Y

YEAARR9
S
SCIIENCE
E
PHY
YSICA
AL WO
ORLD
D: PAR
RT 1
LES
SSON 2: SO
OUND
D WA
AVES
SA
AMPLLE RES
SOUR
RCES

130
300 008
8 008
wwww.ma
matrix.e
edu.au
u
 YEAR 9 SCIENC
CE LESSON 22: SOUND
D WAVES

2. A
Applic
cations
s of Sou
und Wa
aves
 Echo
 An ec
cho is a reflection of a sound wa
ave, arriving
g at the listeener some time
t
after the
t sound was
w produce
ed.

 Diffferent mate
erials intera
act differentlly with soun
nd.
– Soft and porous matterial such as
a foam willl absorb souund.
– mooth and n on-porous material suc
Rigid, sm ch as concrrete will reflect
sound.
– STRATION : Sound wa
DEMONS aves reflecting off differrent types of
o
materials
s.

 he exact time it takes fo

Th or an echo to
t be heard can be calcculated by knowing:
– ance from tthe source
The dista e to the material the so und is reflected off
– The spee
ed of sound

NOTE TO STUDENTS
T speed of
The o sound thro
rough dry air at room temperaturre is a consttant
value of 340 m/s.

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 YEAR 9 SCIENCE LESSON 2: SOUND WAVES

 Echoes can be used to determine how far away objects are. For example,
ships use echoes in navigation to measure how far away the ocean floor is.
– Sound waves of high pitch (and therefore frequency!) are emitted from a
source and reflected off an object some distance away.
– Suggest a reason why high frequency sound waves are used.40

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

– The echo produced upon reflection is detected by pressure sensitive

detectors.
– The detectors are designed to measure the time taken for reflection very
precisely. This time can be used to calculate how far away the object is
located.

and therefore

– The velocity of the sound in the medium is assumed to be constant.

– Note that the sound completes a return trip, so the distance to the
object is half of the distance the sound travels.

 A source emits an ultrasound wave of frequency 21 000 Hz into a dark cave.

Detectors which are set up next to the source receive a signal 8 s later.
– Assuming the wave travels at 340 ms-1, what is its wavelength?41

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

– Using the time taken for the detector to receive a signal, determine the
distance between the source and the object the wave reflected off.42

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

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 YEAR 9 SCIENC
CE LESSON 22: SOUND
D WAVES

 Ba
ats are nocturnal anima
als, meaning they are active
a durin g the night.. Have
you ever wondered how bats naviga
ate in the da
ark? They uuse sound waves
w
and echo! Thiis is called e
echolocation.
– Bats send
d out sound
d waves from their mou
uth or nose..
– e sound wavves hit an object,
When the o they reflect and produce ec
choes,
which return to the b
bat’s ears.
– Bats liste
en to the ech
hoes to figu
ure out wherre the objecct is, how biig it is,
and its sh
hape. This h
helps them avoid obsta
acles and a lso hunt foo
od.

By Bat_echolo ocation.jpg: Shungg Ecolocalizacao__morcego.jpg: José Augusto Bat_shhadow_black.svg: Myself

Butterfly_black
k.svg: *Butterfly.svvg: JASC's WebDDraw derivative woork: Marek M (talk)) derivative work: Marek M
[CC BY-SA 3.0 0 (http://creativecoommons.org/licen
nses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commmons

 VID
DEO (Leng
gth 2:55): Iss It Possible
e? – Real Liife Batman..

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n may be reprod
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form, or by anyy means (electrronic, mechanical, photocopyin g, recording, orr otherwise), without the prior peermission of Ma atrix Education.
 YEAR 9 SCIENC
CE LESSON 22: SOUND
D WAVES

 SONAR
 SO
ONAR (SOu
und NAviga
ation and Ra
anging) is a technique that uses th
he
em
mission and detection o
of reflected sound pulses to navigaate, search for and
ma
ap objects on
o the sea ffloor.

– SONAR can
c be used
d to calcula
ate the dep
pth of a bod
dy of waterr or
detect ob
bjects bene
eath the su
urface by measuring
m thhe time take
en for
the echo to return to
o the transm
mitter/receive
er.
– ed of sound in water is assumed to
The spee o be constaant.

 SO
ONAR is use
ed for a wid
de range of applications, includingg:
– Charting and surveyying waters
– Bathymettry (the stud
dy of underw h of lake or ocean floorrs)
water depth
– Detecting
g explosive dangers un
nderwater
– Search and rescue m
missions

 SO
ONAR is particularly po
owerful for exploring
e de
eep bodies of water be
ecause
sound waves travel furth er in water than radar and light waaves.

 VID
DEO (Leng
gth 1:27): T
The Bluefin-21 sonar de
evice used tto search fo
or the
missing MH37
70 plane.

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n may be reprod
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form, or by anyy means (electrronic, mechanical, photocopyin g, recording, orr otherwise), without the prior peermission of Ma atrix Education.
 YEAR 9 SCIENC
CE LESSON 22: SOUND
D WAVES

 Pitch an
nd freque
ency
 Mu
usic is chara
acterised byy pitch and
d loudness.

 Pittch is the perceived fu

undamenta
al frequenc
cy of a sounnd. It is a
psychological response a
and therefore cannot be
b directly m
measured.

– The pitch
h of a sound
d is how high or low a musical nnote or soun
nd
sounds to
o a human.
– The highe
er the pitch the higher the frequen
ncy and the lower the pitch
p the
lower the
e frequency..
– Recall tha
at frequenc
cy (f) is the number of complete w
wave cycles
s
(wavelengths) that p
pass a pointt per second
d.

 Th
he table belo
ow shows th
hree sound waves of different
d freqquencies (5
512 Hz,
38
84 Hz and 256 Hz) and pitches. La
abel them appropriatel
a y.

Wave

Frequency
y

Pitch
(high,
medium,
low)

D YOU KNO
DID OW?
H
Humans can
n detect sou
und with freq
quencies be
etween 20 H
Hz and 20 000
0 Hz.
S
Sounds with a frequenccy above 20
0,000 Hz are
e defined ass ‘ultrasoun
nd’. You
can test your hearing he
ere!

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form, or by anyy means (electrronic, mechanical, photocopyin g, recording, orr otherwise), without the prior peermission of Ma atrix Education.
 YEAR 9 SCIENC
CE LESSON 22: SOUND
D WAVES

 Loudnes
ss and amplitude
e
 Th
he loudness
s of a sound
d is also a psychologic
p cal responsee that is diffficult to
me
easure. Lou
udness depe
ends on:
– The sens
sitivity of th
he detector (e.g. your ear)
e
– The inten
nsity of the
e sound

 he intensity of a sound is proportio

Th onal to the amplitude
a ssquared.
– er the ampl itude the lo
The highe ouder the so
ound and thee lower the
amplitude
e the softer the sound.
– Recall tha
at amplitud
de (A) refers to the maximum amoount of
displacem
ment of a pa
article on th
he medium from
f its equuilibrium pos
sition.

 Th
he table belo
ow shows tw
wo sound waves
w of diffferent and lloudness. Label
L
the
em appropriately.

Wave

Intensity
(high/low)

Loudness
(loud/soft))

 DE
EMONSTRA
ATION: A ‘w
wave interfe
erence’ java
a applet. Chhange the
am
mplitude and
d frequencyy of a sound
d wave and see how thhe sound yo
ou hear
changes!

 VID
DEO (Leng
gth 3:19): P udness of a sound whisstle.
Pitch and lou

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form, or by anyy means (electrronic, mechanical, photocopyin g, recording, orr otherwise), without the prior peermission of Ma atrix Education.