Topic

Outline
Ø Differentiation
Ø Geometric definition
Ø Rate of change
Ø Differentiation of standard functions
Ø Tangents and normals to curves
Ø Higher order derivatives
Ø Stationary points

Ø Introduction to integration
Ø Areas under curves
Ø Indefinite and definite integration
Ø Integration of standard functions
Ø Mean and RMS values
1
 Gradient of a straight line
Ø y = mx + c y
(x1,y1)
Δy y1 − y 2
m= =
Δx x1 − x 2 Δy
(x2,y2)
Ø Δy = change in y values Δx
Ø Δx = change in x values

€ x
Δy
= rate of change
Δx Gradient of a straight line is
= gradient of line constant throughout its length
2
 Gradient of a curve
Ø But, how do we find the gradient of
a curve? y

Ø Gradient not constant throughout

the length of the curve
A
Ø Find gradient at a given point A

O x

3
 Tangents & Normals
Ø Tangent is a straight line
that just touches the curve y
at a given point

Ø Normal is the straight line

perpendicular to the A
tangent

O x

4
 Gradient of a curve
Ø Gradient of a curve at point A is
equal to the gradient of the tangent y
to the curve at point A

Ø Instantaneous rate of change

A

Δy
Δx O x

Ø Zoom in on area around point A …

5
 Definition of Differentiation
Ø Gradient defined by:
y
f (x + Δx)
f(x)
f (x + Δx) − f (x)
m≈
Δx
€
or

Δf f (x + Δx) − f (x) O x
≈ x
Δx Δx x + Δx
6
 Definition of Differentiation
Ø As Δx gets smaller and smaller, the tangent becomes a better and
better approximation of the curve at point A

Ø In the limit Δx → 0

Δf f (x + Δx) − f (x)
lim
Δx →0 Δx
= lim
Δx →0 Δx

df f (x + Δx) − f (x)
≡ f &(x) = lim
dx Δx →0 Δx
7
 Rules of differentiation

n dy n−1
y=x dx
= nx

y =c dy
=0
dx

8
 Rules of differentiation

x dy x
y =e dx
=e

kx
dy kx
y =e = ke
dx

dy 1
y = ln kx =
dx x
9
 Rules of differentiation
dy
y = sin kx = k cos kx
dx

dy
y = cos kx = −k sin kx
dx

y = tan kx dy 2
= k sec kx
dx
10
 Determining the equation of a tangent
Ø Consider some function f(x) at x = a y

Ø Determine f(a): Find (x,y) coordinates y = f(a)

of the point

Ø Determine the gradient f’(a)

Ø Use this information to determine the

equation of the tangent x=a x

11
 Determining the equation of the normal
Ø Once the equation of the tangent is known

Ø Use the following property:

mt × mn = -1

when two lines are at right angles to each other

Ø Note that this is a general property for two straight lines; it is not
something special that only applies to tangents and normals

12
 Higher order derivatives
Ø What we have discussed so far is known as a first-order derivative
Ø We only differentiated once

Ø Higher order derivatives

Ø Order tells you how many times to differentiate

2 5
d f d f
2 5
dx dx
13
 Stationary Points

y Maximum
Point of
turning point
inflexion
SP
SP

x
SP
Minimum
turning point

Stationary point of a function f(x) is any point where the rate of change with
respect to x is zero
14
 Finding stationary points
Ø Evaluate the derivative, then set
dy
=0
dx
Ø Maximum: gradient changes from positive to negative

Ø Minimum: gradient changes from negative to positive

€
Ø Point of inflexion: gradient does not change sign

Ø Use the second-order derivative to determine stationary point type

2
d y
2
dx 15
 Determining the type of SP
2
d y Ø Stationary point is a minimum
2
>0
dx

2
d y Ø Stationary point is a maximum
2
< 0
dx

2 Ø Cannot distinguish type (probable point of

d y
2
=0 inflexion)
dx Ø Need to evaluate first-order derivative on
either side of the stationary point
16
Point of inflexion test

Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 $

17
 The area under a curve
Ø Imagine a car travelling at
v
constant velocity

Ø What is the distance travelled by

the car between times t1 and t2?
Ø s = v(t2 – t1)
t1 t2 time

Ø This is also the area under the

line between t1 and t2
What would you do if the car
was not travelling at constant
velocity?

18
 The area under a curve
Ø Estimate the area under a curve v

Ø Reduce width of strips & increase

number of strips
Ø Estimate of the area under the
curve improves t1 t2 time

t1 t2 time
19
 The area under a curve
Ø Strip width represented by Δx f(x)

Ø Estimate of area is:

n

∑ f (x )Δx r
r=1
xr x
Ø Allow Δx ⟶ 0 and n ⟶ ∞
x=a x=b
n b

∑ f (x )Δx → ∫ f (x)dx
r
This is known as
r=1 a
integration
20
 Integration
Ø Reverse process of differentiation

dy
y = 5x =5
dx
y = 5x + 2 dy
=5
1 dx
y = 5x −
2 dy
=5
dx
21
 Integration
b
dy
dx
=5 y = 5x + C F(x) = ∫ 5dx
a

∫ 5dx = 5x + C
Constant of integration ì
F(x) = [5x ] a
b

€
F(x) = 5b − 5a

Indefinite integration Definite integration

€ 22
 Rules of Integration

∫ kdx = kx + C
n +1
n x
∫ x dx =
n +1
+C

kx
e
kx
∫ e dx = k + C ∫x −1
dx = ln x + C

23
 Rules of Integration

∫ sin xdx = −cos x + C

∫ cos xdx = sin x + C

−cos kx
∫ sin kxdx = k + C
sin kx
∫ cos kxdx = k + C
24
 Area under a curve
y

Ø To calculate the area under a

curve between a and b and the x
axis

Ø Definite integral of equation

of curve between a & b

a b x

25
 Integration: Mean values
Ø When dealing with a continuous function f(t) for which we wish to
find the mean in the range a ≤ t ≤ b

Ø Find the area under the curve

Ø Divide it by the range of t values considered:
b
Area of rectangle =
area of curve (roughly
speaking)
h(b − a) = ∫ f (t)dt
a
b
1
h=
b−a
∫ f (t)dt
a
h represents mean value of
f(t) in the range a ≤ t ≤ b

26
With thanks to the University of Limerick
€
 Integration: RMS values
Ø RMS = Root mean square

Ø The square root of the mean value of the squares of f(t)

b
1
RMS = ∫ y 2 dt y = f (t)
b−a a

€
€

27
 Applications of integration
Ø Finding the mean value of a function in a given range

RMS between 0 and π

≈ 0.707
AC Voltage

Average between 0
and π ≈ 0.637

Time RMS between 0 and

2π ≈ 0.707

Average between 0
and 2π = 0
28