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INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS
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Units and Dimensions
Objectives:
Convert one set of units in a function or equation into another
equivalent set for mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and
force
Specify the basic and derived units in the SI and American
engineering system for mass, length, volume, density, time, and
their equivalence.
Explain the difference between weight and mass
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Dimensions are:
properties that can be measured such as length, time, mass,
temperature,
properties that can be calculated by multiplying or dividing
other dimensions, such as velocity (length/time), volume,
density
Units are used for expressing the dimensions such as feet or
meter for length, hours/seconds for time.
Every valid equation must be dimensionally homogeneous:
that is, all additive terms on both sides of the equation must
have the same unit
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The numerical values of two quantities may be added or
subtracted only if the units are the same.
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Conversion of Units
A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any
units having the appropriate dimension
To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to
equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given
quantity by the conversion factor
Conversion factor – a ratio of equivalent values of a
quantity expressed in different units (new unit/old unit)
Let’s say to convert 36 mg to gram
36 mg 1g = 0.036 g
1000 mg Conversion
factor
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Example
Convert an acceleration of 1 cm/s2 to its equivalent in
km/yr2 1hr=60min
1min=60s
So, 1hr=3600s
1 d=24hr
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Dimensional Equation
Eg: Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2
1. Write the given quantity and units on the left
2. Write the units of conversion factors that cancel the old unit
and replace them with the desired unit
1 cm s2 h2 day2 m km
s2 h2 day2 yr2 cm m
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TEST YOURSELF
(Ans)
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Systems of Units
c) CGS system
Almost identical to SI. Principles different being that grams (g) and
centimeters (cm) are used instead of kg and m as the base units of
mass and length.
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Base Units
Base Units
gram-
Moles mole pound mole lbmole gram-mole mole
mole
Base units - units for the dimensions of mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current, and light
intensity.
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Multiple Units Preferences
Multiple units- multiple or fractions of base unit E.g.: for time can be hours, millisecond, year, etc
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Derivatives SI Units
Derived SI Units
Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent to the Base Unit
Volume Liter L 0.001m3 = 1000 cm3
(L x W x H)
Force Newton (SI) N 1 kg.m/s2
(F=ma) Dyne (CGS) 1 g.cm/s2
Pressure Pascal Pa 1 N/m2
(force/area)
Energy/ Work Joule J 1 N.m = 1 kg.m2/s2
(E=1/2*MV2) depends on mass n speed Calorie cal 4.184 J =1 cal
Power Watt W 1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3
(force x distance)/time
Ans:
As before, begin by writing the dimensional equation, fill
in the units of conversion factors (new/old) and then the
numerical values of these factors, and then do the
arithmetic.
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TEST YOURSELF
1. What are the factors (numerical values and units) needed to convert?
(a) meters to millimeters?
(b) nanoseconds to seconds?
(c) square centimeters to square meters?
(d) cubic feet to cubic meters (use the conversion factor table on the inside
front cover)?
(e) horsepower to British thermal units per second?
2. What is the derived SI unit for velocity? The velocity unit in the CGS system?
In the American engineering system?
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TEST YOURSELF
(Ans)
1. What are the factors (numerical values and units) needed to convert?
(a) meters to millimeters? 1000mm/1m
(b) nanoseconds to seconds? 10-9s/1ns
(c) square centimeters to square meters? 1m2/104cm2
(d) cubic feet to cubic meters (use the conversion factor table on the
inside front cover)? 1m3/35.3145ft3
(e) horsepower to British thermal units per second? (9.486x10-4
Btu/s)/(1.341x10-3hp)
2. What is the derived SI unit for velocity? The velocity unit in the CGS
system? In the American engineering system? m/s, cm/s , ft/s
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Force and Weight
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Example
4 kg 9m 1N
s2 1kg.m/s2
= 36.0 N
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gc is used to denote the conversion factor from a
natural force unit to a derived force unit.
1N 1 lbf
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The weight of an object is the force exerted on the object by gravitational
attraction.
Suppose that an object of mass m is subjected to a gravitational force W
(W is by definition the weight of the object) and that if this object were falling
freely its acceleration would be g.
The weight, mass, and free-fall acceleration of the object are related by
W=mg
. The value of g at sea level and 45'" latitude is given below in each system of
units:
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Sample Mean
Variations in sampling and chemical analysis procedures invariably introduce scatter
in measured values (X).
So, we collect N (numb of measured values of X (Xl, X2, . .. , XN) and then calculate
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Two-Point Linear Interpolation
Given tabulated data for two variables (x and y), use linear interpolation between two
data points to estimate the value of one variable for a given value of the other.
The equation of the line through (Xl, y1) and (X2, Y2) on a plot of y versus x is
You may use this equation to estimate y for an x between Xl and X2;
You may also use it to estimate y for an x outside of this range (i.e., to extrapolate the
data), but with a much greater risk of inaccuracy.
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Generate a Straight Line
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References:
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THANK YOU
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