Causal Associative (Assignment 3)

An English teacher conducted a research to examine the effect of applying picture as

media of instruction on students’ speaking competency. To achieve the objective of the study,
the teacher implemented experimental study. There were two groups included in the study,
namely control group and experimental group. The experimental group was taught by using
pictures as media, whereas the control group was taught without the help of pictures.

The following hypotheses were used by the teacher in his research.

Hypothesis for Equality of variances:

H0 : the variance of scores for the two groups (control group and experimental group) is equal

Ha : the variance of scores for the two groups (control group and experimental group) is not equal

Hypothesis for t-test for equality of means:

H0 : there are no significant differences in the mean between the two groups.

Ha : there are significant differences in the mean between the two groups.

Scores obtained by students from the two groups after several treatments and speaking
competency test are presented in the following table.

Group 1
Number
(Control group)
Score
1 76
2 78
3 79
4 85
5 86
6 75
7 75
8 76
9 77
10 78
11 77
Group 2
Number (Experimental group)
Score
1 78
2 77
3 80
4 80
5 88
6 90
7 75
8 75
9 76
10 85
11 82
 12 80 12 80
13 82 13 78
14 81 14 81
15 79 15 82
16 76 16 90
17 78 17 84
18 80 18 78
19 81 19 77
20 81 20 78

After data were analyzed using SPSS software, the following results were yielded.

Group Statistics

group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

score Conventional Teaching 20 79.00 3.061 .684

Using Pictures 20 80.70 4.612 1.031

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper

scor Equal variances

2.892 .097 -1.373 38 .178 -1.700 1.238 -4.206 .806
e assumed

Equal variances
-1.373 33.016 .179 -1.700 1.238 -4.218 .818
not assumed

Source: Analysis results using SPSS Version 16, June 5, 2018

Data interpretation

An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of picture as media of

English teaching instruction. Two groups were included in the research, namely control group
and experimental group. Pictures were used in experimental group to find their effect on
students’ speaking competency.

There were several hypotheses to be tested in the research. The research formulated the
research question as Is there any significant difference in the mean score between students who
are taught by using pictures and students who are not taught by using pictures? To answer the
research question, the research used independent-sample T-test. An independent-samples t-test is
used when researches want to compare the mean score, on some continuous variable, for two
different groups of participants (Pallant, 2010).

After analyzing the data using SPSS software, the research revealed several findings.
Firstly, the result of SPSS analysis shows that the significance level for Levence’s test is .09.
This value reveals that H0 is accepted as Sig. value > .05 indicating that the variance of scores for
the two groups (control group and experimental group) is equal. Furthermore, as this value (.09)
is larger than .05, it means that the first line in the table (which refers to Equal variances
assumed) is used to report t-value.

Secondly, the result presented in the output above shows that the Sig. (2-tailed) value is
.178. This value is higher than .05 (Sig. value > .05), demonstrating that there is not a
statistically significant difference in the mean score between students who are taught by using
pictures and students who are not taught by using pictures. It means that Ha (for Hypothesis for t-
test for equality of means) is rejected. It can be concluded that using pictures as media in English
instruction does not have effect on students’ speaking competency.

Furthermore, it also important to measure the effect size for independent-samples t-test.
Effect size refers to a set of statistics that indicates the relative magnitude of the differences
between means, or the amount of the total variance in the dependent variable that is predictable
from knowledge of the levels of the independent variable (Pallant, 2010).
 The guidelines for effect size proposed by Cohen (1988 , in Pallant, 2010) for interpreting
this value are:

d = .2 is a small effect
d = .5 is a moderate effect
d = .8 or > is a large effect

After calculating the effect size of the data (the effect size was calculated by using UCCS
on http://web.uccs.edu/lbecker/Psy590/escalc3.htm), it is reported that d = .4. This means that the
effect size of .4 is small. In other words it can be said that the magnitude of the differences in the
means was small.

Reference

Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual 4th Edition. England: Mc Graw Hill.