DuracapTM 86103: a Feasible for producing

Gravitational Shieldings
Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil
Copyright © 2010 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.

A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compound, called DuracapTM 86103, can have its weight strongly
decreased when subjected to extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields, and is
feasibly suited for producing Gravitational Shieldings.

1. INTRODUCTION
It was recently discovered that, inertial mass M i = mi 0 1 − V 2 c 2
when electromagnetic fields are applied
through a body, the gravitational mass are quantized, and given by
of the body decreases, independently of M g = n g mi 0(min ) , M i = ni mi 0(min ) where
2 2

its inertial mass [1]. The mass decrease n g and ni are respectively, the
depends on the electrical properties of
gravitational quantum number and the
the body (magnetic permeability,
inertial quantum number ;
electric conductivity), and is directly
proportional to the intensity of the mi0(min) = ±3.9 × 10 kg is the elementary
−73

electromagnetic field applied on the quantum of inertial mass. The masses

body, and inversely proportional to the m g and mi 0 are correlated by means of
field frequency. Thus, when extreme- the following expression:
low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎛ Δp ⎞
⎢ ⎟ −1⎥mi0 . (1)
fields are applied on a body its
mg = mi0 − 2 1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟
gravitational mass, m g , can be strongly ⎢ ⎝ i0 ⎠
m c ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
decreased, and even made negative.
This means that the weight of a where Δp is the momentum variation on
body, P = mg g , can be reduced, and even the particle and mi 0 is the inertial mass
inverted by means of ELF at rest.
electromagnetic fields. Here, it is shown In general, the momentum
that a PVC compound, called variation Δp is expressed by Δp = FΔt
DuracapTM 86103 1 , can have its weight where F is the applied force during a
strongly decreased when subjected to ELF time interval Δt . Note that there is no
electromagnetic fields, being a feasible restriction concerning the nature of the
material to be used for producing force F , i.e., it can be mechanical,
Gravitational Shieldings. electromagnetic, etc.
For example, we can look on the
2. THEORY momentum variation Δp as due to
It was shown [1] that the
absorption or emission of
relativistic gravitational mass
electromagnetic energy by the particle.
Mg = mg 1 − V 2 c2 and the relativistic In this case, it was shown [1] that Δp
can be expressed by means of the
following expression
1
DuracapTM 86103 is produced by Polyone Inc.,
www.polyone.com
 2

U c εμ
Δp = nr nr = = r r ⎛⎜ 1+(σ ωε)2 +1⎞⎟ (6)
c v 2 ⎝ ⎠
where U , is the electromagnetic energy Equation (5) shows that ω κ r = v .
absorbed by the particle and nr = c v
Thus, E B = ω k r = v , i.e., E = vB = vμH .
is the index of refraction.
Substitution of Δp into Eq. (1) Then, Eq. (4) can be rewritten in the
following form:
yields
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
( )
W = 12 ε v2μ μH2 + 12 μH2 (7)
⎪ ⎢ ⎛⎜ U ⎞⎟ ⎥⎪ For σ << ωε , Eq. (5) reduces to
mg = ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+ n −1 m
⎜ 2 r ⎟ ⎥⎬ i0
(2)
⎪ ⎢ ⎝ mi0c ⎠ ⎥⎪ c
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ v=
ε r μr
This equation can be rewritten in the
following form Then, Eq. (7) gives
⎡ ⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎤ 2
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ W = 12 ⎢ε⎜ ⎟μ⎥μH + 1 μH2 = μH2 (8)
⎪ ⎢ ⎛⎜ W ⎞⎟ ⎥⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ εr μr ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
(3)
2
mg =⎨1−2⎢ 1+ n −1 m
⎜ 2 r ⎟ ⎥⎬ i0
⎪ ⎢ ⎝ ρ c ⎠ ⎥⎪ This equation can be rewritten in the
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
following forms:
where W = U V , is the density of
B2
electromagnetic energy and ρ = mi 0 V W= (9)
μ
is the density of inertial mass. or
The density of electromagnetic
W = ε E2 (10)
energy in an electromagnetic field can
be deduced from Maxwell’s equations For σ >> ωε , Eq. (5) gives
2ω
[2] and has the following expression
v= (11)
W = 12 ε E 2 + 1
2
μH 2 (4 ) μσ
It is known, that B = μH , Then, from Eq. (7) we get
E B = ω k r [3] and ⎡ ⎛ 2ω ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ωε⎞
W = 12 ⎢ε⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH2 + 12 μH2 =⎜ ⎟μH2 + 12 μH2 ≅
dz ω μσ
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⎝σ ⎠
v= = =
c
(5) ≅ 12 μH2 (12)
dt κr εr μr ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1+ (σ ωε) +1⎟
2
2 ⎝ ⎠ Since E = vB = vμH , we can rewrite
Where kr is the real part of the (12) in the following two forms:
r
B2
propagation vector k (also called phase
r W≅ (13)
2μ
constant [4]); k = k = k r + iki ; ε , μ
or
and σ, are the electromagnetic ⎛σ ⎞
characteristics of the medium in which W ≅ ⎜ ⎟E 2 (14)
⎝ 4ω ⎠
the incident (or emitted) radiation is Substitution of Eq. (14) into Eq. (3)
propagating ( ε = ε r ε 0 , where ε r is gives
the relative dielectric permittivity and ⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢ μ ⎛ σ ⎞ E4 ⎥⎪
ε0 = 8.854×10−12F/ m ; μ = μ r μ 0 , where = − + ⎜ ⎟ −
mg ⎨1 2 1 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2 1 ⎬mi0 (15)
μ r is the relative magnetic permeability ⎪ ⎢⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ ρ ⎥⎥⎦⎪
⎩ ⎭
and μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H / m; σ is the Note that E = E m sin ωt .The average
electrical conductivity). value for E 2 is equal to 1
2 E m2 because
From (5), we see that the index of E varies sinusoidaly ( E m is the
refraction nr will be given by
maximum value for E ). On the other
 3

hand, E rms = E m 2 . Consequently we Thus, samples hung above the

Duracap plate should exhibit a weight
can change E 4 for E rms
4
, and the decrease when the frequency of the
equation above can be rewritten as electromagnetic field is decreased or
follows when the intensity of the
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ μ σ3 ⎞ 4 ⎤⎫ electromagnetic field is increased.
⎪ ⎪
mg = ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+1.758×10−27⎜ r2 3 ⎟Erms −1⎥⎬mi0 (16)
⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎪
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ρ f ⎠ ⎦⎭ 3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR
EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
The DuracapTM 86103 has the following
characteristics: The DuracapTM 86103 is sold
under the form of small cubes. Its
μr =1; εr =3 melting temperature varies from 177ºC
to 188ºC. Thus, a 15cm square Duracap
σ = 3333 .3S / m plate with 1 mm thickness can be
ρ = 1400kg.m−3 shaped by using a suitable mold, as the
dieletric strength = 3 .87 KV / mm shown in Fig.1.
Figure 2(a) shows the Duracap
Thus, according to Eq. (16), the plate between the plates of a parallel
gravitational mass, m g , of the Duracap
TM plate capacitor. The plates of the
capacitor are made of Aluminum and
86103, when subjected to an have the following dimensions:
electromagnetic field of frequency f , is 19cmX15cmX1mm. They are painted
given by with an insulating varnish spray of high
⎧ ⎡ E4 ⎤⎫ dielectric strength (ISOFILM). They are
⎪ ⎪
mg = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 3.3×10−23 rms −1⎥⎬mi0 (17) connected to a Function Generator,
⎪⎩ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎣ f ⎦⎪⎭ which generates voltage sinusoidal
Note that, if the electromagnetic field waves. The distance between the
through the Duracap has extremely-low Aluminum plates is d = 1mm . Thus, the
frequency, for example, if f = 1Hz , and electric field through the Duracap is
given by
Erms = 4.4 ×105 V / m (0.44kV / mm) . E rms =
Em
=
V0
(18)
2εrd 2
Then, its the gravitational mass will be where ε r is the relative permittivity of
reduced down to m g ≅ 0 , reducing in the dielectric(Duracap), and V0 is the
this way, the weight (P = m g g ) of the voltage applied on the capacitor.
The maximum value of the
Duracap to a value close to zero.
amplitude of the voltage produced by
It was shown [1] that there is an
additional effect of Gravitational the Function Generator is V pmax = 10 V .
Shielding produced by a substance The turns ratio of the transformer
whose gravitational mass was reduced (Bosch red coil) is 200 : 1 . Thus, the
or made negative. This effect shows that maximum secondary voltage is
just above the substance the gravity Vsmax
= V0max
= 2 kV . Consequently,
acceleration g 1 will be reduced at the Eq. (18) gives
same proportion χ = mg mi0 , i.e., g1 = χ g
( g is the gravity acceleration bellow the max
Erms = 4.7 ×105V / m
substance).
Thus, for f = 1Hz , Eq. (17) gives

mg = −0.2mi0
The variations on the
gravitational mass of the Duracap plate
can be measured by a pan balance with
the following characteristics: range 0-
200g; readability 0.01g, using the set-up
shown in Fig. 2 (a).
Figure 2 (b) shows the set-up to
measure the gravity acceleration
variations above the Duracap plate
(Gravitational Shielding effect). The
samples used in this case, can be of
several types of material.
Since voltage waves with
frequencies very below 1Hz have a very
long period, we cannot consider, in
practice, their rms values. However, we
can add a sinusoidal voltage
Vosc = V0 sin ωt with a DC voltage V DC ,
by means of the circuit shown in Fig.3.
Thus, we obtain V = VDC + V0 sinωt
; ω = 2πf . If V0 << V DC then V ≅ V DC .
Thus, the voltage V varies with the
frequency f , but its intensity is
approximately equal to V DC , i.e., V
will be practically constant. This is of
fundamental importance for maintaining
the value of the gravitational mass of
the body, m g , sufficiently stable during
all the time, in the case of f << Hz .
7. CONCLUSION
Other than, the DuracapTM 86103,
whose maximum working temperature
is only about 100°C, there are materials
with maximum working temperature of
the order of 1600°C, which can be used
in order to produce Gravitational
Shieldings. These materials have electrical
properties similar to those of Duracap.
For example, the CoorsTek Pure
TM
SiC LR CVD Silicon Carbide,
99.9995% 2 . This Low-resistivity (LR)
pure Silicon Carbide has electrical
2
www.coorstek.com ; info@coorstek.com
4
conductivity of 5000S/m at room
temperature; ε r = 10.8 ; ρ = 3210kg .m −3 ;
dielectric strength >10 KV/mm; maximum
working temperature of 1600°C.
Another material is the Alumina-
CNT, recently discovered 3 . It has electrical
conductivity of 3375 S/m at 77°C in
samples that were 15% nanotubes by
volume [5]; ε r = 9 . 8 ; ρ = 3980 kg .m −3 ;
dielectric strength 10-20KV/mm;
maximum working temperature of
1750°C.
The novel Carbon Nanotubes
Aerogels 4 , called CNT Aerogels are also
suitable to produce Gravitational
Shieldings, mainly due to their very
small densities. The electrical
conductivity of the CNT Aerogels is
70.4 S/m for a density of ρ = 7.5kg .m −3
[7]; ε r ≈ 10 ; dielectric strength (Aerogels
exhibit high dielectric strengths).
In summary, for what was
exposed above, we can conclude that
the requirements for a material to be
considered feasibly good for
Gravitational Shielding are the
following:
• Electrical conductivity ranging
between 10S/m to 104S/m
• Low density
• Low dielectric constant
• High dielectric strength
3
Recently, it was discovered that Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) can be added to Alumina
(Al2O3) to convert it into a good electrical
conductor.
4
In 2007, Mateusz Brying et al. working with
Prof. Arjun Yodh at the University of
Pennsylvania produced the first aerogels made
entirely of carbon nanotubes (CNT Aerogels)
[6] that, depending on the processing
conditions, can have their electrical conductivity
ranging as high as 100 S/m.
 5

REFERENCES

[1] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical

Foundations of the Relativistic Theory
of Quantum Gravity, Pacific Journal of
Science and Technology. 11(1), pp.173-
232. Physics/0212033.
[2] Freire, G. F. O and Diniz, A. B. (1973)
Ondas Eletromagnéticas, Ed. USP, p.26.
[3] Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. (1968)
Physics, J. Willey & Sons, Portuguese
Version, Ed. USP, p.1118.
[4] Quevedo, C.P. (1977) Eletromagnetismo,
McGraw-Hill, p.255 and 269.
[5] Zhan, G.D et al. (2003) Appl. Phys.
Lett. 83, 1228.
[6] Bryning, M., Milkie, D., Islam, M.,
Hough, L., Kikkawa, J. and Yodh, A.
(2007), Carbon Nanotube Aerogels.
Advanced Materials, 19: 661–664.
doi: 10.1002/adma.200601748.
[7] Xianping Lu, Ove Nilsson, Jochen
Fricke, Richard W. Pekala,” Thermal
and electrical conductivity of
monolithic carbon aerogels”, Journal of
Applied Physics, 73, 2, 581-584 (Jan 1993).
 6

Aluminum

2mm

150mm

3mm 150mm

200mm
5mm
150mm
3mm
200mm
150mm

Aluminum

Fig.1 – Mold design

 7

Aluminum
190mmX150mmX1mm
Duracap
150mmX150mmX1mm 100g

Acrylic
150mmX40mmX1mm
20 mm
Wood 20 mm Balance
20 mm
(a)

Sample

100g

Balance

(b)

Fig.2 – Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up

 8

− V DC
+

ELF voltage V DC + Vosc

waves
V DC >> V0
Generator
200:1
V osc
f
~ V osc V osc = V0 sin ωt

Coupling
Transformer

Fig. 3 – Equivalent Electric Circuit