Design and Manufacturing of The Wind Tunnel

DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

FLUID MECHANICS (MEL3211)

Group No. – 7(F)

Members

Registration No. Name

1541018568 Amit Ranjan Swain

1541018569 Ashish Kumar Meher

1541018548 Abhijeet Rout

1571085017 Abhishek Behera

1541018552 Somya Palai

1541018095 Anmol Swain

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH
S ‘O’ A UNIVERSITY
 ABSTRACT
WIND TUNNEL MODELING
Wind tunnel modelling is a robust technique which allows
determination of wind effects on buildings and other structures. Due
to complexity of flows and induced wind loads, other techniques
cannot be reliably used in practical analyses of such effects
Information deduced from wind tunnel testing has been successfully
employed in development of design guidelines and in direct
applications in wind-resistant design of variety of structures, including
low-rise buildings. Although wind tunnel modelling of wind loading
has been generally accepted as a viable tool, over the years a number
of questions regarding accuracy and limitations of this technique have
been raised. Some of the questions related to modelling of wind
loading on low-rise buildings were addressed in the research
described in this dissertation.
 Content
Content Pg. No.
List of symbols 3
List of symbols 4
Introduction 5
Problem Statement 6
Theory 6
Design Analysis 15
Structural Analysis 15
Test profile Analysis 16
Numerical Modelling of the 21
Designed flow circuit
Solidworks Model of the 21
Wind tunnel
Solidworks Analysis of the 23
Wind tunnel(Fig.13)
Manufacturing (Table 4) 25
Result and Discussion 26
Conclusion 28
Reference 28
List of Symbols
Parameters Symbol Units
Life per span L m/t2
Angle of attack Α [1]
Free stream velocity V L/t
Free stream Density Ρ m/L3
Free stream Velocity Μ m/(Lt)
Free stream speed of C L/t
sound
Size of body/ Chord D L
Length
Parameters used for
Fan
Blades/ Fans total A L2
area of contact
Angle of fan Blades α [1]
Angular Speed of fan ω 1
[ 2]
𝑡
Free stream Velocity v 𝐿
[ ]
𝑡
𝑚
Free steam Density ρ [ ]
𝐿
List of tables and figures
Table/ Figure Page No.

Figure 1 4
Table 1 5
Table 2 5
Figure 2 11
Figure 3 13
Figure 4 15
Figure 5 16
Figure 6 16
Table 3 17
Figure 7 19
Figure 8 19
Figure 9 21
Figure 10 21
Figure 11 22
Figure 12 22
Figure 13 23
Figure 14 24
Table 4 25
 Introduction
A wind tunnel is a tool used in aerodynamic research to study the effects
of air moving past solid objects. A wind tunnel consists of a tubular passage
with the object under test mounted in the middle. Air is made to move past
the object by a powerful fan system or other means. The test object, often
called a wind tunnel model is instrumented with suitable sensors to
measure aerodynamic forces, pressure distribution, or other aerodynamic-
related characteristics. Air foil performance at low Reynolds numbers
impacts the performance of a wide range of systems. Low Reynolds
number aerodynamics of air foils apply to a host of other applications such
as wind turbines, motorsports, high altitude aircraft and propellers, natural
flyers, and subscale testing of many full-scale systems. Accurate
measurements of low Reynolds number air foil performance are key to
understanding and improving the efficiency of low Reynolds number
systems. Most aerodynamic performance measurement techniques for air
foils rely on using balance systems or pressure systems, or a combination
of both. The approach described here uses a force balance approach to
obtain lift and moment data and the wake rake method to obtain drag.

Fig. 1
Types of wind tunnels
Wind tunnel can be differentiated in four different criteria
1. Type I classification - Open vs closed circuit wind tunnel
2. Type II Classification- Subsonic vs Supersonic wind tunnel
3. Type III classification- Education vs research wind tunnel
4. Type IV classification- Laminar vs turbulent wind tunnel

Problem statement
Design and Manufacture of a Wind Tunnel.

1.Theory
Table 1
TYPE OF TUNNEL Low speed, Open circuit suction
type.

TEST SECTION SIZE 17.5 cm x 17.5cm.

CONTRACTION RATIO 2:1
INLET SECTION SIZE 35cm x 17.5 cm
WATTS 50 Wt
RPM 2800
VOLT 240 V AC
FREQUENCY 50 Hz

As mentioned our project study the effect of air moving parts a solid
object or test specimen. So a large no. of physical parameters
determine aerodynamics force and moments.
Specially, as we see the following parameters are involved in the
production of lift.
Table 2
Parameters Symbol Units
Life per span L m/t2
Angle of attack Α [1]
 Free stream velocity V L/t
Free stream Density Ρ m/L3
Free stream Velocity Μ m/(Lt)
Free stream speed of C L/t
sound
Size of body/ Chord D L
Length

Now, here as we see there are total n=7 parameters on which it

depends.
And the total no. of primary variable j=3 i.e. [m, L, t] so, there will be
total k=n-j = 7-3 = 4, non- dimensional terms i.e.
π= {π1, π2, π3, π4}
Also, for a given shape L= {α, ρ, v, μ, c, d}
Now by Buckingham Pi Theorem:
𝐿 𝛼 𝑣 𝜌 𝜇 𝑐 𝑑
, , , , , ,
𝑁.𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑅

So,
π1= [L] [v]a1 [ρ]b1 [d]c1
π2= [α] [v]a2 [ρ]b2 [d]c2
π3= [μ] [v]a3 [ρ]b3 [d]c3
π4= [c] [v]a4 [ρ]b4 [d]c4
We know π is a non-dimensional term i.e. [m0, L0, t0,]
So, π1 = [L] [v]a1 [ρ]b1 [d]c1
𝑚 𝐿 𝑎1 𝑚 𝑏1
=[ 2 ] [ ] [ ] [𝐿]𝑐1
𝑡 𝑡 𝐿𝐿3

= [m1+b1 La1-3b1+c1 t-2-a1]

Comparing the exponential terms and solving the equation
We get, π1= [L] [v]-2 [ρ]-1[d]-1
 𝑙 𝑙
= = 1 = c1 = Lift Coefficient
𝜌𝑣 2 𝑑 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑑
2

Similarly,
π2 = [α] [v]0 [ρ]0 [d]0
= α = Angle of attack
π3 = [μ] [v]-1 [ρ]-1 [d]-1
1 𝜌𝑣𝑑
= = Reynolds No. = Re
𝜋3 𝜇

π4 = [c] [v]-1 [ρ]0 [d]0

𝑐
= = Mach No.= Ma
𝑣

So, the dimensional form of our case becomes

cl = π1 = f (α, Re, Ma)
Similarly, coefficient of drag can also be expressed as
cD = f (α, Re, Ma)
We see that the original 6 dimensional parameters which influence L
have been reduced to only 3 dimensionless parameters. Now if we
wish to run a series of wing tunnel experiments for a given body at a
given angle of attack, we need only to vary Reynolds no. and Mach
nos. In order to obtain data from the direct formulation of the lift or
drag force. Hence with a small amount of analysis, huge amount of
effort and wind tunnel running time are saved
Here the dimension less parameters. Re. and Ma are called similarity
parameters. This is the basis of wind tunnel testing, where the flows
about a model object duplicates and can be used to predict the flow
about the full – size object. The prediction is correct only if the model
and full size objects have dynamic similarity.
* Two different flow fields over two different bodies are said to by
dynamically similar if.
1. The streamline patterns are geometrically similar.
2. The distributions of V/V∞, T/T∞, P/P∞, etc., throughout the flow
field are the same when plotted against common non-dimensional
coordinates.
3. The similarity parameters are same for both the flows.
Reynolds No.:
The Reynolds No. is defined as the ratio of the inertia force to the
viscous force.
𝜌𝑣∞ 𝑙
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
with P, the density, v∞ the flow speed, l the characteristic length (in
our case the chord length d) and dynamic viscosity µ
The pressure coefficient:
The non – dimensional surface pressure on the air foil is given by the
pressure coefficient as
𝑃 − 𝑃∞
𝐶𝑝 =
1
𝜌𝑣 2
2 ∞

The distribution of the pressure coefficient integrated along the

section contour. Yields the lift and moment coefficient. By in ration
the surface pressure coefficient distribution, one can obtained the lift,
pressure drag. and pitching moment coefficients. The lift force is the
force acting on the airfoil section perpendicular to the mean flow
direction. The pitch moment is the moment about the quarter chord
point, positive when nose up. We measure aerodynamic quantities in
the middle of the air foil section and assume that the flow is
approximately two – dimensional. In this special case, it is convenient
to look at the force and moment per unit span.
The choices for S and lare arbitrary and depend on the type of body
involved. For aircraft, traditional choices are the wing area for S and
the wing chord or wing span for L and the dynamic pressure for q∞.
The non-dimensional lift, pressure drag and moment coefficients are:
𝐿
Lift coefficient:𝐶𝑙 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

𝐷
Drag coefficient: 𝐶𝐷 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

𝑀
Moment coefficient: 𝐶𝑀 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆𝑙

With L, the lift force per unit span, D the drag force per unit span and
M the pitch moment per unit span.

The lift coefficient:

The lift coefficient is a no. that aerodynamicists use model all the
complex dependencies of shape, inclination, and some flow
conditions on lift. The lift coefficient expresses the ration of the lift
force to the force produced by the dynamic pressure (q∞) times the
area. By knowing the lift coefficient, we can predict the lift that will be
produced under a different set of velocity. Density (attitude) and area
conditions using lift equations. For given air conditions, shape and
inclination of the object, we have to determine a value for C1 to
determine the lift.
1 2
𝐿= 𝜌𝑣 𝐴𝐶𝑙
2
Where L is the lift force, P is air density. V is the true are speed. A is
the plan form area (projected area of the Wing) and C1 is the lift
coefficient.
The Drag coefficient:
The drag coefficient is a no. used to model all the complex
dependencies of shape, inclination, and flow conditions on air craft
drag. The drag coefficient expresses the ratio of the drag force to the
force produced by the dynamic pressures times the area. In a
controlled environment (wind tunnel) we can set the velocity, density
and area and measure the drag produced: Through division we arrive
at a value for drag coefficient. As pointed out on the drag equation
slide the choice of reference area (wing area) will affect the actual
numerical value of the drag coefficient that is calculated. We can
predict the drag that will be produced under a different set of velocity,
density (attitude) and area conditions using the drag equation.

For given air conditions, shape and inclination of the object must
determine a value for a CD to determine drag. Determining the value
of the drag coefficient is more difficult than determine the lift
coefficient because of the multiple sources of drag. The drag
coefficient given above includes form drag, skin friction drag, wave
drag and included drag components.
1 2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝜌𝑣 𝐴𝐶𝐷
2
Where FD is the drag force P is the mass density of the fluid, it is the
velocity of the object relative to the fluid. A is the reference area. And
CD is the drag coefficient.

For 2D bodies, such as air foils, the appropriate reference area/span is

simply the chord ‘C’ and the references length is the chord as well. The
local coefficients are than defined as follows:
𝐿′
Local lift coefficient: 𝐶𝑙 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆
 𝐷′
Local drag coefficient: 𝐶𝐷 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

𝑀′
Local moment coefficient: 𝐶𝑀 =
𝑞∞ 𝑆

These local coefficients are defined for each span wise location on a
wing and may vary across the span. In contrast the Cl, CD, CM are angle
numbers which apply to the whole wing.
For the wing tunnel the test section should have optimum velocity of
air in order to pass over the test specimen and create a drag force and
lift force for out study. This would help us to analyze the specimen in
much better way.

P1V1 P 2V 2 P 3V 3
Surrounding Surrounding

Fig. 2
As we see the design we require maximum velocity of air at test
section so by using continuity and Bernoulli eqn
𝑃1 𝑣1 𝑃2 𝑣2 𝑃3 𝑣3
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 = + + 𝑧3
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Here,
ρ = Density of the air = constant
g = Acceleration due to gravity = constant
z1 = z2 = z3 = All section lie on same height
P1= Patm = As it is opening to surrounding.
Equation of continuity
 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
Here,
A= Area of cross section
V= Velocity through the cross section
From eqn continuity and Bernoulli eqn
We get,
𝐴2 2 − 𝐴1 2
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 [ ]
2𝐴2 2
So, by this we can know the pressure test section.
For our case the momentum has also to be conserved.
For that we can use RTT and apply it on the wind tunnel.
𝑑 𝑑
i.e. (𝑚𝑣⃗) = ∫𝑐𝑣 𝜌𝑣⃗ 𝑑∀ + ∫𝑐𝑠 𝜌𝑣⃗(𝑣⃗𝑟 . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Here, the control volume is fixed, hence Vs is zero,

⃗⃗ = 𝑉
That implies, 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑟

And the flow of air inside the wind tunnel is steady flow. Therefore,
RTT is modified to,

𝑑
(𝑚𝑣⃗ ) = ∫ 𝜌𝑣⃗(𝑣⃗𝑟 . 𝑛⃗⃗) 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑠

After solving
We get,
(𝑚̇𝑣)𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝑚̇𝑣)𝑖𝑛

Now,
Now, if consider the correction factor β, then for our project density
of fluid is constant and the CS is normal to inlet and outlet that V and
Vavg have same direction. Therefore, normal n is along V and Vavg.
So,
(𝑣⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗)𝑑𝐴𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝐴𝑐

= ∫ 𝜌𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝐴𝑐 = 𝛽(𝜌𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 )𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝐴𝐶

So,
1 𝑣 2
𝛽=( ) ∫( ) 𝑑𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔
By this if we get β<2300 then, we will succeed to get laminar flow.
Now, before analysis of test specimen we must know what goes in an
empty wind tunnel when the air is dragged into it with the help of a
fan.
As we see the following parameters are involved into dragging the air
into the wind tunnel

Atmosphere

Fig. 3
Table 2
Parameters Symbols Units
Blades/ Fans total A L2
area of contact
Angle of fan Blades α [1]
 Angular Speed of fan ω 1
[ 2]
𝑡
Free stream Velocity v 𝐿
[ ]
𝑡
𝑚
Free steam Density ρ [ ]
𝐿

Here, there are total n = 5 parameters on which it depends

And total no. of primary variables = j = 3 i.e. [m, L, t]
So, there will be total k=n-j = 5-3 = 2 non-dimensional term applicable
for empty wind tunnel
i.e.
π = {π1, π 2}
Also, for given/ used fan A= f (α, ω, v, ρ)
Now by using Buckingham Pi Theorem: -
𝐴 𝛼 𝑣 𝜌 𝜔
, , , ,
𝑁.𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
We know that π is non-dimensional term i.e. [m0, L0, t0]
So,
π1 = [A] [v]a1 [ρ]b1 [ω]c1
= [mb1 L2+a1-3b1t-a1-c1]
After solving
We get,
𝐴𝜔2 𝐴𝑣 2
π1= =
𝑣2 𝑅𝑣 2

Similarly, for π2
So, in our case it become
π1 = f(π2) = f(α)
So, our non-dimensional term depends on the angle of fan blades.
For our case, we have to determine the angular velocity of fan too.
So, we got 2 ways
1. If we calculate the rpm of the fan i.e. N, then
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔=
60
2. Velocity (v) and Radius (R) of the fan is determine to calculate
(ω)
V
ω=
R

2. Design analysis
2.1. Structural Analysis:
The structure of the wind tunnel is inspired by venturimeter.
According to wind tunnel structural designs the contraction ratio
varies from 2:1 to 9:1 depending on the velocity of air produced by fan
Test section area (17.5cm x 17.5cm) = 306.25 cm2 = AT
So, in our design, effuse has dimension
2:1 ratio
So, Ae= 2xAT
35 cm = 2x306.25
=612.5cm2
If l= 17.5 then b=35
Fig. 4
17.5

Keeping contraction ratio 2:1, test section area is

17.5
 17.5
Fig. 5

The design is subsonic type such that the pressure gradually decreases
from effuse to test section in order provide maximum velocity at test
section. Then similarly, the pressure increase in diffuser.
We had 3 option for selecting the material of which the wind tunnel is
made:
1. Sun Board
2. Plywood
3. Metal Sheet
Our choose of material was plywood because it is cost efficient and
could withstand the pressure generated inside the wind tunnel.

2.54 cm Fig. 6
1.73 cm
22.86 cm

35 cm
17.5 cm 19.23 cm

cm

121.92 cm

2.2 Fan Analysis

From flow simulation of Solidworks the maximum pressure that our
wind tunnel can withstand is 101kpa at the test section.
Now, duct area = 19.23 x 17.5 cm2 = 0.3622ft2
Fpm= Velocity in feet pe1r minute= 4398 fpm
Cfm= Fpm x Duct area = 0.3622 x 4398 = 1592.95 cfm
So, the minimum rpm of fan we need is 1600 rpm. According to market
we got to manage 2800 rpm of the fan.
 2.3Test Profile Analysis
As mentioned our project study the effect of air moving parts a solid
object or test specimen. So, a large no. of physical parameters
determines aerodynamics force and moments.
Specially, as we see the following parameters are involved in the
production of lift.
Table 3
Parameters Symbol Units
Life per span L m/t2
Angle of attack Α [1]
Free stream velocity V L/t
Free stream Density Ρ m/L3
Free stream Velocity Μ m/(Lt)
Free stream speed of C L/t
sound
Size of body/ Chord D L
Length

Now, here as we see there are total n=7 parameters on which it

depends.
And the total no. of primary variable j=3 i.e. [m, L, t] so, there will be
total k=n-j = 7-3 = 4, non- dimensional terms i.e.
π= {π1, π2, π3, π4}
Also, for a given shape L= {α, ρ, v, μ, c, d}
Now by Buckingham Pi Theorem:
𝐿 𝛼 𝑣 𝜌 𝜇 𝑐 𝑑
, , , , , ,
𝑁.𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑁.𝑅 𝑅

So,
π1= [L] [v]a1 [ρ]b1 [d]c1
π2= [α] [v]a2 [ρ]b2 [d]c2
 π3= [μ] [v]a3 [ρ]b3 [d]c3
π4= [c] [v]a4 [ρ]b4 [d]c4
We know π is a non-dimensional term i.e. [m0, L0, t0,]
So, π1 = [L] [v]a1 [ρ]b1 [d]c1
𝑚 𝐿 𝑎1 𝑚 𝑏1
=[ 2 ] [ ] [ ] [𝐿]𝑐1
𝑡 𝑡 𝐿𝐿3

= [m1+b1 La1-3b1+c1 t-2-a1]

Comparing the exponential terms and solving the equation
We get, π1= [L] [v]-2 [ρ]-1[d]-1
𝑙 𝑙
= = 1 = c1 = Lift Coefficient
𝜌𝑣 2 𝑑 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑑
2

Similarly,
π2 = [α] [v]0 [ρ]0 [d]0
= α = Angle of attack
π3 = [μ] [v]-1 [ρ]-1 [d]-1
1 𝜌𝑣𝑑
= = Reynolds No. = Re
𝜋3 𝜇

π4 = [c] [v]-1 [ρ]0 [d]0

𝑐
= = Mach No.= Ma
𝑣

So, the dimensional form of our case becomes

cl = π1 = f (α, Re, Ma)
Similarly, coefficient of drag can also be expressed as
cD = f (α, Re, Ma)
Mass of the test profile is 0.022 kg

𝜋
A Curve = πr2 = π (0.5) = = 0.7854 cm2 = 7.854 x 10-5 m2
4

A flat = 6.5 x 6.5 = 42.25 cm2 =4.225 x 10-3 m2

Velocity at test section:
Fan blade radius = 3 in = 7.62 cm = 0.0762 m
2𝜋𝑁 2∗ 𝜋∗2800 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Angular velocity 𝜔 = = = 293.215
60 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Velocity at diffuser (v1) = rω = 22.343 m/sec
Pressure at the test section is (P) = 0.613𝑉1 2
= 306.2 pa
From equation of continuity
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
19.23 x 17.5 x 22.343 = 17.5 x 17.5 x 𝑉2
𝑉2 = 24.552 m/sec
From Bernoulli eqn
𝑃1 𝑣1 𝑃2 𝑣2
+ = +
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
2
𝜌(𝑣1 2 −𝑣2 )
𝑃2 = 𝑃2 +
2

1.25(22.432 − 24.5522 )
𝑃2 = 306.2 +
2
𝑃2 = 243.69 𝑝𝑎
𝐹𝐿 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐴𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = 243.69 ∗ 4.225 ∗ 10−3
𝐹𝐷 = 1.03𝑁
𝐹𝐷 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝐴𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 243.69 ∗ 7.854 ∗ 10−5
𝐹𝐷 = 0.0191𝑁
𝐹𝐷
𝐶𝐷 = = 0.647
𝜌𝑣2𝐴𝐶
𝐹𝐷
𝐶𝐿 = = 0.647
𝜌𝑣2𝐴𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑡
𝑉 24.552
𝑀= = = 0.07 < 2300 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐶 346
𝜌𝑣𝑙
𝑅𝑒 = = 102191.55
𝜇
3. Numerical Modelling of the Designed flow circuit
3.1. Solidworks Model of the Wind tunnel
1. Isometric View(Fig. 9)

2. Front View(Fig. 10)

3. Back View(Fig.11)

4. Side View(Fig. 12)

3.2. Solidworks Analysis of the Wind tunnel(Fig.13)
3.3. Figure of the test profile(Fig.14)
4.Manufacturing (Table 4)
Materials Cost (Rs)

Plywood 550

Exhaust Fan 650

LED light 100

LED Adaptor 80

Glass 30

Nuts and Bolds 25

Hing and Lock 40

Bond lite 50

Pipes 40

Protector 10

Fevicol 30

Nails 30
5. Experimental testing:
This data was collected without switching on the fan
Voltage
of Force
Time - Plot Sensor -
0 Plot 0
0 2.47787
0.01 2.4779
0.02 2.47793
0.03 2.47797
0.04 2.478
0.05 2.47803
0.06 2.47807
0.07 2.4781
0.08 2.47813
0.09 2.47817
0.1 2.4782
0.11 2.47823
0.12 2.47827
0.13 2.4783
0.14 2.47833
0.15 2.47837
0.16 2.4784
0.17 2.47843
0.18 2.47846
0.19 2.4785
0.2 2.47853
0.21 2.47856
0.22 2.47859
0.23 2.47863
0.24 2.47866
0.25 2.47869
0.26 2.47872
0.27 2.47875
0.28 2.47878
0.29 2.47882
0.3 2.47885
0.31 2.47888
0.32 2.47891
 Voltage of Force Sensor - Plot 0
2.482
2.481
2.48
2.479
2.478
2.477
2.476
2.475
2.474
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

This data was collected after the fan on

Voltage
of Force
Time - Sensor -
Plot 0 Plot 0
0 2.47787
0.01 2.47778
0.02 2.4777
0.03 2.47762
0.04 2.47755
0.05 2.47748
0.06 2.47741
0.07 2.47735
0.08 2.4773
0.09 2.47725
0.1 2.47722
0.11 2.4772
0.12 2.47719
0.13 2.47719
0.14 2.47721
0.15 2.47724
0.16 2.47729
0.17 2.47734
0.18 2.47739
0.19 2.47744
0.2 2.47749
0.21 2.47753
0.22 2.47755
0.23 2.47756
0.24 2.47754
0.25 2.4775
0.26 2.47743
0.27 2.47736
0.28 2.47729
 Voltage of Force Sensor - Plot 0
2.482

2.481

2.48

2.479

2.478

2.477

2.476

2.475

2.474
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
6.Results and Discussion
We calculated lift force and drag force, Mach No., Re No., By theory.
We experiment our project in Upm lab 3 D306 under the guidance of
S. K. Parida and found out the experimental Result for our project.

7. Conclusions
We choose wind tunnel as our project and we succeeded to
manufacture it within the stipulated time. We had done proper
analysis for our project and even experimented our project and we
found 3% error due to some arrangement losses. So, our project can
be used test the aerodynamics of an airfoil. Further improvement is
appreciated.

8.Reference
Amrita devi wind tunnel.
NASA Site.
Fluid Mechanics Book.
S. K. Parida Sir.
P. K. Singh Sir.
Jajneswar Nanda Sir.