Refining

Refining
Objectives of refining
Strength development Ability of bonding
Structure adjustment Formation

2 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2932 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
Length distribution Optical properties
Development of special Ability of electrical

properties insulation, greaseproof
Refining
… and today
in earlier times …
Effects of refining in fiber structure
Shortening
External
fibrillation
Internal
fibrillation
ss e
in
Contribution to understanding the refining er c e h
Year process F ib ro ac
P M
1994 Meltzer Modified edge load
Lumiainen Specific surface load
1990
Parameters considered
Kerekes C-Factor/Frequ. and intens. of fiber treatment
1986 Joris Variation and velocity of crossing points
1981 Stevens
1978 Kline
1977 Leider & Nissan Frequency and intensity of fiber treatment
1969 Danforth Frequency and intensity of fiber treatment
1966 Brecht & Siewert Specific edge load/specific energy

1964 Van Stiphout Probability of fiber treatment
1958 Wultsch & Flucher Refining intensity: Effective load per edge length
1927 Milne
1922 Smith Fibrage theory
1907 Pfarr
1906 Kirchner
1887 Jagenberg Edge length per second, beating surface/pressure
Parameters influencing refining
Fillings bar rounding

bar surface
– Material wear resistance
– Cutting angle
length
– Bar design width
– Groove design height
Cutting
Machine edge length Specific edge
– Speed per second
load
– Refiner load
– Direction of rotation
System
– Number of refiners Specific
– Consistency energy
– Flow rate
– Arrangement of refiners
– Temperature
– pH-value
Definition of cutting edge length
The cutting edge length CEL is the product of
n • the number of rotor bars zR

CEL = zR . zS . l . • the number of stator bars zS
60
• the length of the bars l and
• the rotating speed n
or with a given set of fillings, the product of
• a fillings constant CLF and

CEL = CLF . n • the rotating speed n
Parameters of the evaluation of refining
Net refining power [kW]

Specific edge load [J/m] =
Cutting edge length [km/s]
Net refining power [kW]

Specific energy [kWh/t] =

Throughput [t/h]
Preconditions: Design of fillings

System parameters
Parameters influencing modified edge load
• Fillings
- material
- bar height
- bar angle Modified
- bar and groove width edge length
per second Ls,γbg Modified edge load
- number of bars
(MEL)
- bar length
• Machine
- speed
- motor load
- direction of rotation
Influence of bar angle on number of
intersection points
10° bar angle 30° bar angle
α L
α
C = L • tanα C = L • tanα
C = L • tanα represents the bar crossing efficiency
Ls –> Ls,γ Ls,γ = Ls,Stator • tanαS + Ls,Rotor • tanαR
Ls,γ = Ls• 2 • tanα for identical design of rotor and stator
Pnet 1 1
SEL –> SELγ SELγ = —–– LS • –––––– = SEL ––––––
2 • tanα 2• tanα
Influence of bar and groove width on refining
b b
g b = Bar width g
g = Groove width
b considers refining work of bar surface and probability

–––
b+g of a fiber being treated
bs bR
Ls,γ –> Ls,γbg Ls,γ = bg Ls,stator • tanαS b––– + L • tanα –––
s+gs
s,Rotor R b +g
R R
b
Ls,γ = Ls • 2 • tanα b+g ––– for identical design of rotor and stator
1 b+g
Modified Edge Load MEL MEL = SEL • –––––––
2 • tanα • –––
b
Criteria for modified edge load
• Modified edge load MEL

- takes into consideration the influence of bar width, groove width
and bar angle on the refining process
- is a useful tool for predicting the technological results of refining
as a function of freeness
- is a concise key for controlling the refining process
- can be easily applied since all required parameters are known

to the papermaker
• Existing knowledge based on specific edge load SEL can be fully
incorporated using same units
• Optimization of fillings design gains new basis
• Fillings market becomes much clearer
Definition of bar angle
β α
Segment angle: Θ
Sector angle: β
Bar angle: α
Cutting angle:
γ = αS + αR or
γ = 2 x α for αS = αR
Typical fillings design

Refiner fillings and their application
Hardwood pulps and

Furnish Softwood pulps
secondary fibers
Type of treatment low intensity standard low intensity standard
Spec. edge load SEL [J/m] <1 <1.5 (1.7) (1.5) 2 – 2.5 3-4
Cutting edge length

[km/s] very high high average low
CEL
Bar width [mm] 2 2-3 3 3-5
Groove width [mm] (2) - 3 3-4 4-5 4-5
Cutting angle [°] 40 - 60 20 - 60 40 - 60 4 - 20

Refining of bleached softwood kraft pulp
Cutting angle
Specific
Shortening (16) Fibrillation (60)
edge load
3.0 J/m 3.0 J/m
1.5 J/m 1.5 J/m
70
SR value [SR]
Breaking length [m]

8000
60
7000
50
6000
40
5000
30
4000
20
3000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 50 60

Specific energy [kWh/t] SR value [SR]
Fillings variation
Distribution of absorbed power
[kW]
Total refining power
unrefined
Power available for refining Net refining power

refined
No-load power with stock
No-load power with water
No-load power in air
Time
No-load power as a function of flow rate
100
No-load power [kW]
Fillings : 3/4-72-60
Speed : 1000 rpm
Bar height : 5 mm
80
Bleached softwood kraft

60 pulp (4 % consistency):
fillings unloaded
Water:
40
fillings 1 mm gap
fillings unloaded
0
400 800 1200 1600 2000
Flow rate [l/min]
No-load power as a function of speed and
mean cutting angle
200
No-load power [kW]
Bar width : 5 mm
Flow rate : 1000 l/min
150 Direction of
rotation : anti-clockwise
100
Cutting angle:
20
50 60
0
0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Speed [rpm]
0 10 15 20 25 30
Circumferential speed [m/s]
No-load power as a function of direction of
rotation
200
No-load power [kW]
Cutting angle : 60
150
100
Direction of rotation:
clockwise
50 anti-clockwise
0
0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Speed [rpm]
0 10 15 20 25 30
Circumferential speed [m/s]
No-load power as a function of bar height
100
No-load power [kW]
Fillings : 3/4-72-60
Speed : 1000 1/min
80
Bleached softwood kraft

60 pulp (4 % consistency):
fillings unloaded
Water:
40
fillings 1 mm gap
fillings unloaded
0
0 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bar height [mm]
Parameters influencing no-load power
Flow rate 10 %
Cutting angle 20 %
Bar height 50 %
Direction of rotation 60 %
n
Speed approx. ( –– )2.7
nn
Location of refining process in system
PIC FFIC
HIC HIC HIC
PI PIS PIS PIS PIS PIS PIS

LIC
QIC
Chest High Deflaker Refiner Chest

density
cleaner
Refiner application parameters
Production Furnish Freeness drop Kind of refining
Spec. energy Spec. edge load Cutting angle

Net refining
power
Cutting
edge length
Number Fillings type

of refiners Refiner size
Refiner operation without automatic control
Production
rate
Refiner load
Technological
result
Time
Refiner specific energy control
Stock Net spec.

Flow
consistency energy
Flow Spec. energy No-load

control control power
Power
control
M M
Refiner operation with specific energy
control
Production
rate
Refiner load
Technological
result
Time
Influence of spec. energy control on technology with
reduction in throughput to 2/3 of nominal production
10
Deviation [%]
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Spec. SR Average Bulk Breaking Burst Tear
energy value fiber length length
Example for development of admissible spec. edge
load as a function of raw material and SR value
Spec. edge load [J/m]

Bleached / unbleached
3 softwood kraft pulp
2
1
Bleached hardwood
kraft pulp
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SR value [SR]
Influence of specific edge load on SR value
and fiber length
600 400 200 [CSF]
[CSF]
70 2.6
SR value [SR]
Mean fiber length [mm]

60 2.4
50 200 2.2
40 2.0
30 400 1.8
20 600 1.6
10 800 1.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Net spec. energy [kWh/t] SR value [SR]
Furnish Spec. edge load
Bleached 1.0 J/m
Softwood 2.0 J/m
Kraft pulp 3.5 J/m
Fillings: 60 cutting angle
Influence of specific edge load on strength
properties
600 400 200 [CSF] 600 400 200 [CSF]
11 3500
Tear [mNm/m]
Breaking length [km]
9 3000
2500
7
2000
5
1500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
SR value [SR] SR value [SR]
Furnish Spec. edge load
Bleached 1.0 J/m
Softwood 2.0 J/m
Kraft pulp 3.5 J/m
Fillings: 60 cutting angle
Influence of specific edge load on burst
index
Burst index [kPam2/g]
8 Bleached
softwood kraft
7 pulp
6
4
1.0 J/m
3 2.0 J/m
3.0 J/m
2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
SR value [SR]
Influence of fines on paper properties
Property Effect Property Effect

SR value ++ Air resistance ++
Wet web strength + Specific bond strength
Sheet density + primary fines –
Shrinkage potential + secondary fines +
Tensile strength + Light scattering
Stretch + chemical pulp fines (–)

Tensile stiffness + mechanical pulp fines ++
Tear strength – Fiber rising –
Compression strength + Linting –
Folding endurance +
+ means the property is increased – means the property is reduced
Influence of cutting angle on hardwood pulps
1.00 1.00
Fiber length [mm]

Fiber length [mm]
0.95 0.95
0.90 0.90
0.85 0.85
0.80 0.80
0.75 0.75
0.70 0.70
0.65 0.65
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 100 200 300 400 500
SR value [SR] Total refining energy [kWh/t]
Cutting angle
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20" Furnish
40° 60°
Bar width: 2 mm
Birch
Specific edge load: 0.6 J/m
Eucalyptus
Influence of bar width and cutting angle on
birch
110 110
Tensile index [Nm/g]

100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 100 200 300 400 500
Fillings
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20“
Furnish: Birch 2mm / 40° 2mm / 60° 3mm / 60°
Specific edge load: 0.6J/m
Influence of specific edge load on hardwood
pulps
1.00 1.00
Fiber length [mm]

Fiber length [mm]
0.95 0.95
0.90 0.90
0.85 0.85
0.80 0.80
0.75 0.75
0.70 0.70
0.65 0.65
0.60 0.60
0.55 0.55
0.50 0.50
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 100 200 300 400 500
SEL
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20" Furnish
0.6 J/m 1.2 J/m
Bar width: 2 mm
Cutting angle: 40° Birch
Eucalyptus
Influence of specific edge load on softwood
pulps
90 50
SR value [SR]
80 45
70 40
35
60
30
50
25
40 20
30 15
20 10
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 150 300 450
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20" Specific edge load

Furnish
Bar width: 3mm
1.5J/m 2.5J/m
Groove width: 4mm
Cutting angle: 60° Pine kraft
39 | | Fiber Systems

Refining

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Refining

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Refining

Strength development Ability of bonding

Structure adjustment Formation

Length distribution Optical properties

Development of special Ability of electrical

1966 Brecht & Siewert Specific edge load/specific energy

Fillings bar rounding

The cutting edge length CEL is the product of

n • the number of rotor bars zR

or with a given set of fillings, the product of

• a fillings constant CLF and

Net refining power [kW]

Net refining power [kW]

Specific energy [kWh/t] =

Preconditions: Design of fillings

b considers refining work of bar surface and probability

• Modified edge load MEL

- can be easily applied since all required parameters are known

Typical fillings design

Hardwood pulps and

Type of treatment low intensity standard low intensity standard

Cutting edge length

Bar width [mm] 2 2-3 3 3-5

Groove width [mm] (2) - 3 3-4 4-5 4-5

Cutting angle [°] 40 - 60 20 - 60 40 - 60 4 - 20

Breaking length [m]

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 50 60

Power available for refining Net refining power

No-load power in air

Bleached softwood kraft

Bleached softwood kraft

HIC HIC HIC

PI PIS PIS PIS PIS PIS PIS

Chest High Deflaker Refiner Chest

Production Furnish Freeness drop Kind of refining

Spec. energy Spec. edge load Cutting angle

Number Fillings type

Stock Net spec.

Flow Spec. energy No-load

Spec. edge load [J/m]

Mean fiber length [mm]

Property Effect Property Effect

Stretch + chemical pulp fines (–)

Fiber length [mm]

Tensile index [Nm/g]

Fiber length [mm]

Machine: Double disk refiner, 20" Specific edge load

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