•Concept of Standing Waves

•How are standing waves formed?

STANDING WAVES
• In physics, a standing wave – also known as a stationary wave – is
a wave in which its peaks (or any other point on the wave) do not
move spatially. The amplitude of the wave at a point in space may
vary with time, but its phase remains constant.

• The locations at which the amplitude is minimum are called nodes,

and the locations where the amplitude is maximum are
called antinodes.
How are standing waves
formed?
• Standing waves are produced whenever two waves of identical
frequency interfere with one another while traveling opposite
directions along the same medium.
 Figure B

Figure A

Figure C
 Objectives:
To determine the frequency of an
electrically maintained tuning fork by,

1. Transverse mode of vibration

2. Longitudinal mode of vibration

Apparatus Required:
1)Electrically maintained tuning fork
2)Fine thread
3)Scale pan
4)Weights
5)Meter scale.
 Theory
Speed of waves in a stretched string:The speed of a wave in
a flexible stretched string depends upon the tension in the string
and mass per unit length of the string.
• Transverse drive mode : In this arrangement the
vibrations of the prongs of the tuning fork are in the
direction perpendicular to the length of the string.
• Longitudinal drive mode: In this arrangement the
tuning fork is set in such a manner that the vibrations
of the prongs are parallel to the length of the string.
PROCEDURE
• 1. Select the mode of Vibration.
• 2. Select a particular tuning fork to carry out the experiment.
• 3. Choose the environment for doing the experiment.
• 4. The transformer voltage is adjusted to 8V.
• 5. Mass is suspended in the scale pan.
• 6. Power on the button and loops will be formed.
• 7. Length l for one loop is measured by adjusting the scale position.
• 8. Using equations for mode of vibration, calculate the frequency of
particular tuning fork.
• 9. Repeat the experiment by changing the parameters.
Observations and
Calculations

Here, M is the total mass- mass of the scale pan +

mass suspended.
Mass of the scale pan - 0 .5g.
Transverse mode

.........................Hz
f - frequncy of tuning fork in Hz
μ - linear density in kg/m - mass of the string / length of the
string.
Here, mass - 350mg and length - 3m and μ - 1.17 x 10-4 kgm-1.
l - length of one loop in m
Longitudinal mode

..........................Hz
Results
• 1. The frequncy of electrically maintained tuning
fork at longitudianal mode of vibration =
....................... Hz

• 2. The frequncy of electrically maintained tuning

fork at transverse mode of vibration =
..................... Hz
Applications
• 1. Tuning of instruments like guitar.

• 2. Standing waves in air coloumn, soprano saxophone etc.

• 3. Human speech analysis.

 TUNING OF GUITAR

•
Book:
Waves and Oscillations. City: New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers,
2006.

Webliography

•www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_129.html
•www.tutorvista.com/content/physics/physics-iii/waves/stationary-waves.php
•www.citycollegiate.com/stationary_wavesXIa.htm
THANK YOU