TST - Complete TOEFL Practice Test

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About the TOEFL iBT

The Test of English as a Foreign Language, TOEFL for short, has 4 sections:
- Reading
- Listening
- Speaking
- Writing
In this PDF, you will find an entire TOEFL practice test. It will take approximately 4 hours to
complete. We recommend setting aside a full 4 hours to go through the entire test.
How to Use This PDF:

This test is laid out exactly like a real TOEFL (well, besides all the usual distractions in
the test-taking environment).
Please follow the directions we’ve provided before each section.
Try to complete the test within 4 hours. Use the answer key on the back to check your
answers.
***Follow the directions in the course to submit your speaking and writing
responses.
Good luck and make sure you complete the entire test :)
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Table of Contents
Click the link to skip to specific sections!
• Who We Are
• Our Teachers
• General Directions
• Reading Section
• Listening Section
• Break
• Speaking Section
• Writing Section
• Reading Section Answer Key
• Listening Section Answer Key (transcripts included)
• Speaking Section Answer Key (transcripts and model answers)
• Writing Section Answer Key (transcripts and model answers)
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Who We Are
Josh MacPherson
Head Instructor
Author of TOEFL Speaking Success and The Vocabulary

Ninja Handbook, Josh MacPherson is a seasoned
language professional with over a decade of experience
teaching English language learners in New York, Korea
and Japan. He holds a BA in Secondary Education and
an MA in ESL Curriculum and Instruction.
Alex Stratov
Head of Operations and Business Development
Alex Stratov is the Head of Operations for TOEFL

Speaking Teacher. He handles all outreach, marketing
campaigns, and project management.
Maryna Bakhmatska
Head of Community and Communication
Maryna is Head of Community and Communication at

TOEFL Speaking Teacher. She handles all e-mail and
social media communication, interacting with our TOEFL
students on a daily basis.
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Our Teachers
Jamie Tanzman
Jamie carries out TOEFL Speaking Evaluations, as well

as English Fluency Classes, TOEFL Speaking Group
Classes and TOEFL Speaking Private Lessons. We
envision a successful future with Jamie as part of our
team – and highly recommend you register for a package
of lessons with her today!
Katie Reaburn
Katie can’t wait to help you achieve your goal TOEFL

score! She has taught English for over 5 years now –
including TOEFL preparation – and has extensive
experience with working professionals who are motivated
to achieve a specific goal (like 26 on TOEFL Speaking!).
She currently lives in Colombia, where she teaches
English in an ‘in-person’ school.
Vivelle Yearwood
Vivelle has specific experience helping non-native health

professionals (like pharmacists, nurses, physical
therapists, and doctors) prepare presentations for high-
stress situations – similar to the TOEFL Speaking
environment. She is excited to help you reach your goal
score on the TOEFL!
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Ellen Campbell
Ellen loves helping students to improve their fluency and

confidence in English, particularly with using new
vocabulary, including idioms, phrases, and expressions.
With your motivation, TST’s excellent resources, and her
TOEFL experience and teaching enthusiasm, she will help
you reach your goal score for the TOEFL.
Kevin Dunn
Kevin has over 15 years of English teaching experience

including mostly business and academic English and
has a CELTA certificate.He wrote and published a best-
selling IELTS test prep guide book (currently Japanese
only), and he is an expert in teaching English test
preparation and loves helping people quickly improve
their scores. Students tell him his lessons are always
friendly and supportive, professional and clear.
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General Directions
Please treat this like a real TOEFL test.
Seriously.
There is no reason to cheat. You want to get a real sense of your current ability level. It’s
crucial that you copy the test conditions. If you need help following the test conditions,
read the directions before each section or consult the TOEFL Quick Guide.
You will get the absolute most out of this by taking 4 hours to sit for the entire test.
If you can, try doing it in a public place! Distractions and noise in a public place will help
you learn how to focus. Remember, on the real TOEFL test, there will be many other
test-takers.
Best of luck!
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Reading Section
Instructions
The reading section measures how well you can read and interpret academic
passages.
You have 60 minutes to complete all 3 reading passages. You may spend as much time
as you wish on each passage, but all 3 must be completed within 60 minutes.
Make sure to pace yourself appropriately so you can finish the entire section.
Each question is worth one point except the final question in each set. The directions of
the final question will detail how much it is worth.
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Reading Passage #1
DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.
Ceratopsians
The ceratopsians, also known as ceratopsia or ceratopia, are among the most well-known and
distinctive of all dinosaur species. The majority of ceratopsians were four-legged dinosaurs
that ranged in length from one meter (three feet) to nine meters and in weight from 23
kilograms (50 pounds) to 5,400 kilograms. The earliest ceratopsians lived around 161 million
years ago, and the last ones died out approximately 66 million years ago during the
Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The first fossil remains of ceratopsians were
discovered in the mid to late nineteenth century, and they were first classified as separate
from other dinosaur species in 1890 by Othniel Charles Marsh, one of the preeminent
paleontologists of the period.
The most distinguishing features of ceratopsians can be found on their skulls. They typically
have parrot-like beaks, a frill of bone on their heads, and one or more horns on their faces.
Indeed, the name ceratopsian derives from the Greek words for ‘horn’ and ‘face.’ In
chasmosaurines like Triceratops, the horns and frill were usually long, but the frill rarely had
spines; in centrosaurines like Styracosaurus, the horns and frill were relatively short but the
frill often had spines. The function of the horns and bony frills is uncertain. One theory is that
they served a defensive purpose to protect the dinosaurs from attacks by predators such as
Tyrannosaurus Rex. However, in some species of ceratopsians, the horns were small and the
frills were either small or relatively fragile because they had large openings in them, which
would have severely limited their defensive value. Other theories are that they helped the
animals rid themselves of excess heat, or recognize others of the same species.
The majority view among scientists is that ceratopsians were herbivores. In addition to their
beak, which is designed for biting through heavy vegetation, they have rows of teeth in their
cheeks that would have allowed them to extract nutrition by chewing and grinding plants. In
terms of how they lived, evidence from bone beds – areas in which fossils of dozens or
hundreds of individual dinosaurs of different ages and genders have been found – suggest that
many, if not all, species of ceratopsians lived together in herds. These herds may have
contained hundreds of animals that moved slowly across the land grazing the low-lying
vegetation. In general, males had larger frills and horns than females, and may have been
correspondingly larger overall, too.
The very earliest species of ceratopsians – from the Jurassic period – have only been
found in parts of what is now Asia. This fact strongly suggests that this is where the
dinosaurs originated. Fossil evidence from later periods shows that various species of
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ceratopsians had migrated to what is now North America by the middle of the Cretaceous
period. The number of ceratopsian fossils discovered in these regions implies that some
species of ceratopsians were the dominant herbivores in their environments. In parts of
Mongolia, for instance, the most common dinosaur fossils discovered are those of two
species of ceratopsians: Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops. And in western parts of North
America, more than eight in ten large fossils of dinosaurs are from Triceratops. Unusually,
the skulls of ceratopsians are the most commonly preserved bones.
The earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered were Agathaumas, Polyonax, and

Monoclonius, all in the 1870s. Among the most recently identified species is Wendiceratops,
which was unearthed in Alberta, Canada between 2011 and 2014. To date, scientists believe
they have discovered and classified almost eighty different species of ceratopsians. Among
the most unusual of these is the Psittacosaurus, whose name translates to ‘parrot-lizard,’
the only ceratopsian believed to have walked on two legs rather than four. Like the parrot-
lizard, a number of the classifications are still the subject of debate. Some scholars have
contended that fossil bones, which have been classified as coming from two different
species of ceratopsians, could in fact represent individuals of the same species but of
different ages -- a juvenile and a mature adult, for example -- or even different genders. The
issue of classification is not likely to be resolved until many more additional fossils are
discovered. 
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DIRECTIONS: Now answer the questions.
1.The word distinctive in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A. Charismatic
B. Formative
C. Impassive
D. Recognizable
2. In paragraph 1, the author says that ceratopsians

A. Are among the largest of all dinosaurs
B. Varied significantly in size and weight
C. Went extinct about 160 million years ago
D. Were discovered by scientists in 1890
3. The phrase derives from in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. Comes from
B. Develops into
C. Leads towards
D. Spells out
4. Which of the following is NOT true about the horns and frills of ceratopsians?
A. the characteristics of frills and horns changed depending on the species
B. researchers agree that the horns and frills were used to hunt other animals
C. the frills and horns were sometimes weak and easily breakable
D. some believe that the frills and horns helped ceratopsians cool down
5. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2?

A. Ceratopsians needed relatively little protection from predators
B. Chasmosaurines and centrosaurines are kinds of ceratopsians
C. The climate was warm in the regions where ceratopsians lived
D. The skulls of ceratopsians are larger than those of other dinosaurs
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6. In paragraph 3, all of the following are mentioned about ceratopsian EXCEPT:
A. their teeth were designed to chew through animal bone
B. they preferred to live with other ceratopsia
C. they ate mostly plants
D. male ceratopsian features were usually bigger than females
7. The word extract in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

A. Allow
B. Express
C. Obtain
D. Recover
8. Why does the author mention the teeth of ceratopsian in paragraph 3?

A. To illustrate why researchers believe ceratopsian ate mostly plants
B. To provide more details on how most ceratopsian looked
C. To show the difference between ceratopsian and humans
D. To explain why most ceratopsian lived in herds
9. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or
leave out essential information.
A. Discoveries of ceratopsian remains suggest that they lived in groups
B. Fossils of individual herds of ceratopsians have been discovered in bone beds
C. The evidence shows ceratopsians of all ages and genders lived, ate, and slept
in groups
D. Numerous fossils support the idea that individual ceratopsians differed from
each other
10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of ceratopsians?

A. More fossils of ceratopsians have been found than scientists expected
B. It is unusual to find fossilized skulls of large ceratopsians in North America
C. Triceratops was the strongest of all ceratopsians
D. Over time, ceratopsians moved out of the region they originally came from
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11. The word contended in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A. Claimed
B. Exploited
C. Organized
D. Validated
12.What does the author imply about Psittacosaurus in paragraph 5?

A. It could walk more quickly than other ceratopsians
B. Some scientists do not think it is a true ceratopsian
C. It was unusual among ceratopsians because of its wings
D. It was unearthed and classified after Wendiceratops
13. Look at the four squares (A, B, C, D) that indicate where the following sentence could
be added to the passage.
After these initial findings, more ceratopsians were unearthed across the globe.
Where would the sentence best fit?
A The earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered were Agathaumas, Polyonax, and

Monoclonius, all in the 1870s. B Among the most recently identified species is
Wendiceratops, which was unearthed in Alberta, Canada between 2011 and 2014.
C To date, scientists believe they have discovered and classified almost eighty different
species of ceratopsians. D Among the most unusual of these is the Psittacosaurus, whose
name translates to ‘parrot-lizard,’ the only ceratopsian believed to have walked on two legs
rather than four.
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14. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is
provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that
express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the
summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor
ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Ceratopsia are a well-known kind of dinosaur with several distinguishing features.
A. The horns and frills on their head were used for various purposes
B. Ceratopsian dinosaurs died out because of predators like Tyrannosaurus
C. It is rare to find ceratopsian fossils except in specific regions of Asia
D. Ceratopsia remains suggest that these species thrived for millions of years on
multiple continents
E. Ceratopsian dinosaurs ate mostly plants and tended to live with others
F. There are many species of ceratopsia, but the exact number is disputed
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Reading Passage #2
Hatshepshut
Hatshepshut, whose name can be translated as 'foremost of noble ladies,’ was the fifth
pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was born in 1507, and is thought to have
been pharaoh from 1478 until her death. This came in 1458 BC from bone cancer, if evidence
from preserved remains believed to be hers is accurate. Hatshepshut was not the only female
ruler of Egypt. There is evidence of a dozen or more female pharaohs, but Hatshepshut was
arguably the most successful, prosperous, and longest-reigning of them all. Indeed, many
scholars believe that she was among the most successful of all pharaohs, either male or
female. Despite this, she is less widely-known than other rulers among that dozen like
Cleopatras I and VII, Nefertiti, or Nefertari.
Hatshepshut was the chief wife of Thutmose II, the fourth pharaoh of the same dynasty. When he
died around the year 1479 BC, Thutmose III – his son by another wife – succeeded him as ruler of
Egypt. As Thutmose III was just two years old, however, he could not rule on his own. So
Hatshepshut initially acted as his regent. The belief among early Egyptologists was that her entire
reign was spent as regent. As evidence from Egyptian tombs and references to Hatshepshut in
later writings by Roman authors were found, it became clear that she ruled as pharaoh in her own
right. And additional archaeological evidence from tombs makes it clear that by at least the
seventh year of her reign, Hatshepshut was viewed as the king of Egypt, not the queen. There are
images of her with a fake beard, wearing male attire, and holding traditional objects associated
with male rulers.
There is some evidence that Hatshepshut embarked on successful military campaigns in

the early years of her rule. However, the main characteristics of her reign seem to have
been peaceful trading missions, and public building projects. From approximately 1650 to
1550 BC, Egypt was conquered by a group of people from western Asia known as the
Hyksos. During this period, Egypt’s traditional trade networks were disrupted.
Hatshepshut successfully reestablished these networks and helped Egypt increase its
wealth and influence. One trade mission in particular – an expedition to a place called the
Land of Punt – is well documented.
After increasing the wealth of Egypt through trade, Hatshepshut commissioned hundreds
of construction projects. These took place throughout the two regions of the country –
Upper and Lower Egypt. She was among the most prolific of all pharaohs in terms of
producing buildings and statues. And many of the buildings she funded were grander than
those built by pharaohs before her. In fact, so magnificent were some of these buildings
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that some later pharaohs claimed Hatshepshut’s projects as their own. Some of her
projects include numerous monuments and temples. Many of these were widely admired
by people at the time, and some still survive. These include the Temple of Pakhet and a
temple near the famous Valley of Kings designed to celebrate her own reign as pharaoh.
Despite the success and status she enjoyed while alive, her memory was not always
honored after her death. After she died, Thutmose III became pharaoh. This was the infant
for whom Hatshepshut originally acted as regent. Towards the end of his fifty-four-year
reign, somebody ordered that Hatshepshut’s name be removed from the records. The only
way to achieve this was to damage or remove images and references to her from the
stone walls of tombs. Statues were pulled down and smashed or damaged, and other
monuments were hidden. It is clear that this occurred, but the reason why it happened is a
mystery. Many theories exist, but unless more evidence is uncovered in the future, it is
one that may never be solved. Needless to say, given the scale of Hatshepshut’s building
projects, the attempt to remove her name from the records was unsuccessful. As a result,
modern scholars rightly acknowledge the important role she had in the history of ancient
Egypt.
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15. The word preserved in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A. Prolonged
B. Secret
C. Pressured
D. Maintained
16. What does the author imply in paragraph 1 about Hatshepshut?

A. Scholars have not discovered all of the female rulers of Egypt yet
B. Hatshepshut was the ruler of Egypt for longer than any other pharaoh
C. Nefertari, Nefertiti, and the two rulers named Cleopatra were all female
D. It was not common for Egyptian pharaohs to die from diseases like cancer
17. The word succeeded in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A. Triumph
B. Thrived
C. Replaced
D. Removed
18. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that early scholars of ancient Egypt were
A. Uncertain how long Hatshepshut lived for
B. Not familiar with the typical role of a pharaoh
C. Reluctant to accept Hatshepshut’s importance
D. Incorrect in their theories about Hatshepshut
19. What point does the author NOT make about Hatshepshut in paragraph 2?
A. She was sometimes shown as a man
B. She was married to Thutmose II
C. She was mentioned by some Roman writers
D. She was known to all as the queen of Egypt
20. What does the author say about Egypt in paragraph 3?

A. Egypt was not ruled by Egyptians for a period of about one century
B. During her reign, Egypt did not embark on any military campaigns
C. The people in Egypt preferred trade and construction to fighting wars
D. Successful trade with the Land of Punt helped Egypt to become wealthy
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21. The word disrupted in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

A. Concentrated
B. Unsettled
C. Interrupted
D. Disrepute
22. What does the author say about Hatshepshut’s building projects in paragraph 4?
A. She commissioned a large number of projects, but some of them were
unfinished
B. She especially admired buildings in the Valley of Kings and tried to imitate
them
C. She favored projects based in Upper Egypt, but sometimes built in Lower
Egypt
D. She produced more and more attractive buildings than many other
pharaohs
23. The author mentions construction projects in paragraph 4 in order to
A. Introduce some of Hatshepshut's accomplishments

B. Explain the difference between Hatshepshut and Cleopatra
C. Illustrate how her buildings were grander than any other in Egypt
D. Clarify why Hatshepshut believed so strongly in military campaigns
A. Some pharaohs who ruled after Hatshepshut said that they originated
building projects that actually originated with her
B. Some rulers of Egypt believed that the construction projects organized by
Hatshepshut were not actually magnificent at all
C. Pharaohs who looked at Hatshepshut’s buildings after they were finished
could hardly believe how grand they were
D. A number of rulers of Egypt felt that the buildings Hatshepshut ordered were so
amazing that they built similar structures
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25. In paragraph 5, the author points out that
A. There are several theories as to why Hatshepshut damaged buildings
B. Some references to Hatshepshut were destroyed, but many were not
C. Modern scholars are still trying to understand the role of Hatshepshut
D. The death of Hatshepshut had an immediate impact on Egyptian society
26. Look at the four squares (A, B, C, D) that indicate where the following sentence could
be added to the passage.
There are still some archaeologists and researchers who are committed to
discovering why Hatshepshut's legacy was considered so dangerous.
Despite the success and status she enjoyed while alive, her memory was not always
honored after her death. A After she died, Thutmose III became pharaoh. This was the
infant for whom Hatshepshut originally acted as regent. B Towards the end of his fifty-four-
year reign, somebody ordered that Hatshepshut’s name be removed from the records.
The only way to achieve this was to damage or remove images and references to her from
the stone walls of tombs. C Statues were pulled down and smashed or damaged, and
other monuments were hidden. It is clear that this occurred, but the reason why it
happened is a mystery. Many theories exist, but unless more evidence is uncovered in the
future, it is one that may never be solved. D Needless to say, given the scale of
Hatshepshut’s building projects, the attempt to remove her name from the records was
unsuccessful. As a result, modern scholars rightly acknowledge the important role she had
in the history of ancient Egypt.
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27. DIRECTIONS: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is
provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that
express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the
summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor
ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Queen Hatshepshut was among the most successful of all Egyptian pharaohs.
A. Pharaohs like Hatshepshut were often shown wearing traditional clothes

B. Her role changed during her reign, from regent at first to pharaoh later
C. Archaeological evidence suggests that she most likely died of a serious
disease
D. Hatshepshut built many temples and statues across Egypt
E. During her reign, Egypt focused on domestic projects and international

trade
F. Later pharaohs were envious of her accomplishments and attempted to claim
them as their own
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Reading Passage #3
Hydroculture
The world is in the middle of a food crisis. Opinions differ as to its severity, but most accept
that the crisis is real and potentially poses a major threat to the health and food supply of a
large proportion of the global population. The roots of the crisis are diverse, but among
them are two primary factors. The first of these is changing weather patterns and extreme
weather events. Simply put, a number of previously productive agricultural regions are no
longer as fertile as they once were because of the weather. And second, many farmers
have found that they can get a better return growing biofuels than raising crops. As a
result, large areas of valuable cropland are no longer being used for this end.
Conventional agriculture is ill-suited to solve the food crisis, but hydroculture might be a
potential solution.
As its name suggests, hydroculture typically involves growing plants in nutrient-rich water
rather than in soil. Hydroponics is the most widely-known method of hydroculture. Some
believe it has significant potential to reduce the impact of the food crisis by allowing farmers to
produce large quantities of food in a sustainable and cost-effective way. In a typical
hydroponics system, crops are grown indoors in controlled environments. The plants grow in
containers filled with water and the nutrients that they need to thrive. These nutrients vary
depending on the crop being grown, but typically include nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus,
calcium, iron, zinc, and copper, among other trace elements. A light source provides the
energy the sun would usually deliver.
Hydroponics offers a number of benefits over conventional agriculture. It happens indoors, and
so does not require large areas of land. In fact, hydroponics farms can be located in industrial
warehouses in or near large cities. This gives them another advantage over traditional farms
since they can be located much closer to the markets for their produce, reducing distribution
and transportation costs for hydroponics farmers. The indoor location allows farmers to create
controlled environments. This means not only does the weather not affect crops, but farmers
can grow crops that would not normally thrive in a particular region, such as tropical
vegetables in Canada. But hydroponics farms are not without their drawbacks. For one thing,
some important food crop do not grow well hydroponically. Most herbs and vegetables thrive,
but important sources of nutrition like carrots, potatoes, and corn are either not suitable or hard
to grow. And so much space would be required to raise staple crops like rice and wheat cost-
effectively that their hydroponic cultivation is not practical. Further, most foods
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grow well hydroponically are relatively low in protein, a vital nutrient for human health.
A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic

aquaponics system is a hydroponics farm with a second layer. On top are plants growing
hydroponically in nutrient-rich water. Below that is a tank of fish being raised as part of a fish
farm. In traditional aquaculture, farmers must spend time and money cleaning the water in
which the fish live, if they do not, the health of the fish will suffer as waste from the fish
concentrates in the water. The clever part of aquaponics is that instead of having to filter and
discard the fish waste, farmers can use it as the source of nutrients for the plants. By closing
the system in this way, aquaponics farms can produce the same kinds of herbs, fruits, and
vegetables as hydroponics farms, as well as high-quality protein from farm-raised fish, too.
28. The word severity in paragraph 1 most likely means

A. Conversion
B. Deployment
C. Opportunity
D. Seriousness
29. What does the author say about the food crisis in paragraph 1?
A. It could be solved by limiting the global production and use of biofuels
B. Its causes are related to a reduction in farms growing crops
C. Its main effect is that major agricultural regions have become less fertile
D. It has already had a major impact on the health of the world’s population
30. The phrase this end in paragraph 1 refers to

A. Large areas
B. Raising crops
C. Growing biofuels
D. Many farmers
31. What does the author say about hydroponics in paragraph 2?

A. The food crisis will be greater without food from hydroponics farms
B. Food that has been grown hydroponically costs less than all other food
C. The goal of hydroponics farms is to produce food in a sustainable way
D. Hydroponically-grown plants need a source of water, energy, and food
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32. The word controlled in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. Regulated
B. Measured
C. Disciplined
D. Considered
33. How do static and continuous-flow systems differ?

A. In the former, plants can be changed or replaced if needed
B. In the former, the roots of the plants get more nutrients
C. In the latter, the growing solution is constantly replenished
D. In the latter, the plants require more care and assistance
34. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

A. Distilled water has a negative impact on the growth of plants
B. NASA is interested in using hydroponics to create farms in space
C. The first experiments in hydroponics were mostly unsuccessful
D. Hydroponics is a simpler form of agriculture than people believe
A. Hydroponics farms benefit from reduced costs from being sited near large
markets
B. Farmers considering growing hydroponically should consider factors like
distribution
C. The main advantage hydroponics has compared to conventional farming is its
location
D. The markets for both conventional and hydroponics crops are situated close to
farms
36. Why does the author mention “tropical vegetables” in paragraph 3?

A. To imply that the popularity of food can vary
B. To highlight the demand for one type of crop
C. To illustrate one advantage of farming indoors
D. To argue that a healthy diet requires vegetables
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37. The word drawbacks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. Doubts
B. Deceits
C. Debilities
D. Downsides
38. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph 3?

A. Certain crops are harder to grow hydroponically than others
B. Many herbs and vegetables do well when grown hydroponically
C. It is often not cost-effective to grow staple crops hydroponically
D. It is relatively easy to produce protein-rich crops hydroponically
39. Look at the four squares (A, B, C, D) that indicate where the following sentence
could be added to the passage.
Even though it has yet to be implemented on the same scope as traditional

farming methods, the potential for the aquaponics industry is enormous.

A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic
aquaponics system is a hydroponics farm with a second layers. On top are plants growing
hydroponically in nutrient-rich water. A Below that is a tank of fish being raised as part of a
fish farm. In traditional aquaculture, farmers must spend time and money cleaning the water
in which the fish live, if they do not, the health of the fish will suffer
as waste from the fish concentrates in the water. B The clever part of aquaponics is that
instead of having to filter and discard the fish waste, farmers can use it as the source of
nutrients for the plants. C By closing the system in this way, aquaponics farms can
produce the same kinds of herbs, fruits, and vegetables as hydroponics farms, as well as
high-quality protein from farm-raised fish, too. D
25
40. DIRECTIONS: Select the phrases that correctly describe each farming method. One of
the phrases will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.
Both hydroponics and aquaponics

-
-
-
Aquaponics only
-
-
A. Crops are grown indoors in a controlled environment

B. The system uses waste as a valuable source of plant food
C. Cultivating food requires a significant amount of space
D. The food grown does not contain much protein
E. Crops are grown in a solution of water and nutrients
F. Farmers cultivate both plants and protein-rich species
G. Changing weather conditions has a negative impact on the crops
26
Listening Section
Instructions
The TOEFL Listening section measures your ability to understand academic lectures
and conversational dialogues.
Listen to each recording one time. Do not look at the questions before you listen (well, you
CAN but that’s cheating and won’t actually help you improve your TOEFL score).
Answer each question before moving to the next question. You cannot return to
previously answered questions. Once you choose an answer, it is finished.
27
Listening Section Part 1
DIRECTIONS: First, you will listen to a conversation between a student and a professor,
followed by lectures. Do not read the questions before listening. Make sure to take notes
while listening. Get a pen and paper. When you’re ready, click the link below.
Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.
28
1. Why does the student go to see his professor?

A. To give his contact information to her
B. To complain about another professor's assignment
C. To find more information on the topic he needs to research
D. To discuss an assignment he has written
2. What is the professor initially confused about?

A. Whether the student is taking her class or Professor Saeed’s class
B. Why the student is asking her questions about Professor Saeed's class
C. Why the student is interested in the courses she teaches
D. Whether the student is actually enrolled at the university
3. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor mean when she
says this?
A. She respects the student’s interests
B. Part of the situation is clearer to her
C. The student’s response makes sense
D. She has a concern about the situation
4. By the end of the conversation, how does the professor feel about the
student's research? (NOTE TO STUDENT: QUESTION #4 IN THE RECORDING IS
DIFFERENT, PLEASE IGNORE IT AND ANSWER THIS QUESTION)
A. She believes she can help him with some resources
B. She feels like he doesn't need to talk to her
C. She thinks he may be better off discussing it Professor Saeed
D. She feels that he isn't ready for graduate level courses
5. What point does the student make about his study habits?
A. He prefers studying with his friends
B. He mostly studies at home or in a café
C. He almost always studies in the library
D. He likes studying in places that are quiet
29
Listen to part of a talk in a literature class.
Sonnets
Rhyme Scheme
Italian / Petrarchan
English / Shakespearean
Octave (8 lines)
Sestet (6 lines)
Quatrain (4 lines)
Couplet (2 lines)
Iambic pentameter
30
6. What does the professor mainly discuss?
A. Why traditional sonnets have a rhyme scheme
B. How sonnets differ from other kinds of poems
C. When and where the sonnet was first invented
D. The history and main characteristics of sonnets
7. What point does the professor make about sonnets?

A. They were first invented by a poet from Italy
B. They were originally short songs, not poems
C. They were one of the earliest forms of poetry
D. They were more popular in England than Italy
8. What is the professor’s attitude when he mentions the artist Michelangelo?

A. Impressed by Michelangelo’s broad range of skills
B. Excited to read some of Michelangelo’s best poems
C. Surprised that Michelangelo also wrote good poetry
D. Pleased that students are familiar with Michelangelo
9. What does the professor say about Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnets?
Choose two answers:
A. They are named after the country where they first originated
B. Their names reflect the name of the person who first wrote them
C. They are named for the best known individuals who composed them
D. These are two traditional types of sonnets
10. What's the main difference between English sonnets and Italian sonnets? NOTE TO
STUDENT: QUESTION #10 IN THE RECORDING IS DIFFERENT, PLEASE ANSWER
THIS QUESTION)
A. English sonnets were mostly written by Shakespeare
B. Italian sonnets are better known than English sonnets
C. English sonnets follow a different rhyme scheme
D. Italian sonnets include a sestet while English sonnets include an octave
31
11. Listen again to part of the talk. What does the professor imply when he says this?
A. Students need help to define a term
B. Some students were absent last week
C. It is helpful to go over key points again
D. Some ideas can be hard to understand
________________________________________________________________________________________________
32
Listen to part of a talk in a a general science class.
electrical conductivity
insulators
superconductors
semiconductors
33
12. How does the professor organize his lecture?
A. He describes and illustrates the importance of a concept for society
B. He explains the function of several inventions that rely on electricity
C. He defines a concept and then discusses several different examples
D. He contrasts an idea with a concept that students studied previously
13.How does the professor define insulators?

A. Materials that let electricity flow through them slowly
B. Materials that have a high resistance to electrical flow
C. Materials that allow electricity to flow in one direction
D. Materials that stop other materials from using electricity
14.Why does the professor mention laptop computers?

A. To explain why laptops are good electrical conductors
B. To remind students to be careful when using electricity
C. To give a familiar example of insulation and conductivity
D. To imply that computing devices use too much electricity
15. The professor discusses several classes of materials. Indicate which information
matches each class of material. (3 points)
Conductors Semiconductors Superconductors
Limited in their practical uses
Low electrical resistance
Medium electrical resistance
Zero electrical resistance
34
16.According to the professor, what valuable properties do semiconductors have.
Choose three answers. (2 points)
A. Amplifying a signal
B. Converting a signal
C. Forming a signal
D. Letting a signal flow
E. Processing a signal
F. Switching a signal
17. Listen again to part of the talk. Why does the professor say this?
A. To make sure that his students are really listening to her
B. To explain why he is discussing particular characteristics
C. To emphasize the importance of the opinions he just gave
D. To repeat a question that students should be able to answer
35
Listening Section Part 2
DIRECTIONS: First, you will listen to a conversation between a student and a professor,
followed by lectures. Do not read the questions before listening. Make sure to take notes
while listening. Get a pen and paper. When you’re ready, click the link below.
Listen to a conversation between a student and her professor.
36
18. What do the professor and student mainly discuss?
A. How the student can improve her grades
B. What information the student must read
C. Where the student can get access to books
D. Why the professor has called her into the office
19. Why is the student confused?

A. She believes that she understood the writing assignment
B. She thought the deadline for submitting her work was later than it was
C. The professor’s instructions for completing the homework were wrong
D. She misunderstood which books she should read to complete the task
20. Listen again to part of the conversation. Why does the student say this?
A. To ask the professor to explain some key concepts again
B. To prove she has understood some important definitions
C. To confirm she has understood what the professor wanted
D. To give an example of a topic she could discuss in her essay
21. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor imply?
A. The first assignment the student submitted was correct
B. The student should have asked if something was unclear
C. His instructions for the assignment were not confusing
D. A number of students submitted excellent assignments
22. By when does the professor ask for the student’s work to be submitted?
A. This Monday
B. Next Tuesday
C. Next Wednesday
D. This Friday
37
Listen to part of a talk in an environmental studies class.

 
Wind Power
Wind Turbine
lattice blades
monopole design
Windstalk
38
23. What is the talk mainly about?
A. How to solve a problem caused by wind turbines
B. The effects of power generation on animals
C. Ways in which birds are affected by the wind
D. How wind can be used to generate electricity
24. According to the professor, how many birds do wind turbines kill each year in the
USA?
A. No more than 10,000
B. Between 10,000 and 500,000
C. Approximately 10,000
D. At least 500,000
25. What does the professor say about early designs of wind turbines?
Choose two answers.
A. They had solid spinning blades
B. They were hazardous for birds
C. Their blades were in a lattice
D. They rarely harmed birds
26. What point does the professor make about the Windstalk design?
A. It is so tall that most birds cannot fly close to it
B. It is safe because it only has one rotating blade
C. It is thought to be easy for birds to see and avoid
D. It is narrow so birds are unlikely to hit it when flying
27. What does the speaker imply about the impact of the use of wind turbines on
the environment?
A. Wind energy should replace all other forms of energy
B. It is difficult to predict how new energy sources will effect the environment
C. Researchers must find a solution to stop the mass killing of birds by turbines
D. All wind turbine farms must be equipped with radar detection
39
28. Why does the professor mention a facility in Texas?
A. To show how adjustments can be made to protect both birds and the environment
B. To highlight how easy it is to use wind turbines
C. To argue that turbines are not always reliable
D. To suggest that there are many birds in Texas
40
Listen to part of a lecture in a history class.

 
The Louisiana Purchase
Thomas Jefferson
New Orleans
41
29. What is the professor’s main purpose in giving this lecture?
A. To highlight the events leading to the Louisiana Purchase
B. To argue that the sale of Louisiana was of great importance
C. To explain why Thomas Jefferson was an effective president
D. To describe the causes and effects of the Louisiana Purchase
30. According to the professor, which modern-day states were wholly within the
Louisiana Territory at the time of its purchase?
Choose three answers.
A. Arkansas
B. Colorado
C. Kansas
D. Louisiana
E. Oklahoma
31.According to the lecture, why was the Louisiana Purchase important? (NOTE TO
STUDENT: QUESTION #10 IN THE RECORDING IS DIFFERENT, PLEASE ANSWER
THIS QUESTION)
A. It helped boost the French economy

B. It gave the American government more control over the land
C. It solidified Thomas Jefferson's reputation as a great president
D. It helped improve the relationship between France and America
32. Listen again to part of the lecture. What does the professor imply?
A. Some politicians believed Jefferson’s point of view was mistaken
B. Some politicians felt the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional
C. Some politicians felt the Constitution provided too little information
D. Some politicians did not want Jefferson to have treaties with France
33. Listen again to part of the talk. Why does the professor say this?
A. To suggest that the price paid for Louisiana was too expensive
B. To remind students that the United States is a modern country
C. To help students understand what the Louisiana Purchase cost
D. To prove that the price for Louisiana would be a lot more today
42
34. What impacts of the Louisiana Purchase does the professor mention?
Choose two answers.
A. It increased both the size and wealth of the United States
B. It gave the United States more control over the continent
C. It proved the United States could employ peaceful diplomacy methods
D. It allowed the United States to produce more timber for trade
43
Break
When you sit for the TOEFL, you get a 10-minute break in between the listening and
speaking sections. Take this 10 minute break to mentally prepare yourself for the
TOEFL Speaking section.
Use the bathroom, drink some water or tea and have a snack like a banana or some
mixed nuts to boost your energy.
You still got a few more hours to go!
44
Speaking Section
Instructions
Many students consider the TOEFL Speaking section to be the most challenging
section of the TOEFL test. With the TOEFL Speaking section, you need to answer a
total of 6 questions.
Questions 1 and 2 are open-ended questions; Questions 3 and 4 have a reading

passage and listening section; and Questions 5 and 6 have a listening section.
Your score depends on three factors: delivery, language use, and topic development.
You will need a recorder and timer for this section. We recommend using your
smartphone.
45
Speaking: Independent Section
After the question is read you will have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45
seconds to speak.
Speaking Task 1 – Question
What advice would you give to a friend who is traveling to another country to go to
school? Use specific details to support your answer.
PREPARE - 15 Seconds
SPEAK - 45 Seconds
You have to volunteer hours at your university library, would you rather:
A. stack books
B. read to children
C. help with Internet searches
SPEAK - 45 Seconds
46
After the reading, listen to the conversation. After the conversation, you will have 30
seconds to prepare a response and 60 seconds to speak.
A sports coach is taking on a new role. Read the announcement about this change.
You have 45 seconds to read the notice. Begin reading now.
New Position for Coach Jepsen
The college is pleased to announce that Coach Marilee Jepsen, who currently coaches
the women’s softball team, will fill the role of coach of the women’s volleyball team next
semester. As the softball coach for the last three years, Coach Jepsen has led the team
to an excellent winning record and two championships. In addition to her success on
the field, Coach Jepsen proved herself an excellent leader who always makes time to
offer students personal guidance and academic support. During her time in charge, the
average GPA for student athletes on the softball team rose substantially. The college
feels sure Coach Jepsen will excel in her new role.
Now, listen to a conversation between two students.
Listen to a conversation about the announcement
Now answer the question.
The woman expresses her opinion about the situation described in the
announcement. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding
that opinion.
SPEAK - 60 Seconds
47
Now read the passage from a business class. You have 50 seconds to read the
passage.
After the reading, listen to the lecture. After the lecture, you will have 30 seconds to
prepare a response and 60 seconds to speak.
Begin reading now.
Compassionate Consumerism
Compassionate consumerism is a relatively new trend in the American retail market. In this
type of consumerism, when individuals make a purchase, a portion of the money they paid
is allocated to a charitable cause. In other words, when you buy a product, some of that
money is donated. Nowadays, individuals look for ways to contribute to the betterment of
humanity, but don’t have the monetary means to do so. Compassionate consumerism
appears to be a good middle ground. While critics feel that it’s only a marketing ploy aimed
at appealing to millennials — individuals in their 20s and 30s — others applaud the effort.
In compassionate consumerism, companies are willing to sacrifice profits in order to help
those in need.
Now, listen to a lecture on the same topic.
Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a business class.
Using the examples of TOMS and BOBS from the lecture, explain what
compassionate consumerism is and how it works.
SPEAK - 60 Seconds
48
In this question, you will listen to a conversation. You will then be asked to talk about the
information in the conversation and to give your opinion about the ideas presented. After
you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60
seconds to speak.
Listen to a conversation.
The speakers discuss two possible solutions to a problem. Briefly describe the
problem. Then state which of the two solutions you prefer, and why.
SPEAK - 60 Seconds
49
In this question, you will listen to a lecture. You will then be asked to talk about it. After
you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60
seconds to speak.
Now listen to part of a lecture in a business studies class.
Now listen to part of a talk in a business studies class.
Using points and details from the talk, explain what equity compensation is, and
why companies might offer it to employees.
SPEAK - 60 Seconds
50
Writing Section
Instructions
The TOEFL writing section includes an integrated writing task and an independent
writing task.
You will find both below.
For your independent essay, try to write between 350-500 words. Make sure you give
yourself 3-5 minutes to edit your essay after completion.
Your essay quality will be judged on the development of ideas, organization, and the
quality and accuracy of language used.
You have 30 minutes to plan, complete, and revise your independent essay.
For the integrated essay, you have 3 minutes to read the provided reading passage.
Then, you must listen to a lecture about a similar topic. After the lecture, you have 20
minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay.
The integrated essay should be between 200-350 words.
51
Writing Task 1 - Question
DIRECTIONS: Read the passage about driverless cars. You have 3 minutes to read.
Begin reading now.
Driverless Cars
These days, if you pick up a newspaper or turn on the TV or radio, you may well read or
hear about the advantages of driverless cars, also called self-driving or autonomous cars.
The technology is simple to understand: using sensors and computers, these cars can
drive without input from a human. This might sound like science fiction, but such vehicles
are already on our roads and some reports suggest they could make up a majority of
traffic within a few years.
Traffic accidents are a leading cause of injuries and fatalities in the United States, and
studies show that most crashes are caused by human error. The software that runs
driverless cars is not capable of making mistakes. As a result, such vehicles will be much
safer. One technology company has a self-driving car that has driven for over 700,000
miles – over one million kilometers – without an accident: a better record than all but the
best human drivers.
In addition, self-driving vehicles are good for the environment, too. The reason is that they
drive more efficiently. On a typical journey within a city, drivers deal with urban traffic by
stopping and starting their engines repeatedly and driving slowly. This type of driving
means engines work less efficiently and this causes a lot of pollution. Driverless cars, on
the other hand, can communicate with other vehicles. This means fewer traffic problems,
so they can start and stop their engines less often and travel at higher speeds.
Finally, autonomous cars will give their passengers time. Instead of having to focus on
driving, human occupants can focus on other things. The average time for commuting to
and from work in the United States is about thirty minutes each way. Given how busy
most of us are these days, an extra hour a day to work or relax is surely a good thing.
52
Now listen to part of a lecture on the same topic you just read about.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast
doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
WRITE - 20 Minutes
53
Writing Task 2 - Question
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Although life today is better than it used to be, human behavior is causing
problems that will mean life in the future is less comfortable.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your point of view.
54
Answer Key & Grading

Reading Section Answer Key
Ceratopsians
1. d (vocabulary)
Distinctive means characteristic of one person or thing, thus making it more recognizable.
2. b (detail)
A is incorrect because this information was never mentioned. C is incorrect because the
third sentence states "the last ones died out approximately 66 million years ago...". D is
incorrect because the last sentence of paragraph one mentions that "...they were first
classified as separate from other dinosaurs in 1890", not discovered.
3. a (vocabulary)
Derives from means to obtain from another, which is similar to comes from.
4. b (negative detail)
The sentence in the middle of the passage states, "...the function of the horns and bony
frills is uncertain." A is incorrect because the passage states that the horns and frills were
sometimes strong, while at other times fragile. C is incorrect because the passage states
"...the horns were small and the frills were either small or relatively fragile..." D is not
correct because the last sentence of the paragraph states, "...other theories are that they
helped the animals rid themselves of excess heat...".
5. b (inference)
After mentioning ceratopsian in the second sentence, the following two sentences describe
sub-species of ceratopsian, chasmosaurines and centrosaurines. A is incorrect because
it's not mentioned in the passage. C is incorrect because even though the last sentence of
paragraph 2 states "...they helped the animals rid themselves of excess heat..." this could
be due to factors other than climate. D is incorrect because skull size is never mention or
alluded to.
55
6. c (negative detail)
A is the correct answer because the passage mentions that “they have rows of teeth in
their cheeks that would have allowed them to extract nutrition by chewing and grinding
plants,” not animals. The other choices, B, C and D are all mentioned somewhere within
paragraph 3.
7. c (vocabulary)
If you think about word parts "ex" means to draw out and "tract" means to pull, so to
"extract" means to pull something out, and if you "pull something out", you obtain it.
8. b (author's purpose)
The second sentence of the paragraph states "in addition to their beak which is designed
for biting through heavy vegetation...". A is incorrect because it's not mentioned in the
passage. C is incorrect because it doesn't mention that they were good at finding certain
plants. D is incorrect because they lived in a heard, but the passage does NOT mention a
different species of dinosaur.
9. a (paraphrasing)
The most important piece of information in this sentence is "...evidence from bone
beds...suggest... ceratopsians lived together."
10. d (detail)
The second sentence of the paragraph states, "...shows that various species of
ceratopsians had migrated..." A is incorrect because they never mention scientists being
surprised. B is incorrect because the author stated the opposite in the last sentence of the
paragraph. C is incorrect because the passage never mentions that triceratops were
dominant.
11. a (vocabulary)
In this context claimed is the closest synonym to contended.
12. b (inference)
Directly following the mention of Psittacosaurus the author states, "...a number of
classifications are still the subject of debate." A is incorrect because they mention that the
Psittacosaurus could walk on two legs, but never mention speed. C is incorrect because
56
they never mention the Psittacosaurus wings. D is incorrect because they never mention
when the Psittacosaurus was discovered.
13. b (insert)
The key noun reference here is "...after these initial findings...", which is alluding to the
previous sentence that states "...the earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered
were...".
14. a, d and f (summary)

These choices are directly related to the given statement, "Ceratopsia are a well-known
kind of dinosaur with several distinguishing features." B is never mentioned in the
passage. C is incorrect because they lived on multiple continents. E is incorrect because
it's not directly related to the main idea.
Hatshepshut
15. d (vocabulary)
In the passage, the word preserved is an adjective describing remains. Remains are what
is left of a person (i.e. bones and skin). So, if you have remains of a pharaoh from ancient
Egypt, you maintained them for a long time.
16. c (inference)
The last sentence states "...she is less widely-known than other rulers among that
dozen..." referring to known female rulers. A is incorrect because even though they use
the word known, it doesn't mean that there were more female rulers. B is incorrect
because the length of Hathsheput's rule is never compared to other pharaohs. D is
incorrect because it's never mentioned in the passage.
17. c (vocabulary)
In this situation, succeed means to replace, which you could guess from the context
because before it the passage mentions "...when he died..." and afterward "...Thutmose III
was just two years old, however, he could not rule on his own."
57
18. d (inference)
The passage states "...it became clear that she ruled as pharaoh in her own right." A is
incorrect because it never mentions that they are unsure of when she reigned. B is
incorrect because their knowledge of the role of pharaoh was never called in to question.
C is incorrect because it never mentions their attitude toward Hatshepshut.
19. D (negative detail)

A is incorrect because the opposite is mentioned in the last two sentences of the
paragraph. B is incorrect because the first sentence states “…chief wife of Thumbose II”.
C is incorrect because this is mentioned in the middle of the paragraph when stated
"...tombs and references to Hatshepshut in later writings by Roman authors...". D is
incorrect because the one of the last sentences of the paragraph states that
"...Hatshepshut was viewed as the king of Egypt, not the queen." Also, the word all usually
implies an user is wrong.
20. a (detail)
In the middle of the paragraph the author states that "...from approximately 1650 to 1550
BC, Egypt was conquered by...". B is incorrect because the first sentence of the paragraph
states "...Hatshepshut embarked on successful military campaigns...". C is incorrect
because the people in Egypt are never mentioned. D is incorrect because they never
mention successful trading with Punt, only an expedition to it.
21. c (vocabulary)
Even if you didn't know the meaning, you could guess from the context. The following
sentence states that "...Hatshepshut successfully reestablished these networks..." implying
that they needed to be fixed.
22. d (detail)
A is incorrect because unfinished buildings are never mentioned. B is incorrect because it
never mentions that she admired any other building. C is incorrect because they never
mention her construction location preference.
58
23. a (author's purpose)
After the author mentions construction projects, they explain why these buildings were so
magnificent and how they were later admired. B is incorrect because Cleopatra is never
mentioned in the passage. C is incorrect because while this statement is mentioned in the
paragraph, it's not the reason why the author began discussing construction projects. D is
incorrect because these construction projects are not related to military campaigns.
24. a (paraphrasing)
The sentence states "...some later pharaohs claimed Hatshepshut's projects as their
own..." means that the later pharaoh tried to take credit for her work, which is expressed
best in A.
25. b (detail)
The beginning of the paragraph states "...someone ordered that Hatshepshut's name be
removed from the records...the attempt to remove her name from the records was
unsuccessful." A is incorrect because Hatshepshut never damaged buildings, but her
successor. C is incorrect because the last sentence states the opposite, "...modern
scholars rightly acknowledge the important role...". D is incorrect because the impact on
Egyptian society is never mentioned in the paragraph.
26. d (insert)
The given sentence states that "...researchers are committed to discovering why..." the
sentence before D states "...unless more evidence is uncovered in the future, it is one that
may never be solved."
27. D, E and F (summary)

They all connect to the summary sentence and help explain why Hatshepshut was
considered so great. A is incorrect because wearing traditional clothes doesn't make
someone successful. B is incorrect because even though her title changed from regent to
pharaoh she may still have been a bad ruler. And C is incorrect because her death has
nothing to do with her effectiveness as pharaoh.
59
Hydroculture
28. d (vocabulary)
Even if you don't know the meaning of the word, after severity the author states "...but
most accept that the crisis is real..." and a crisis is a big, serious problem.
29. b (detail)
In the passage the author states that "...a number of of previously productive agricultural
regions are no longer as fertile as they once were because of the weather." A is incorrect
because while the author does mention biofuels, they never mention limiting it as a
solution. C is incorrect because "...major agricultural regions have become less fertile..." is
not an effect of the food crisis, but an effect of changing weather patterns. D is incorrect
because the "...health of the world's population..." is never mentioned.
30. b (pronoun reference)

You have to look at the previous sentence for these types of questions. It ends by stating
that "...found that they can get a better return growing biofuels than raising crops." SO, this
end refers to raising crops.
31. d (detail)
It's mentioned at the end of the paragraph that the plant needs water, nutrients and light. A
is incorrect because the passage mentions that "....some believe...", not that it will actually
happen. B is incorrect because the paragraph does say its cost-effective, but it doesn't
mention that it will cost less. C is incorrect because the goal of hydroponic farms is never
mentioned.
32. a (vocabulary)
In this case controlled is an adjective describing the type of environment the plant is grown
in. The next sentence goes on to explain how the plants are controlled. In this sense,
control is closest in meaning to regulated.
60
33. b (detail)
The passage states "...when raised in water rich in various nutrients rather than in distilled
water." A is incorrect because the plants aren't changed or replaced, but the nutrients. C is
incorrect because the continuous-flow systems is not replenished. D is incorrect because
the level of care is never mentioned in the paragraph.
34. d (inference)
The second sentence of the paragraph states that"...although it may seem like a
technologically sophisticated form of agriculture...", which implies that it's not very
complicated. A is incorrect because the author never mentions that distilled water has a
negative impact on plants, only that it's not as helpful when compared to nutrient rich
water. B is incorrect because while the passage does mention NASA, it never says that
they want to create farms. C is incorrect because it's never mentioned in the passage.
35. a (paraphrasing)
The essential information in the highlighted passage, that hydoponics farms are situated in
a better location than traditional farms is best summed up in choice A. B is incorrect
because the sentence is not trying to give practical advice to farmers. C is incorrect
because location is not it's main advantage, only another advantage. D is incorrect
because the passage states that hydroponic farms are located much closer to the markets.
36. c (author's purpose)

In this paragraph, the author is listing the benefits of hydroponics, and the fact that tropical
vegetables, usually limited to a specific region, is also an advantage of farming indoors. A
is incorrect because the popularity of food is never mentioned. B is incorrect because
tropical vegetables is not just one type of crop. D is incorrect because there is no
argumentative tone in this passage, only the presentation of information.
37. d (vocabulary)
You could figure out the meaning of drawbacks by reading the sentence that immediately
follows it, "...some important food crops do now grow well hydroponically." C is close in
meaning, but debilities is usually associated with physical weaknesses, which is different
from negative effects, which drawback implies.
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38. d (negative detail)
It's the only choice that directly contradicts what was stated in the passage "...grow well
hydroponically are relatively low in protein...". A is incorrect because the author does
mention that "...carrots, potatoes, and corn are either not suitable or hard to grow." B is
incorrect because the passage mentions that "...most herbs and vegetables thrive...". C is
incorrect because the author does say that hydroponic cultivation isn't practical for staple
crops.
39. d (insert)
The last sentence of the paragraph states how aquaponics can produce the same quality
of herbs, fruits and vegetables as hydroponics, while also growing protein-rich products
that hydroponic farms can't produce. Therefore, it make sense that the next sentence
would discuss the future potential of aquaponics.
40. BOTH - a, d and e

AQUAPONICS ONLY - b and f are correct answers.
Choices A, D and E can all be found as details in paragraph 4. Choices B and F can be
found as details in the final paragraph about aquaponics. C is never used because both
types of systems require little space when compared with traditional farming methods.
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Reading Section Scoring Chart
Keep in mind that there are only 40 questions, but the highest raw score you could earn
is a 44.
Summary questions 14 and 27 are worth 2x points each.
Organization question 40 is worth 3x points.
Raw Score Estimate Raw Score Estimate

Points Points
44 30 28 19
43 29 27 18
42 28 26 17
41 28 25 16
40 27 24 16
39 26 23 15
38 25 22 14
37 25 21 13
36 24 20 12
35 24 19 11
34 23 18 11
33 22 17 10
32 22 16 9
31 21 15 9
30 20 14 8
29 19 13-0 7-0
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Listening Section Answer Key
Part 1, Passage 1
1. c (main idea)
After some confusion, in the middle of the passage, the student states, "Actually, I just
wanted to talk to you about the reading list for your class. You see, professor Saeed lets
us choose our own topic for this end- of- semester assignment. I came up with an
interesting topic and started researching it, but I couldn´t find many books or articles with
useful information. When I mentioned this to him, professor Saeed told my topic was
something that you cover in your class. I was hoping to see your reading list to do more
focused research. Would that be possible?"
2. c (detail)
Within the first 30 seconds, the professor states, “You are right, that I´m teaching the world
history class the next semester, but I´m not sure it´s worth discussing. I don´t mean to
sound negative, but if you are in professor Saeed´s world history II or III class this
semester, you have no reason to take my class next semester. The two of us have
different teaching styles, of course, but both classes are the world history II or III, so the
content of his class and my class will be the same.”
3. b (function)
The key phrase here is in the first few words where the professor says, “Well, that makes
more sense in one respect,” which implies that she understands a portion of the situation,
but she’s still unclear about something else, which is why B is the best answer.
4. a (detail)
At the end of the conversation she gives some conditions, but finally states:
- Great! Now, the second issue is that since it´s for grad-level class, some of the books in
the reading list are reserved for grad students. As I understand it, you can use those books
in the library, but not borrow them.
- That´s fine. My friends like studying in a coffee shops or at home, but I generally find
those environments distracting, so I´m fine with reading in a library.
- Well, so that´s fine. I´ll send you the list as soon as I can, Peter.
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5. D (detail)
At the end of the conversation the student assures the professor that:
Listening Section Part 1, Passage 1 Transcript
Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.

- Excuse me, professor Ellison?
- Yes, that´s right. How can I help you?
- My name is Pete. Pete Druitt and I´m taking professor Saeed´s world history class. He
mentioned that you have a class next semester on the same topic and I wanted to ask you
about it.
- You are right, that I´m teaching the world history class the next semester, but I´m not
sure it´s worth discussing. I don´t mean to sound negative, but if you are in professor Said
´s world history II or III class this semester, you have no reason to take my class next
semester. The two of us have different teaching styles, of course, but both classes are the
world history II or III, so the content of his class and my class will be the same.
- Sorry, I didn´t explain very clearly. I wanted to ask about your graduate level class of
world history, not world history II or III.
- Well, that makes more sense in one respect, but I still want to clear things up. If you
are in world history II or III, I´m guessing you are an undergraduate and, as you know,
undergraduates are not generally permitted to take grad-level classes.
- Actually, I just wanted to talk to you about the reading list for your class. You see,
professor Said lets us choose our own topic for this end- of- semester assignment. I came
up with an interesting topic and started researching it, but I couldn´t find many books or
articles with useful information. When I mentioned this to him, professor Said told my topic
was something that you cover in your class. I was hoping to see your reading list to do
more focused research. Would that be possible?
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- Oh, OK. I understand the situation now. I´d be happy to give you the reading list. There
´s a couple of things, though. First, I had a problem with my computer yesterday and
apparently, it needs a new disc drive. The IT department is handling it, but apparently, they
have a backlog of problems to sort out. Can I email you the list when my computer is up
and running?
- Oh, absolutely. My assignment is not due until the end of the semester so there´s
plenty of time. If you are OK, I´ll send you an email later and you just reply and attach the
list when you get a chance.
- Thanks, professor.
Question 1. Why does the student go to see his professor?
Question 2. What is the professor initially confused about?
Question 3. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor imply when
she says this?
Well, that makes more sense in one respect, but I still want to clear things up. If you are in
world history II or III, I´m guessing you are an undergraduate and, as you know,
undergraduates are not generally permitted to take the grad-level classes.
Question 4. By the end of the conversation, how does the professor feel about the
student’s research?
Question 5. What point does the student make about his study habits?
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Part 1, Passage 2
6. d (main idea)
After listening to the entire passage, D the history and main characteristics of the sonnet is
the best answer. A is more of a detail, not a main idea. B is incorrect because other types
of poems are not mentioned. C is incorrect because it’s a detail, not a main idea.
7. a (detail)
In the beginning the lecturer states, “Hello, everyone! Today we are going to discuss the
sonnet. Originally this was a type of poem exclusively found in Italy. The name ´´sonnet´´
comes from an Italian word meaning a song or a little poem. The Italian poet Giacomo De
Lentini invented sonnets in the 13th century and they were also written by other well-known
Italians of the same period, including Dante.”
8. c (attitude)
In the passage, the expression, “if you can believe it”, means that the information is so
impressive that it’s almost unbelievable. C is the best choice.
“Some fine examples were even written by the artists Michelangelo, if you can believe it.
After gaining popularity in Italy, sonnets were introduced to England at the beginning of the
16th century.”
9. c, d (detail, multiple choices)

The passage states the following, “Let´s cover those characteristics in more detail. Before
focusing on a rhyme scheme, we first need to know the traditional sonnets come in two
kinds. First, the Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, named after the poet Petrarch. The second is
the English or Shakespearean sonnet named for Shakespeare, of course.
The forms are named so because these poets were acclaim practitioners of that form of
sonnet, not because they are its originators.”
10. b (detail) (QUESTION IS DIFFERENT THAN THE RECORDING)

Towards the end of the passage the professor states that, “English sonnets, in contrast,
traditionally follow a different structure in rhyme scheme. They consist of 3 quatrains,
groups of 4 lines with the rhyme scheme A-B-A-B, then C-D-C-D, then E-F-E-F.”
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11. C (function)
The phrase at the end of the quoted passage, “but review never hurts, right?”, is a figure of
speech which implies that there is no negative aspect of reviewing material.
Listen to part of a talk in a literature class.

Hello, everyone! Today we are going to discuss the sonnet. Originally this was a type of
poem exclusively found in Italy. The name ´´sonnet´´ comes from an Italian word meaning
a song or a little poem. The Italian poet Giacomo De Lentini invented sonnets in the 13th
century and they were also written by other well-known Italians of the same period,
including Dante.
Some fine examples were even written by the artists Michelangelo, if you can believe it.
After gaining popularity in Italy, sonnets were introduced to England at the beginning of the
16th century. They were not widely popular in that country, until acclaim poets like Philip
Sidney, Edmund Spenser, and especially, William Shakespeare began to write them.
They remained a popular poetic form until the 17th century, went out of fashion for a time
and then became popular again.
Traditional sonnets have certain characteristics. They have exactly 14 lines and follow a
rhyme scheme. Further, they adhere to a specific structure and they are written in an
iambic pentameter. That´s a lot to take in, I know.
Let´s cover those characteristics in more detail. Before focusing on a rhyme scheme, we
first need to know the traditional sonnets come in two kinds. First, the Italian or Petrarchan
sonnet, named after the poet Petrarch. The second is the English or Shakespearean
sonnet named for Shakespeare, of course.
The forms are named so because these poets were acclaim practitioners of that form of
sonnet, not because they are its originators.
As mentioned, sonnets have 14 lines rhyme in a specific pattern, In Italian sonnet the
traditional rhyme scheme for the first 8 lines of the poem known as the active is A-B-B-B-A,
and then, A-B-B-B-A again.
The different letters indicate which lines rhyme with other lines. In this case, every line A
rhymes with every other line A, and every line B rhymes with every other B.
The last 6 lines, the sestet, follow a different rhyme scheme. This was originally either C-
D- E- C-D-E or C-D-C- C-D-C , but over time poets began to change the traditional
patterns, and rhyme schemes for the sestet like C-D-C- D-C-D were introduced.
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English sonnets, in contrast, traditionally follow a different structure in rhyme scheme.
They consist of 3 quatrains, groups of 4 lines with the rhyme scheme A-B-A-B, then C-D-
C-D, then E-F-E-F.
They finish with a two-line couplet the GG rhyme scheme.
The final characteristics of sonnets is that they are written in an iambic pentameter. We
defined this one week ago, but review never hurts, right?
The term íambic pentameter´ describes the rhythm of a line of poetry indicated by its
stressed and unstressed syllables. In technical terms, an íamb´ is unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed syllable. And ´pentameter´ means the line is 5 iambs. ´Penta´
means five in Greek, so when you read a sonnet aloud, the rhythm of each line sounds a
bit like the beating of a human heart: tatum, tatum, tatum, tatum, tatum.
Now, in addition to the characteristics that I´ve already described, sonnets traditionally
have a ´volta´ or a turn which signals a change or resolution to a problem introduced
earlier in a poem.
We´ll discuss the volta after looking at some examples of some famous sonnets.
Question 6. What does the professor mainly discuss?
Question 7. What point does a professor make about sonnets?
Question 8. What is the professor´s attitude when he mentions the artist Michelangelo?
Question 9. What does the professor say about Petrarchan and Shakespearean sonnets?
Question 10. Which rhyme scheme would you expect the first eight lines of a Petrarchan
sonnet to have?
Question 11. Listen again to part of a talk. What does professor imply when he says this:
The final characteristics of sonnets is that they are written in an iambic pentameter. We
defined this one week ago, but review never hurts, right?
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Part 1, Passage 3
12. c (main idea)

The wording here is a bit different than a typical main idea question, but it’s still about the
overall gist of the passage, but instead of asking about content, it’s asking about structure.
C is the best answer since she begins by talking about connectivity and goes on to
illustrate the topic through the examples of conductors, superconductors and
semiconductors.
13. b (detail)
The professor states, “Some materials allow electric charge to flow through them relatively
easier in one or more directions. We call these materials conductors. Other materials
either do not conduct electricity - that is they do not allow electric charge to flow through
them – or conduct it very poorly. We call these materials insulators.”
14. c (inference)
After explaining a slightly confusing piece of information, the professor says, “To make
these important concepts clear, let´s think of a common scenario. Let´s say you are using
a laptop and you notice that the battery level is getting low. So, you take the power cable,”
which is why C is the best answer.
15. (organization) Please refer to the transcript for further explanation.
Conductors Semiconductors Superconductors

Limited in their practical uses X
Low electrical resistance X
Medium electrical resistance X
Zero electrical resistance X
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16. a, b, f (detail, multiple choice)
Towards the end of the passage the professor states, “Again, why are such properties
valuable? They mean that semiconductors have valuable uses. This includes being used
to increase or amplify an electrical signal, or being used to switch a signal in some way, or
to convert a signal from one form to another. And these properties of amplification,
conversion, and switching are all key processes in a modern electronic computer.”
17. b (function)
The key part of the repeated portion of the passage is the end where the professor asks
and answer his own question, “Again, why are such properties valuable? They mean that
semiconductors have valuable uses.” in this situation, B best explains the use of the
professor’s rhetorical question.
Listen to part of a lecture in a general science class.

Good afternoon, everyone! Our topic today is electrical conductivity. As you recall from
previous classes, electricity flows through materials in a form of electric charge or current.
The direction of flow depends on whether the particles are positively or negatively charged
and the material through which the charge is flowing.
For charge to flow through the material, that material must possess a property called
electrical conductivity.
Basically, conductivity can be understood as the ability of a material to allow electrical
charge to flow through it. Some materials allow electric charge to flow through them
relatively easier in one or more directions. We call these materials conductors.
Other materials either do not conduct electricity - that is they do not allow electric charge to
flow through them – or conduct it very poorly. We call these materials insulators.
To make these important concepts clear, let´s think of a common scenario. Let´s say you
are using a laptop and you notice that the battery level is getting low. So, you take the
power cable, plug one end into the wall socket and the other end into a laptop. Right away
the battery starts recharging. We all have done this hundreds of times, right? But how
does it work?
Well, inside of the power cable is a metal wire. Most of metals are very good conductors.
They allow electric charge to flow freely. And when you plug the cable into the wall,
electricity flows through the wire into your laptop.
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But metal is such a good conductor that if you want to touch the wire, the electricity will
pass from wire to your body and give you a shock. So, the wire inside of a power cable is
covered with some kind of plastic or rubber insulator that does not allow electricity to flow.
Make sense?
Most materials are either conductors or insulators, but there are two special classes of
materials that I want to touch on beginning with superconductors.
Most conductors have a certain amount of resistance that is they resist to flow of electricity
to some extent. This is undesirable because it results in a loss of energy.
I´m sure you are familiar with the idea that wires become hot when electricity flows through
them. The heat is caused by electrical resistance. Superconductors are the materials with
zero resistance, so electricity can flow through them without ever losing energy.
Superconductive materials have an enormous range of uses and they are incredibly
efficient. Well, that´s in theory.
In practice, such materials are not especially useful because most of them only work at
very very cold temperatures.
There´s one more class of materials I´d like to discuss - semiconductors- which are more
resistant to the flow of electricity than conductors but much less resistant than insulators.
In other words, electricity can flow through them, but not easily.
This may not sound like a useful property, but as you know, semiconductors have a
massive impact on society because they are a key element in every electronic device we
own. Why? Semiconductors may be manufactured with specific useful properties. For
example, they can allow current to flow more easily in one direction or another or to flow
more easily in certain temperatures or to flow where there´s light or heat or, you get the
idea.
Again, why are such properties valuable? They mean that semiconductors have valuable
uses. This includes being used to increase or amplify an electrical signal, or being used to
switch a signal in some way, or to convert a signal from one form to another.
And these properties of amplification, conversion, and switching are all key processes in a
modern electronic computer.
So, in essence, semiconductors are at the heart of computers.
Question 12. How does the professor organize her lecture?
Question 13. How does the professor define insulators?
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Question 14. Why does the professor mention laptop computers?
Question 15. The professor discusses several classes of materials. Indicate which
information matches each class of material
Question 16. According to the professor, what valuable properties do semiconductors

have?
Question 17. Listen again to part of the talk. Why does the professor say this?
“Semiconductors may be manufactured with specific useful properties. For example, they
can allow current to flow more easily in one direction or another or to flow more easily in
certain temperatures or to flow where there´s light or heat or, you get the idea.
Again, why are such properties valuable? They mean that semiconductors have valuable
uses.”
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Listening Part 2, Passage 1
18. d (main idea)

After listening to the entire passage, it becomes clear that D is the best answer. A is
incorrect because her grades are never mentioned in the passage. B is incorrect because
the student doesn’t have to read any additional materials, but instead change the structure
of her essay.
19. a (detail)
In the passage the student states, “Really? I remember the assignment and I´m sure it
said to review a book from the reading list.” Therefore, A is the best answer. B is incorrect
because deadlines aren’t mentioned in regards to the original assignment. C is incorrect
because the books don’t matter for her to makeup the assignment. D is incorrect because
the reason why is stated explicitly in the beginning of the passage.
20. c (function)
The student was confused when she first arrived, but at this point in the conversation it’s
becoming a bit clearer. “So, you were using the phrase ´review a book´ in the assignment
to mean something like ´study the book´ rather than ´write a review´ of the book?” She is
confirming what the teacher meant by an important word in the assignment, so C is the
best answer.
21. c (inference)
In response to the student’s question from question 20, the teacher responds, “Yes, that´s
exactly right. And as you are the only person who misunderstood the assignment, I don´t
think what I wrote was unclear, do you?” That last part of this question is what is being
asked. C is the best answer because he is implying that since all other students did the
assignment correctly besides her, his instructions were clear.
22. d (detail)
In the very last sentence of the passage the teacher states, “Actually, Anya, it´s only
Monday. So, I´d like it before the weekend, please.” Before the weekend is this Friday, D.
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Listening Section Part 2, Passage 1
Listen to a conversation between a student and her professor.
- Hi professor, you wanted to see me?
- Yes, come in, Anya. It´s about the paper you submitted for your assignment. I´m
afraid I´m going to ask you to do the assignment again.
- Really? I´m kind of shocked. I mean, I worked so hard on that paper, wasn´t it
good?
- I can see how much work you put in. In many ways, it´s a very good assignment,
but..
- I´m confused. If it´s good, why do I have to do it again?
- I understand that you are upset, Anya, but let me finish, OK? The situation isn´t
nearly as bad as you think. As I was saying, your assignment was well written and
well researched, but it wasn´t what I asked you to do. You submitted a review of one
of the books from a reading list, but the assignment I said was to write an essay.
- Really? I remember the assignment and I´m sure it said to review a book from the
reading list.
- It did say that, but here.. let me get the actual assignment and read it. Here we go.
It says, ´´Review one of the three books on this weeks reading list and then write an
essay that compares the arguments in the book with those we discussed in class.´´
Do you see the difference? I wanted you to review the opinions in the book, and
then write about how that refers on what we discussed in class. And you just
reviewed a book and didn´t address the second part of the assignment at all.
- So, you were using the phrase ´review a book´ in the assignment to mean
something like ´study the book´ rather than write a review of the book?
- Yes, that´s exactly right.
- And as you are the only person who misunderstood the assignment, I don´t think
what I wrote was unclear, do you?
- I see. Listen, I´m really sorry about my mistake, professor, can I submit a revised
assignment next week on Tuesdays or Wednesday?
- Actually, Anya, it´s only Monday. So, I´d like it before the weekend, please.
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Question 18. What do the professor and student mainly discuss?
Question 19. Why is the student confused?
Question 20. Listen again to part of the conversation. Why does the student say this?
“So, you were using the phrase ´review a book´ in the assignment to mean
something like ´study the book´ rather than ´write a review´ of the book?”
Question 21. Listen again to part of the conversation. What does the professor imply?
- “So, you were using the phrase ´review a book´ in the assignment to mean
something like ´study the book´ rather than ´write a review´ of the book?”
- “Yes, that´s exactly right. And as you are the only person who misunderstood the
assignment, I don´t think what I wrote was unclear, do you?”
Question 22. By when does the professor ask for the student’s work to be submitted?
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23. a (main idea)

After listening to the whole passage, it’s clear that A is the best answer. B is incorrect
because the topic is wind turbines, not power generation in general.
24. b (detail)
At around the one minute mark the speaker states, “There´s considerable debate about
how many birds are killed by turbines in the United States annually, and estimates vary
from as low as ten thousand to as high as half a million.”
25. b, c (detail)
B and C are correct because the speaker states, “Earlier turbines had lattice blades that
attracted birds and resulted in many deaths.” A is never mentioned and D is contradictory
to what was mentioned in the passage.
26. c (detail)
When the speaker describes Windstalk she states, “When wind causes the stocks to sway,
the discs compress generating a current. Since the stocks gently sway in the wind rather
than rotating very quickly, birds are more likely to see them, and it´s considered unlikely
that they would collide with them.” This is why C is the best answer.
27. b (inference)
In the very last lines of the passage the professor concludes by saying that, “The impact of
wind turbines on bird populations indicates how complex the problems can be. When
researchers are looking for sources of energy that will minimize the environmental
damage, they need to consider the entire ecosystem.” The key phrase is “indicates how
complex the problem is” which means that B is the best answer.
28. a (function)
Towards the end of the passage, the lecturer states “Some operators are turning
technology to protect bird populations. At one facility in Texas, radars are used to detect
flocks of birds.” In this case, A is the best answer because it’s closely related to the idea
that “…some operators are turning to technology…”
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Listen to part of a talk in environmental studies class.

Continuing our discussion of the alternative source of energy, I´d like today to talk about
wind power. To generate electricity from wind, turbines are required. These are large
machines with plaids that turn when wind pushes against them. This motion is converted
into energy in a form of electricity.
There are definitely many positives associated with the wind power, and in many ways, it´s
a promising alternative to traditional methods of generating of electricity to power our
homes and offices. For one thing, the wind is a renewable energy source and does not
fossil fuels as in the case when burning oil or coal to produce electricity.
As well, wind does not produce any greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide which has
been linked to climate change. Despite these positives, there in unintended downsides to
wind turbines. They appear to kill birds.
Because the turbines´ blades are high in the air, where is more wind to turn them, they can
be on a path of flying birds. If the birds don´t see the turning blades, they may fly into them
and be a stroke.
There´s considerable debate about how many birds are killed by turbines in the United
States annually, and estimates vary from as low as ten thousand to as high as half a
million. The real figure in undoubtedly somewhere between the two extremes.
Whatever the actual figures, it´s a problem that people are trying to solve. One potential
solution is through better design of the wind turbines. Earlier turbines had lattice blades
that attracted birds and resulted in many deaths.
Modern wind turbine design appears to be less dangerous. Today, there´s a monopole
design with three solid spinning blades. Well still has a risk for the birds when flying into
the blades, this design has the advantage of not attracting them.
Other designs do a way rotating blades entirely. The Windstalk is one such a design that is
less dangerous for birds. This device has no blades. Energy is generated by more than a
thousand narrow 50-meter tall poles packed tightly together. Within each hollow carbon
wire pole is a stalk of small ceramic discs and between the discs are electrodes. These
discs and electrodes are connected to a cable running up the pole. When wind causes the
stocks to sway, the discs compress generating a current. Since the stocks gently sway in
the wind rather than rotating very quickly, birds are more likely to see them, and it´s
considered unlikely that they would collide with them.
Planners of wind turbine projects are also working to reduce the risk of bids deaths.
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When first wind turbines were built in California, more than 20 years ago, they were simply
placed in windy locations. Unfortunately, this also turned out to be a migratory birds route.
Now, legislation has been put into a fact that prevents wind turbines from being
constructed in migratory paths.
As well, there´s a growing trend to build the wind farms offshore, in oceans or major lakes.
Offshore winds are typically stronger, allowing more electricity to be generated. There are
fewer birds near these water-based turbines and therefore fewer deaths result.
Some operators are turning technology to protect bird populations. At one facility in Texas,
radars are used to detect flocks of birds. If a large group of birds is approaching a wind
farm, the turbines shut down and they only restart once the birds have passed.
The impact of wind turbines on bird populations indicates how complex the problems can
be. When researchers are looking for sources of energy that will minimize the
environmental damage, they need to consider the entire ecosystem.
Question 23. What is the talk mainly about?
Question 24. According to the professor, how many birds do wind turbines kill each year in
the USA?
Question 25. What does the professor say about early designs of wind turbines?
Question 26. What point does the professor make about the Windstalk design?
Question 27. What are people legally required to take into account when planning a wind
turbine project?
Question 28. Why does the professor mention a facility in Texas?
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29. d (main idea)

For this question the best answer is D. A is incorrect because, while the professor does
provide some background information about the Louisiana Purchase, it’s not what this
passage is mostly about. B is incorrect because the professor is not trying to convince the
class that the sale was important, but instead give information about it. C is incorrect
because Thomas Jefferson is not the main focus of the lecture.
30. a, c, e (detail, multiple choice)

This question sis difficult because you would have had to take notes on the states
mentioned in the passage to get it correct. Here is the transcript, “It included not only the
present-day states Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, but also
parts of the present-day states of Colorado, Louisiana, of course, Minnesota, Montana,
New Mexico, North and South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming.” The latter mentioned states
are incorrect because only parts of their states were included.
31. b (detail)
A little after the one minute mark the professor asks, “So, why was the Louisiana Purchase
so important? Well, for one thing, it gave the United States greater control over its own
continent”, which is why B is the correct answer.
32. b (inference)
In the restated passage it says, “There was some opposition to the purchase among
politicians who claimed that the US constitution did not grant the right to acquire territory
through purchase. Jefferson…”. In the first part of this excerpt it’s clear that B is the best
answer.
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33. c (function)
In the excerpt the professor states, “On this basis, he agreed to the pay of a sum of 11
million dollars, to cancel French debt that was almost 4 million dollars. This total of 15
million is equivalent approximately a quarter of a billion in today´s terms.”A is incorrect
because nothing is implied about it being overpriced. B is incorrect because it has nothing
to do with the question. D is incorrect because just because it’s a larger sum of money
means it’s more expensive, he is just showing how due to inflation, the number would be
different, but the price still the same.
34. b, c (detail, multiple choice)

In this part of the passage the professor states, “So, why was the Louisiana Purchase so
important? Well, for one thing, it gave the United States greater control over its own
continent.” This is why B is correct. C is correct because later on in the lecture the
professor states, “Another important effect of the Louisiana Purchase is that it virtually
doubled the size of the young United States without a need for wars or conquests.
This showed other nations that the United States was willing to use peaceful diplomacy to
resolve international disputes.”
Listen to part of a lecture in a history class.

The 19th century was the time of many important events in the history of the United
States. One of the most pivotal which occurred near the start of the century, in 1803, was
the Louisiana Purchase, the name given to US government´s purchase from France of
approximately of 830.000 square miles of the Louisiana territory named after the French
king Luis XIV, the Sun King.
This territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the
west and from Canada in the North to the Gulf of Mexico South of Mexico in the South.
It included not only the present-day states Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska,
and Oklahoma, but also parts of the present-day states of Colorado, Louisiana, of course,
Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, North and South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming.
The purchase had important implications for the US not just at that time, but continuing
down to the present day. Indeed, it´s been described as one of the three most important
events upon which the continental power of the modern United States is founded.
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So, why was the Louisiana Purchase so important? Well, for one thing, it gave the United
States greater control over its own continent. For most of the second half of the 18th
century, American politicians were concerned about which country controlled Louisiana.
From much of that period, Louisiana was controlled by France, but after the Spanish
defeated the French in so-called 7-years war, from the mid-1750s to 1763, it was
controlled by Spain until 1800 when the French again took control.
The US government wanted to get ownership of this land so it's not like having European
power controlling territory in continental North America. It also wanted access to the port of
New Orleans to facilitate trade.
However, it was assumed by most Americans, including Thomas Jefferson, under his
presidency the purchase was actually completed, that it would be necessary to acquire this
vast territory little by little. And, in fact, the US government´s original plan for the purchase
was just to purchase the port of New Orleans and St. Jason´s lands.
When negotiation between the US and France began, however, Jefferson was soon
offered the chance to buy the entire Louisiana territory. There was some opposition to the
purchase among politicians who claimed that the US constitution did not grant the right to
acquire territory through purchase.
Jefferson accepted this viewpoint, but argued as the purchase was in a form of a treaty
and as the constitution granted him, as a president, power to negotiate treaties, then the
purchase was I fact constitutional.
On this basis, he agreed to the pay of a sum of 11 million dollars, to cancel French debt
that was almost 4 million dollars. This total of 15 million is equivalent approximately a
quarter of a billion in today´s terms.
Another important effect of the Louisiana Purchase is that it virtually doubled the size of
the young United States without a need for wars or conquests.
This showed other nations that the United States was willing to use peaceful diplomacy to
resolve international disputes. It also contributed to a stronger sense of nationalism that
had been apparent before. In simple terms, Americans began to take more pride in their
country, to feel it was strong and globally important.
And the land that formed Louisiana Territory was not just vast, it had ample supplies of
valuable natural resources, including gold, silver and other ores, vast forests that could be
cut down for timber, and much of the land was ideally suited for agriculture with rich soil
and a pleasant climate.
Taken together, these factors vastly increased the wealth of the United States.
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Question 29. What is the professor’s main purpose in giving this lecture?
Question 30. According to the professor, which modern-day states were wholly within the
Louisiana Territory at the time of its purchase? Choose 3 answers.
Question 31. When did France take over control of the Louisiana Territory from Spain?
Question 32. Listen again to part of the lecture. What does the professor imply?
“There was some opposition to the purchase among politicians who claimed that the US
constitution did not grant the right to acquire territory through purchase.
Jefferson accepted this viewpoint, but argued as the purchase was in a form of a treaty
and as the constitution granted him, as a president, power to negotiate treaties, then the
purchase was in fact constitutional.”
Question 33. Listen again to part of the talk.

“On this basis, he agreed to the pay of a sum of 11 million dollars, to cancel French debt
that was almost 4 million dollars. This total of 15 million is equivalent approximately a
quarter of a billion in today´s terms.”
Question 34. What impacts of the Louisiana Purchase does the professor mention?
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Listening Section Scoring Chart
Keep in mind that there are only 34 questions, but the highest raw score you could earn
is a 37.
Question 15 is worth 3x points and 16 is worth 2x points.
Organization question 40 is worth 3x points.
Raw Score Estimate Raw Score Estimate

Points Points
37 30 21 18
36 29 20 17
35 28 19 16
34 28 18 15
33 27 17 14
32 26 16 13
31 25 15 12
30 25 14 11
29 24 13 11
28 24 12 10
27 23 11 9
26 22 10 8
25 22 9 7
24 21 8 6
23 20 7 6
22 19 6-0 5-0
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Speaking Section Answer Key
Answers will vary for each question. For each question, we provided an example of what I
believe to be perfect responses to each question.
Transcripts are included after each sample response.
Speaking Question 1 Sample Response

If my friend were traveling to another country to study, I would tell them to stay away from
other students from the same country.
I know it sounds strange, but when you go to another country to study, you sometimes
have to study in a different language. If you only spend time with friends who speak your
native tongue, then you can't improve your second language and it may hurt your studies.
When I was a teacher at an international school in New York, I noticed that the students
who did well were the ones who completely immersed themselves in English, both in and
outside the classroom, while students from the same country who spent time out of class
together always spoke in their native tongue.
So, yeah, this is why I would tell my friend to stay away from people from their own
country.

I think that I would prefer to read to children if I had to volunteer at the university library
because I like being around kids.
Before I had kids I didn't like acting silly or childish, but now I love it. I can make animal
noises, sing songs and play games without worrying about how I look. I love seeing my
kids smile and I bet I would love seeing the children at the university library smile as well.
Also, I believe reading is important. When kids are introduced to books in an interesting
and engaging way at a young age, it has a huge impact on their future development.
Believe it or not, I think reading to children is something very meaningful.
So, to sum up, I would definitely want to read to children at the library.
85
There is a new volleyball coach, Coach Jepsen. The reading passage states that she will
take over as head coach because she currently coaches the softball team and has done
an excellent job. The woman in the conversation, however, feels that Coach Jepsen
shouldn’t be the head coach.
First of all, the student feels that Coach Jepsen doesn’t know enough about volleyball to
be the coach. Most of the coach’s previous experience is with softball or soccer. Jensen
might be able to learn what to do, but it will take some time.
The student goes on to say that Coach Smith, the current head coach for the volleyball
team, should’t have been fired. The student believes that Smith is doing a great job. Even
though the team hasn’t performed well the last few years it was mainly due to injury, not
because of Smith’s coaching.
So, yeah, those are the reasons why the woman doesn’t think coach Jepsen should be the
volleyball coach.
Speaking Question 3 Transcript

Now listen as two students discuss the announcement.
- Hi, Jenny! You must be pretty pleased to hear about Coach Jepson´s new role,
right?
- Actually, my feelings are completely the opposite. I was really disappointed when I
heard the news.
- But aren´t you are in a volleyball team?
- Yeah.. and that´s why I´m upset. We´ve got a good team, and I thought we could
win the championship next year. But now I´m doubtful. I´ve looked into Couch
Jepson´s experience and she´s worked as either a soccer coach or a softball coach
for her whole career.
- Ah, I see you worry about how much she knows about volleyball.
- Right!
- I´m sure she´ll learn, but I don´t know how quickly. And until she does, I´m
concerned she won´t have the knowledge to help the team win enough games.
- I see your point.

86
- And I think the college is treating Coach Smith really badly, too.
- Coach Smith?
- Yeah, she´s the current coach of the volleyball team.
- Isn´t she leaving? That´s the impression I got from the announcement.
- I think she was planning to stay. She held the team meeting yesterday and was
really emotional when she told us that Coach Jepson would take over.
I know the team hasn´t done well the last couple of years, but that´s due to injuries.
It´s not coach Smith´s fault. She´s done a fantastic job! And I think the college
should have kept her on as volleyball coach. That would have been the fair thing to
do, in my book.

The reading passage provides a general overview of compassionate consumerism, a new
commercial practice where companies donate some of the money they make from the
products they sell. While this sounds like a great idea on paper, the lecturer believes that
companies use compassionate consumerism to make more money. He starts by talking
about TOMS shoes. which started the one-for-one trend. When you buy a pair of TOMS
shoes, they donate a pair to someone in need. TOMS fulfilled their promises, but also
made so much money that they were able to expand their business. He goes on to say
that another company, Sketchers, copied the TOMS model and created their own shoe
line, BOBS, to try to make more money. As you can see, the professor shows how
businesses can exploit the idea of compassion consumerism.

Directions: Now, listen to part of a lecture from a business marketing class.
I just want to start by saying that companies sacrifice nothing in order to give to
charities. Sorry, I usually try to keep my personal opinion out of the material, but I disagree
with the usage of the word ‘sacrifice’ in the reading. Why? Well, because companies make
a lot of additional profits from this kind of compassionate marketing. Some companies
even thrive off of it.
87
Take TOMS shoes for example. They’re kind of like the pioneer of this type of
consumerism. You know the shoes, right? Those flat, simple, slip-on shoes, which are
based on a type of Argentinian shoe called a alpargata. Anyway, TOMS exploded on the
market about seven years ago now with their ‘one-for-one’ business model. Basically, if
you buy a pair of TOMS shoes, they donate another pair of shoes to an impoverished
individual. While TOMS has, quote on quote ‘sacrificed’ profits, they’ve also made so much
profit that they’ve expanded to include not only shoes, but also eyewear and coffee.
Now, TOMS was the pioneer, and like any pioneer they had copycats. BOBS is a
division of the Sketchers shoe company. The acronym BOBS stands for Benefiting Others
By Shoes. The shoes themselves look exactly the same as TOMS shoes. So what’s the
difference? Well, pretty much nothing, except the fact that Sketchers didn’t try to hide their
ulterior motive behind this new marketing scheme. This was an act of desperation from
Sketchers. They had lost so much profit after the financial crisis of 2008 that the people at
Sketchers were willing to do anything to encourage people to spend what little money they
had left. As you can see, this type of compassionate consumerism is still a business.

The man has a pretty serious problem that he needs to deal with. The hot water broke at
his dorm. He needs to shower and look good for work, so he's not sure what to do.
At first, the woman suggests showering in the university fitness center, but the man isn't so
sure that'll work.
He says he has a brother who lives in the city and he told him the he could stay at his
place until the hot water gets fixed.
If I were the man, I would definitely choose to shower at the university fitness center. Even
though his work clothes might get wrinkled because he has to carry them in a bag, it's
easier then staying at his brother's place. And in the worst-case scenario, he can just buy
no-wrinkle clothes.
That´s why I would recommend that the man choose the first option, going to the university
fitness center.

Now listen to two students discussing a problem at the dormitory where the man
lives.
88
- Hi Brad, I saw some workmen going to your dorm. What´s going on?
- There´s a problem with the pipes and we don´t have any hot water. Apparently, it´s
going to take at least 4 or 5 days to fix.
- No hot water until the weekend? Wow!
- Right. And I work part time in a restaurant near campus so it´s important that I look
professional. I need to find a place where I could shower every day.
- Have you considered the university fitness center? I sometimes shower there if the
bathrooms of my dorm are busy.
- Yeah, that´s one option, but I want to get dressed in my work clothes immediately
after taking a shower and that would be difficult at the fitness center. I´ll have to take
my work clothes with me in a bag and they might get wrinkles.
- It´s sure wouldn´t be as convenient as showering at your dorm, but what else could
you do?
- Well, my brother has an apartment in the city, he said I could stay with him until the
situation in my dorm is fixed.
- That sounds like a good option.
- Well, yes and no. You see, his apartment is pretty far from campus. I´ve got papers
to write so I can´t spend the time it will take to travel across the city.
- Well, good luck deciding what to do.
- Thanks, Kasie.

In the lecture, the professor talks about a method of compensation called equity-based
pay. Equity-based pay is when a person, who starts to work for a company, receives part
of ownership of the company. It´s typically in the form of company stock. There are some
benefits for employers using this type of compensation.
In the lecture, the professor mentions that there are the potential benefits for companies.
The first one is it will stop employees from leaving. New employee training is a problem.
It's a big expense. If employees have equity, they will be less likely to leave.
The second benefit of equity-based pay is it encourages employees to work hard for the
long-term success of the company. If they are at equity in the company, then as a value of
the stock increases, their personal wealth will also increase.So these are some of the
reasons why companies might offer equity compensation to workers.
89
Now listen to part of the talk in a business studies class.
OK. So, let´s continue our discussion of an employee compensation. Previously, we

discussed traditional compensation models, including salaries and commission based pay.
Now, I´d like to discuss a less common method of compensation, namely equity-based
pay.
In simple terms, under equity- based compensation employees of the company receive
part of the ownership of the company. This is usually in a form of shares or stock in a
business. Typically, the equity that employees receive is an addition to, rather than instead
of, a monthly salary.
You might think that equity compensation is great for the employee; after all, they get both
equity and the salary, but perhaps less attractive for employers.
In fact, though equity compensation has a number of potential benefits, especially for
certain kinds of companies, one beneficial goal of equity compensation is to stop
employees from leaving.
Staff turn-over, when employees quit, can be a big expense for many companies. Some
businesses feel that offering equity to employees means workers are less likely to leave.
The reason, equity compensation plans typically reward employees with more stock the
longer they stay with the company.
Another goal and potential advantage of equity compensation is that it encourages

employees to work hard for the long-term success of the company. After all, if a company
does well, the company´s stock value will go up and any employee, who owns equity in
that company, will see his or her personal wealth rise too.
90
Writing Section Answer Key
Answers will vary for each question. For each question, we provided an example of what I
believe to be perfect responses to each question.
Writing Question 1 Sample Response

The article introduces the topic of driverless cars. More specifically, the writer discusses
the benefits of using driverless car technology. The lecturer in the listening passage
disagrees. He believes that driverless cars are potentially dangerous and attacks each of
the claims made in the reading
In the reading, the author begins by stating that driverless cars are safer then ones
operated by humans. In the listening, the speaker mentions that the sensors used by
driverless cars can't function properly in adverse weather conditions, like a snowstorm. On
top of that, you must also take into account that the software technology behind driverless
cars is human created, so, like human drivers, it can easily malfunction.
The author also claims that driverless cars are safer for the environment because it will
lead to fewer traffic problems. Again, the lecturer believes there are flaws to the writer's
logic. The speaker holds that more people will buy driverless cars out of convenience and
less people will use public transportation, resulting in an increase in gas emissions
because of the increased volume of cars.
Another reason why the author feels that driverless cars are a more efficient alternative to
the current driving system is that it provides passengers with increased time to focus on
work and other important matters. The professor in the listening passage is doubtful that
this extra time will be helpful. Since the driverless car will still have to stop for various
reasons, it may be a distracting environment for working.
To sum up, both the writer and professor hold conflicting views about driverless cars. It's
clear that they will have trouble finding some common ground on this issue.
91
Writing Question 1 Transcript

Now listen to part of the lecture you´ve just read about.
A lot of people may have positive claims about driverless cars, they focus on how
wonderful the technology is and how these vehicles will lead to improve safety on our
roads, a cleaner environment, and even better lives for us all.
It all sounds great, but I wonder whether the reality will live up to people´s dreams. Take
the idea the driverless cars will be safer. It may be true that software doesn´t make the
kinds of errors that humans make, but software is created by a human, so it´s likely the
software itself has problems.
And studies have shown that self-driving cars have a hard time dealing with heavy snow
and rain because the weather affects their sensors. And since they cannot deal with the
weather, that doesn’t sound very safe to me.
And what about the idea the driverless cars will reduce pollution? Well, some studies
suggest that more people will use cars, meaning that fewer people will use public
transportation when driverless cars are introduced.
Even if driverless cars really do benefit the environment, the fact that there will be more
cars on our roads makes it likely that pollution levels will either stay the same or even
increase.
As for the extra time the driverless cars are supposed to give us, well, that may not be
such a benefit after all.
You see, even if driverless cars need to stop less often than traditional cars, they will still
need to do this sometimes. And every time this happens, passengers will be disturbed. So,
extra time? Maybe. Extra time to relax or work? Perhaps not, unless you are the kind of
person who can work or relax under such conditions.
92
Writing Question 2 Sample Response
Life today is more comfortable and convenient than ever. Modern society has produced
some amazing innovations that have radically transformed our daily habits and intimate
relationships. However, many are concerned that the way we live now will have a negative
impact on future generations. I totally agree. Our current behavior will definitely hurt future
societies because we waste too many resources and use too much energy.
We humans are producing more garbage than ever. Every year the rate of waste
increases as the population continues to expand. And much of this garbage isn't
recyclable. A few years back, I was living in New York City. I was surprised to see garbage
cans on almost every street corner that were constantly filled to the brim. My own small
apartment building, with only ten apartments, had over a hundred bags of garbage by the
end of every week. And I'm just as guilty of waste as everyone else. I filled up a whole
garbage can with random junk almost everyday. There is so much waste the could be
easily avoided. We could be using washable towels, instead of paper towels, portable
mugs, instead of disposable coffee cups, just to name a few. I fear that humans in the
future will have to pay for the waste we are creating today.
Not only does the amount of waste we currently generate harm the environment, but so
does the energy we consume. We still rely on fossil fuels to power our cars and heat our
homes. The electric companies that supply citizens with the energy needed to live still use
coal and natural gas. Every day we are pumping an enormous amount of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere, speeding up the rate of global warming. However, few people have
changed, including myself. In the summer time, I have the air conditioner on at the highest
possible setting. In the winter, I make sure every room in the house is warm. Everyday I
burn fossil fuels and contribute to the pollution problem. I enjoy a comfortable modern life
filled with convenience, but hardly ever consider how these decisions may harm others in
the future.
While it's true that life today is more comfortable than ever, I believe our current habits will
have a negative impact on the future. The massive amount of garbage and fossil fuels we
consume and waste is already contributing to climate change. We must make better
decisions about waste and energy today, to ensure a better tomorrow.
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Please treat this like a real TOEFL test.

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.

The earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered were Agathaumas, Polyonax, and

1.The word distinctive in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

2. In paragraph 1, the author says that ceratopsians

3. The phrase derives from in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

5. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2?

7. The word extract in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

8. Why does the author mention the teeth of ceratopsian in paragraph 3?

10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of ceratopsians?

12.What does the author imply about Psittacosaurus in paragraph 5?

Where would the sentence best fit?

A The earliest species of ceratopsians to be discovered were Agathaumas, Polyonax, and

Ceratopsia are a well-known kind of dinosaur with several distinguishing features.

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.

There is some evidence that Hatshepshut embarked on successful military campaigns in

15. The word preserved in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

16. What does the author imply in paragraph 1 about Hatshepshut?

17. The word succeeded in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

20. What does the author say about Egypt in paragraph 3?

21. The word disrupted in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

23. The author mentions construction projects in paragraph 4 in order to

A. Introduce some of Hatshepshut's accomplishments

Where would the sentence best fit?

A. Pharaohs like Hatshepshut were often shown wearing traditional clothes

E. During her reign, Egypt focused on domestic projects and international

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage below and answer the questions.

A variation on hydroponics that solves some of these issues is aquaponics. A basic

DIRECTIONS: Now answer the questions.

28. The word severity in paragraph 1 most likely means

30. The phrase this end in paragraph 1 refers to

31. What does the author say about hydroponics in paragraph 2?

33. How do static and continuous-flow systems differ?

34. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that

36. Why does the author mention “tropical vegetables” in paragraph 3?

38. What point does the author NOT make in paragraph 3?

Even though it has yet to be implemented on the same scope as traditional

Where would the sentence best fit?

Both hydroponics and aquaponics

A. Crops are grown indoors in a controlled environment

Listen to a conversation between a student and his professor.

1. Why does the student go to see his professor?

2. What is the professor initially confused about?

Listen to part of a talk in a literature class.

7. What point does the professor make about sonnets?

8. What is the professor’s attitude when he mentions the artist Michelangelo?

TOEFL Practice Test 