case it would be usual to base the test on a temperature rise of
40°C through the appliance with a maximum supply temperature of 25°C.
Some of the boiler standards inelude a specific set of conditions for testing the
efficiency of an appliance as a circulator ie. a boiler with the specific function
of providing damestic hot water via a remote direct ar indirect cylinder. These
conditions are genarally 30°C return and 60°C flow. The markat for such
circulators is however quite small (< 10,000 units/a) and probably declining in
favour of conventional central heating arrangements .

The standards applied to electrical water heaters in the UK are the current
European standards since these have been available for same time
There are two system design standards where dornestic hot water gets a
mention. These a re BS 6700:1987 Design, -installation, testing and mainte-
nance of services supplying water for dornestic use within buildings and their
curtilages, which applies to plumbing generally, and BS 54.4.9:1989
Specification for forced cireu/ation hot water central heating systems for
dornestic premises.
Listing of standards and documentation

Key to the foliowing tables:
ThP Thermal performance test
loss Steady state heat losses
??? Content of standard uncertain lfurther information to be provided)
htg eff Standard ineludes efficiency test for space heating only
QS Quality scheme
K BSI kite mark (Supervised quality system)
Further notes aregiven at the end of the tables .
Table 1 British Standards
Standard Th P QS
BS 699: 1984 (1990) Specification for copper indirect cylinders for los s K
damestic purposes
BS 853: 1990,1994 Specification for calorifiers and storage vessels for los s
central healing and hot water supply
BS 1566 : 1984 (1990) Copper indirect cylinders for damestic purposes los s
Part l Copper indirect cylinders double feed K
Part 2 Copper indirect cylinders single feed K
BS 3198 : 1981 (1990) Specification for copper hot water storage los s K
combinalian units for dornestic purposes
BS 3376:1994 Specification for open fires burning damestic solid Note 1

mineral fuels with convection, with or without boilers
BS 3377: 1994 Specification for boilers for use with damestic solid Note 1
mineral fuel burning appliances
BS 4433 Specification for solid smokeless fuel burning boilers with

rated outpuls up to 45 kW
Note 1
Part l: 1994 Boilers with under grate ash removal
Part 2: 1994 Gravily feed boilers designed to burn small anthracite
BS 5258 Safety of damestic gas appliances Safety K

Part l : l 990 Specification for cental healing boilers and circulators aspeels
(replaced by EN297 efter 31 /12/95) only
Part 15: l 990 Specification For combinalian boilers [excluding
condensing boilers]
60 SAVE Contract N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

BS 53 86 Specification for gas burning a ppiiances
Part l: 1976,1989 Gas burning appliances for the instant-
oneous produelion of hot water for dornestic use, EN 26 Note 2
Port 2: 1981,1986 Mini woter heolers (2nd ond 3rd fomily gases)
Part 5: 1988 Specificalion for inslanlaneous gas woter heoters with
_outomatic output variation (2nd and 3rd Femily gases)
BS 5615:1985 Specification for insulating jackels for dornestic hot los s K

water storage cylinders
BS 6332 Thermal performance of dornestic gas oppliances Note 3

Port l: 1988 Specification for the thermal performance of central
healing boilers and circulators (replaced by EN297 efter 31 /12/95) htg eff K
Port 3: 1984 Specification for the thermal performance of combined
appliances: gas fire/back boiler htg eff
Part 6:1990 Specification for the thermal performance of cernbined
appliances: fanned circulation ducled air heater/circulator htg eff
BS 7206: 1990 Specification for unvented hot water storage units and output
packages
BS EN 1623 Specification for copper hot water storage combinalian ???

units (draft)
BS EN 297: 1994 Gas fired central healing boilers · type B11 and B118 s Note 3
boilers with atmospheric burners of nominal heat input not exceeding
70 kW
BSEN 303 Healing boilers with forced draught burnars Note 3

Part l: 1992 Terminology, general requirements, testing and morking
Port 2: 1992 Speciel requirements for boilers with atomising oil burners
BS EN 304 : 1992 Test code for healing boilers withatomising oil Note 3
b urners
BS EN60 335 Safety of household and similer electrical appliances ???

2 Partieuler requirements
2-5 Partieuler requirements for dishwashers (draft)
2-21: 1992 Storage water heaters = EC 335-2- 15
2-7 Partieuler requirements for washing machines (draft)
2-60: 1991 Whirlpool baths and similer equipment
Table 2 Draft EN standards not yet adopted in the UK
Standard ThP QS
EN 255-6,-7,-8 Heat pump sanitary units for healing sanitary hot water ???
Table 3 CENELEC standards
Standard ThP QS
HD 282 51 Safety of household and similer electrical appliances ???
Part 2 Partieuler requirements for instantaneous hat water heaters l 990
( 1992) CENELEC
HD5 00 SI Methods to be used for measuring the energy consumplian ???

of thermal storage water heoters and for the purpose of informing
customers of i t (lE C 3 89) 1988 CENELEC

Table 4 Miscellaneous guidance publications
The Building Regulations 1991 - Approved document Ll- Conservetion Note 4

of fuel and power ( 1995 edition)
BS 5449: 1989 Specifkation for forced circulation hot water central Design
healing systems for dornestic premises guidance
BS 6700: 1987 Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services Design

supplying water for dornestic use within buildings and their curtilages guidance
BS 6880:1988 Code of practice for low temperature hot water healing Design
systems of output greater than 45 kW guidance
Cl BSE Guide Valurne B ( 1988) - Section B4 Water Service Systems Note 5
Note l BS3376 requires a mean water healing efficiency for cool fires with
back boilers of not less than 25% (35% for 11 high output 11 boilers).
BS 4433 Part l requires a mean efficiency of not less than 50% for
open fire healing boilers and not less than 65% for ether boilers. BS
4433 Part 2 requires a mean efficiency of 70% for boilers rated below
20.5 kW and 75% for boilers rated at 20.5 kW and above. Notethat
cool boiler efficiency is measured with a water return of <25 o C, even
for healing applications.
Note 2 BS 5386 EN 26 Part l. Section 4.7 ineludes a steady state efficiency

test for a temperature rise o f 40 o c (in let to outletJ. Section 3.7 siates
that under the normal conditi.ons deseribed in section 4.7, the effi-
ciency shall be at least 80% (net CVJ, 72% (gross CV) and not more
than 88% (net CV) and 79% (gross CV). The standard does not apply
to forced draught or fan assisted appliances nor to appliances which
also provide healing. l have not inelucled a copy of the relevant por-
tions as the same standard applies throughout Europa.
BS 5386 Part 5. Provides a test for verifying the manufacturers claimed

efficiency. The standard states that the claimed efficiency shall be be-
tween 72% and 81% (gross CV basis) .
Note 3 These standards inelude an efficiency test for the healing (primary cir-
cuit) efficiency of cernbination appliances but not for the generation of
dornestic hot water. Where is the appliance is a circulator ie. used as
the heat source for an indirect dornestic hot water cylinder, the test
conditions are 60± l °C flow and 30::t l °C return
Note 4 The Approved Documents give practical guidance of the design of buil-
dings and systems which will comply with the requirements of the
Regulations. Alternative approaches can be offered subject to approval

by the Building Control Officer .
Note 5 The CIBSE Guide is considered to be a reference document for desig-

ners of building services for dwellings, commercial premises, hospitals
etc . lt ineludes some information on daily demand but makes the point
that practical studies of consumption have shown large variations.
Relevant portions have been ineluded with this letter.
Answers to the questionnaire
The answers given for 11 standards 11 relate to the performance and efficiency
aspects of damestic hot water appliances. There are no separate guidelines
although l suppose that the Building Regulations make assumptions about the
efficiency of different appliance types . The quality schemes operated by BSI,
British Gas, BEAB etc. are voluntary Iabeiiing schemes and may inelude
efficiency testing if that is part of the relevant standard.
Description of the documents- STANDARDS
Status
The old British Standards for performance and efficiency were essentially
voluntary. There is however quite streng general legislation regerding produet
Iabeiiing and the verification of manufacturer's advertised claims for
performance.
Type of appliance
Independant hot water appliance Yes
Integrated with heating boiler No specific requirements for hot
water efficiency
Appliances where the sole Function is damestic hot water
Heat source
Gas Yes
O il Yes
Electricity Yes
District heating No
Solar No
Supply principle
Direct Yes
Storage Yes
63 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

Limitations to heat input
Up to 28 kW for instontoneous hot woter heoters BS 5386 EN26 Port l
Up to 8 kW for mini woter heoters BS 5386 Part 2
Up to 60 kW for instontaneous hot woter heaters BS 5386 Part 5
Up to 20 kW for storage water heaters BS 5258 Part 7
Up to 60 kW for cernbination boilers BS 5258 Part 15
Up to 70 kW for boilers BS EN 297 and BS EN 303
Up to 60 kW for boilers BS 6332 Part 1
Not specified for back boilers BS 6332 Part 3 (probably < 15 kW in practiceJ
Limitations to fuels
Gas appliance standords genarally relate to both 2nd and 3rd family gases
(naturel gas and LPGJ. See EN 437.
Oil standards genarally relate to keresene or gas oil as in BS EN 304 etc .
Solid fuel standards genarally relate to anthracite (cool) .
Requirements for the rational use of energy

There are efficiency ranges quoted in the standards for water heaters but not
for the dornestic hot water ospect of cernbined appliances. There are no
requirements for insulotion of boilers but there are for electric water heaters.
Necessary tests
At different flow rates No

Continuously Yes
Discontinuously No
With tap potterns No
Full load Yes
Standby losses Electric heaters only
Parameters to be measured
All of the tests in the standards referred to earlier are for appliance efficiency
or output and are undertaken at full load. The efficiency is measured directly
using test rigs similer to EN297 Figure l a. There are no standards for system
efficiency of dornestic hot woter production.
Further information
The same tables as for Gas appliances have been filled in for elec-
trical, coal fired and oil fired appliances.
The tables are shown down below.

UK lndirect and non•gas appliances
....i.. ·····r·D'~·~·~·;i.P'ii~·~ ........................r····ss"6'99····T·ss..3.i'9a······rss"3'3'76""'T'iis"7'2'o6..... T"'EN.. 3.o3........
l i BS 853 l EN 1623 l BS 3377 l ~ EN 304
! ~ BS 1566 l ! BS 4433 ! l
. . :.l~;t<.itii .
..............;::!..................................................
Labelling i i
,. :.= ! i
·1··=::·]' i
: ........................... .;. .......................... .: .......................... ........................... ...,: ..........." .......................
=···] . ·:·=· . ·}· ....=::.:....
~
2.1 i Required i i i i l
. . . . . . . . . . . . . : • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• : .• • • • • • • •• •• ••.• .• • • •.u .. . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...: . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .
i Voluntary i • i • l •
oooo o.oo.ooo o oo.: ooo oooooo oo oooooooooooo oo oo o oo ooooo oooooooooooooo !oo oo••••• ••• • • • • •O• O • o•n.:oooou oo uoo oo o oooo o~•oo.:oouooo o ooooo o.o o o o ooo.oooro.;• oo ooooo ·o.,·o o o·oooo·oo-..-ow o~.O:oooouooo.oo ooo o...,•o o uooo o
l • ! •
. .~.:~. . !. .~?.':~.~ ....................................!. . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.........................~ ..........................
lndependentj i i • i i i
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i l elec i elec
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i < 45 kW i elec i <70 kW
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3.1 l Rational use of energy i i 1 • i • l •

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i System test i i i i i
i facilities i i i l i
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UK Other documents
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! i Regulations i l !
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i i : •
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i Labelling
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1 Voluntary i i • i • i •
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i •
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............. : ..................................................... :i................................ i............. ..................:i.................................. i..................................
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j Direct i • ~ ! • i •
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i Both i • i i • i •
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l Heat inpul l i l l
............+-············"··"······· .....................;................................,................................!··..............................; ................................ .
! Rational use of energy i •
... 3. 1
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. . . . . . Jl . Tap
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l •
-
............. ..
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i Water flow i : i • : •
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:::::::::::::r::~: ~~~:::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r:::::::::::::~::::::::::::::r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
1 Sufficient
............. ...
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..................... Tj . . . . . . .No i
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....................
References
Extracts from:
[l] BSRIA's answers to the questionnaire
United Kingdom, R. Brown, February 1996
[2] Approved Document l l, Conservetion of fuel and power
The building regulations 1991, 1995 edition
66 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-G52

[3] CIBSE Guide
[4] BS 6700,
[5] Which Book of Plurnbing and Central Heating, ISBN O 340 38160 4
Great Britain, 1985
[6] BS 7206, British standards specifications for unvented hot water sto-
rage units and packages,
British standard institution, 1990
[7] BS 1566, British standard Copper indirect cylinders for dornestic
purposes, Part 2. specific::ations for single feed indirect cylinders.
[8] BS 5615, British standards specifications for lnsulating jackats for
dornestic hot water storage cylinders.

2.4.7 Appendix 7 : Sweden
Gas appliances (related to heat pumps)
Since in Sweden in olmost every fomily house hot woter storages ore in use the
situation is os follows. The heat source, gas, oil electricity, etc. is not importont
from an efficiency view. Most importont is the possibility to deliver hot woter,
see the onswer on question 6.
Sesides of this faet o lot of methods hove been developed, but the method
mostly used is the one eriginoting from the Swedish Testing lnstitute. Bosicly
this method was developed for heat pumps. The most inieresting part is
deseribed in the document NORDTEST METHOD [2]. On poge 13 in section
6.4.6 .4 also a drow-off program is defined. {Table 2.4.7.1)
No. Start Maximum energy quantity draw-off Flow

ho urs [kWh] [l/s]
l 0 .00 3,4 O, l
2 6.00 0,7 0,1
3 12.00 1,4 O, 1
4 16.00 2.7 O, 1
Total: 8,2
5 24.00 4,5 O, l (Check drow-off)
Tab/e 2.4.7.1: Times and maximum draw-off energy quantities and flow rates
for one apartment.
Todoy instantaneous sanitary water consumption is mostly used in multifamily

houses with district healing. The NORDTEST METHOD con take the number of
flets into consideration, which is probably influenced by either a DIN or c VDI
standard
As o condusion energy consumplien is not directly measured for hot water

consumption, it is rather a part of the total healing system. As anether example
it is menticned thot the 1Notional Swedish Board for Consumer Policies 1 issues
a guide of healing appliances. Only electric hot water storages are menticned
in this context. Only water velurne (150- 460 litres) and doily heat loss (45°C)
is mentioned.
The building standord hos been chonged in o woy thot comfort or performance
is preseribed rather than a detailed deseriplien of the building design. Because
of this the foliowing answer on question 6 is relevant.
Comfort
11
Data erigins from Soverkets Byggregler BBR 94 11 [3] (Boverket is National
68 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

Board of housing, building and planning)
Hot water temperature

Appliances for hot tap water should be designed in such a way that the water
temperature at the tap point is at least 50°C.
Hot water flow

The tap points should be designed in such a way that sufficient water flows are
obtained without noise, harmful pressure transients, cerrosion due to high water
velocities. Hot water of cerreet temperature should be obtained without
annoying delay.
Advice: The demand on a certein water flow in the standard is fulfilled if at

least 70% of the flows in the table are obtained when a reasonable number of
the tops are opened at the same time in a building.
Ta p point Flow
[-] [1/s]
Hot and co/d water each

Bath tub 0,3
Shower 0,2
Dish 0,2
Something similer to dish 0,2
Wash-basin O, l
Bidet O, l
Co/d water
Washing machine 0,2
Toilet O, l
Tap for the garden (single Femily houses only) O, l
Hot or co/d water

Dishwasher 0,2
Tab/e 2.4.7.2: Design flows at tap points
Water heaters without storage for single Femily houses should have an
input/output that allows a flow of at least 0,35 1/s for a mixture of hot and
cold water (40°C}. Water heaters with storage for single Femily houses should
bedesigned in such a way that cold water (l 0°C} is heated during at most 6
hours in arder to obtain two tops (draw-offs) of 140 litres each (40°( mixed
hot and cold water) within one hour. The tap flow ought to be at least 0,2 1/s.
The location of the water heater and the distribution pipes size ought to be
such that hot water is present at the tap within 30 seconds.
Hot water temperature

Hot water temperature at the tops for damestic use and personal hygiene must
69 SAVE Centrad N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-G52

not exceed 65°C . The water temperature in permanent showers that eannot be
controlled outside the shower place and in showers for persons that eannot be
expected to control the water temperature must not exceed 38°C.
Devices for hot water control shall be Iocoted and designed so that the risk for
injuries is limited by confusion of hot and cold water.
References
[l] LTH's answers to the questionnaire

Sweden, March 1996
[2] Nordtest method, Exhaust air heat pumps: performance
Sweden, september 1990
[3] Boverkets Byggregler BBR 94
Sweden, 1993

2.4.8 Appendix B : ltaly
Gas appliances
General Information
Safety requirements hove to be met for national legislotion; standord
requirements are sufficient conditions forthis purpose ond in arder to obtain a
voluntary quality label.
General requirements on rationol use of energy ore provided by DPR 412 ond
UNI 9182, related to hot water distribution (see SAVE project "Annual
Efficiency" - WP 3-5 re port): the maximum temperature of incoming water is
48 oc for central hot water production; the moximum drawing off befare
obtaining hot water is 1,5 l; the maximum temperature difference between the
preparotion of hot water ond the farthest tapping point is 2 °C.
Since no test is provided to determine ony aspect of rationol use of energy for
hot water appliances, point 4 and 5 of the questionnoire are not considered
and so no parameter has to be measured for this purpose.
l . Data on national standards on type testing of sanitary hot water appliances:

Italien standards regerding hot water gas appliances a re: UNI 71 3 8 and
UNI 7139 (1973) "Apparecchi ad accumulazione a gas per lo produzione
di acqua calda per uso domestico"; UNI 7168 11973) "Apporecchi
istantanei a gas per la produzione di acqua calda per uso domestico"
There is no standard for gas combi-boilers.
Standards regerding hot water electric appliances are: CEI 61 -39 (1992)
"Sicurezza degli apparecchi elettrici d'uso domestico e similore- Norme
porticolari per scaldaqua istantanei"; CEI 61-1 Ol 11993) "Sicurezzo degli
opparecchi elettrici d'uso domestico e similore- Norme particolari per
scaldaquo od accumulo"; CEI l 07-33 ( 1990) "Metodi per la misuro del
consumo di energie degli scaldacqua elettrici ad accurnulo per uso
domestico e per la relative informazione ol consumatore 11 •
UNI 7138 and UNI 7139

2. Description of the documents:
The two standards regard safety requirements, construction and performance
of gas fired storage water heatars up to 200 dm3 of nominal woter capaci-
ty; no !imitation to the kind of gas fuel (gases belonging to the three families
ore ollowed) and to heat input is introduced; a limit for the maximum
heating time is imposed (see UNI 7139 § 3.5); woter capocities of 50, 80,
l 00, 120, 150, 200 dm3 are preferable; an average water temperature of
65°( is considered as normal for these appliances.
3. Requirements for rational use o f energy:
There is no actual requirement for rational use of energy, but a maximum
consumption is fixed to hold a 65°C temperature for appliances with diffe-
71 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1 031/Z/95.052

rent water capocity (see UNI 7139 § 3.6):
Water capocity Maximum consumption

[l] [W]
50 210
100 290
150 350
200 385
The procedure for the test is given in § 4. 8.

6. Comfort:
There are no quality labels on comfort; only a maximum time for the water
temperature to be increased by 50°C is given (see UNI 7139 § 3 .5), depen-
ding on the nominal water capocity and the type of appliance (V in dm3):
quick: tmax =2 x V0 •826 minutes
slow: tmax =6 x V0 •826 minutes
UNI 7168
2. Description o f the document:
The standard regards safety (construction and performance) requirements of
gas fired instantaneous water heaters; there is no !imitation to the kind of
gas fuel.
The heat outputs of such appliances are standardised as follows: water
heaters (scaldacqua) 8.7 kW;
bath water heaters(scaldabagni) : 17.4, 22.7, 27.9 kW;
hot water distributars : 27.9, 68.8 kW.
3. Requirements for rational use of energy:
There is no requirement for rational use of energy.
Efficiency must be in the range of 80-88% (referred to the net calorific
value): test are carried out with a water flow so as to obtain a temperature
difference of 40°C between inlet and outlet water.
CEI 61-39 regards safety requirements for electric instantaneous water

heaters; (see also IEC 335-2-35)
CEI 61-1 O l regards safety of electric storage water heaters; (see also IEC
3 35-2-21)
CEI l 07-33
The standard regards the measurement methods for the energy consumption of
storage electric water heaters and criteria for the information to consumers (its
appendix is the translation of IEC 379) .
The standard gives only test procedures to measure permanent losses, heating
time and average temperature of water at constant draw off rates:

2 l/min for a ppiiances up to l O l water capacity;
5 l/m in for l 0-50 l capocity
lO l/min for 50-200 l capocity
5% nominal capecity / min for > 200 l capocity
A speciel label called Etichetta Informative (El) can be given by IMQ (ltolian
Qualily label lnstitute) to the appliances in conformity to such a standard.
References
[l] ltalgas answers to the questionnaire

February 1996
11
[2] UNI-CIG 71 37-73 Apparecchi per lo produzione di acqua calda
a gas per uso domestico- Termini c definizioni 11 (Gas fired damestic water
heaters- Terms and definitions)
11
[3] UNI-CIG 71 3 8-73 Apparecchi ad accumulazione per la produzione di
acqua calda a gas per uso domestico - Prescrizioni di sicurezza 11 (Gas
thermal storage water heaters for dornestic use - Safety requirements)
11
[4] UNI-CIG 7139-73 Apparecchi ad accumulazione per la produzione di
acqua caldo a gas per uso domestico - Caratteristiche costruttive e
funzionali 11 (Gas thermal storage water heaters for dornestic use -
Construction and performance requirements)
11
[5] UNI-CIG 7168-73 Apparecchi istantanei per la produzione di acqua
calda a gas per uso domestico - Prescrizioni di sicurezza 11 (Gas fired
instantaneous water heaters for dornestic use - Safety requirements)
([2],[3],[4],[5],[6] approved in February 1973)
11
[6] CEI 61-39 Sicurezza degli apparecchi elettrici d'uso domestico e similare
- Parte 11 : Norme particolari per scaldacqua istantanei 11 (Safety of
households and similer electrical appliances- Part 2: Partieuler
requirements for instantaneous woter heaters) (Feb. 1992)
[7] C El 61·1 O l 11
Sicurezza d eg li apparecchi elettrici d'uso domestico e
similare-Porte 11: Norme particolari per scaldocqua od accumulo: (Sofety
o f households and similer electrical a ppiiances - Part 2: Partieuler
requirements for storage water heaters) (April 1993)
11
[8] CEI l 07-33 Metodi di misuro del consumo di energie degli scaldacqua
elettrici ad accumulo per uso domestico e per la relative informazione al
consumatore" (Methods to be used for measuring energy consumplian of
thermal storage water
heaters and for the purpose of informing consumars of it) (Sept. 1990)
11
[9] UNI 9182 Edilizia - lmpianti di alimentazione e distribuzione d'acqua
fredda e calda - Criteri di progettazione, collaudo e gestione" (Building -
Plumbing design criteria- Water supply and distribution) (April 1987)

2.4.9 Appendix 9 : European standards
Gas appliances
l. PrEN 89
Gas-fired storage water heaters for sanitary uses.
Nominal heat input not exceeding 150 kW lnet calorific value)
This is a proposed European standard.
PrEN 26
Gasfired instantaneous water heaters for sanitary uses, fitted with
atmospheric burners.
Nominal heat input not exceeding 45 kW
This is a proposed European standard which will be in force areund June
af 1996
EN 625
Gas-fired central heating boilers. Specific requirements for the dornestic
hot water operation of cernbination boilers af a nominal heat input not
exceeding 70kW.
This is an official European standard.
3.1 Rational use af energy is an item which is deseribed in the standards. The
sections concerning this item are given in the table below.
Standards, guidelines, Iabeiiing Ports dealing with rational use af

systems energy
PrEn 89 8; 8.1; 8.2

PrEn 26 8; 8.1; 8.2
NEN-EN 625 5.3; 5.3.2; 6.3; 6.3.1; 6.3.2
4. l Explaining remarks
PrEN 89
The tests are deseribed in section 8.1.2. We hove no further explaining
remarks.
PrEN 26
The tests are deseribed in section 8.2.2. The tests are not deseribed
extensively. The description means no more then that the test is corried out
at a continuous flow rate at a fixed temperature rise af the water. The
temperature rise is indicated for different applionces in section 9.2.6
NEN-EN 625
This document applies for cernbined opplionces. The only test for the hot

woter port af the applionee is o test an stand by losses af the opplionee.
The tests are deseribed for two speeific opplionce types . Firsily there is the
applionce af which the tank con be diseonnected. In the second ploce
there is the opplionce where the tank con not be disconnected from the
boiler. For the opplianee mentianed first there is o test deseribed in section
6.3.2. For the second applionce type the tests for stand-by losses are
deseribed in EN297 /PrA2.
5.1 In non af the documenls tests ore deseribed ar required on hot water
systems in combination with water outlets.
5.2 PrEN 89
In this doeument there are some tests whieh con be reloted to occupant
behaviour. Items which have to be determined ore menticned below.
• Healing up time (described in section 9.1)
• Mixing factor of the water temperature in the applionce Ideseribed in
section 9.2)
• Spark restoretion time (described in section 9.3, as far as l understond
not relevant for occupant behaviour)
• Conlinuous draw-off Ideseribed in section 9.4
• Specific rate Ideseribed in section 9.5)
PrEN 26
In this documenl there are some tests which con be related to occupant
behaviour. Items which have the determined are mentianed below.
• Woter flow rate ond water temperature Ideseribed in section 9.2.6; the
port which is reloted most to occupant behaviour parameters is -
deseribed in section 9.2.6.2.4)
• Healing up lime Ideseribed in section 9.2.7)
NEN-EN 625
In this document o dislinetion is mode between instantoneous ond storage
types. One seclion of the document opplies for both types. This port is
deoling with the specific rate of the opplionce ond is deseribed in section
6.4 . 1. The other sections on occupont behoviour ore deoling with hot
woter temperature lsection 6.4.2.3) and healing up time ISection 6.4.2.4).
5.3 Parorneters which hove to be meosured ore only flows, in- and outlet lem-
perotures and temperature of the woter in the tank. There are no scheme's
availe ble.
5.4 No, we consider the specified meosurements in the mentianed documents

nol enough to calculote the annuol efficiency af sonitory hot woter
oppliances.

6. Only in PrEN 26 some aspeels of comfort are described . These aspeels
are waiting time and healing-up time.
l. At this moment there are two documents in force on electrical appliances .

These documents are :
• PrEN 50193 concerning closed instantaneous hot water a ppiiances
• CEI 379 / NEN l O 379 concerning storage hot water appliances
2.1 As the neme PrEN 50193 indicates thi s is a proposal for a European
standard. In the Netherlands this document is already in force. The stand-
ard CEI 379 is officially in force from l 988 for the Netherlands.
2.2 Scope of the documents
PrEN 50193 CEI379
lndependent, integrated Ind . Ind .

Gas, Oil, Electricity, E E
District healing, Solar
Direct, Storage, Both D s
heat input
2.3 The documents apply for electrical appliances for household purposes
3. There a re no sections deoling with rationol use o f energy in the documenls

for electrical water heoters.
4.1 There are no tests specified on rational use of energy. This means thot no
tests are done to delermine aspeels of rationol use of energy.
5. l There a re no (hot) woter systems o r tapping points defined to do tests o n.
5.2 For instontoneous water heaters tests ore corried out to check the tempera-
ture rise of the woter, these tests ore deseribed in section 8.4 of PrEN
50193 [4].
Tests deseribed in the standard for storage water heaters deal with:
• rated capocity (section 13 poge 15)
This test is done to delermine the capocity which has to be drawn from
the tank before the healer switches on.
• standing loss {section 14 page 15)
This test is datermines the stand by losses
• Hot water output (section 15 page l 7)
On a specific flow depending on the capocity of the water healer the

hot w a ter output is determined l. .. .litres at .... o q
• Reheating time {section 16 page 19)
The time to reheat the capocity from 15°C to 65°C.
• Mixingfactor (section 17 page 19)
This test gives information about the influence of letting in cold water on
the mean temperature of the water outlet.
• Deviation from dial calibration (section 18 page 19)
This test is to see what the difference is between the real mean tempera-
ture and the dial temperature.
• Cyclic temperature variation (differential) (section 19 page 19)
5.3 l think more information is not relevant for the developing of the
framework
5.4 No
6. As far as we know there is no comfort label on water heaters .
References
[l] PrEN 26, Proposal for a European standard on Gas fired instantaneous
water heaters for sanitary uses, fitted with atmospheric burners.
June 1995
[2] PrEN 89, Proposet for a European standard on Gas fired storage -water
heaters for sanitary uses .
March 1994
[3] NEN-EN 625, European standard on Gas fired central healing boilers-
specific requirements for the dornestic hot water operation of combination
boilers of nominal heat input not exceeding 70 kW.
[4] NEN-EN 50193 PrEN 50193, Secand draft, Closed electrical instan-
taneous water heaters . Methods for measuring performance.
November 1995
[5] CEI 379 /NEN l 0379. Methods for measuring the performance of electric
storage water-heaters for household purposes.
1987

3 ASSEMBLING OF THE METHODOLOGIES FOR CALCULATION OF HOT
WATER ENERGY USE
Prepared by : Jean Schweitzer, DGC
3.1 Introduetion
3.1.1 Controet specifications
An overview of existing methodologies for the calculation of the energy use for
dornestic hot water produetion under more or less realistic conditions.
The foliowing aspeels of the methods will be reported :

* Type of appliances for which the method is suiteble
* list of required input
* list of generaled output
* Description of the model used.
3. 1.2 Comments to the controet specifications
Some experimental methods (for the calculation of energy use for dornestic hot
water production) are based on energy balance during typical tapping
programs. Those experimental methods have not been treated here as they are
often inelucled in standards (see WP2). As indicated in the controet
specification this package did focus on calculation methods. Eleven models
from different countries have been studied and compared in this package.
3. 1.3 Organisation ol the work
One partner in each of the countries represented was responsible of collecting

and sending information to the package person responsible. A questionnaire
(form) has been prepared on beforehand in order to have a simple and quick
way to compare the existing methods . The results have been analyzed and
compared to the requirements of the future harmonisad method. As a
conclusion, a proposal for a working programme has been drafted.
3. 1.4 Definitions (from [J 5 ])
Combination boi/er: Boiler designed both for central heating and for the
produetion of dornestic hot water.
The cernbination boiler is classified as follows, in accordance with the
manufacturer 1s declaration:
- fnstantaneous type
- Storage type.

Other definitions (water heaters, etc.} ore to be found in the corresponding
standards).
For the sake of this package, the appliances could be classified as follows:
Case l : Storage type heated with a boiler
Case 2: Storage type directly heated
Case 3: lnstantaneous type.
In case l, the boiler con or connot be a combination boiler.
3. J.S Modelling
The difficulty of modeiling the efficiency of sanitary hot water produetion is

illustrated in the best way by case l : storage type heated with a boiler.
Case 1:
This presents the most complicated situation of modelling, the two ether cases
con be considered as simplification of this first ane.
P/os, tank
.
P/os boiler Pflue
Plos,b-t
Tank Boiler
Pout,boiler ·· Pin
f-
PHASE 2 PHASE 1
Pout,tank
Plos,syst
Distribution
System
PHASE 3
P out
Figure 3.1.5.1: CASE 1: Storage type heated with a boiler
The process of hot water produetion con be separated in three distinct phases:
PHASE 1: The energy (Pin) is initially used by the boiler in arder to heat
water. This is done with certein jacket Iass (Pioss,boiler) and flue
gas Iass (Pflue) to which shall be added the losses of the piping
between the boiler and the tank (Pioss,b-t) .
PHASE 2: The energy produced from the boiler (Pout,boil) is Iransmitted to the
water in the tank. The tank has continuous Iass (jacket): Ploss,tank.

PHASE 3: Finally the heat produced by the appliances (Pout,tank) shall be
transported to the tapping point, and there are of course additional
losses (piping) in-between (Pioss,syst).
This could be translated in the general equations where the different efficien-
cies are considered:
- the boiler efficiency while producing hot water.
- the tank efficiency (defined by the losses).
- the distribution system efficiency (defined by the losses) .
lt is also important to determine whether same losses could be considered as

recuperated during the heating season (eg. tank or piping losses when in the
heoted valurne o f the house).
Case 2:
In the case of storage directly heoted (e.g. electric heoting), the same opplies,
but only from (2): there is no boiler. The mothemoticol modeiling of this con be
done by considering the boiler efficiency (Eff,boiler) equol to l.
P/os, tank
Tank
Pout,boi/e r= Pin
Po u t, tank
P/os,syst
Distribution
System
P out
Figure 3. 1.5.2: CASE 2 : Storage type direct/y heated
Case 3:
In the case of water heater or boiler used for direct heoting of the woter, the
phose 2 shall be short circuited (the tank efficiency con be considered to be
equal to 1) .
BO SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

P/os,boiler Pflue
P/os, b- t
Boiler
Pout,tank = Pout,boiler Pin
1---
PHASE 1
P/os,syst
Distribution
System
P out
Figure 3 . 1.5.3: CASE 3 : lnstantaneous type
Boiler Pin = Pout,boiler + Plos, boiler + Plos,b-t + Pflue (l J

E f f ,boiler = Pout,boiler / Pin (2)
E f f ,boiler = l · (Pios,boiler + Plos,b-t + Pflue)/Pin (l )+(2)
Tank Pin,T = Plos,tank + Pin,syst (3)

E f f ,tank = Pout,tank / Pout,boiler (.4)
E f f, tank = l - Plos,tank l Pin,tonk (3)+(4)
System Pin,syst = Plos,syst + Poul (5)

E f f ,sysl = Poul / Pout,tank (6)
E f f ,sysl = l - Plos,syst /Pin,syst (5)+(6)
Appliance only: E f f, Appl = Poul, tank/Pin

= E f f , boiler * E f f , tank
Overall system: Ef f = Poul/ Pin

= E f f ,boiler * E f f ,tank * E f f ,sysl
3. J.6 Analysis of the different phases

All the models ar e more o r les s based o n the equations developed in 3 . 1 .5 .
The differences in the models are mainly how the different losses are treated.
PHASE 1 (case 1 and 3)

For the case 1:
The boiler losses and so the boiler efficiency will greatly depend upon the
frequency af start/stop of the boiler. The temperature desired in the tank,
the thermostat differential, the temperature probe position (in the

tank), and the real temperature of the water in the tank are among the
main parameters which will be determinant. The temperature of the water in the
tank land distribution) is depending on the demond in hot water: tapping
flow, volume, frequency etc.
Finally the components af the boiler itself leg. overheating safety) also have an
influence on the start/stop frequency. The heat exchange between the tank
ond the water from the boiler, the boiler heat capacity, etc. will have an
influence o n the water lemperature and so o n start/ stop frequency.
In conclusion, the boiler efficiency is therefore very dependent on the water

tank and the tapping lfrequency, energy tapped etc.). This streng inieroetion
between the water tank and the boiler makes this phase difficult to model.
To make it even more difficult, the boiler con either be dedicated for sanitary
hot water produetion only le.g. in the summer time) ar could be also be used
for healing lcombi-boilers). In this case, the calculation af jackat losses and flue
gas losses are particularly difficult when both functions lheating & sanitary hot
water production) shall be treated separately.
For the case 3:

The problem is not very difficult for the instantaneous production. In case the
system is without a tank, the boiler is controlled directly by the user need. This
situation is more simple. However, as for the precedent case, dynomic
modeiling is probably necessary.
PHASE 2 (case 1 and 2)

The tank efficiency os defined here is only dependent on the water tank
losses. Dynamic modeiling is probably necessary if reheoting time etc. shall be
token into account. This situation is however more simple to calculate if same
hypotheses are taken on the uniformity af the water temperature in the tank.
However, this lost point sholl be considered carefully. The strotification of
temperature in the water tank is a known phenomenon. This stratification is
dependent on the time and the configuration af the heat exehanger or healing
element in the tank.
The losses of the tank shall also be considered in two situations: with and
without circulation af water.
PHASE 3 (case 1, 2 and 3)

The distribution efficiency as defined here is quite simple to calculate .
However, the hypothesis af a uniform level af the water temperature in the
pipes sholl at least be checked. In addition, the unused valurne af hot water in
the piping system shall also be taken into account.

3. J.7 Target accuracy for modeiling
The sophistication of the model to be developed will of course depend on the

airned accuracy . The objective, which could be reasonable, would be to obtain
differences between measured and calculated values of efficiency which Iies
within the accuracy range of measurement. The achievement of the objective
also means that same investigations are necessary for a reasonable
estimation of the measurement accuracy. This pointshall not be
forgatten in the second phase of this project.
The model(s) shall also be simple in arder to make its use easy and as
transparent as possible. Therefore it shall not be too sophisticated.
The model shall also as far as possible use the input from type testing and
not additional tests (however, it will certainly be necessary to extend the test
program, considering the experience with the previous project).
3. J.B Conclusion: How to treat the problem
In a first approach, it seems that the dynamic aspeels are very important for all
of the cases. (This means the need of measuring time constants, which will
probably need the extension of the tests to edditianol measurements compared
to type testing).
For the case l, the o n/ off frequency o f the a ppiiances probably has a much
greater influence on the efficiency when campering with the healing function of
boilers only. When healing needs are genarally of 10.000 kWh/years and
over, typical hot water needs are approximately between l 000 and 4000
kWh. This means that losses, which con be considered os small for healing
purpose, might not be any more for hot water production. A speciel attention
shall for example be paid to the energy used for the healing of the boiler each
time the boiler starts. (Energy which might be lost if the boiler is again cold
befare the next boiler start). The possible pump contribution shall al so be
considered carefully.
Because the hot water need could be very different (small tapping for hand
wash, lerger tapping for bath) the overage part load efficiency is probably not
a sotisfactory way to treat the problem of boiler efficiency.

3.2 Survey of the results (existing methods)
3.2.J Comparative tables
Mllhod N111111 1-·· j..... l_, 1- 1-- 1-1-··1- ,.,._,... 1-· 1..... 1- looc-1
8oope
l~ l~ r l l~ l~ l~ l~ l~ l l
HMØ!g applianca
Olltributian aywtem IX IX
Control I)'IIIITI 1: x 1:
Appllanc:l
FUEL
Gu x x x x x x x x x x x
Fu.ioll x x x x x x
Ellctriclty X(1) X(1) x x x
Solar -øv/d iltriet healinG x (2) x x x x
MODE
onct (no llorega)
Slllnlge (tank)
TYPE
~~~~ ~~~~ 1: l~ 1: 1: l~ 1: lx l lx l lx l
x x
Stand .Jone
lntngrallon healing l~ l~ IX
l~ l~ l~ l~ l~ l lx l~ l l
x IX
x
Input
Standlid tut (e) x x x X(7) x x x x x x x x
Tapping progr11111 x
[)ynamic tull (time cst) x x x x x x x
other x (3) x (l) x 131 x .x
ll•-1111. requlred
l~ l~ j: l rl l l l rl rl
Standlid (b)
Tlllktemp.
other r 1: x
Delalia on model
Cone1antTw
Vuylng Tw
AMBIENT TEMP.
lx IX IX
l! lx IX IX IX IX
l
x IX IX
l
Talcllllnto ICC. lx lx l!·! l!·! !x? lx lx lx
Tapping pattern
lYI'l:
Datlilled
Glllel"al
APPUCAOON
l lx
x (41 IX IX
l l x IX lx lx!•! l l
(41 x x IX IX IX
l
Appllanc:a
Tapping point
INFORMATION NEEDED
l~ l~ l IX
l l~ l~ l lx l
x IX IX IX IX
l
Stilting time x x x x x
Wld«volume x x x
Wat.rftow x x x x x x x
Tout tilgat x x x x x
o.lred heat output x x x x x x x x
Algorttiwn
Vary limpie
Futyalrnple
Sophill.icated
(1) Storage only (S) Notfor llec.

(l) : Ell\clency, ltandby IOIIH (2) In connectlon willl IIIC. (l) No Nltllc:UOrw
(b): Temperatur., flow Ile (3) TIIIII volume and maa {7) Wllh 101M VIriltloni
(4) Ollily (l) Tr i louM. Hlalilg up IIIIlVY

3.2.2 Evaluation of the existing methods
Piease note thai due to the time ollocoted for the execution of Ine package a very detailed
examinalion of the differenl melhads was nol possible . Therefore Ine foliowing conelvsion shall be
drown with precaulion and con possibly be adapted in the light of future remorks . See olso more
deta ils on the melhads iri Ine appendices. --
Same of the melhads (e.g. [l]) seem too simple for the accuracy airned at in
the project. Too many simple hypotheses are used, for example same models
are using fixed values for same parameters instead of measuring them.
The melhads [2], [7] seems to offer same inieresting elements for modelling, but
the methods are obviously not good enough for the problem of tank-boiler
interaction : the efficiency of the boiler is genarally not treated in detail and is
supposed to be known. In addition same (too) simple hypotheses con harm the
accuracy of the calculation in the cases 2 and 3 as well [2). Those methods
however propose simple (non dynamic) equations for the ether cases (no boiler-
tank interaction), which con at least be partly used, when the relevant parame-
ters are measured instead of being fixed as for same of the methods.
Th~ method [9] gives very detailed deseriplien of the different heat losses
(piping, water tank) ond some dynamic is also taken into account. This is also
the case for the method [ 11] where the dynamic o f the different components is
taken into account. lt shall be studied in the light of more detoiled deseriplien
of the model, if this is sufficient for salving the Rroblem of inieroetion tank j
bo iler.
The methods [3] and [6) might give same inieresting elements to salve the
problem of inieroetion between the tank and the boiler, but no details are
available at this stage. The method con certainly not be used directly (too
sophisticated).
The case of boiler equipped with water tank has been studied and a modeiling
is proposed for some simplified cases [21 ]. The calculated values are
compared with experimental values measured.
The yearly efficiency concept is taken into account in severol methods (eg. [7),
[9] etc.).
The difficulty of combinalian of hot water produetion ond healing is treated in

[9) (see 5 .7).
The specific case of moduloting boilers is taken into occount in [11 J.
The standard hot water consumplian is given in [4). This could be used later on

when discussing 1typical cases 1 •
Regerding the heat exchange in the water tank, some sophisticated models are
available [14]. A possibility to use them to calculate the return temperature to
the boiler and the start/stop frequency shall also be considered.
3.3 Condusion and proposels
Inspiration from several existing tools con be used for modeiling hot water
produetion performances of appliances.
lnstantaneous appliances (case 3) and storage type directly heated (case 2) do

not seem to cause too much trouble for modelling .
The main difficulty seems to be in the case of the storage type heated with a
boiler (case l). The inieroetion between the boiler and the water tank is quite
complicated. The dynamic modeiling of this situation is already treated in some
of the models. The question is to delermine whether this is satisfactory or not,
especially if the existing models do take into account all the relevant
influencing parameters identified. In a very first evaluetion it could be said that
existing models only partly give an answer to the problem. For the second
phase of the present projaet it is advised to look at this point particularly. The
modeiling effort required will probably be greater on configuration of type l
compared to configuration of type 2 and 3.
Finally il shall be undedined that the validetion of the models will certainly be
a very important and delicate phase. Each type (cases l, 2, 3) has specificity
when considering the measurement and testing. Those specificities shall be
taken into account carefully. The measurements problems shall not be
underestimoled and it is of ulmost importance to use the experience af labora-
leries having already done some investigations (e.g. [16], [21] etc.)
The objective of the next steps in the working program would be to datermine
in detail the aetions to be undertaken . lt is suggesled that some of the methods
should be presented and discussed more in detail. lt is important to datermine
more clearly which existing methods con be used and which directions shall be
chosen. In this way il will be possible to conclude an the effort required to the
elaborolien of the harmon isad calculation method.
For this reason, il is suggesled that more details shall be given on the foliowing
references:
[3] La prevision du rendement annuel des chaudieres.
CETIAT March 1986.

(6] TRNSYS (Nefit Fasto, CETIAT?)
[13] Handleiding programme warmtapwatervoorziening TAPSIM versie 1.3a,
Hans von Wolferen, TNO 1991 .
(21] Modelling of hot water produetion of a boiler equipped with a water
tank.
Working document. J. Schweitzer, DGC, 1993.
The foliowing references shall also be considered in the discussion:

(4] Volutazione del rendimento medio annua di caldaie a condensazione
nella produzione di acqua calda sanitara,
L. Rosa, R. Tosato, Congresso Naz,
ATI, Cosenzo 1989.
(9] VDI 2067 Blatt 4. 1982.
(11] SAVE XVII/4. l 031/95-052. Note an WP3, Hans van Wolferen TNO,
March 12 1996.
[ 14] Dynemie modeiling o f a hot water tank with spiral heating coil.
Libing Yang, Otto Poulsen DTI. KWI 22/93.
(17] Hot water produetion efficiency of electrically heated tank. Working
document.
J. Schweitzer, DGC 1993 .
Of course all references (see further) shall as far as possible be studied more
detailed in arder to take into account the existing models when elaboreting the
calculation method .
Finally it con be suggesled that the organizalian of the work for modeiling
could be done by creating 11
under-working packages 11 • The saveral cases could
be treated separately efter a framework has been set up.
3.4 References
(l] L'eau chaude sanitaire dans les batiments residentiels et tertiaires.

Conception et calcul des installations.
AICVF . PYC Edition 1991 .
(2] Regles Th-C: Regles de calcul du coefficient de performance thermique
global des logements.
Cahiers du CSTB Septembre 1993.
(3] Lo prevision du rendement annuel des chaudieres.
CETIAT March 1986.
[4] Valutazione del rendimento medio annua di caldaie a condensazione
nella produzione di acqua calda sanitara,
L. Rosa, R. Tosato, Congresso Noz, ATI, Cosenzo 1989.
[5] CIBSE Guide (UK)
[6] TRNSYS (Nefit Fasto, CETIAT?)

[7] Energetische Guete von BWE-Systemen.
Dr . Ing . Shultz, Dipl Ing. Kampfenkel. HLH 5/87 .
[8] Wirtschaftlichkeitvergleich von direkt und indirekt mit Gas beheiztem
Warmwasserspeichern.
W Hoesel, S. Jeske, W. Muehlenbrock. GWF 7/89.
[9] VDI 2067 Blatt 4 . 1982.
[l O] DIN 4708 Teil 1,2,3. April 1994.
[11] SAVE XVII/4.1031/95-052. Note on WP3,
Hans van Wolferen TNO March 12 1996.
[12] Energy consumplian and environmental pollution in sanitary hot water
systems.
PHJ P. Bartholomeus GASUNIE, T. Museloers GASTEC, J. Afink TNO;
1993.
[13] Handleiding programme warmtapwatervoorziening TAPSIM versie 1.3a,
Hans van Wolferen, TNO 1991.
[14] Dynemie modeiling of a hot water tank with spiral healing coil.
liking Yang, Otto Paulsen DTI. KWI 22/93.
[15] pr EN 625: Gas fired central healing boilers. Specific requirements for
the dornestic hot water operation of cernbination boilers of nominal heat
input not exceeding 70 kW.
December 1994.
[16] Testing procedures for the determination of annual efficiency and annual
emissions of damestic boilers.
J. Schweitzer, L. Jacobsen, B. Spiegelhauer DGC 1993.
[17] Hot water produetion efficiency of electrically heated tank.
Working document.
J. Schweitzer, DGC 1993.
[18] Prøvning og vurdering af solvarmebeholdere med gas- eller oliefyr som
supplement .
O . Paulsen. DTI. Date ?
[19] Solvarmebeholdere med kedel-backup. Dimensionering og driftsforhold.
O . Paulsen, l. Katie . August 1993.
[20] Prøvning og beregning af vandvarmere på Dansk Teknologisk Institut,
Energiteknolog i.
O. Paulsen, DTI. Date ?
[21] Modelling of hot water produetion of boiler equipped with water tank.
Working document.
J. Schweitzer, DGC, 1993 .
[22] Tes t rig s for (?) gas fired boilers (in DK)
DTI 1985, Grundtoff, Paulsen.
[23] Dynemie modeiling using differential equations,
J.E. Nielsen "Kviksol" Documentation (in DK) April 1995.
88 SAVE Controet No XVII/4. 1031/Z/9 5·052

3.5 Appendices : Details on some methods
3.5. J Introduetion
For the preparation of WP 4 it is useful to have an overview of the contents of
some of the methods.
The references given in paragroph 3.2.2 ond 3.3 have been investigoted
further when materiel wos ovoiloble.
However, the references [11], [12], [13] ore supposed to be known by the WP
4 responsible persons and have not been included here.
Same of the details of this appendix have been directly given by the
contributors. Other details needed further anolysis of the materiel which was
handed out.
3.5.2 Overview of the documents/references
A: Details given in Appendix

B: No materiel available
C: Not relevant
D: More details requested.
A B c D
[l] L'eau chaude sanitaire dans les båtiments residentiels et x

tertiaires . Conception et calcul des installations.
AICYF . PYC Edition l 991 .
(2] Regles Th-C: Regles de calcul du coefficient de x
performance thermique global des logements.
Ca hiers du CSTB Septembre 1993.
(3] La prevision du rendement annua! des chaudieres. x x
CETIAT March 1986.
(4] Valutazione del rendimento medio annuo di caldaie a x
condensazione nella produzione di acqua calda
sanitara ,
L. Rosa, R. Tosato, Congresso Naz, ATI, Cosenzo 1989.
(5] CIBSE Guide (UK)
(6] TRNSYS (Nefit Fasto, CETIAT?) x
(7] Energetische Guete von BWE-Systemen. x
Dr . Ing . Shultz, Dipllng. Kampfenkel. HLH 5/87.
(8] Wirtschaftlichkeitvergleich von direkt und indirekt mit
Gas beheizten Warmwasserspeichern.
W Hoesel, S. Jeske, W . Muehlenbrock. GWF 7/89.
(9] VDI 2067 Blatt 4. 1982 . x
[l O] DIN 4708 Teil l ,2,3 . April 1994 .
89 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

[11] SAVE XVII/4 . 1031/95-052. Note on WP3,
Hans van Wolferen TNO March 12 1996.
[12] Energy consumplien and environmental pollution in

sanitary hot water systems.
PHJ P. Bartholomeus GASUNIE, T. Museloers GASTEC,
J. Afink TNO; 1993.
[13] Handleiding programme warmtapwatervoorziening x

TAPSIM versie l .3a, Hans van Wolferen, TNO 1991 .
[14] Dynemie modeiling af a hot water tank with spiral

healing coil.
libing Yang, Otto Paulsen DTI. KWI 22/93.
[15] pr EN 625 : Gas fired central healing boilers. x

Specific requirements for the dornestic hot water
operation of combination boilers of nominal heat input
not exceeding 70 kW.
December 1994.
[16] Testing procedures for the determination of annual x

efficiency and annual emissions of damestic boilers .
J. Schweitzer, l. Jacobsen, B. Spiegelhauer DGC 1993 .
[17] Hot water produelion efficiency of electrically heated x

tank . Working document.
J. Schweitzer, DGC 1993.
[l B] Prøvning og vurdering af solvarmebeholdere med gas- x

eller oliefyr som supplement.
O. Paulsen . DTI. Date ?
[19] Solvarmebeholdere med kedel-backup. Dimensionering

og driftsforhold.
O. Paulsen, l. Katie . August 1993.
[20] Prøvning og beregning af vandvarmere på Dansk

Teknolog is k Institut, Energiteknolog i.
O. Paulsen, DTI. Date ?
[21] Modelling of hot water produetion af boiler equipped x

with water tank . Working document.
J. Schweitzer, DGC, 1993.
[22] Test rigs for (?) gasfired boilers lin DK) x

DTI 1985, Grundtoff, Paulsen.
[23] Dynemie modeiling using differential equations, x

J.E. Nielsen "Kviksol" Documenlation (in DK)
April 1995 .
3.5.3 [l J "L'eau chaude dans les botiments residentiels et tertiøires.

Conception et calcul des installations".
• TYPES OF APPLIANCES
- individuel or collective,
- instantaneous or with storage,
- gas, oil, electricity for storage only.
90 SAVE Controet W XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

• LIST OF REQUIRED INPUT
- type of materiel and its nominal efficiency
- application: bath, shower and/or wash up,
- valurne af storage tank,
mass af the tank equivalent in water,
- pilot flame,
- characterisfic of the installation .
• LIST OF GENERATED OUTPUT

- heat output,
- annual consuniption,
- efficiency of storage, of generation.
• DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL USED

lnstantoneous
The heat output is. determined:
P = l . 16 Q ple (60-Tf)
T, cold woter temperature (given for same Franch towns in a tablej

Qple : water mass flow rate for the maximal consumption in ten minutes
(given in a table).
The temperature of the hot water' is 60°C.
With storage
p "' l. l 6 v 60 - Tf
' 8 x0.9
v. is the volume of storage for a water temperature at 60°C (given in

board).
Genera Ily, the duretion af heating is 8 hours. The coefficient of O. 9
takes into account the heat losses of the tank.
• CALCULATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Heat output per year
Eut = P x 365 x 24
91 SAVE Contract No XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

Annuol efficiency
llc T] - 0.2
T] nominol efficiency of the boiler
lld;, onnual efficiency of the distribution system
ll>ra annua! efficiency of the storage
Cv consumplian af the pilot flame (kWh/an) "' 1200 kWh/an
Cm consumplian linked to the mass af the boiler (in a table).
Annual efficiency of the storage
T] s to = - --::-3-::::-9-:-4-::D:---:X~
l + --=--·-
Eut
T] dis
X coefficient dependent on the tank (site, type ... )

D, heat Iass factor of the tank.
The values are in o table
Annual energy consumption
Eut
E =--,~ (kWh PCS)
T] gen x0.9
3.5.4 [2] Regles Th-C: "Regles de calcul du coefficient de performance

thermique globale des logements"
• TYPES OF APPLIANCES
- individuel or collective,
- instantoneous or with storage,
- gas, oil, electricity for storage

- type af materiel, location,
- town,
- nominal efficiency,
- oreo of the flot (in house),
- heat input

• LIST OF GENERATED OUTPUT
- annua ! consumplian
- annua ! efficiency
• DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL USED

B
Ce c =~ (kWh)
11,
c.c annua! consump·tion

B., requirements
11ec efficiency
B.c 21 Sh (kWh)
sh orea of the flat or house 1m 2)
11ec 11de X 11, X 11ge
11do efficiency of the system of distribution
11, efficiency of the storage tank
11 9 • efficiency of produetion
To delermine the efficiency of distribution (11dol the parameters of the

system must be we!l-known (diameter, length of pipe ... ).
• STORAGE TANK (ELECTRICITYJ, INDlVIDUAL
Vs volume of the tank

c, and c.f factor taking into a.c count the looation and heat losses of
the tank (values in a tableJ
• INSTANTANEOUS, INDlVIDUAL
TJs = l
without pilot flame
with pilot flame
11c "' 11 - 0 .02
11 is the nominal efficiency of the boiler
93 SAVE Controet N 6 XVII/4.1 031/Z/95.0.52

• STORAGE (GAS OR Oll), INDlVIDUAL
pen = standby losses IW) (volues in o to ble)

Qc = nominol heat input
C.1 = factor
• HOT W ATER COLLECTIVE PRODUGTION (GAS OR Oll)
T]' = -----.,....,.........,.....,..--~:--
394 D, 1.1
l + ---"--.,----
B., l T'l d.
Ds : heat losses of the tclnk ('value.s in a table).
• HOT W ATER COLLECTIVE PRODUGTION IELECTRICITY)
= ---,::-:::-~---=-
T] l
l
394 D,
+ -:::----:--
c.,
B.c, l lldu
llgo
3.5.5 {3] "La prlwision du rendement annuet des chøudleres".
• TYPES OF APP LI ANCES

ind ividuel ,
instanloneous ar with storage,
· gas ar fue l

- nominal heat input,
- calorific capocity of the boiler,
- set temperature,
- duretion and mass flow rate af tapping pattern,
- cold water temperoture.
3.5.6 [7] Energetische Guete von BWE•Systemen.
The model is treating the summer (hot water only) and healing season (hot
water + healing) differently. The days are classified as week-end day or
94 SAVE Contract No XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

week day where the hot water needs are different.
Therefore the model is based on 4 different situations resulting from the
cernbination of the two abave mentianed parameters.
Rather simple models for the annual efficiency are proposed for
- electric appliance
- water heaters
- combi-boilers.
The parameters of the models are

the appliance nominal heat input and efficiency
- the standby losses
- the energy use for the reheating of the appliance.
See repart for details on formulas .
3.5.7 [9] Economy calculation of heat consumption, warm water supply

of installations
The required energy for the warm water supply (sec. 5) is calculated out
of the sum of
needed warm water output at the tap(s)
heat losses due to dynamic healing -and cooling of the appliance
- heat losses due to dynamic healing and cooling of the pipes
(distribution system)
- heat losses caused by the distribution system during the distribution of
warm water
- heat losses by circulating pipes (if available)
- stand-by losses.
Needed warm water output at the tap(s) (sec. 5.1)

The needed warm water output is calculated out of the number of persons
multiplied by a daily-averaged warm water need.
Heat losses due to dynamic heating and cooling of the

appliance (sec. 5.2)
This is the heat input for warming up the heat exehanger and its water
content if the appliance starts for the water tap.
For gas-direct-heaters with a pilot flame the heat loss is O.
For appliances in heated rooms with a temperature control the heat loss is
considered as recuperated.
95 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1 031/Z/95.052

Heat losses due to dynamic heating and cooling of the pipes
(distribution system) (sec. 5.3)
These heat losses are calculated on the basis of the mass of the pipes and
its water conlent under consideration of a cerreetion factor for
simultaneity.
Heat losses caused by the distribution system during the

distribution of warm water (sec. 5.4)
These losses are in relation to the other losses negligible {pipes are
insulated) .
Heat losses by circulating pipes (if available) (sec. 5.5)

This value con be calculated very easily according to the length, diameter
and insulation of the circulation pipe. The circulation pump has to be
controlled by a clock. In heated rooms the heat Iass con be considered as
recuperated .
Stand-by losses (sec. 5.6)

In heated rooms the heat Iass con be considered as recuperated.
The stand-by losses for the different appliances are calculated or

determined in different ways. {See sec. 5.6).
3.5.8 [J 7] Hot water produetion efficiency o f e Ieetrically heated tank
The melhad gives o model which con be used to calculate the

temperature evolution in a water tank under tapping conditions .
p p Q.t
T =(T - ) +(T -T. + )·exp{--)
in 4.1 8-Q ø '" 4.1 8-Q VT
P : heat input to the tank during tapping

Q : tapping flow
Vr : tank volume.
Tø : Initial woter temperature in the tank
Tin : lnlet temperature in the tank
lime
The tank losses could be taken into account by adequate cerreetion of P.

3.5.9 [J 8] #Prøvning of vurdering af solvarmebeholdere med gas - eller
oliefyr som supplement"
(Some definitions are missing in the report) .
...... ·:
~
TD IOifanget
..
..
Heat output from the boiler:
CB dtk
mCk (tr-t,) = - - · E = mCk.il =E -Ck-
C8+Ck d•
with:
E = 11· Eind 11 = boiler efficiency under normal conditions
Eind boiler net heat input
= heat capocity af the water tank
= heat capocity of the boiler
= tf - t,
Elevation of temperature in the water tank:
Forward temperature :
(4)
with t6 : water tank temperature:
tf -l,
l> = (5)
ff -tB
Water tank time conslant:
l+~ CB
(6)
---------·-
4(1-~) mc
97 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

,. Heat exehanger
• Case l: horizontal spiral
Healing of the volume, withoul stratification:
E = l -e-N N
UA (7)
mc
During lopping :
E = 1-(l·E 0 t(l·e:m)n, (8)
l - e ·NJ I-ZJ
l -Z e -N.(l -ZJ
n
l - e -N.I l ·Z.I
E :=
m
l +Zn
N =~
n 2n
zn= 2n . z
n is lhe number of spirals (Z is nol specified Il
for n ~ «> (n ~ 5J:
• Case 2, verticol spiral (?) :

Healing:
E = l - e·N
Tapping :
l -e -N(l ·Zl
E = ---=--- (91
1 +Z
• Case 3, vertical spiral (?): contrary flow

Healing :
E = J • e ·N
Tapping:
l -e -N!l-ZI
E ::: --=--:-::~ for Z~ l (1 O)
l - Ze -Nil-ZI
N
E = for Z = l (l O)
l +N
98 SAVE Ccntrøct Na XVII/4.1 031/Z/95.052

• Heat transfer from boiler to the water tank
• Burner on:
Edyn = E (l -e-~)
IICI
(l l J
6. = f:1
s la?
.(] -e -~) (12)
• Bu rn er off:
E = ElJure '•• (13)
f:1 = f:1 e ... (14)

''"'
115)
Ca
Estol = ·E
CB+Cl(
Ca E
6. SI Ol =
CB+ CK mc
T is the time from the start and from the stop respective ly.
Energ y delivered :
1
1
on : Eell = Estorl 1 - _ _-..2.,_
e_'_'"] ( 16)
TaK
(17)
3.5. JO [2 J J Modelling ol hot water produetion o f boiler equipped with

water tank.
Tests have been carried out on a condensing boiler equipped with a

tank. The results have been used
- to improve the measurement configuration of the test rig;
- to draft o model for hot water efficiency (energy factor) calculation.
However, the results obtained are not sufficient for a complete model

validolion and some i nfluence parameters must be investigated .
The measurements have demonstrated that the hot water efficiency

(energy factor) could be calculated with
T] = _l_+ Lll· PSBY.T+tcool. P~BY.B (l -exp-41/t._.) l-l

r
l T]TAP out
where l TJTAP is the tapping efficiency or "recovery efficiency" under

continuous tapping conditions (parameter of the model);
2 Ll is the interval between two tappings (input of the model);
3 PSBY .T is the stand-by losses of the tank (parameter):
4 P58 v.s is the stand-by losses of the boiler (parameter};
5 tcaal is the cooling time of the boiler (parameter};
6 Eout is the value of energy tapped from the tank (input).
The remaining parameters (which influence the result) that are to be

investigated:
- lnfluence of thermostat position on stand-by losses of the tank;
- lnfluence of water flow on TJTAP;
- Experimental determination of the model parameters l ,3,4,5.
Other points shall also be investigated:

- Does the thermostat position have an influence on efficiency during
tapping?
- Cerreetion of stand-by losses of the tank (how to cerreet test results so
that they are independent af thermostat position};
- Yalidation of the model for different types af boiler /tank;
- Development of a testing procedure for hot water efficiency calculation
by use of the model.
The model has been validaled and con be used with a good accuracy if
the topping frequency is not tao high .
lnvestigations have been corried out in arder to set up solutions for the
experimental determination of the parameters needed.
Experimental accuracy of the test method is olso treated.
100 SAVE Controet No XVII/4. 1031/Z/95..052

4 CREATION OF THE FRAMEWORK
Prepared by Hans van Wolferen, TNO
Preface to the second draft
In this Final version the results of the discussions at the Gastec meeting on April
22 and 2 3 1996 and the comments on the second draft of May 1996 are
incorporated.
4.1 Introduetion
4.J.J Controet specificotions
ob;ective
The creation of a general European framework for the determination method of
energy consumplian for damestic hot water production.
The framework wi/1 deal with the foliowing aspects

dynamic behaviour of the equipment
inieroetion with the installation
user behaviour / tapping patterns
climatic ond national conditions ---
Programme
TNO will calleet the structured results from WPs l to 3. With the information
gethered in this way a framework will be built which will eaupie the
characteristics of the appliances, installation, user behaviour and climatic and
national conditions with the available and necessary tests.
The framework will then be the basis for continuation projects on energy
savings of hot water appliances and especially for the integration of sanitary
11
hot water produetion of combinalian boilers in the Annual Efficiency Calcula-
11
tion Method for Dornestic Boilers •
Organization
TNO will be the WP responsible. Gaslee will give assistance in building the
framework.
4. J.2 Comments to the controet specificotions
Programme
Structured modeiling may be performed step by step:
101 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-o52

l. specify process
2. model proces s
3. i m piement model
4. validate/test model
5. management and maintenance
In this project step l (specify process) and the first stages of step 2 (model
process) will be done, resulting in the required framework.
4.2 Process specification
In this specification the model requirements aregiven for the foliowing subjects :
objective
process deseriplien
model output
model input
demands and priorities
organisation of management and maintenance
4.2.1 Objective
The general objective is the creation of a general European framework for the
determination method of energy consumplian for dornestic hot water
production. The more detailed objectives of the final model are:
determination of daily and annua! energy consumplian (fuel, auxiliary
energy);
determination of daily and annua! C0 2 -emissions.
The model may be used to:

select low energy appliance;
analyze the influence of user behaviour on energy use.
4.2.2 Process description
The process objective is dornestic hot water production. The process consists of
the foliowing components :
tap pi ng pattern;
distribution system;
healing appliance, including inieroetion with healing system (for
cernbination boilers);
contro l system;
cold water supply system;
environmental conditions for appliance and system;
power generation conversion efficiency and emission, only to be treated as
102 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

model input parameters .
For distribution systems both direct and circular systems are applied. There are
tendencies towards:
growing application of pipes in walls;
growing application of Flexible tubes.
A minority of installations consists of two separate healing appliances with

separate distribution systems.
In workpackage l of this project markelshares on sanitary hot water

appliances are assembled. This data is u sed for the selection of a ppiiances to
be incorporated in the framework. The foliowing restrietions are applied in the
selection:
no wood or cool heaters or boilers, no district healing or solar healing;
no heat pumps.
Considering these restrietions the foliowing appliances have to be incorporated
in the framework:
Integration with heat conversion supply type neme

damestic healing source principle principle
stand alene gas di reet di reet gas instantaneous water heatars
stand alene gas di reet storage gas storage water heatars
stand alene· o il di reet storage o i l storage wc ter heatars
stand alene electr . direct di reet electric instantaneous water heaters
stand alene electr . d i reet storage electric storage water heatars
integrated gas di reet di reet gas instantaneous boilers
integrated gas di reet storage gas storage boilers
integrated o il di reet storage oil storage boilers
integrated electr . direct storage electric storage boilers
Tab/e 4.2.2. 1: Selection of appliance types .
4.2.3 Model output
Energy consumplien on daily and annua! base for:

useful heat output at tappoint(s) in MJ;
useful heat output of healing appliance(s) in MJ;
fuel consumplien (gas, oil, electricity) in both MJ and
m3 gas or kg oil
primary energy use for generating electricity consumption in both MJ and
3
m or kg;
auxiliary energy use for fans, pumps, controls in kWh or MJ;
primary energy use for generating electric auxiliary energy in both MJ and
3
m or kg;
efficiency of healing appliance(s), with and without regard of the auxiliary
energy use;
efficiency of healing system (appliance(s) and distribution system), with and
without regard of the auxiliary energy use;
emissions (C0 2 ).
The participants require different dimensions for energy amounts presentalion

and fuel consumption: MJ, kWh, m3-gas equivolent. In the programmethis has
to be implemented. In the programme cafeu/ations SI units wi/1 be used. Input
and output may use other units .
4.2.4 Model input
Tapping pattern
tapping pattern (at tapping points or at healing appliances(s));
general ordetailed patterns, different options possible (time, tappoint,
demanded volume or energy, minimum temperature, flow).
Distribution system
principle (direct, circular);
dimensions (diameter, lengths);
materiel and resulting heat capacity;
losses, insulation, pipes in the walls or in the air.
Healing appliances
inieroetion with healing system (combination boilers);
heat source : gas, oil , electricity;
conversion principle: direct conversion;
supply principle: direct, storage;
temperature control: constant, floating (flow/load depending);
lag time: flow/load depending;
conversion efficiency: constant, floating (flow/load depending, temperature
depending);
standby losses (pilot flame, storage tank losses);
start/stop effects (depending on oH-time);
auxiliary energy use (pump(s), fan, control) .
specific emission (C0 2 ).
Control systems
conslant supply temperature;
conslant temperature increase;
night shift (storage appliances) .
104 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

conslant temperature increase;
night shift (storage appliances) .
Co/d water supply system

conslant temperature;
varying temperature (city/region, climote/seasonal depending).
Environmental conditions for applionces and system

temperature in the rooms involved (heating appliances, pipes) .
Power generation
power generotion efficiency;
specific emission (C0 2 ).
4.2.5 Demands and priorities
Demands on the model:

the results of the model calculation, including parameter determination
procedure, have to be reliable and reproducible;
the relative accuracy of calculated efficiency should have the same
magnitude as for daily efficiency measurements at a test stand using a tap
pattern;
the model hos to use relevant data from normalized tests;
the model should not require user input data, confusing to non specialist
users.
Demands on model implementation:

implementation in the BoiiSim program, with manager and user versions;
facilities to implement different interface languages;
the programme has to be equipped with help-screen functions and both
user and manager manual;
healing oppliances parameter input con be done by managers only;
users and monagers con define the process, using the appliance
parameters, and calculate and present the performance.
4.2.6 Organisation of management and maintenance
For programme management ond distribution the same procedure will be

followed as for BoiiSim. Project participants receive manager versions of the
program. Distribution of user versions is performed by the managers.
4.3 Process modeiling
In this chapter the model framework is defined for the foliowing subjects:
l05 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

process visuelisation and chorocterisotion;
relevant process factors;
experimental data ;
relations between process factors;
modeiling principles .
4.3. J Process visualisation and characterisation
In this porograph, basic schemes of the process os o whole and of the different
applionce types are g iven . The process scheme indicates the boundaries of the
model ond the relevant i nput ond output variables.
The schemes of the opplionce types are used to:
further define the different applionce types;
give more details on the main physical characteristics.
lt should be mentianed thot there is a great variety in real configurations for

each oppliance type. Therefore it is difficult to give a fully complete overview
of applied configurotions. Emphasis Iies on configuration differences resulting
in model differences ond not on parameter differences .
4.3.7.7 . Process schemes
Primary fuei input

Prlmary tuelinput
l
l
Coid water Power
generation :
l
w
Cold water Power
generation
JHeating
jappliance
. . : : === ===
Eiectric power
==::
!Heating ~ = =
=
i appliance 1 Elec111c cc
_,w""'-
err _ _ _,
Fuei (oil, gas)
· Distribution Room temperature Distributton l Room temperature

. system system
- - - 'X-
Tapping pattern
i Tapping pattøm
1---oo--.]
L__j--~1
__ _ _ _j
Figure 4. 3. 7. 1: Process with di reet distribution system ~

Figure 4.3. 1.2: Process with cireu/ar distribution system ~
In the schemes above the two main installation configurations are shown, with
either direct or circular distribution system.

The power generation conversion efficiency and specific emission are used as
model input parameters. The values of these parameters are country depending
and require no study in this project.
4.3.1.2 Stand alone heaters
Gas instantaneous water heater
jlf~
Legen d:
l. cold water inlet
2. hot water outlet
3. gas supply
CD 4. combustion air
5. burner
6. heat exehanger
7. flue gas exhaust
8. control thermostat
Figure 4.3. 1.3: Gas instantaneous water heater
Most gas instantaneous water heaters have a moduloting burner. The gas sup-
ply (load) is diminished if the waterflow is below nominal level. This is realised
using pressure difference or temperature control. Minimum load is 30 - 50 % of
nominal load. lf the waterflow becomes too low the burner is turned off. Only
same examples with low load using on/off controlled burners are known.
Most applied burners are atmospheric; the air comes from the boiler room.
For burner ignition both a pilot flame or electric ignition may be used.
Traditionel types don 1t need auxiliary electric energy.
The load ranges from 6 kW for kilehen use up to 30 kW and more for bath
feeding. The waterflow is limited by nominal and minimum load.

Gas storage water heater
Legend:
l. cold water inlet
2. hot water outlet
3. gas supply
4. combustion air
5. burner
6. heat exehanger with
retarder
7. flue gas exhaust
9. storage tank
l O. insulation
Figure 4.3.1.4: Gas storage water heater
Gas storage water heaters have an on/off burner. The burner is controlled by a
thermostat down in the storage tank.
Most applied burners are atmospheric; the air comes from the boiler room.
Most applied for burner ignition is a pilot flame .
Most common types don 1t need auxiliary electric energy.
The burner load ranges from 4 to 12 kW. Minimum waterflow is zero,
maximum flow is only limited by internal and system resistonces ond moy
therefor be very large (6- 12 It/min) compared to the burner power. lf the
complete hot water storage is used i t takes som e time to reheat the tank ( 15 -
60 min).
Tank valurnes of 60 to 250 lt. are applied in dwellings.
Same boilers have the burner inserted in the storage tank to diminish heat
losses o f the b urner (wet-foot).
For oil storage water heaters olmost the same specs may be used.
108 SAVE Contract N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Electric storage heater
Leg end:
l. cold woter inlet
CD 2. hot woter outlet
3. power supply
4. healing element
5. storage tank
6. insulotion
0 7. control thermostot
Figure 4.3. 1.5: Electric storage heater
Electric storage water heaters have on/off controlled healing elements. The
power supply is controlled by a thermostat down in the storage tank.
Nominal power ranges from 0.5 to 3 kW . Minimum woterflow is zero,
moximum flow is only Jimited by internal and sys1em resistonces and moy
therefore be very large (6 - 12 It/min) compared to nominol power. lf the
com~lete hot water storage is used il takes some time to reheot the tank (15 -
60 min).
Tank valurnes of 2 to 15 lt ore applied for kilehen use ond from 60 to 250 lt.
for all purposes in dwellings.
109 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

4.3.1.3 Combinotion boilers
Gas instontoneous boiler with compoet heat exehanger

Legend:
l. cold water inlet
2. hot water outlet
3. gas supply
4. combustion air
5. b urner
6. heat exehanger
7. flue gas exhaust
8. pump
9. three way valve
l o. compoet heat exehanger
11. return water heating system
12. supply water heating system
@ 13. control thermostat
@CD ®@
Figure 4. 3. l. 6: Gas instontoneous boiler with compoet heat exehanger
In the primary heat exehanger the water of the healing system is heated. When
sanitary hot water is required the three-way valve opens the by-pass to the
secondary compoet heat exehanger and starts the burner. At the end of the
tapping the valve eloses the by-pass and opens the heating circuit again. The
burner is turned off.
Most gas instantaneous boilers with compoet heat exehanger have a
moduloting burner . The gas supply (load) is diminished if the waterflow is
below nominal level. This is realised using pressure difference or temperature
control. Minimum load is 30 - 50 "'o of nominal load. lf the flow becomes too
low the burner is turned off.
All burner types are applied : atmospheric, ventilation and pre-mix;
conventionol or condensing. For atmospheric burners the air comes from the
boiler room. Forced ventilation burners areaften applied with an air inlet From
outside air. Same are equipped with the burner upside down with the heat
exehanger underneath ond ventilator Forced downstream combustion Flow.
Modern pre-mix burners may have conslant gas-air ratio control.
For burner ignition both a pilot flame (atmospheric burners) or electric ignition
{all types) may be used . All types use auxiliary electric energy.
The load ranges from 12 kW up to 30 kW and more. Waterflow is limited by
nominal and minimum load.
110 SAVE Controet W XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Gas instantaneous boiler with smal/ storage tank
legend:
l. cold water inlet
2 • . hot water outlet.
3. gas supply
4. combustion air
5. b urner
6. heat exehanger
7. flue gas exhaust
8. pump
9. three way valve
l o. small storage tank
11. return water heating
system
12. supply water heating
system
@ CD® @
Figure 4.3 . 1.7: Gas instantaneous boiler with smal/ storage tank
In the primary heat exchanger-the water of the heating system is heated. The
three way valve and the burner are controlled by the thermastat in the small
storage tank. The valve opens the by-pass to the storage tank.
Beth on/off and moduloting burnars are applied .
O n/ off boilers a re controlled by the tank thermostat; the storage is providing a
stable outlet temperature.
Moduloting boilers are controlled using pressure difference ar temperature
central. Minimum load is 30 - 50 % of nominol load. lf the flow becomes tao
All burner types are applied : atmospheric, ventilation ond pre-mix;
conventional or condensing . For atmospheric burners the air comes from the
boiler room. Forced ventilation burners are aften applied with an air inlet from
outside air. Same are equipped with the burner upside down with the heat
exehanger underneath ond ventilator forced downstream combustion flow.
Modern pre-mix burners may have constant gas-air ratio central.
For burner ignition both a pilot flame jatmospheric burners) or electric ignition
jall types) may be used. All types use auxiliary electric energy.
The load ranges from 12 kW up to 30 kW and more. Waterflow is limited by

Gas instontaneous boiler with integroted heat exehanger
Leg end :
l. cold water inlet
2. hot water outlet
3. gas supply
4. combustion air
5. burner
® 6. integrated heat exehanger
®.,
-
\
ex \ / \1 l
- 7.
8.
flue gas exhaust
return water heating
/ system
--- - ~0 o @
ø 9. supply water heating
system
l O. central thermostat
/'. / 1'\.
'v ,v
®CD ®®
Fig 4 .3.1 .8 Gas instantaneous boiler with integratedheat exehanger
In the iniegroled heat exehanger both the water of the heating system and the
sanitary hot water ore heated. When sanitary hot water is required the heating
system pump is turned off and the burnar is turned on. At the end of the
tapping the healing system pump is released and the burner is turned off.
Most gas instantaneous boilers with iniegroled heat exehanger have a
moduloting burner . The gas supply (load) is diminished if the waterflow is
below nominal level. This is realised using pressure difference or temperature
central. Minimum load is 30 - 50 % of nominal load. lf the flow becomes too
All burner types are applied: atmospheric, ventilation and pre-mix;
conventional or condensing. For atmospheric burners the air comes from the
boiler room. Forced ventilation burners are aften applied with an air inlet from
outside air. Some are equipped with the burner upside down with the heat
exehanger underneath and ventilator forced downstream combustion flow.
Modern pre-mix burners may have constant gas-air ratio central.
For burner ignition both a pilot flame latmospheric burners) or electric ignition
!all types) may be used . All types use auxiliary electric energy.
The load ranges from l 2 kW up to 30 kW and more. Waterflow is limited by
112 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95-o52

Gas storage boiler
Legen d:
l. eold water inlet
JRø Q) ® 2.
3.
hot water outlet
gas supply
4. eombustion air
5. burner
6. heat exehanger
7. flue gas exhaust
@)
ø 8. pump
9 . three way valve
l O. heat exehanger
11. return water heating
system
system
13. storage tank
14. insulation
@ @ 15. eontrol thermostat
16. eontrol thermostat, for
moduloting burnars only
Figure 4.3.1.9: Gas storage boiler
Those boilers may have both a eompaet, integrated strueture or may eonsist of
two separate eomponents, linked with external three-way valve, pipes and
controls.
In the primary heat exehanger the water of the healing system is heated. The
three-way valve and the burner arecontrolled by the thermostat in the storage
tank.
Gas storage boilers may have both on/off burner or moduloting burner.
All burner types are applied: atmospheric, ventilation and pre-mix;
conventional ar eondensing. For atmospheric burners the air comes from the
boiler room. Forced ventilation burners areaften applied with an air inlet from
outside air. Some are equipped with the burner upside down with the heat
exehanger underneath and ventilator forced downstream combustion flow.
For burner ignition both a pilot flame (atmospherie burnersJ or electric ignition
{all types) may be used. All types use auxiliary eleetric energy.
The load ranges from l 2 kW up to 45 kW and more. Minimum waterflow is
zero, maximum flow is only limited by internal and system resistances and may
therefor be very large {6 - 12 It/min) compared to the burner power. lf the
complete hot water storage is used it takes som e time to re heat the tank ( 15 -
30 min) .
113 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Tank valurnes of 60 to 250 lt. are applied in dwellings .
Oil storage boiler
Legend :
l. cold water inlet
2. hot water outlet
3. oil supply
4. combustion air
5. ventilation burner
6. heat exehanger
7. flue gas exhaust
8. heating system pump
@ 9. sanitary hot water pump
l O. heat exehanger
® 11. return water heating
system
system
13. storage tank
14. insulation
15 . control thermostat
Figure 4.3.1.10: Oil storage boiler
For oil storage boilers olmost the same specs may be used as for gas storage
boilers. Note that instead of a three way valve and one pump, here two pumps
are applied. lf the storage tank requires healing, pump 9 is activated and
heating system pump (12) is turned of.
4.3.2 Relevant process factors
In this paragraph a first impression of the relevance of process factors (model

input, 4.2.4) is given.
Tapping pattern
Tapping patterns have great influence on the performance of the appliance and
the system as a whole. lf (reference) tapping patterns are given directly at the
heating oppliance the distribution system may be neglected. In some countries
tapping patterns ore given at topping points in net tap valurnes or net energy
demands from a minimum desired temperature. In that case gross tapvalurnes
have to be calculated, considering the lag time of the distribution system and
the lag time of the healing appliance.

The model should be able to handle the foliowing types of tapping patterns :
General pattern, valurne based, directly from appliance:

daily net valurne demand [lt]
0
minimum tap temperature [ C]
number of tappings a day [t/d]
average flow [It/min]
length of day period [hr]
General pattern, energy based, directly from appliance:

daily net energy demand, related to cold water temperature [MJ]
0
number of tappings a day [t/d]
average flow [It/min]
length of day period [hr]
Detailed pattern, volume based, for each tapping the foliowing data:
starttime
tappoint
net volume [lt]
0
flow [It/min]
Detailed pattern, energy based, for each tapping the foliowing data:
starttime
tappoint
net energy demand, related to cold water temperature [MJ]
0
flow [It/min]
The net valurne or net energy demand is calculated from the moment the water
temperature is above the minimum temperature. lf grossvalurnes or energy is
required, this temperature should be set lower than the cold water temperature.
The general patterns have to be recalculated to a detailed pattern. This might
be done using the assumption of equal distribution of tappings over the day
period.
lf a detailed lapping pattern is demancled on the appliance itself, a distribution
system with ane pipe, length zero, and one tappoint will provide this.
Distribution system
Two distribution systems are applied: directand circular.
Direct systems cool down to room temperature when out of use . At the start of a
115 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

tapping, the pipes ore heoted until conslant operation level is reached. Log
time is defined by the lime between top start ond the moment when the 90 %
level of full temperature rise is reoched. Log time is lerger then the pure
propagation time, typical factors of l .6 or l .7 ore found. When interval time
between tappings is short, rest wormth will reduce lag time. These effects con
be colculated for a given flow using:
structure of pipes (bronching, top points)
relevant dimensions (internol and external diameters, length)
materiel conslants (density, heat copocity, conductivity)
convection factor from pipe to air
The general effect of pipes in the wolls insteod of in the air is o slightly longer
lag time, becouse of well capocity effects.
Circular systems moy be considered os o kind of extension of the healing

opplionce. The energy reloted effects ore:
Heat losses of the circulor system, with conslant temperature control (option:
night shift). The heat Iass is determined explicit by the relevant dimensions
(diameters, length, insulotion) or implicit as o Iass factor [W /K] and the
temperature difference between water ond room(s).
Auxiliory energy use is required for the pump (constont operation or night
shift). The distribution system connected to the circular system moy be
treoted as the direct system.
No log time eecurs with toppoints directly at the circulor system. lf pipes
are connecting the tap points at the circulor system, lag times occur as for
direct systems, deseribed above.
Heating appliances
The energy performance of the healing appliance is dominofed by three effects:

conversion efficiency, standby losses and stort/stop effects. A survey of the
relations with opplionce type, including energy i~teraction effects in case of
combinotion boilers, is given below:
Conversion efficiency.
Storage oppliance efficiency is in general reloted to ·s torage water tempera-
ture. This is conslant for most appliances, resulting in conslant efficiency.
lnstantaneous oppliance efficiency is depending on flow (load) and water
temperoture. As the temperature is aften fixed, only the flow (load) will be
considered.
lnstantaneous appliances with traditionel moduloting burners have low effi-
ciencies at low loads. Moduloting burners with conslant gas/air ratio hove
slightly higher efficiencies at low loads.
lnstontoneous oppliances with small storage tanks and on/off burners may
hove lower efficiencies at low load, due to cycling effects.

Cold water temperature may influence the efficiency, especially the instan-
taneous heaters and boilers.
Standby losses .
Standby losses are related to :
Pilot flame. For combinalian boilers this standby Iass con be related to
the healing function during the winter season and to hot water function
during summer season.
Storage tank losses . Both storage systems ond instantaneous applionces
with small storage tanks show losses . They ore directly reloted to both
water and air temperature.
Start/ stop effects .
Almost all appliances show start/stop effects, most losses. The magnitude is
however quite different and related to the foliowing characteristics:
Gas instantaneous water heoters: capocity effect of heat exehanger and
water content .
Gas, oil and electric storage water heaters: smal! effect, may probably
b e negleeled .
Gas instantaneous boilers: capocity effect of heat exehanger and water
content of internal circuit and compoet heat exehanger Iif applied). In
winter situation the heat in the heat exehanger is not lost but for the
major part used for the healing function .
Gas and oil storage boilers: capocity effect of heat exehanger and
woter content of internal/external circuit. In winter situation the heat in
the heat exehanger is not lost but used for the healing funetion.
Electric storage boilers: depending on the eonfiguration.
Start/stop losses due to the capocity effeet of the heat exehanger and the
internal circuit are influenced by the off time between two tappings . At short
off times the boiler has not cooled down so a warm start without healing up
period i s possible . lf this effect is taken into account modeiling becomes
quite complicate . Anether approach is to consider only tappings with
greater intervals, and take into account the effect completely for eaeh
tapping.
A scheme of the influences mentianed obove is given below.
The auxiliary energy use for pump, fan and electronic controls is determined by
nominal power consumplian of the items, the on time of the burner and the pre
and post run time of pump and ventilator.
For combinalian boilers, the basic power consumplian of eleetronies and pump
can be related to the healing function during the winter season and to hot
water fundion during summer season .
A typical comfort item is the lag time of the appliance. In combinalian with the
distribution lag time il delermines total lag time for the user.

Storage systems have zero lag time . lnstantaneous systems may have long log
times, as indicated in the last column of the scheme below.
Healing oppliance type Burner Convers . Standby Start/stop log

control effic . los s effects time
Stand alone heaters

gas instontaneous water heoters
pilot flome M LD + + +
electric ignition M LD + ++
gas storage water heaters c c +
oil storage water heoters c c +
electric storage water heaters c c +
Combinalian boilers
gas instontaneous boilers
compoet heat exch., pilot fl. M LD + ++ ++

compoet heat exch., elec. ign . M LD ++ +++
small storage, pilot fl. M/C LD ++ +
smal! storage, elec . ign ., M/ C LD + +
integrated heat ex., pilot f. M LD + + +
integrated heat ex., elec . i. M LD + ++
gas starage boilers
pilot flame c c ++ +
electric ignition c c + +
oil storage boilers c c + +
electric storage boilers c c + ?
Legen d:
Burner control Conslant or Moduloting
Conversion effic iency : Conslant or Load Depending
Tab/e 4.3.2. 1: Scheme of energy consuroption related effects for different

healing appliance types.
Control systems
Most relevant control systems are integroted in the applionces.

Most boilers operate at a constont temperature level. This may be fixed by the
menufaeturer or be odjustable by the installer or user.
118 SAVE Controet N• XVIt/4.1031/Z/95.052

Same small instantaneous heaters have no moduloting burner. The resulting
temperature is depending on the flow.
All instantaneous heaters and boilers without small storage tank require
minimum flows for burner operation.
Storage systems operate a t all flows, but the storage velurne limits the amount
of water that may be used , until the storage is heated up again .
Electric boilers operating at low tariff hours only limit the amount of water that
may be used over the high tariff laften day) period .
In cernbination boilers the hot tap water function is given priority to the healing
function.
For circular distribution systems conslant temperature control, with optional
night shift, is applied
Co/d water supply system
In general this temperature will be varying, depending on location and season.

lt influences appliance performance in two ways:
- required heat amount at fixed output temperature
- conversion efficiency
The first effect con be calculated directly. To simplify the process an average
cold water supply temperature may be used for each location.
About the second effect littie is known. No standard test data are available on
this subject. Therefor il will be hard to model.
Environmental conditions for appliances and system
The temperature in the healing appliance room influences the losses of the
appliance .
The temperature in the rooms crossed by the distribution system influences the
losses o f the system .
4.3.3 Experimental data
Different types of experimental data are required for the foliowing purposes :
- dynamic test data to validate the distribution system model;
- standard input parameters to run the appliance model;
- siatic and dynamic test data to validate the appliance model.
Same of the project participants have carried out dynamic tests on distribution
systems or appliances . Possibility will be studied to incorporate these results in
the validat ion.
For appliance parameters only European standards are taken into account. The
survey of European standards in chapter 3 shows that the foliowing standard
119 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-G52

tests are performed :
Test type
Heating appliance type Nominal Minimum/ StandbyOn/off lag time

flow low flow flow
Stand alone heoters

gas instantaneous water heaters + +
gas storage water heaters + +
oil storage water heaters no standard given
electric storage water heaters +
Combination boilers
gas instantaneous boilers +
gos storage boilers + +
oil storage boilers no standard given
electric storage boilers +
Tab/e 4.3.3. 7: Available European standard tests.
The survey shows that littie standard test are required. Therefor the foliowing
approach is proposed for further modelling:
- Reduce the model requirements to the absolute minimum. This means that
same inieresting effects may have to be dropped, like flow depending
conversion efficiency.
- Daseribe the extra required tests for eoch appliance type.
4.3.4 Relations between process factors
Whole process
Fig 4.3 .4.1 gives the main struc.ture of the process, temperatures, water flow
and energy flows. The two main components, appliance and distribution
system, are worked out in more detail below. Temperatures and flows may be
calculated on different time scales.
120 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.103 1 /Z/9 S-G 52

legend:
qvw Wolerflow [m3/s]
Twin, qvw J. Twin Cold woter inlet temperature ["C]
v Twout,a Water lemperoture ol opplionce
:;.:... Troom,a outlet ["C]
Pin,a Appliance Twout,t Woter lemperoture at lappoint(si"CJ
Troom,a Air temperature in appliance raqWi:)
Power generation Ploss,a Troom,d Air temperature in room(s} with
=::::> __.
distribution system ["C]
Pin,a,pg Paux,el
Pin,a fuel input power [W]
Paux,el Eleclric ouxiliary input power (W]
Twout,a
qvw
.1. Pout,a
Pin,o,pg Primary input power, due to
Poux,el [W]
' Troom,d Ploss,a Tatol oppllonce losses [W]
Power generation Distribution Pout,a Appli.on.c e power, reloted to cold
~ System water inlet temperature IWI
Pin,d,pg Ppump Ploss,d Ppump Pump power in distribution syste(W]
Pin,d,pg Primary input power, due 16
Ppump [W]
Ploss,d Total di.stribution system losses [W]
Twout,t Pout,t Poul,! Proc:ess pow.e r at toppoints, reloted
qvw l
\.,7 to cold water inlet temperature [W]
Figure 4.3.4. 1: Process scheme
General formulas:
Pout,a = pw * cpw * qvw * (Twout,a - Twin)

Pout,a = Pin ,a + Poux,el · Ploss ,a
TJO,f = Pout,a l Pin,a fuel bosed opplionce efficiency
Pout,t = pw '* cpw * qvw * (Twout;t- Twin)

Pout,t = Pout,a + Ppump - Ploss,d
TJd,f = Pout,t l Pout,o distribution efficiency
TJp,f = Pout,t l Pin,a == Y]O,f * T]d,f fuel based process efficiency

Tapping pattern and distribution system
Fig 4.3.4 .2 and 4 .3.4 .3 give the main structure of both a directand a circular
distribution system, with temperatures, water flow and energy flows.
Appliance t::l
i
Twout,a
l Twout,a
i
; qvw
Ppump Pout,a Troom,d

:::===.--:::> Troom,d
Ploss,d
Twout,t
1-----&il--,
Twout,t qvw
qvw
•
I Pout,t
1-----oo-....,
.:=::::>
,. .__ __, Ploss,d,c
Pout,t
Figure 4 .3.4.2 : Direct distribution system Figure 4.3.4.3: Cireu/ar distribution

system
legend:
qvw Waterflow [m3/s)
Twout,a Water temperature at appliance outlet [DC)
Twout,t Water temperature at tappoint(s) [DC)
Troom,d Air temperature in room(s) with distribution system [DC)
Pout,o Appliance power, related to cold water inlet temperature [W]
Ppump Pump power in distribution system [W]
Ploss,d Total distribution system losses [W]
Ploss,d,p Pump losses [W]
Ploss,d,d Direct distribution system losses [W]
Ploss,d,c Circular distribution system losses [W]
Pout,t Process power at tappoints, related to cold water inlet
temperature [W]
In the programme il has to be checked that the tappoints, menticned in the

detailed patterns, are available in the distribution system.
122 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Stand alone healer
fig. 4.3.4.4 gives the temperatures, water flow and energy flows af stand
olone heaters.
leg end:
r
qvw W a terflow [m3/s]
Twin Cold water inlet temperature [0 C]
Twout,o Water temperature at appliance
outlet [0 C)
Troom,a Air temperature in appliance
room [0 C]
> ---=-> Pin,a Fuel input power [W]
Paux,el Electrlc auxiliary Input power [W]
Pin,a Heater Pflue/draught 11el Pump efficiency [%)
Pllue Flue .g as losses (W]
Pdraught Draught Iones (W]
Proarn Radiation and convection losse~W]
c:=::::=> Proom Ploss,a Total oppliance losses [W]

Pout,a Applionce power, reloted to cold
Paux,el L_ water inlet temperature [W]
Troom,a
Twout,a Pou!,a
qvw J-
l .
Figure 4.3.4 .4 : Stand olone healer
General formulas:
Pout,a = pw * cpw * qvw * !Twoul,a- Twin)

Pout,a = Pin,a + ttel * Paux,el- Pflue/draught- Proom
T'IO,f = Pouf,a l Pin,a fuel based appliance efficiency
123 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1 031/Z/95-Q52

Combination boiler
Fig. 4.3 .4 .5 gives the Iemperoiu res, woter flow ond energy flows of
combinotion boilers .
Leg end:
qvw Wc terflow [m3/s)
Twin Cold water inlet lemperalure [ 0 C)
Twout,a Water lemperature al appliance
outlet [ 0 C]
Pin,a Burner and Pflue/draught Troom,a Air temperature in appliance
room (0 CJ
heatexchange~~
j Pin,a Fuel input power [W]
==~=>=i
Proom,1
Paux,el, l Eleclric auxiliary input power for
Paux,el, "-..,.--,::---
Pout a1 Troom,a burner [W]
' r-' Pflue Flue gas losses [W]
Paux,el,2 .' Proom,2 1
H ! [Twin, qvw Pdraught Draught losses [W]

~Pin,a2 \l_ Proom, l Burner radiation and convection
losses [W]
Heat exehanger Poul,a l Burner power [W]
-== -=.:..:::> Paux,el,2 Electric auxiliary input power for

or storage Proom,3 pump [W]
11el Pump efficiency [%]
Proom,2 Pump and primary circuil radi-
ation and convection losses [W]
Twout,a
qvw
.
~'
Pout,a Pin,a2 Heat exehanger or storage tank
r'
\. input power [W]
,t
Proom,3 Heat exehanger or storage tank
radiation and convection losse~W]
Ploss,a Total oppliance losses [W]
Pout,a Appliance power, related lo cold
waler inlet temperature [W]
Figure 4.3.4.5: Combination boiler
General formulos:
Pout,o pw * cpw * qvw * (Twout,a - Twin)

Pout,a Pin,a + 11ell * Paux,ell + 1']el2 * Poux,el2
- Pflue/draught- Proom, l - Proom,2 - Proom,3
Pout,o l Pin,a - Pflue/draught- Proom, 1
Pin,a2 Pout,o, l + 11el * Poux,el2 - Proom,2
Pout,a Pin,o2 - Proom,3
TJO,f = Pout,o l Pin,a fuel based oppliance efficiency
124 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Process factors and operating conditions
The given schemes and formules will be used in two ways:

- to perform (semi)static or dynamic calculations at relative small time steps
(<l h r) during the simulation;
- to present calculation results on hourly, daily or annual base; with energy
units [MJ, kWh] instead of power units [W].
For (semi)static or dynamic calculotions the operation of the whole process may
be divided in three to five main operating conditions with conslant or semi
conslant process factors, depending on appliance type, as indicated below.
lnstantaneous applionces without storage :

- no tapping;
- continuous tapping;
- start/stop effects.
lnstantaneous appliances with smal! storage tank:

- no tapping, burner off (only on to reheat storage);
- continuous tapping, burner an;
- no tapping, burner still an to reheat the tank;
- start/stop effects.
Storage appliances:
- no topping, burner off (only on to reheat storage);
- continuous tapping, burner off;
- continuous tapping, burner on;
- no tapping, burner still on to reheat the tank;
- start/ stop effects.
For distribution system a compareble dislinetion con be made between three

main operating conditions :
- no tapping, circuit cooling down;
- start tapping, lag time due to flow propagation time and circuit healing up;
- continuous tapping.
At the tapping points the same dislinetion con be made between three main
operating conditions:
- no tapping;
- start tapping, log time consists of appliance lag time and circuit lag time,
due to flow propagation and circuit healing up, until minimum required
temperature is reached;
- continuous useful tapping efter lag time.
125 SAVE Conlracl N• XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

Depending on the number of tapping points ond the topping pottern, heatars
ond boilers may be more or less suitable. The demands on the applionce are
defined by:
• Required daily volume.
· Required maximum flow, including the demand that two or more separate
tappoints con be used at the same time .
· Required min imum temperoture .
In the programme it has to be checked thot the opplionce is suiteble for the
required topping pattern.
4.3.5 Modelling principles
As shown in the previous parogroph, the two main components af the process
are the healing opplionce ond the distribution system. A first selection of
modeiling principles hos to be mode for them.
In the final selection af modeiling principles, the expected occuracy of the

methods ond the ovoilobility af relevant input parameters will be the major
criterio .
An important modeiling principle is the choice between static and dynamic

modelling.
Dynemie modeil ing is required if inieroetion effects between toppings and
Iimitoiians due to storage valurnes hove to be token into account. Then o top
scheme is required an time base. For eoch topping the three stages (start/stop,
nominol use, standby) hove to be colculoted separotely. lf overlap between
tappings ond different tappoints is ollowed dynomic modeiling becomes quite
complex , especially when the distribution system is incorporated in the model.
Static ar semi static modeiling is allowed when all toppings are considered to
be mutuol independent. This meons for instonce thot storage tank valurnes are
not considered as lirnitalions to the topping potternsand appliance start/stop
effects and system lag times ore not diminished by short interval times.
The start time af toppings is not required then. lf topflow and-temperature is
considered to be conslant (nominal) the topping pattern reduces to the daily
tapvalurne and frequency for each tappoint.
Distribution system
The distribution system may be treated with pure physical dynamic models,
based on dimensions and physical properties. The relevant factors aregiven in
parograph 4.3 .2 ; the main relations ore given in 4.3.4. During system lag
time, small time steps will be necessary to simulate dynomic behaviour with
sufficient occurocy.

As an alternative , the distribution system may be treated with a simple semi-
siatic model. The lag time for each tappoint may be calculated in a simple way
(propagation time * factor), resulting in gross tapvolumes if netvalurnes are
given .
Heating appliance
From the discvssien an the relevant process factors it may be clear that both
physical and empirical modeiling techniques will have to be combined.
A dynamic model will be hard to realize for the burning process and the heat
transfer from the burner chamber to the heat exchanger. Simple models have to
be used here. The most detailed model may be camparable with the SAVE
model for boilers, with a dislinetion between burner an and off situation and
separate calculation af flue gas losses, draught losses (corrected for start/stop
effects), room losses and pump contribution.
For instantaneous heaters this model may be sufficient. For instantaneous
boilers the model has lo b e extended with the heat exehanger and/ o r small
storage effects.
For storage heaters a model for both the burning process (full load and pilot)
and the storage tank is required. For the burning process a simplified SAVE
model may be suitable . For the tank a multi layer model may be used. The heat
transfer from burner to tank will be hard to establish in detail, so simplification
may be necessary. Burner conlrol is performed with a thermostat with upper
and lower setpoint, placed in the proper layer.
For storage boilers the SAVE model may be used in conneelion with a storage
tank model. The heat transfer will be more easy to model than for storage
heaters, since il is done with a heat exehanger in ane ar more of the lower
layers in the tank .
In a semi-stotic approach, the appliance model reduces to same simple

equations for the main operating conditions:
- start/stop effects , multiplied with the daily tap frequency;
- nominal use, during a period ton = Vtat,g / flow;
- standby, during a period toff = 24 * 3600- ton.
This model requires littie appliance input parameters. The may be given as
conslants or depending an the flow/load for moduloting burners.
For comparing appliances {semi} static modeiling seems sufficient. /t should be

noted that combination boilers with large start/stop Iasses may effects from this
approach, especial/y if large numbers of tappings are applied.

4.3.6 Model validation
Validetion has to be performed for:

- distribution system (two main types);
- healing appliance (8 main types, 2 extra subtypes of instantaneous boilers,
5 (sub)types with either pilot flame or electric ignition (table 4.1 );
- integrated process test (distribution system and healing appliance}.
The distribution system validolion has to inearporale the three main operating
conditions (4.3 .4), with different interval types between the tappings.
Depending on the modeiling technique and the modelled effects, the validetion
may inearporale the foliowing tests:
- continuous tests for different Flows;
- on/off test for different flows and different time intervals.
- simultaneous test for tapping and healing to study inieroetion effects for
combinalian boilers.
More details on these tests con be established efter finishing appliance model
development.
4.4 Condusions and recommendations
Condusions
- Modelling of t~e various types of appliances will be"'difficult though not
impossible
- Modelling of the hot water distribution system con be done relatively simply
- European standards provide insufficient tests for determining necessary
parameters for calculating the annua! energy consumption of hot water
appliances.
Recommendations
This framework may be considered as a first step towards modeiling sanitory

hot water systems. The foliowing steps of the modeiling process will be:
- delermine model relations for distribution system and healing opplionce
(determine boundary conditions, mathematical relations, parameter volues,
calculation scheme);
- link both models;
- check all steps of chapter 4.3 in this report, attention is required for o
precise definition of used parameters and variables ond for procedures to
establish non standard appliance parameters;
After modelling, two steps may be processed simultaneous:
128 SAVE Controet W XVII/4.1031/%/95·052

- model implementation in a prototype program;
appliance tes ts for val i dolion purposes.
Finally model val idolion and adaptation con be performed .
All steps require good documentation .
129 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1 031/Z/95·052

R9616 Framework European Method

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Hans van Wolferen TNO

Jean Schweitzer DGC

Framework for a European

Framework for a European

Contributions: Paul Vloon AFECI

Author Hans van Wolferen, TNO

Date of issue 03-10-96

Copyright Danish Gas Technology Centre a/s

Project N arne SAVE

1 ASSEMBLING OF NATIONAL DATA ON SANITARY HOT

2 ASSEMBLING OF DATA ON TYPE TESTING OF SANITARY

3 ASSEMBLING OF THE METHODOLOGIES FOR

SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

4 CREATION OF THE FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Ol

SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-Q52

To support a decrease in this energy consumption an objective method is

Most of the project participants of the SAVE 'Annual Efficiency• project,

5 SAVE Contract No XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

WhidJ kinds ol applianæs?

By means of questionnaires the various kinds of data have been assembled by

6 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

- The difficulty in modeiling hot water produetion performances of appliances

- In modeiling the energy consumption of hot water applionces the distribution

7 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95.052

In the SAVE-project "Annua l efficiency calculation method for dornestic boilers"

8 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

The foliowing institutes ond people hove contributed to the project:

9 SAVE Controet No XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Prepared by: Hans van Wolferen, TNO

Preface to the final version

lO SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95..052

1.2 Survey of the results

J.2. J Different types of appliances

stand alone lO 57.7 60-65 50 66 54 30 38

Tab/e 1.2. 1. 1: Marketshare of integrated versus stand alone sanitary hot

11 SAVE Controet N• XVII/4.1 031/Z/95..052

fuel DK Fr Ge lt Nll NL2 Sw UK

gas 15 32.2 20 54 90 85 5 66.5

Tab/e l . 2. 1. 2: Market share o f fuel use for sanitary hot water.

12 SAVE Controet N° XVII/4.1031/Z/95-G52

electricity di reet di reet + + - +++ + . . 9

solar heating di reet di reet

13 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

electricity di reet di reet

distro heating di reet di reet ++ +++ +++ - - +++

solar heating di reet di reet

1.4 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95-052

distribution type market share

circular pipes free ++ older + +

Tab/e 1.2.2. 7: Marketshare of distribution systems.

Circular systems control system

1.2.3 Standards, guidelines and common practise on system design

Structure, length and diameter of distribution system

15 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/%/95.052

Position of heating appliances:

Structure, length and diameter of distribution system:

Position and Function of water outlets:

Structure, length and diameter of distribution system

16 SAVE Controet N" XVII/4.1031/Z/95·052

Position and function of water outlets

Structure, length and diameter of distribution system:

Position and function of water outlets:

Structure, length and diameter of distribution system

Position and function of water outlets

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