Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ROAD MAINTENANCE
HANDBOOK
Volume IV of IV
Structures and
Traffic Control Devices
under assignment to
IV-i
FOREWORD continued
IV-ii
FOREWORD continued
Victor J Mahbub,
President of PIARC.
IV-iii
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .................................................................i
INTRODUCTION .........................................................vi
2. DEFECTS .................................................................7
2.1 LIST OF DEFECTS 7
3. RESOURCES .........................................................19
3.1 PERSONNEL 19
3.2 PLANT AND TOOLS 21
3.3 MATERIALS 25
3.4 SIGNS AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT 27
IV-iv
CONTENTS CONTINUED
2. DEFECTS ..............................................................86
2.1 LIST OF DEFECTS ......................................86
3. RESOURCES .......................................................98
3.1 PERSONNEL 98
3.2 PLANT AND TOOLS 98
3.3 MATERIALS 100
3.4 SIGNS AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT 102
IV-v
INTRODUCTION
THE HANDBOOK
IV-vi
Road maintenance requires a range of organisational
and technical skills and the work on roads in use by
traffic makes the work potentially hazardous to both the
workmen and road users.
- The task
- Defects
- Resources
- Maintenance method
IV-vii
Where appropriate options are shown for carrying out
the work by:
i) Heavy Equipment,
ii) Tractor based methods, or
iii) Labour based methods.
IV-viii
handbook PERIODIC also includes
certain improvement works such as
thin bituminous overlays.
IV-ix
VOLUME IV - MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURES
AND TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
PART A - Bridges
PART B - Traffic Control Devices
VOLUME IV
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-x
PART B - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-xi
Part A
BRIDGES
IV-1
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-2
PART A - BRIDGES
1. THE TASK
The task is to carry out:
1.1 OBJECTIVE
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-3
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-4
PART A - BRIDGES
1.2 ACTIVITIES
Routine* Activities
CLEANING/CLEARING
Painting
Wood preservation
Pointing masonry.
Periodic* Activities.
MAJOR REPAIRS
Retaining wall
Gabions*.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-5
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-6
PART A - BRIDGES
2. DEFECTS
Defect
IV-7
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-8
PART A - BRIDGES
MINOR DEFECTS
Main Causes
Development, if neglected
Remedies
Cleaning/clearing.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-9
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-10
PART A - BRIDGES
MINOR DEFECTS
Main Causes
Development, if neglected
Remedies
IV-11
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-12
PART A - BRIDGES
MINOR DEFECTS
Main Causes
a) Accident damage
b) Accident damage, weathering
Development, if neglected
a) Reduced safety for bridge users
b) Reduced safety for bridge users
Remedies
a) Repair barrier or parapet
b) Repair or replace warning signs
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-13
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-14
PART A - BRIDGES
MAJOR DEFECTS
IV-15
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-16
PART A - BRIDGES
Major Defect: Erosion
Main Causes
Development, if neglected
Remedies
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-17
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-18
PART A - BRIDGES
3. RESOURCES
3.1 PERSONNEL
Supervisors
- 1 foreman/overseer.
Workforce
- 3 to 6 labourers
- 1 to 2 carpenters
- 1 to 2 masons
- 1 to 2 painters
- 1 to 2 steelworkers
- 1 to 2 skilled concrete workers
- 1 to 2 traffic controllers.
IV-19
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-20
PART A - BRIDGES
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-21
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-22
PART A - BRIDGES
3.2 PLANT AND TOOLS Continued
IV-23
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-24
PART A - BRIDGES
3.3 MATERIALS
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
1 For examples: Pentachlorophenol, or similiar
IV-25
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-26
PART A - BRIDGES
3.4 SIGNS AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Traffic Signs
Barriers
Traffic Cones
IV-27
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-28
PART A - BRIDGES
Clothing
Vehicles
Lights
Flags
IV-29
PART A - BRIDGES
TYPICAL WORKSHEET
BRIDGE MAINTENANCE
District : ……………………..……………………...............
Location: …………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
Signed: ………………………………………………………
(Engineer)/(Technical Assistant)
IV-30
PART A - BRIDGES
4. MAINTENANCE METHOD
4.1 PRELIMINARY TASKS
IV-31
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-32
PART A - BRIDGES
4.2 SAFETY MEASURES
IV-33
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-34
PART A - BRIDGES
4.3 TEMPORARY SIGNPOSTING
IV-35
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-36
PART A - BRIDGES
Traffic controllers should stand next to the
barriers in the centre of the road to operate the
reversible "Stop/Go" signs.
IV-37
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-38
PART A - BRIDGES
4.4 EXECUTION OF THE WORK
IV-39
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-40
PART A - BRIDGES
Routine* Activities
CLEANING / CLEARING
Deck*
Broom the bridge deck and sidewalks clear of all
loose soil, dirt, aggregate, debris, and remove
these from site.
Planking
Remove all dirt and stones lodged between deck
planking.
Scuppers*
Clear all drainage* scuppers of dirt and debris so
that rainwater can drain freely.
Joints, Bearings
Remove all dirt and debris in joints between beams
and abutment walls, and around beam bearings or
supports.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-41
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-42
PART A - BRIDGES
Termites
*
Pentachlorophenol-oil solution can be used, but it is toxic for
humans and plants and is also a fire hazard. It should be handled
with care and only by workmen who have received instructions
regarding proper application. Care must be taken not to
contaminate water supplies or watercourses.
IV-43
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-44
PART A - BRIDGES
MINOR REPAIRS (STRUCTURAL)
a) Bolted Joints
b) Nailed Joints
IV-45
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-46
PART A - BRIDGES
On steel bridges friction grip bolts do not normally work
loose. Bearing bolts may work loose and should be
tightened using a torque wrench* to the settings
instructed by the Engineer.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-47
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-48
PART A - BRIDGES
Replace Damaged Planks
a) Running Boards
- bows,
- crooks,
- twists,
- cups,
- excessive knots.
IV-49
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-50
PART A - BRIDGES
b) Deck Planks
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-51
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-52
PART A - BRIDGES
Painting
Steelwork painting by the bridge gang is generally
restricted to small scale work, for example painting
of railings and occasionally, steel beams. Care
must be taken to ensure a satisfactory job.
IV-53
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-54
PART A - BRIDGES
Wood Preservation
Wood preservation of structural timber can only be
thoroughly and reliably achieved by pressure
impregnation where the preservative liquid is
injected deep into the timber. When pressure
treatment of replacement sections cannot be
employed, apply a superficial treatment. This
method is only of very limited value and cannot be
regarded as permanent, especially if the wood
comes into contact with the soil or is used in moist
climates.
*
For example: a solutipon of coal-tar creosote and used motor-oil.
IV-55
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-56
PART A - BRIDGES
Pointing Masonry
This activity should only be carried out on masonry
structures in reasonably good condition. If the structure
has settled or is in danger of collapse, only complete
reconstruction can be recommended.
IV-57
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-58
PART A - BRIDGES
MINOR REPAIRS (SAFETY)
IV-59
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-60
PART A - BRIDGES
*
Periodic Activities
MAJOR REPAIRS
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-61
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-62
PART A - BRIDGES
OPTION 2: IN STRONG CURRENTS
IV-63
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-64
PART A - BRIDGES
Retaining Wall
This can be constructed to protect the toe of an
embankment or short lengths of stream-bank.
Construct when the river bed is dry and when the free
height of wall (0.5 H) is limited to a maximum of about
1.5 metres. If the river bed does not dry out a coffer
dam* will need to be constructed to allow dry working.
IV-65
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-66
PART A - BRIDGES
Place largest stones lying flat in the lower layers on a
mortar bed and fill all spaces with small stone and
mortar. Each stone must be seated firmly, but no stone
should touch another. Mortar joints should be 1 to 4
cms thick.
Build the ends of the walls first to set the correct size
and profile. On long walls split the job into bays of 5 to
10 metres length for ease of construction.
IV-67
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-68
PART A - BRIDGES
*
Riverbed Scour Apron
Loss of riverbed material by fast flowing water at piers,
abutments and wing walls is best identified and
repaired at low water level or when the river bed is dry.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-69
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-70
PART A - BRIDGES
IF SCOUR AREA DRIES OUT:
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-71
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-72
PART A - BRIDGES
*
Gabions
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-73
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-74
PART A - BRIDGES
Cages should be woven together using 3 mm binding
wire securing all edges every 15 cms with a double
loop. The binding wire should be drawn tight with a pair
of heavy duty pliers and secured with multiple twists (1
and 2). The centre gabion only should be filled initially
to act as an anchorage.
The lids are then closed and stretched tightly over the
stones, (carefully) using crowbars if necessary (6). The
corners should be temporarily secured to ensure that
the mesh covers the whole area of the box. The lid
should then be securely woven to the tops of the walls
removing stones if necessary to prevent the lid from
being overstretched.
IV-75
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-76
PART A - BRIDGES
4.5 COMPLETION AND REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY
SIGNS
Clean tools.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-77
PART A - BRIDGES
IV-78
PART A - BRIDGES
4.6 WORK REPORT
The report must be filled in each day, detailing:
- the work carried out,
- the resources used.
IV-79
Part B
TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES
IV-80
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-81
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
1. THE TASK
The task is to carry out all necessary:
Kilometre-stones
Guardrails and
Pavement markings.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-82
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-83
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
1.1 OBJECTIVE
- giving orders,
- giving warning,
- reducing hazards.
1.2 ACTIVITIES
Routine* Activities
Cleaning
Repainting
Repairing on the site
Repairing in the workshop
Vegetation control
Periodic* Activities.
Replacing guardrails
Pavement marking
Replacing sign
Repairing or Relocating kilometre-stone
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-84
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-85
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
2. DEFECTS
Defects in traffic control devices should be detected
early and repaired promptly. Neglected repair can lead
to traffic accidents.
Routine Activities
Defect
The road sign is dirty and/or dusty.
Main Cause
Development if neglected
Remedy
Cleaning
IV-86
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-87
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Defect
The painted surface is faded or flaking off
Main Cause
Weathering, ageing.
Development if neglected
Remedy
Repainting
a) steel surface
b) timber surface
c) concrete surface.
IV-88
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-89
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Defect
Main Causes
a) vandalism/accident
b,c) accident.
Development if neglected
Remedy
Defect
Development if neglected
Increased danger of accidents to road users.
Remedy
Vegetation control, see Part C, "Roadside Areas" in
Volume I.
IV-90
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-91
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Periodic Activities
Defect
Guardrail and post are damaged.
Main Causes
Vehicle accident
Insect attack (wooden posts).
Development if neglected
Remedy
IV-92
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-93
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Defect
Main Cause
Development, if neglected
Remedy
Pavement marking.
Defect
Main Causes
Development, if neglected
Remedy
Replacing sign.
IV-94
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-95
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Defect
a) the kilometre-stone is damaged
b) the kilometre-stone is too close to the carriageway*
c) the distance shown on the kilometre-stone is
wrong.
Main Causes
a) accident
b) the stone has been positioned incorrectly or the
carriageway has been widened
c) the road has been reconstructed thereby
shortening overall distances.
Development, if neglected
Remedy
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-96
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-97
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
3. RESOURCES
3.1 PERSONNEL
Supervisors
- 1 foreman/overseer.
Workforce
- 2 labourers,
-
-
-
1 carpenter
1 mason } Part-time,
2 (or more) painters,
- 1 to 2 traffic controllers.
- 1 flat-bed truck
- 1 ladder.
IV-98
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-99
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
3.2 PLANT AND TOOLS Continued
3.3 MATERIALS
IV-101
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
3.4 SIGNS AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Traffic Signs
- 2 Yellow/orange flags,
- 2 "Keep Left/Right" arrows,
- 2 "Speed Limit" signs (50 km/hr),
- 2 "Speed Limit" signs (80 km/hr),
- 2 "Men Working" signs,
- 2 "No Overtaking" signs,
- 2 "Line Painting Ahead" signs,
- 2 "End of Restriction" signs.
Traffic Cones
As many as are required to protect the freshly painted
markings (at least 20).
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-102
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-103
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Clothing
Vehicles
Lights
Flags
IV-104
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
TYPICAL WORKSHEET
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
District : ……………………..……………………...............
Location: …………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
Signed: ………………………………………………………
(Engineer)/(Technical Assistant)
IV-105
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
4. MAINTENANCE METHOD
4.1 PRELIMINARY TASKS
IV-106
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-107
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
4.2 TEMPORARY SIGNPOSTING
IV-109
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
4.3 EXECUTION OF THE WORK
Cleaning
IV-110
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-111
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Repainting
This activity involves painting or repainting:
In general :
IV-112
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-113
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
a) Repainting Steel Surfaces
(Sign supports, rear panels of signs etc.)
*
Use only paints of approved type and color.
IV-114
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-115
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
c) Repainting Concrete or Stone Surfaces
IV-116
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-117
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Repairing in the workshop
Signs which cannot be repaired on the site must be
repaired in the workshop or paintshop.
Vegetation Control
IV-118
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-119
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Periodic Activities
Replacing Guardrails
Unbolt damaged guardrail panels and posts and
remove. Retain all undamaged bolts and nuts.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-120
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-121
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Pavement Marking
IV-122
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-123
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
- ensure that the warning cones are correctly spaced
and located along the line being painted. Cones
displaced by traffic should be reset in position
without delay,
IV-124
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-125
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Replacing sign
*
Graded crushed stone or gravel.
IV-126
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-127
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Repairing or Relocating Kilometre-stone
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-128
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-129
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
a) Kilometre-stone with concrete foundation
*
Graded crushed stone or gravel.
IV-130
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-131
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
b) Kilometre-stone without concrete foundation
IV-132
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-133
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
4.4 COMPLETION AND REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY
SIGNS
clean tools.
*
See List of Terms, Volume I.
IV-134
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-135
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
4.5 WORK REPORT
IV-136
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-137
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
4.6 STORING AND TRANSPORTATION
IV-138
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-139
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
- paint brushes can be stored almost indefinitely
provided they are clean and dry. After use they
should be thoroughly cleaned and returned to the
store,
IV-140
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-141
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
5. REGULATORY SIGNS
These signs have a legal status and must be obeyed
by road users. All regulatory signs used in the area of
responsibility of the road authority should be kept in
stock for immediate replacement of damaged signs.
IV-142
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-143
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
6. STANDARD TEMPORARY SIGNS
The diagrams on the opposite and following pages
show traffic control devices for maintenance sites on
paved and unpaved roads. They are intended to
include all essential temporary signposting that will be
required for the maintenance works described in this
Handbook. Local laws, regulations or practices may
necessitate the provision of other temporary signs.
Suggested signposting plans are shown in each of the
4 Volumes of the Handbook for the individual
maintenance activities.
SIGN
600
DIAMETER (Ø)
IV-144
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-145
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-146
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-147
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-148
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-149
PART B – TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
IV-150
Notes and Sketches
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IV-151
User of this Handbook :
NAME : .......................................................................
ADDRESS : ................................................................
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DATE : ........................................................................
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IV-152
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IV-153
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS continued
J. Stuart Yerrell
Chairman, Subcommittee C3-6d
IV-154
WHAT IS PIARC?
IV-155
PIARC Committees and Working Groups are composed of
engineers and experts appointed by member countries. They
act on a continuous basis between each Congress and
participate in international meetings dealing with subjects within
their competence.
• COMMITTEES
• WORKING GROUPS
IV-156
• CONGRESS DOCUMENTS - The documents published on
the occasion of World Road Congresses are an invaluable
source of information and experts agree on the fact that
they are most interesting and unique.
ANRTP
32, rue du Marché commun
Centre de Gros - Case postale 1220
44082 NANTES Cedex 03 (FRANCE)
Fax: +33 40 50 13 64
IV-157
WHERE TO ORDER FURTHER COPIES OF
THE HANDBOOK.
AIPCR/PIARC
LA GRANDE ARCHE
Paroi Nord-Niveau 1
92055 PARIS LA DEFENSE CEDEX 04
(France)
Tel:+33(1)47 96 81 21
Fax: + 33 (1) 49 00 02 02
IV-158