SAN BEDA COLLEGE OF LAW

Mendiola, Manila

CRIMINAL LAW I

Prescribed textbook/s:
1. Revised Penal Code Book I by Luis B. Reyes and/or
2. Commentaries on Criminal Law Book I by Atty. Maximo P. Amurao, Jr.
NB: Closed book policy shall be observed during class. Only
handwritten notes will be allowed.

I. General Principles of Criminal Law

A. Nature and definition
Ient v. Tullett Prebon, G.R. No. 189158, 11 January 2017
B. Characteristics of Criminal Law
1. General (Art. 2, RPC)
Minucher v. Scalzo, G.R. No. 142396, 11 February 2003
Liang v. People, G.R. No. 125865, 28 January 2000
2. Territorial (Art.2, RPC)
People v. Tulin, G.R. No. 111709, 30 August 2001, 364
SCRA 10
3. Prospective (Article 21 and 22, RPC)
a. Effects of repeal
C. Sources of Criminal Law
1. Revised Penal Code
2. Special Penal Laws
D. Constitutional Limitations on Criminal Law
1. Due process and Equal protection (Art. 3, Sec. 1, 1987
Constitution)
White Light Corp. v. City of Manila, G.R. No. 122846,
20 January 2009

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 Garcia v. Drilon, G.R. No. 179267, 25 June 2013
2. Freedom of expression (Art. 3, Sec. 4, 1987 Constitution)
US v. Bustos, L-12592, 8 March 1918
Guingguing v. People, G.R. No. 128959, 30 September
2005.
3. Freedom of religion (Art. 3, Sec. 5, 1987 Constitution)
Estrada v. Escritor, AM No. P-02-1651, 22 June 2006,
492 SCRA 1
4. No excessive fines, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment. (Art. 3, Sec. 19, 1987 Constitution)
People v. Echagaray, G.R. No. 117472, 7 February 1997,
267 SCRA 682
Corpuz v. People, G.R. No. 180016, 29 April 2014
5. Non-imprisonment for debt or non-payment of poll tax (
Art. 3, Sec. 19, 1987 Constitution)
6. Bill of attainder (Art. 3, Sec. 22, 1987 Constitution)
People v. Ferrer, L-32613-14, 27 December 1972, 48
SCRA 382
7. Ex-post facto laws (Art. 3, Sec. 22, 1987 Constitution)
US v. Diaz Conde, L-18208, 14 February 1922
E. Construction and interpretation
1. Liberally in favour of the accused
2. Spanish text of the RPC prevails over the English text
People v. Abilong, L-1960, 26 November 1948.
3. Retroactive application when favourable to the accused
Hernan v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 217874, 5
December 2017.
4. Prescribed but undeserved penalties (Art. 5, RPC)
People v. Formigones, L-3246, 29 November 1950
5. Suppletory application of RPC to Special Penal Laws
(Art. 10, RPC)
Ladonga v. People, G.R. No. 141066, 17 February 2005
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 People v. Simon, G.R. No. 93028, 29 July 1994
II. General Principles of Criminal Liability
A. Felony, defined (Art. 3, RPC)
B. Elements of criminal liability

1. Physical element (Actus reus)

a. Act
b. Omission
People v. Sylvestre and Atienza, G.R. No.
35748, 14 December 1931, 56 Phil. 353
People v. Talingdan, L-32126, 6 July 1978,
84 SCRA 19
2. Mental element (Mens rea)
a. Deliberate intent (Dolo)
Manuel v. People, G.R. No. 165842, 29 November
2005
i. Elements of dolo
ii. General and specific intent
People v. Puno, G.R. No. 97471, 17
February 1993, 219 SCRA 85
People v. Delim, G.R. No. 142773, 28
January 2003
iii. Mistake of fact
US v. Ah Chong, G.R. No. 5272, 19
March 1910, 15 Phil. 488
People v. Oanis, G.R. No. 47722, 27
July 1943, 74 Phil. 257
iv. Malum prohibitum as exception to the
requirement of mens rea
Padilla v. Dizon, AC No. 3086, 23
February 1988, 158 SCRA 127
Magno v. CA, G.R. No. 96132, 26
June 1992, 210 SCRA 475

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 Garcia v. CA, G.R. No. 157171, 14
March 2006, 484 SCRA 617
v. Intent distinguished from motive
b. Constructive intent (Culpa) Art. 3 and 365
i. Elements
ii. Imprudence or lack of skill
iii. Negligence or lack of foresight
People v. Pugay, L-74324, 17
November 1988, 167 SCRA 439
Ivler v. San Pedro, G.R. No. 172716,
17 November 2010.
c. Transferred intent (Art. 4, par. 1)
i. Aberratio ictus
People v. Guillen, L-1477, 18 January
1950, 85 Phil. 307.
ii. Error in personae
People v. Sabalones, G.R. No.
123485, 31 August 1998, 294 SCRA
751
iii. Praeter intentionem
People vs. Albuquerque, G.R. No. 38773, 19
December1933, 59 Phil. 150
3. Concurrence
4. Resulting harm
5. Causation
Bataclan v. Medina, L-10126, 22 October 1957, 102 Phil.
181
People v. Iligan, G.R. No. 75369, 26 November 1990
Urbano v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No.
72964, 7 January 1988
C. Impossible Crimes (Art. 4, Par. 2)
Intod v. CA, G.R. No. 103119, 21 October 1992, 215 SCRA 52

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 People v. Saladino, L-3634, 30 May 1951, 89 Phil. 807
Jacinto v. People, G.R. No. 162540, 13 July 2009.
III. Stages of execution
A. Attempted Stage
B. Frustrated Stage
C. Consummated crimes
US v. Eduave, G.R. No. 12155, 2 February 1917, 36 Phil. 209
Rivera v. People, G.R. No. 166326, 25 January 2006, 480
SCRA 188
Baleros v. People, G.R. No. 138033, 22 February 2006, 483
SCRA 10
D. Stages of execution in relation to specific felonies
1. Theft
Valenzuela v. People, G.R. No. 160188, 21 June 2007
2. Robbery
People v. Dio, L-36461, 29 June 1984, 130 SCRA 151
People v. Salvilla, G.R. No. 86163, 26 April 1990.
3. Illegal Trespass
People v. Lamahang, L-43530, 3 August 1935, 61 Phil.
703
4. Physical Injuries, Homicide, and Murder
People v. Borinaga, G.R. No. 33463, 18 December 1930,
55 Phil. 433
People v. Kalalo, G.R. No. 39303-05, 17 March 1934, 59
Phil. 715
People v. Trinidad, G.R. No. 79123-25, 9 January 1989,
169 SCRA 51
Martinez v. CA, G.R. No. 168827, 13 April 2007.
Mondragon v. People, L-17666, 30 June 1966, 17 SCRA
476
People v. Sy Pio, L-5848, 30 April 1954, 94 Phil. 885
5. Rape
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 People v. Orita, G.R. No. 88724, 3 April 1990, 184
SCRA 105
People v. Campuhan, G.R. No. 129433, 30 March 2000
6. Arson
US v. Valdes, L-14128, 10 December 1918.
E. Conspiracy and proposals to commit a felony (Art. 8)
Dungo v. People, G.R. No. 209464, 1 July 2015
1. Conspiracy and proposal, when punished?
2. As a manner of incurring criminal liability.
People v. Aguilos, G.R. No. 121828, 27 June 2003
IV. Circumstances that affect criminal liability
A. Justifying circumstances
1. Defense of self, relatives, and strangers
Manaban v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 150723, 11 July
2006.
Senoja v. People, G.R. No. 160341, 19 October 2004.
People v. Decena, G.R. No. 107874, 4 August 1994, 235
SCRA 67
People v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 128359, 6 December
2000, 347 SCRA 100
People v. Jaurigue, G.R. No. 384, 21 February 1946, 76
Phil. 174
People v. Narvaez, L-33466-67, 20 April 1983, 121
SCRA 389 (see also dissents of J. Abad Santos and J.
Gutierrez, Jr.)
Sabang v. People, G.R. No. 168818, 9 March 2007, 518
SCRA 35
People v. Dagani, G.R. No. 153875, 16 August 2006,
499 SCRA 64
Palaganas v. People, G.R. No. 165483, 12 September
2006, 501 SCRA 533
2. Avoidance of greater evil

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 People v. Ricohermoso, L-30527-28, 29 March 1974, 56
SCRA 431
People v. Norma Hernandez, CA-G.R. No. 22553-R, 14
April 1959, 55 OG 8465
3. Fulfillment of duty
People v. Delima, L-18660, 22 December 1922, 46 Phil.
738
People v. Lagata, L-1940-42, 24 March 1949, 83 Phil.
150
Mamangun v. People, G.R. No. 149152, 2 February
2007
People v. Dagani, G.R. No. 153875, 16 August 2006,
499 SCRA 64
4. Obedience to a lawful order of a superior
People v. Beronilla, L-4445, 28 February 1955, 96 Phil.
566
Tabuena v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 103501-03, 17
February 1997, 268 SCRA 332
B. Exempting Circumstances
1. Insanity
People v. Taneo, L-37673, 31 March 1933, 58 Phil. 255
People v. Bonoan, L-45130, 17 February 1937, 64 Phil.
87
People v. Puno, L-33211, 29 June 1981 (See also: J.
Makasiar’s dissent)
People v. Dungo, G.R. No. 89420, 31 July 1991, 199
SCRA 860
People v. Rafanan, L-54135, 21 November 1991, 204
SCRA 65
People v. Madarang, G.R. No. 132319, 12 May 2000,
332 SCRA 99
People v. Robios, G.R. No. 138453, 29 May 2002, 382
SCRA 581
People v. Opuran, G.R. Nos. 147674-75, 17 March 2004,
425 SCRA 654
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 Verdadero v. People, G.R. No. 216021, 2 March 2016
People v. Genosa, 341 SCRA 493, 419 SCRA 537
RA 9262 (Re: Battered Woman Syndrome)
See also: Maria Diory F. Rabajante, The Privilege of
Being Insane: An Examination of, and a Saner
Alternative to the Insane Rule on Insanity Defense, 49
San Beda L.J. 1 (March 2012)
2. Minority
RA 9344 as amended by RA 10630.
People v. Doqueña, G.R. No. 46539, 27 September 1939,
68 Phil. 580
Ortega v. People, G.R. No. 151085, 20 August 2008
People v. Mantalaba, G.R. No. 186227, 20 July 2011.
Samahan ng mga Progresibong Kabataan v. Quezon
City. G.R. No. 225442, 8 August 2017. (See also: J.
Leonen’s Separate Opinion)
3. Accident
US v. Tañedo, L-5418, 12 February 1910, 15 Phil. 196
People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 172695, 29 June 2007, 526
SCRA 215
People v. Retubado, G.R. No. 124058, 10 December 2003
Pomoy v. People, G.R. No. 150647, 29 September 2004,
439 SCRA 439
4. Irresistible force or uncontrollable fear of a greater
injury
US v. Caballeros, G.R. No. 1352, 29 March 1905, 4 Phil.
350
People v. Loreno, L-54414, 9 July 1984, 130 SCRA 311
People v. Del Rosario, G.R. No. 127755, 14 April 1999,
305 SCRA 740
5. Insuperable cause
People v. Bandian, G.R. No. 45186, 30 September 1936,
63 Phil. 530 (see also: separate opinion of J. Villareal)

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 C. Other exculpatory causes
1. Instigation
People v. Lua Chu, G.R. No. 34917, 7 September 1931,
56 Phil. 44
People v. Doria, G.R. No. 125299, 22 January 1999, 301
SCRA 668
2. Pardon (Art. 266-C and Art. 344)
3. Absolutory circumstances
a. Art. 6 (3)
b. Art. 20
c. Art. 247
d. Art. 280*
e. Art. 332
Intestate Estate of Manolita Gonzales v.
People, G.R. No. 181409, 11 February 2010.
D. Mitigating Circumstances
1. Classes of Mitigating Circumstances
a. Privileged
i. Art. 13 (2) and Art. 68
ii. Art. 13 (1) and Art. 69
People v. Jaurigue, G.R. No. 384, 21
February 1946, 76 Phil. 174
People v. Narvaez, L-33466-67, 20
April 1983, 121 SCRA 389
People v. Ulep, G.R. No. 132547, 20
September 2000
Guillermo v. People, G.R. No.
153287, 20 January 2009.
b. Ordinary
i. Lack of intent to commit so grave a
wrong

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 People v. Ural, L-30801, 27 March
1974, 56 SCRA 138
People v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 139542,
21 June 2001, 359 SCRA 352
ii. Sufficient provocation
People v. Pagal, L-32040, 25 October
1977, 79 SCRA 570
Urbano v. People, G.R. No. 182750,
20 January 2009
iii. Vindication of a wrong
People v. Benito, L-32042, 13
February 1975, 74 SCRA 271
Bacabac v. People, G.R. No. 149372,
11 September 2007
iv. Passion or obfuscation
US v. Hicks, G.R. No. 4971, 23
September 1909, 14 Phil. 217
US v. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 7094, 29
March 1912, 22 Phil. 429
People v. Gelaver, G.R. No. 95357, 9
June 1993, 223 SCRA 310
People v. Bello, L-18792, 28 February
1964
v. Voluntary surrender or plea of guilt
People v. Amaguin, G.R. Nos. 54344-
45, 10 January 1994, 229 SCRA 166
People v. Dela Cruz, L-45284, 29
December 1936, 63 Phil. 874
vi. Deafness, muteness, blindness, or other
physical defect which restricts the
offender’s means of action, defense, or
communication
vii. Illness as would diminish the exercise of
will-power without depriving the
offender of consciousness of his acts.

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 viii. Analogous circumstances
Canta v. People, G.R. No. 140937, 28
February 2001
E. Aggravating Circumstances
Art. 14 and 62 of the RPC.
People v. Legaspi, G.R. Nos. 136164-65, 20 April 2001
1. Classes of Aggravating Circumstance
a. Generic
b. Qualifying
c. Specific
d. Inherent
e. Special
2. Taking advantage of public office
People v. Capalac, L-38297, 23 October 1982, 117 SCRA
874
People v. Gapasin, G.R. No. 73489, 25 April 1994, 231
SCRA 728
3. Insult to public authority
People v. Tiongson, L-35123-24, 25 July 1984, 130
SCRA 614
People v. Magdueño, L-68699, 22 September 1986, 144
SCRA 210
People v. Tac-an, G.R. Nos. 76338-89, 26 February
1990.
4. Disregard of rank, age, or sex, and dwelling;
People v. Diaz, G.R. No. L-24002, 21 January 1974.
People v. Arizobal, G.R. No. 135051-52, 14 December
2000, 348 SCRA 143
People v. Daniel, G.R. No. L-40330, 20 November 1978
People v. Apduhan, L-19491, 30 August 1968
5. Abuse of confidence or obvious ungratefulness

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 People v. Mandolado, L-51304-05, 28 June 1983, 123
SCRA 133
6. The crime is committed in the palace of Chief Executive,
in his presence, where public authorities are engaged in
the discharge of their duties, or place dedicated to
religious worship;
7. Nighttime, uninhabited place, or by a band;
People v. Garcia, L-30449, 31 October 1979, 94 SCRA
14
People v. Rodas, G.R. No. 175881, 28 August 2007
People v. Damaso, L-30116, 20 November 1978, 86
SCRA 370 (uninhabited)
8. Crime committed on the occasion of conflagration,
shipwreck, earthquake, epidemic, or other calamity or
misfortune;
9. Aid of armed men or persons who afford impunity;
10.Recidivism
People v. Baldera, L-2390, 24 April 1950, 86 Phil. 189
11. Reiteracion
12. Habitual delinquency (Art. 62, par. 5);
People v. Melendrez, G.R. No. 39913, 19 December
1933, 59 Phil. 154
13. Quasi- recidivism (Art. 160)
14. Price, reward, or promise;
15. Inundation, fire, poison, etc.
16. Evident premeditation;
US v. Manalinde, G.R. No. 5292, 28 August 1909, 14
Phil. 77
People v. Ilaoa, G.R. No. 94308, 16 June 1994, 233
SCRA 231
People v. Bibat, G.R. No. 124319, 13 May 1998, 290
SCRA 27
17. Craft, fraud, or disguise;

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 People v. Empacis, G.R. No. 95756, 14 May 1993, 222
SCRA 59
18. Taking advantage of superior strength, or means
employed to weaken the defense;
People v. Bigcas, G.R. No. 94534, 2 July 1992, 211
SCRA 631
19. Treachery;
People v. Sangalang, L-32914, 30 August 1974, 58
SCRA 737
People v. San Pedro, L-44274, 22 January 1980, 95
SCRA 306
People v. Castillo, G.R. No. 120282, 20 April 1998, 289
SCRA 213
People v. Arizobal, G.R. No. 135051-52, 14 December
2000, 348 SCRA 143
People v. Escote, G.R. No. 140756, 4 April 2003, 400
SCRA 603
People v. Villonez, G.R. Nos. 122976-77, 16 November
1998, 359 Phil. 95, 1998
People v. Guzman, G.R. No. 169246, 26 January 2007
20. Ignominy;
People v. Torriefel CA-GR. No. 659-R, 29 November
1947, 45 OG 803
People v. Jose, L-28232, 6 February 1971, 37 SCRA 450
People v. Butler, L-50276, 27 January 1983, 120 SCRA
281
People v. Saylan, L-36941, 29 June 1984, 130 SCRA 159
People v. Sultan, G.R. No. 132470, 27 April 2000, 331
SCRA 216
21. Unlawful entry;
22. Breaking of wall, roof, floor, door, or window;
23. Aid of persons under fifteen years old (See also: Section
20(C) of RA 9344), use of motor vehicles, airships, or
other similar means;

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 24. Cruelty;
25. Organized or syndicated crime group;
26. Use of illegal firearms or explosives – see RA 10591
People v. Ladjaalam, G.R. Nos. 136149-51, 19 September
2000
Celino v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 170562, 29 June
2007
27. Use of dangerous drugs while committing a felony –
Sec. 25 of RA 9165
28. Use of information and communications technologies in
committing a felony – Sec. 6, RA 10175
F. Alternative Circumstances
1. Relationship
People v. Atop, G.R. No. 124303-05, 10 February 1998,
286 SCRA 157
2. Intoxication
US v. McMann, L-2229, 1 July 1905, 4 Phil. 561
3. Degree of Instruction
People v. San Pedro, L-44274, 22 January 1980, 95
SCRA 306
V. Persons Criminally Liable
A. Principals – Art. 17
People v. Yanson-Dumancas, G.R. No. 133527-28, 13
December 1999, 320 SCRA 584
People v. Maluenda, G.R. No. 115351, 27 March 1998, 288
SCRA 225
People v. Montealegre, L-67948, 31 May 1988
People v. Madali, L-67803, 30 July 1990
B. Accomplices – Art. 18
Abejuela v. People, G.R. No. 80130, 19 August 1991, 200
SCRA 806
People v. Doble, L-30028, 31 May 1982, 114 SCRA 131

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 People v. Doctolero, G.R. No. 34386, 7 February 1991, 193
SCRA 632
People v. De Vera, G.R. No. 128966, 18 August 1999, 312
SCRA 640
Garces v. People, G.R. No. 173858, 17 July 2007
C. Accessories – Art. 19 and 20 (RPC); PD 1612; PD 1829
People v. Talingdan, L-32126, 6 July 1978, 84 SCRA 19
Dizon-Pamintuan v. People, G.R. No. 111426, 11 July 1994
VI. Plurality of Crimes
A. Compound crime (delito compuesto)
People v. Tabaco, G.R. No. 100382, 19 March 1997
People v. Valdez, G.R. No. 127663, 11 March 1999
People v. Sanchez, G.R No. 131116, 27 August 1999, 313
SCRA 254
B. Complex crime proper (delito complejo)
People vs. Hernandez, L-6025-26, 18 July 1956, 99 Phil. 515
Enrile vs. Salazar, G.R. No. 92163, 5 June 1990, 184 SCRA
217
People v. Garcia, G.R. No. 141125, 28 February 2002
Batulanon v. People, G.R. No. 139857, 15 September 2006
C. Continuing crime (delito continuado)
People v. Madrigal-Gonzales, L-16688, 30 April 1963
Gamboa v. Court of Appeals, L-41054, 28 November 1975
People v. Mallari, G.R. No. L-58886, 13 December 1988
Santiago v. Garchitorena, G.R. No. 109266, 2 December 1993
D. Composite Crimes/Special Complex Crimes
1. Art. 266-B
2. Art. 267
3. Art. 294
4. Art. 297
5. Art. 320
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 E. Complex crimes in relation to Quasi-crimes
Ivler v. San Pedro, G.R. No. 172716, 17 November 2010
VII. Penalties
A. Imposable penalties
1. Principal penalties
a. Capital punishment – Sec. 19, Art III of the
1987 Constitution; RA 7659, RA 8177; RA
9346; Art. 40 and 47 Revised Penal Code; RA
9346
People v. Bon, G.R. No. 166401, 30 October
2006
b. Afflictive penalties
i. Reclusion perpetua – RA 7659, Art. 27 of
Revised Penal Code
People v. Lucas, G.R. No. 108172, 25 May
1994;
People v. Lucas, G.R. No. 108172, 9
January 1995;
People v. Latupan, G.R. No. 112453, 28
June 2001
ii. Reclusion temporal
iii. Perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualification – Article 30
iv. Perpetual or temporary special
disqualification – Art. 31
v. Prision mayor – Art. 27
c. Correctional penalties – Art. 27, 39, and 44
i. Prision correccional
ii. Arresto mayor
iii. Suspension
iv. Destierro
d. Light penalties – Art. 27, 39, and 44
i. Arresto menor
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 ii. Public censure
e. Common penalties – Art.25
i. Fines – Art. 26 as amended by RA 10951,
39, and 66
ii. Bond to keep the peace – Art. 27 and 35
2. Accessory penalties – Art. 40 -45
a. Perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualification
b. Perpetual or temporary special
disqualification
c. Suspension from public office, the right to
vote and be voted for, the profession or
calling
d. Civil interdiction
e. Indemnification
f. Forfeiture or confiscation of the instruments
and proceeds of the offense
g. Payment of costs
3. Subsidiary penalty – Art. 39
See also: RA 10159
B. Application and computation of penalties
1. General rules – Art. 5, 21, 28, 29 (see also RA 10592), 46,
73-77
2. Specific Rules
a. Complex Crimes (Art. 48)
b. Crime different from that which was intended
– Art. 49
c. Effect of degree of participation and stage of
commission – Art. 50 -57, 60-61
d. Additional penalty for certain accessories –
Art. 58
e. Impossible crimes – Art. 59

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 f. Effect of mitigating, aggravating, and
qualifying circumstances – Art. 62-66
g. Incomplete justifying or exempting
circumstances – Art. 67 and 69
h. Minors – RA 9344
3. Indeterminate Sentence Law
People v. Lanuza, G.R. No. 188562, 17 August 2011
Talampas v. People, G.R. No. 180219, 23 November
2011
People v. Temporada, G.R. No. 173473, 17 December
2008. See CJ Puno Dissent and J. Corona Separate
Opinion
C. Execution and service of penalties
1. General rules – Art. 47, 70, 78, and 86-88,
In re Petition for Habeas Corpus, Pete Lagran, G.R. No.
147270, 15 August 2001, 363 SCRA 275
2. Probation Law (PD 968 as amended)
See also: RA 10707
3. Suspension of sentence
a. In cases of insanity – Art. 79
b. Minors
i. Section 31-35 of AM No. 02-1-18-SC
ii. RA 9344
VIII. Extinction of criminal liability
A. Total – Art.89-93
Sermonia v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 109454, 14 June 1994
Republic v. Desierto, G.R. No. 136506, 23 August 2001, 363
SCRA 585
See also: Act No. 3326 as amended by Act No. 3763
Romualdez v. Marcelo, G.R. No. 165510, 28 July 2006
B. Partial – Art. 94-99; See also: amendments under RA 10592

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 Cruz III v. Go, G.R. No. 223446, 28 November 2016
IX. Civil Liability arising from criminal liability – Art. 100-113
People v. Bayotas, G.R. No. 102007, 2 September 1994.

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