Chem Equlbrm PDF

Topic 11 Chemical Equilibrium
Part A Unit-based exercise
Unit 39 An introduction to 5 The direction in which a net reaction will proceed

chemical equilibrium to achieve equilibrium can be predicted by
comparing reaction quotient (Qc) and equilibrium
Part A
Fill in the blanks constant (Kc).
a) When Qc < Kc, a net forward reaction

1 Chemical reaction that take place in one direction
Unit 39
must occur until equilibrium is reached.
only are known as irreversible reactions.
b) When Qc > Kc, a net backward reaction
2 The reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol must occur until equilibrium is reached.
does not go to completion no matter how long
the reaction mixture is heated under reflux. This
True or false
is known as a reversible reaction.
Decide whether each of the following statements is
3 A dynamic equilibrium is reached when
true or false.
the forward and backward reactions occur at the
same rate. 6 A dynamic equilibrium is reached when T
the forward and backward reactions occur
4 In an aqueous solution of potassium chromate, at the same rate.
the following equilibrium system is established:
7 For a system at equilibrium, the F
2CrO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l) concentrations of the reactants and the
a) When a little dilute sulphuric acid is added to products must be the same.
the system, the colour of the solution changes
8 Equilibrium can only be established in an F
from yellow to orange . This open system.
indicates that the concentration of Cr2O72–(aq)
ions has increased while the concentration 9 The value of Kc for a reaction can be F
of 2–
CrO4 (aq) ions has decreased. used to judge the rate at which
equilibrium is attained.
b) When a little dilute sodium hydroxide solution
is added to the resulting solution, the colour 10 If Qc is greater than Kc, the system is not T
of the solution changes from orange at equilibrium.
to yellow . This indicates that the
concentration of CrO 4 2– (aq) ions
has increased while the concentration
of Cr2O72–(aq) ions has decreased.
1
14 Two experiments were performed involving the
Multiple choice questions following equilibrium. The temperature was the
same in both experiments.
11 Which of the following statements is true for a
reaction system at equilibrium? H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
A All reactions cease. In experiment A, 1.00 mol dm–3 H2(g) and 1.00
B The reactions have gone to completion. mol dm–3 I2(g) were initially added to a flask and
C The rates of the forward and backward equilibrium was established. In experiment B, 2.00
reactions are equal. mol dm–3 HI(g) were initially added to a second
D The amount of products equals the amount flask and equilibrium was established. Which of
of reactants. C the following statements is always true about the
Part A
equilibrium concentrations?
12 Consider the following reaction: A [H2(g)] equals [HI(g)] in experiment A.
B [HI(g)] equals 2[H2(g)] in experiment A.
Unit 39
2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

C [HI(g)] in experiment A equals [HI(g)] in
Initially, SO3(g) is placed in an empty flask. How do experiment B.
the rates of the forward and backward reactions 1
D [HI(g)] in experiment A equals [I2(g)] in
change as the system proceeds to equilibrium? 2
experiment B. C
Forward Backward
reaction rate reaction rate 15 Which of the factors below is NOT a condition
A Increases increases necessary for equilibrium?
B Increases decreases A A closed system
C Decreases decreases B A constant temperature
D Decreases increases D
C Equal forward and backward reaction rates
D Equal concentrations of reactants and
13 Consider the following equilibrium system: products D
2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
Directions: Questions 16 and 17 refer to the following
Which of the following graphs represents [H2(g)]
information.
after equilibrium has been established?
Consider the following reaction:
A B
2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
A 1.00 dm3 container is initially filled with NH3(g).
<) H
>
<) H
>
16 What are the changes in the rate of the forward

reaction and the concentration of N2(g) as the
5JNF 5JNF
system approaches equilibrium?
C D Rate of
forward reaction Concentration of N2(g)
<) H
>
<) H
>
A Decreases increases
B Decreases decreases
C Increases increases
5JNF 5JNF D Increases decreases A
2
17 At equilibrium, there is 0.0400 mole of N2(g) 21 CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
present. What is the concentration of H2(g)?
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this
–3
A 0.0400 mol dm reaction?
–3
B 0.0600 mol dm
[CH3OH(g)][H2O(g)]
C 0.0800 mol dm
–3 A Kc =
–3 [CO2(g)][H2(g)]3
D 0.120 mol dm D
[CO2(g)][H2(g)]3
B Kc =
[CH3OH(g)][H2O(g)]
18
[CH3OH(g)] + [H2O(g)]
C Kc =
[CO2(g)] + 3[H2(g)]
$PODFOUSBUJPO
Part A
[CO2(g)] + 3[H2(g)]
D Kc = A
[CH3OH(g)] + [H2O(g)]
22 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Unit 39
CaCO3(s) + 2HF(g)
CaF2(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
5JNF
Which of the following chemical reactions is Which of the following expressions represents the
consistent with the above graph? equilibrium concentration of CO2(g)?
A X(g) Y(g) + 2Z(g) Kc[H2O(g)]

A [CO2(g)] = 2
B X(g) Y(g) + 3Z(g) [HF(g)]
2
C 2X(g) Y(g) + Z(g) Kc[HF(g)]
B [CO2(g)] =
D 2X(g) 2Y(g) + Z(g) B [H2O(g)]
Kc[CaCO3(s)][HF(g)]2
C [CO2(g)] =
19 Consider the hypothetical reaction: [H2O(g)]
2A(g) + B(g) 3C(g) Kc[CaCO3(s)][HF(g)]2
D [CO2(g)] = B
[CaF2(s)][H2O(g)]
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc?
23 For which of the following systems does Kc =
[C(g)]3
A Kc = [O2(g)]?
[A(g)]2[B(g)]
2
[A(g)] [B(g)] A O2(l) O2(g)
B Kc = 3 B 3O2(g) 2O3(g)
[C(g)]
3 C 2O2(g) + N2(g) N2O4(g)
[C(g)]
C Kc = D 2Hg(s) + O2(g) 2HgO(s) A
[A(g)]2 + [B(g)]
2
[A(g)] + [B(g)] 24 1 mole of N2O4(g) was placed in an empty 1 dm3
D Kc = 3
A
[C(g)] container and allowed to reach equilibrium
20 What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the according to the following equation:
reaction below? N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g) At equilibrium, x mole of N2O4(g) had dissociated.
2[SO3(g)] What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc,
A Kc =
2[S(s)] + 3[O2(g)] at the temperature of the experiment?
2[SO3(g)] 2x 2x
B Kc = A B 2
3[O2(g)] (1 – x) (1 – x)
2 2 2
[SO3(g)] 4x 4x
C Kc = C D D
[S(s)]2[O2(g)]3 (1 – x)2 (1 – x)
2
[SO3(g)]
D Kc = D
[O2(g)]3
3
25 An equilibrium mixture at constant temperature Directions: Questions 28 and 29 refer to the following
and pressure, information.
SO3(g) + NO(g) SO2(g) + NO2(g) 2.00 moles of each of H2(g) and I2(g) are allowed to
react in a 1.00 dm3 container at a certain temperature.
was analyzed and found to contain 0.0800 mole
3.50 moles of HI(g) are present at equilibrium.
of SO2(g), 0.200 mole of NO2(g), 0.250 mole of
NO(g) and 0.480 mole of SO3(g) in a 10.0 dm3
28 What is the value of the equilibrium constant,
container. What is the equilibrium constant, Kc,
Kc?
for this reaction?
A 5.10 x 10–3
A 7.52
B 3.74
B 1.14
Part A
C 56.0
C 0.302
D 196 D
D 0.133 D
Unit 39
29 Which of the following graphs shows how the

26 The reaction below reaches equilibrium in a closed
rates of the forward and backward reactions
reaction vessel of volume 2.50 dm3.
change when hydrogen and iodine are mixed?
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
LFZ
At equilibrium, there are 2.83 moles of NO(g),
GPSXBSESFBDUJPO
3.00 moles of O2(g), and 18.0 moles of NO2(g).
CBDLXBSESFBDUJPO
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the
reaction? A B
A 0.218 dm3 mol–1

3BUF
3BUF
3 –1
B 1.83 dm mol
3 –1
C 13.4 dm mol
3 –1
D 33.7 dm mol D
5JNF 5JNF
27 NO(g) and CO2(g) react according to the following
C D
equation:
NO(g) + CO2(g) NO2(g) + CO(g)
3BUF
3BUF
In an experiment, 4.00 moles of NO(g) and 0.900

mole of CO2(g) are placed in a 2.00 dm3 reaction
vessel. 5JNF 5JNF
At equilibrium, 0.100 mole of CO2(g) is present. A
reaction? 30 X2(g) and Y2(g) react according to the following
A 0.500 equation:
B 1.60 X2(g) + Y2(g) 2XY(g)
C 2.00
D 5.00 C A mixture containing 4.00 moles each of X2(g)
and Y2(g) is heated in a closed container. The
system is allowed to reach equilibrium. The graph
shows how the number of moles of each gas
varies with time.
4
9: H
33 What is the value of Kc for the reaction?
/VNCFSPGNPMFT
A 9.00
B 2.25
C 0.360
D 0.184 B
9 H
BOE: H

34 PCl5(g) decomposes to form PCl3(g) and Cl2(g)

5JNF according to the equation:
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
reaction? Four different flasks, A, B, C and D, at the same
Part A
A 0.0278 temperature, contain a mixture of PCl5(g), PCl3(g)
B 0.167 and Cl2(g). The concentration, in mol dm–3, of
C 6.00 these components in each of the flasks is shown
Unit 39
D 36.0 D below. In three of the four flasks, the mixture of
gases is at equilibrium.
31 Consider the following reaction: In which one is the mixture of gases NOT at
3+ – 2+
Fe (aq) + SCN (aq) [Fe(SCN)] (aq) equilibrium?
50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 Fe3+(aq) are added [PCl5(g)] [PCl3(g)] [Cl2(g)]
to 30.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 SCN–(aq). At A 0.10 0.40 0.10
equilibrium, the concentration of [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq) B 0.15 0.20 0.30
is found to be 0.0500 mol dm–3. C 0.20 0.30 0.15
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the D 0.30 0.60 0.20 C
reaction?
35 For which system does the equilibrium constant,
A 6.25 x 10–3 dm3 mol–1
Kc, have units of dm3 mol–1?
B 0.400 dm3 mol–1
C 2.50 dm3 mol–1 A H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
D 160 dm3 mol–1 D B 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
C 2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
Directions: Questions 32 and 33 refer to the following D CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)
information. CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) B
Equal volumes of two 1.00 mol dm–3 solutions of

36 For which system does the equilibrium constant,
W and X are mixed. The reaction rapidly reaches
Kc, have NO units?
equilibrium.
A C(s) + H2O(g) CO(g) + H2(g)
W(aq) + X(aq) Y(aq) + Z(aq)
B SO3(g) + NO(g) SO2(g) + NO2(g)
2+ 2+
The concentration of Z(aq) is found to be 0.300 C Cu (aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4] (aq)
mol dm–3. D N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) B
32 What is the equilibrium concentration of

W(aq)?
A 0.100 mol dm–3
B 0.200 mol dm–3
C 0.500 mol dm–3
D 0.700 mol dm–3 B
5
37 The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction A [CO(g)] > [CH4(g)]
B [CH4(g)] > [H2(g)]
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
C [CH4(g)] = [CO(g)]
–3 –3
is 6.10 x 10 mol dm at 25 °C. What is the D [CO(g)] = 3[H2(g)] B
Kc for the following reaction?
1 41 At a particular temperature, the equilibrium
NO2(g) N2O4(g)
2 constant, Kc, for the reaction below is 65.0
3
–
1
dm3 mol–1.
A 327 dm 2 mol 2
3 1
–
B 164 dm 2 mol 2 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
3 1
–
C 12.8 dm 2 mol 2 At equilibrium, the concentration of NO(g) is 0.600
Part A
3 1
D 3.05 x 10 –3
dm 2 mol
–
2 C mol dm–3 and that of O2(g) is 0.300 mol dm–3.
What is the equilibrium concentration of
38 Consider the following hypothetical equilibrium NO2(g)?
Unit 39
systems:
A 19.0 mol dm–3
A(g) B(g) Kc = 2.00 B 3.44 mol dm–3
B(g) C(g) Kc = 0.0100 C 2.65 mol dm–3
What is the value of K c for the following D 0.526 mol dm–3 C
reaction?
42 1.50 moles of CS2(g) and 3.00 moles of Cl2(g)
2C(g) 2A(g)
are mixed and the following equilibrium is
A 2 500 established:
B 200
CS2(g) + 3Cl2(g) S2Cl2(g) + CCl4(g)
C 50.0
D 4.00 x 10–4 A At equilibrium, 0.300 mole of CCl4(g) is found.
How much Cl2(g) is present?
39 Starting with equal concentrations of reactants, A 0.900 mole
which of the following will be closest to B 1.80 moles
completion at equilibrium? C 2.10 moles
A CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g) Kc = 22 D 2.70 moles C
B 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) 4HCl(g) + O2(g)
Kc = 5.0 x 10–4 43 At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant,
C 2HBr(g) H2(g) + Br2(g) Kc, for the reaction
Kc = 7.0 x 10–20 2NH3(g) + Cl2(g) N2H4(g) + 2HCl(g)
D N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
is 4.00.
Kc = 1.0 x 10–31
A An equilibrium mixture in a 1.00 dm3 container
has 2.60 moles of NH3(g), 4.00 moles of Cl2(g)
40 An equal number of moles of methane and steam and 5.90 moles of N2H4(g).
are placed in a closed container at 800 °C. The
What is the equilibrium concentration of
following reaction occurs.
HCl(g)?
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
A 4.28 mol dm–3
Kc = 1.78 x 10–3 at 800 °C
B 5.34 mol dm–3
Which of the following is correct at equilibrium C 10.7 mol dm–3
at this temperature? D 12.0 mol dm–3 A
6
44 When 1.00 mole of phosphorus pentachloride 48 Consider the following reaction:
was heated to 523 K in a closed vessel, 50.0%
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
dissociated as shown.
In an experiment, 0.10 mole of O2(g) and 0.10
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
mole of SO3(g) are added to an empty 1.0 dm3
How many moles of gas were present in the flask and then the flask is sealed. The reaction
equilibrium mixture? goes backward to establish equilibrium. Which
of the following must be true at equilibrium?
A 0.50
B 1.00 A [SO2(g)] = [O2(g)] = [SO3(g)]
C 1.50 B [O2(g)] < [SO3(g)]
D 2.00 C C [O2(g)] = [SO2(g)]
Part A
D [SO3(g)] < [O2(g)] D
45 Consider the following reaction:
49 Propanone can be made from propan-2-ol.
Unit 39
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
C3H8O(g) C3H6O(g) + H2(g) Kc = 0.0100
Initially, some NOCl(g) was placed in a 1.00 dm3
container. At equilibrium, there were 0.860 mole In an experiment, 6.00 moles of C3H8O(g), 0.150
of NOCl(g), 0.0300 mole of NO(g) and 0.0150 mole of C3H6O(g) and 0.100 mole of H2(g) are
mole of Cl2(g). How many moles of NOCl(g) were placed in a 1.00 dm3 container and allowed to
initially added to the container? establish equilibrium.
A 0.785 mole Which of the following change(s) will occur as
B 0.815 mole the system proceeds towards equilibrium?
C 0.890 mole
A [C3H6O(g)] increases while [H2(g)] decreases.
D 0.905 mole C
B [C3H6O(g)] and [H2(g)] both increase.
C [C3H8O(g)] and [H2(g)] both increase.
D [C3H8O(g)] and [C3H6O(g)] both decrease. B
2O3(g) 3O2(g) Kc = 1
Which of the following correctly compares the
equilibrium concentrations of the two species? 3NO2(g) N2O5(g) + NO(g)
Kc = 1.0 x 10–11 dm3 mol–1
A [O3(g)] = [O2(g)]
3
Initially, some NO2(g), N2O5(g) and NO(g) are placed
B [O3(g)] = [O2(g)] 2
2 in a container and allowed to reach equilibrium.
C [O3(g)] = [O2(g)] 3 When equilibrium is established, it is found that
3
D [O3(g)] 2 = [O2(g)] B the pressure has increased. Which of the following
combinations is correct as the system proceeds
47 Consider the following equilibrium system: towards equilibrium?
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Kc = 4.50 Reaction Direction

quotient Qc of net reaction
Initially, 0.500 mole of N2O4(g) and 0.500 mole
of NO2(g) are placed in a 1.00 dm3 container. A Qc > Kc net forward reaction
Which of the following describes the changes in B Qc < Kc net forward reaction
concentrations as the system proceeds towards C Qc > Kc net backward reaction
equilibrium? D Qc < Kc net backward reaction C
[N2O4(g)] [NO2(g)]
A Decreases decreases
B Decreases increases
C Increases decreases
D Increases increases B 7
Directions: Questions 51 and 52 refer to the following 54 Consider the following reaction:
information.
2ICl(g) I2(g) + Cl2(g)
The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is
Initially, some ICl(g) is placed in an empty flask.
Kc = 2.50 x 10–4 at 25 °C.
Which of the following statements describe(s)
N2(g) + C2H2(g) 2HCN(g) the change(s) occurring as the system proceeds
towards equilibrium?
In an experiment, a mixture of N2(g), C2H2(g) and
HCN(g), all of initial concentrations 1.00 mol dm–3, (1) The rate of the backward reaction
are allowed to reach equilibrium. increases.
(2) Concentration of ICl(g) increases.
51 Which of the following statements is correct as (3) Concentration of Cl2(g) increases.
Part A
the system proceeds towards equilibrium?

A (1) only
A A net forward reaction occurs because Qc < B (2) only
Unit 39
Kc. C (1) and (3) only

B A net backward reaction occurs because Qc D (2) and (3) only C
< Kc.
C A net forward reaction occurs because Qc > 55 Consider the following reaction:
Kc.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Kc = 4.00
D A net backward reaction occurs because Qc
> Kc. D In an experiment, 0.600 mole of SO2(g), 0.300
mole of O2(g) and 0.600 mole of SO3(g) are placed
52 What is the concentration of HCN(g) at in a 1.00 dm3 container. The system is allowed
equilibrium? to reach equilibrium. Which of the following are
correct as the system approaches equilibrium?
A 0.0158 mol dm–3
B 0.0235 mol dm
–3 (1) Concentration of SO2(g) increases.
C 1.28 mol dm
–3 (2) Concentration of O2(g) decreases.
D 1.53 mol dm
–3
B (3) Concentration of SO3(g) increases.
A (1) and (2) only
53 Consider the following: B (1) and (3) only
(1) Constant temperature C (2) and (3) only
(2) Equal concentrations of reactants and D (1), (2) and (3) C
products
(3) Equal rates of forward and backward
reactions
A system at equilibrium must have
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
8
Directions : Each question (Questions 56 – 60) consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each
of the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the second
statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one option from A to D
according to the following table :
A Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D Both statements are false.
Part A
1st statement 2nd statement
Unit 39
56 All equilibrium systems have equal concentrations At equilibrium, the rate of the forward C
of reactants and products. reaction and the rate of the backward
reaction are equal.
57 When a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid When a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid A
is added to an equilibrium system containing is added to the equilibrium system, the
CrO42–(aq) ions and Cr2O72–(aq) ions, the colour concentration of CrO42–(aq) ions decreases while
of the system changes from yellow to orange. that of Cr2O72–(aq) ions increases.
58 When H2(g) and I2(g) are allowed to react in a At equilibrium, both the forward and D
closed container, the rate of the reaction between backward reactions stop.
H2(g) and I2(g) becomes zero when equilibrium
is attained.
59 A reaction with a large Kc can attain equilibrium The value of Kc can be used to predict the D
rapidly. rate at which equilibrium is reached.
60 If Qc is greater than Kc, the system will undergo If Qc is greater than Kc, the system is not C
a net forward reaction until equilibrium is at equilibrium.
reached.
9
Unit 40 Factors affecting 6 When the temperature of an equilibrium
chemical equilibrium system with an endothermic forward reaction is
systems increased,
a) a net forward reaction will occur;

Fill in the blanks
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to
1 When the concentration of a reactant in an the right ;
equilibrium system is increased, c) the value of equilibrium constant, K c ,
a) a net forward reaction will occur; will increase .
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to the

right . True or False
Part A
2 When the concentration of a product in an Decide whether each of the following statements is
equilibrium system is increased, true or false.
Unit 40
a) a net backward reaction will occur; 7 If the position of equilibrium lies close F
to the product side, the value of Kc is
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to the
small.
left .
8 When the concentration of a reactant in T
3 An increase in pressure (i.e. a / an decrease
an equilibrium system is increased, a net
in volume) will bring about a net reaction forward reaction will occur.
that decreases the number of moles of gas,
i.e. the position of equilibrium will shift to the 9 At a constant temperature, increasing F
side of the equation with a fewer number the concentration of a reactant in an

equilibrium system will cause Kc to increase.
of moles of gas.
10 Removing some CaCO3(s) from an F
4 A decrease in pressure (i.e. a / an increase
equilibrium system of CaCO3(s), CaO(s)
in volume) will bring about a net reaction and CO2(g) will cause the position of
that increases the number of moles of gas, equilibrium to shift to the CaCO3(s) side.
i.e. the position of equilibrium will shift to the
side of the equation with a greater number 11 An increase in volume of an equilibrium T
system involving gases will bring about
of moles of gas.
a net reaction that increases the number
of moles of gas.
5 When the temperature of an equilibrium
system with an exothermic forward reaction is
12 For an equilibrium system with an T
increased, exothermic forward reaction, decreasing
a) a net backward reaction will occur; the temperature will shift the position of
equilibrium to the right.
b) the position of equilibrium will shift to
the left ; 13 Decreasing the temperature will cause F
Kc for an endothermic reaction to
c) the value of equilibrium constant, K c , increase.
will decrease .
10
14 In the conversion of sulphur dioxide to F 20 Consider the following equilibrium system:
sulphur trioxide in the Contact process,
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
a pressure of 200 atmospheres is usually
used. Some NH3(g) is added to the system. Which of
the following combinations is correct?
15 The optimum conditions for the Haber F Net change of [H2(g)] Value of Kc
process are 10 atm and 500 °C.
A Decreases increases
B Decreases remains constant
16 A catalyst will not affect the percentage T
of the product in an equilibrium mixture.
D Increases remains constant D
Multiple choice questions 21 Consider the following equilibrium system:

Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Part A
Adding which of the following substances will
N2H4(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO(g) + 2H2O(g) cause the equilibrium concentration of Ca2+(aq)
Which of the following actions can cause the ions to increase?
Unit 40
position of equilibrium to shift to the right? A H2O(l)
A Adding N2H4(g) B HCl(aq)
B Adding H2O(g) C KOH(s)
C Removing N2H4(g) D Ca(OH)2(s) B
D Removing O2(g) A
22 Consider the following system at equilibrium:
18 Consider the following equilibrium system: H2O(g) + CO(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) The position of equilibrium shifts to the right as
Which of the following actions would cause the the result of the addition of some extra H2O(g).
concentration of H2(g) to decrease? How will this shift affect the concentrations of
the other gases?
A Adding CO(g)
B Adding H2O(g) [CO(g)] [CO2(g)] [H2(g)]
C Removing CO2(g) A Increases decreases decreases
D Removing H2O(g) D B Increases increases decreases
C Decreases decreases increases
19 Consider the following equilibrium system: D Decreases increases increases D
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Which of the following actions will cause the
position of equilibrium to shift to the left? 2CrO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l)
A Adding O2(g) A solution of Ba(NO3)2 is added, and a BaCrO4

B Adding KCl(s) precipitate forms. Which of the following
C Removing KClO3(s) combinations is correct?
D Removing KCl(s) A Shift of
position of equilibrium Value of Kc
A To the left remains constant
B To the left increases
C To the right remains constant
D To the right decreases A
11
24 Consider the following equilibrium system: 27 The following equilibrium exists in aqueous
bromine.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
– + –
Br2(aq) + H2O(l) Br (aq) + 2H (aq) + OBr (aq)
Which of the following graphs represents what
yellow-brown colourless colourless
happens when some HI(g) is removed and a new
state of equilibrium is established? The yellow-brown colour of aqueous bromine
would fade on adding a few drops of a
A B concentrated solution of
<)* H
>
<)* H
>
A HCl.
B KBr.
C AgNO3.
5JNF 5JNF D NaOBr. C
C D
Part A
<)* H
>
<)* H
>
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

How will the rates of the forward and backward
Unit 40
5JNF 5JNF reactions change when the volume of the reaction

vessel is increased?
B
Rate of Rate of
25 Consider the following equilibrium system: forward reaction backward reaction
C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) A Increases increases

B Increases decreases
Some H2(g) is injected into the system. Which of C Decreases increases
the combinations is correct? D Decreases decreases D
Shift of position Change of [H2(g)] relative
of equilibrium to previous equilibrium 29 Consider the following equilibrium system:
A To the left increases 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

B To the left decreases An equilibrium mixture of NO(g), O2(g) and NO2(g)
C To the right increases is transferred from a 1 dm3 container to a 2 dm3
D To the right decreases A container.
26 Consider the following equilibrium system: Which of the following combinations describes
what happens as the system proceeds towards
CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g) a new state of equilibrium?
Which of the following, when added to the system Shift of position Number of
above, would result in a decrease in [H2O(g)] of equilibrium moles of NO2(g)
relative to the previous equilibrium?
A To the right increases
A CO(g) B To the right decreases
B CO2(g) C To the left increases
C H2(g) D To the left decreases D
D H2O(g) A
12
Directions: Questions 30 and 31 refer to the following 32 Consider the following equilibrium system:
information.
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
At room temperature, N2O4(g) and NO2(g) exist in
Which of the following combinations describes
equilibrium as follows:
the effect of decreasing the pressure by increasing
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) the volume?
pale yellow dark brown
Shift of position Number of
A gas syringe is filled with a pale brown mixture of of equilibrium moles of PCl3(g)
N2O4(g) and NO2(g) at equilibrium.
A To the right increases
HBTTZSJOHF B To the right decreases
C To the left increases
SVCCFSDBQ D To the left decreases A
/0 H
QMVOHFS
Part A
/0 H
FeO(s) + H2(g) Fe(s) + H2O(g)

30 What would be observed when the plunger is
Which of the following combinations describes the
quickly pushed in at time t?
Unit 40
effect of decreasing the volume of the system?
A The mixture first lightens, and then becomes
Shift of position
colourless.
of equilibrium Concentration of H2(g)
B The mixture first darkens, and then becomes
colourless. A To the right increases
C The mixture first darkens, and then lightens. B To the right decreases
D The mixture first lightens, and then darkens. C No change increases
C D No change decreases C
31 Which of the following graphs represents how 34 Consider the following equilibrium system:
the concentration of NO2(g) in the mixture varies
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH < 0
until a new state of equilibrium is established?
colourless purple colourless
A B Which of the following combinations describes the
effect of increasing the pressure of the system?
</0 H
>
</0 H
>
Colour intensity
of the mixture Value of Kc
U 5JNF U 5JNF A Decreases decreases
C D B Decreases unchanged
C Increases unchanged
</0 H
>
</0 H
>
D Increases decreases C
U 5JNF U 5JNF
13
35 In which of the following systems will the position Directions: Questions 40 and 41 refer to the following
of equilibrium shift to the right when the pressure information.
is increased at constant temperature?
The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by
A CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) the following reaction:
B 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g)
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH > 0
C H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
D PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) D
40 Which of the following combinations describes the
effect of increasing the pressure of the system?
36 In which of the following would the position of
the equilibrium NOT be affected by a volume Equilibrium yield of H2(g) Reaction rate
change at constant temperature? A Decreases decreases
A 2NF2(g) N2F4(g) B Decreases increases
B C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) C Increases decreases
C 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) D Increases increases B
Part A
D CO(g) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CO2(g) D

41 Which of the following combinations describes
the effect of increasing the temperature of the
Unit 40
37 The value of equilibrium constant for a gaseous

reaction will change when system?
A a catalyst is used. Equilibrium yield of H2(g) Reaction rate

B the temperature changes. A Decreases decreases
C the concentrations of products change. B Decreases increases
D the volume changes. B C Increases decreases
D Increases increases D
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔH < 0 42 Consider the following graph which relates to
this equilibrium system:
Which of the following sets of conditions will
favour the formation of the product? Fe3+(aq) + SCN–(aq) [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq) ΔH < 0
A Low pressure and low temperature

B Low pressure and high temperature <'F 4$/
>
$PODFOUSBUJPO
C High pressure and high temperature

D High pressure and low temperature D 4$/m
'F
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = –197 kJ
Which of the following combinations describes U 5JNF
the effect of increasing the temperature of the
Which of the following actions would cause the
system?
concentration changes at time t?
Shift of
A Addition of Fe3+(aq) ions
position of equilibrium Value of Kc
B Removal of [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq) ions
A To the left increases C Increase in temperature
B To the left decreases D Increase in pressure C
C To the right increases
D To the right decreases B
14
43 Consider the following equilibrium system: 46 Consider the following reaction:
2+ – 2–
Co (aq) + 4Cl (aq) CoCl4 (aq) 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g)
pink blue
The value of the equilibrium constant for the
When the temperature is increased, the solution reaction is 1.45 x 10–6 at 227 °C and 0.938 at
turns dark blue. It can be deduced that the 727 °C.
forward reaction is
Which of the following combinations concerning
A exothermic and the value of K c has the forward reaction is correct?
increased.
Product yield as
B exothermic and the value of K c has
Sign of ΔH temperature increases
decreased.
C endothermic and the value of K c has A + increases
increased. B + decreases
D endothermic and the value of K c has C – increases
Part A
decreased. C D – decreases A
44 Consider the following system at fixed pressure: 47 Methanol can be produced by the reaction
Unit 40
between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH > 0
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
What is the effect of a small increase in
temperature on the rate of the forward reaction Two experiments were conducted.
(Rf), rate of the backward reaction (Rb), and the Experiment 1: Some CO(g) and H2(g) were placed
equilibrium constant (Kc)? in a sealed vessel and the reaction allowed to
Rf Rb Kc proceed at constant temperature.
A Lower higher lower Experiment 2: Experiment 1 was repeated, but

B Higher lower unchanged at a different temperature.
C Higher higher higher The graph below shows the amount of methanol
D Higher higher lower C produced over the course of Experiments 1 and
2.
2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) 4HCl(g) + O2(g) ΔH > 0
"NPVOUPG$)0) H
&YQFSJNFOU
The temperature of the system is lowered and
the amount of Cl2(g) changes by 1 mole. Which
of the following combinations is correct? &YQFSJNFOU
Amount Amount Amount

of Cl2(g) of HCl(g) of O2(g)
A Increase by decrease by decrease by 5JNF
1 mole 0.5 mole 2 moles These results show that Experiment 2 was
B Increase by decrease by decrease by conducted at a
1 mole 2 moles 0.5 mole
C Decrease by increase by increase by A lower temperature than Experiment 1 and the
1 mole 0.5 mole 2 moles forward reaction is endothermic.
D Decrease by increase by increase by B lower temperature than Experiment 1 and the
1 mole 2 moles 0.5 mole forward reaction is exothermic.
B C higher temperature than Experiment 1 and
the forward reaction is endothermic.
D higher temperature than Experiment 1 and
the forward reaction is exothermic. D
15
48 Consider the following graph which relates to 51 In which of the following systems will the position
this equilibrium system: of equilibrium shift to the left upon an increase
in pressure, but to the right upon an increase in
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔH < 0
temperature?
A CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g)
</) H
>
ΔH > 0
<) H
>
$PODFOUSBUJPO
B C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) ΔH > 0

C C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) ΔH < 0
D 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH < 0
</ H
> B
52 Phosgene (COCl2(g)) is manufactured by passing

U 5JNF carbon monoxide and chlorine through a bed of
Which of the following actions will cause the carbon which acts as a catalyst.
Part A
concentration changes at time t? CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g) ΔH < 0

A Addition of N2(g) Which of the following sets of conditions will
Unit 40
B Removal of H2(g) favour the formation of phosgene?

C Decrease in temperature
A Low pressure and low temperature
D Decrease in volume A
B Low pressure and high temperature
C High pressure and low temperature
D High pressure and high temperature C
information.
Consider the following equilibrium system: 53 Consider the following equilibrium system:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔH = –91 kJ N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following graphs shows the effect
49 Which of the following actions will each cause the
of temperature and pressure on the percentage
position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
of NH3(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
A Increase temperature, increase volume
B Increase temperature, decrease volume A BUN B BUN
BUN BUN
PG/) H
PG/) H
BUN BUN
C Decrease temperature, decrease volume BUN BUN
D Decrease temperature, increase volume C
50 Which of the following graphs represents the rate

5FNQFSBUVSF $
5FNQFSBUVSF $
of the forward reaction when the temperature of

the system is increased at time t? C D
PG/) H
PG/) H
A B
BUN BUN
3BUF
3BUF
BUN BUN
BUN BUN
BUN BUN
5FNQFSBUVSF $
5FNQFSBUVSF $
U 5JNF U 5JNF D
C D
3BUF
3BUF
U 5JNF U 5JNF
16 B
54 Consider the following equilibrium system: 57 Consider the following equilibrium system:
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) ΔH < 0 PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) ΔH < 0
Which of the following graphs shows the Which of the following will NOT cause the position
relationship between concentration and time as of equilibrium to shift to the right?
a result of adding a catalyst at time t?
A Adding more Cl2(g)
A B B Adding a catalyst
1$M H

$PODFOUSBUJPO
1$M H

$PODFOUSBUJPO
$M H
C Increasing the pressure
$M H
D Decreasing the temperature B

1$M H
1$M H

U 5JNF U 5JNF
Ag+(aq) + Cl–(aq) AgCl(s)
C D Which of the following actions will increase the
$PODFOUSBUJPO
$PODFOUSBUJPO
1$M H

Part A
$M H
1$M H
amount of solid silver chloride of the equilibrium
$M H
1$M H
system?
1$M H
(1) Adding NaCl(aq)
Unit 40
U 5JNF U 5JNF (2) Adding AgNO3(aq)
C (3) Removing Cl–(aq)
A (1) and (2) only
Directions: Questions 55 and 56 refer to the following B (1) and (3) only
information. C (2) and (3) only
Consider the following reaction: D (1), (2) and (3) A
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH < 0 59 Consider the following equilibrium system:
55 How can the number of moles of O 2(g) at N2H4(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO(g) + 2H2O(g)
equilibrium in the system be increased? Some O2(g) is added to the equilibrium system
A Adding a catalyst and a new state of equilibrium is established.
B Decreasing the temperature Which of the following substances have a net
C Decreasing the volume of the system increase in concentration, relative to the previous
D Adding SO3(g) to the system D equilibrium concentrations?
(1) N2H4(g)
56 Which of the following graphs shows the rate of (2) O2(g)
the backward reaction when a catalyst is added (3) NO(g)
to the equilibrium system at time t? (4) H2O(g)
A B A (1) and (3) only
B (2) and (4) only
3BUF
3BUF
C (1), (2) and (3) only

D (2), (3) and (4) only D
U 5JNF U 5JNF
C D
3BUF
3BUF
U 5JNF U 5JNF
B 17
60 The dissociation of a weak acid in aqueous solution 63 Consider the following equilibrium system:
is represented by the following equation:
NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g) ΔH > 0
+ –
HA(aq) H (aq) + A (aq)
Which of the following actions would favour the
When the above system is at equilibrium, which formation of NH3(g)?
of the following statements are correct?
(1) Adding a small amount of NH4Cl(s)
+
(1) Both HA(aq) and H (aq) are present in the (2) Increasing the temperature
system. (3) Increasing the pressure
(2) More HA(aq) dissociates upon the addition
A (1) only
of NaOH(aq).
B (2) only
(3) Decreasing the pressure shifts the position
C (1) and (3) only
of equilibrium to the right.
D (2) and (3) only B
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only 64 Consider the following graph which relates to
Part A
C (2) and (3) only this equilibrium system:

D (1), (2) and (3) A
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ΔH > 0
Unit 40
61 For which of the following equilibrium systems

will a decrease in volume at constant temperature
$PODFOUSBUJPO
cause a decrease in the amounts of products?
/0 H
(1) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(2) CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) /0 H
(3) HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only U 5JNF
C (2) and (3) only Which of the following would cause the
D (1), (2) and (3) A
concentration changes at time t?
62 The following reaction reaches equilibrium in a (1) A change in temperature

closed reaction vessel. (2) A change in pressure
(3) A change in the concentration of NO2(g)
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) ΔH < 0
A (1) only
Which of the following action(s) will increase the B (2) only
mass of C2H5OH(g) in the equilibrium mixture? C (1) and (3) only
(1) Adding a catalyst D (2) and (3) only A
(2) Decreasing the volume of the reaction
vessel
(3) Increasing the temperature
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
18
65 Hydrogen iodide is formed when hydrogen 66 Which of the following statements concerning a
and iodine react according to the following catalyst is / are correct?
equation.
(1) It decreases the enthalpy change of the
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH = –10 kJ reaction.
(2) It increases the rate of formation of the
Which of the following statements about the
products.
equilibrium system is / are correct?
(3) It increases the concentration of the
(1) The use of a catalyst would have no effect products.
on the yield of HI(g).
A (1) only
(2) Increasing the total pressure increases the
B (2) only
yield of HI(g).
C (1) and (3) only
(3) Increasing the temperature increases the
yield of HI(g).
A (1) only
Part A
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
Unit 40
67 At a constant temperature, increasing the Increasing the concentration of a reactant C

concentration of a reactant in an equilibrium will cause the position of equilibrium to shift
system will cause Kc to increase. to the product side.
68 Adding some H2(g) to an equilibrium system of When some H2(g) is added to the equilibrium A
H2(g), I2(g) and HI(g) will cause a net decrease system, a net reaction will occur to consume
in the concentration of I2(g). some of the H2(g).
69 When the pressure of an equilibrium system When the pressure of an equilibrium system C
involving gases is increased, the position of involving gases is increased, the rate of the
equilibrium must shift to the right. forward reaction will increase.
19
70 At a constant temperature, changing the The value of Kc for a reversible reaction C
pressure of an equilibrium system of N2(g), H2(g) depends only on temperature.
and NH3(g) has no effect on the position of
equilibrium.
71 Decreasing the pressure of an equilibrium system Decreasing the pressure will bring about a A
of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) will cause more NO2(g) net reaction that increases the number of
to form. moles of gas.
72 Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel of Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel D
an equilibrium system of H2(g), I2(g) and HI(g) of the equilibrium system of H2(g), I2(g) and
will cause the rate of the reaction between HI(g) will cause the position of equilibrium to
H2(g) and I2(g) to increase. shift to the right.
Part A
73 When the temperature of an equilibrium system For an equilibrium system with an exothermic D
with an exothermic forward reaction is increased forward reaction, increasing the temperature
by 10 °C, the equilibrium constant Kc doubles. will shift the position of equilibrium to the
Unit 40
right.
74 Using iron as a catalyst in the Haber process can A catalyst can increase the rate of the reaction C
increase the yield of ammonia. between nitrogen and hydrogen.
20
Part B Topic-based exercise
Multiple choice questions
1 Phosphorus reacts with chlorine according to the Directions: Questions 4 and 5 refer to the following
following equation: information.
P4(s) + 6Cl2(g) 4PCl3(g) Consider the following reaction:
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g)
reaction?
1.00 mole of CO2(g) and 2.00 moles of H2(g) are
4[PCl3(g)] placed in a 2.00 dm3 container. At equilibrium, the
A
[P4(s)]6[Cl2(g)] concentration of CO(g) is 0.280 mol dm–3.
4[PCl3(g)]
B
6[Cl2(g)] 4 What is the equilibrium concentration of
4 CO2(g)?
[PCl3(g)]
C
[P4(s)][Cl2(g)]6 A 0.220 mol dm–3
Part B
[PCl3(g)]4 B 0.360 mol dm–3
D D
C 0.440 mol dm–3
[Cl2(g)]6
D 0.720 mol dm–3 A
2 Nitrogen dioxide decomposes on heating according
to the following equation: 5 What is the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the
2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) reaction?
When 6.80 moles of NO2(g) were put into a A 0.00810
1.00 dm3 container and heated, the equilibrium B 0.495
mixture contained 1.20 moles of O2(g). C 2.02
D 123 B
reaction?
A 0.357 mol dm–3 information.
–3
B 0.655 mol dm
–3 In a reversible reaction, propanoic acid and ethanol
C 1.53 mol dm
–3 react producing an ester and water.
D 2.80 mol dm A
propanoic acid + ethanol ester + water
3 Which of the following statements is INCORRECT In an experiment, 1.00 mole of propanoic acid, 1.00
for a system at equilibrium? mole of ethanol and 2.00 moles of water were mixed.
A The system has a constant mass. At equilibrium, 2.40 moles of water were found to
B The system acts so as to oppose be present.
disturbances.
C The forward and backward reactions proceed 6 The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction in
at the same rate. this experiment has the value
D The reactant and product concentrations vary
A 2.67.
with time.
B 1.56.
D
C 0.643.
D 0.375. A
21
7 Which of the following graphs best represents Rate of Concentration
how the rates of the forward and backward backward reaction of NO2(g)
reactions change over time?
A Increases increases
LFZ B Decreases increases
GPSXBSESFBDUJPO C Increases decreases
CBDLXBSESFBDUJPO D Decreases decreases A
A B
2O3(g) 3O2(g) Kc = 36.0 mol dm–3
3BUF
3BUF
What is the concentration of O3(g) when the
equilibrium concentration of O2(g) is 5.80 x 10–2
5JNF 5JNF mol dm–3?
C D A 2.32 x 10–3 mol dm–3

B 4.54 x 10–3 mol dm–3
C 3.87 x 10–2 mol dm–3
3BUF
3BUF
D 8.70 x 10–2 mol dm–3 A

Part B
11 An equal number of moles of steam and chlorine

5JNF 5JNF are placed in a closed container at 375 K. The
C following reaction occurs.
2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) 4HCl(g) + O2(g)
8 Equal volumes of 1.00 mol dm–3 solutions of Kc = 5 x 10–4 mol dm–3 at 375 K
W and X are mixed. The reaction below rapidly
Which of the following relates [Cl 2(g)] and
reaches equilibrium.
[HCl(aq)] at equilibrium?
W(aq) + X(aq) Y(aq) + Z(aq)
A [Cl2(g)] < 2[HCl(g)]
At equilibrium, the concentration of Y(g) is found B 2[Cl2(g)] > [HCl(g)]
to be 0.400 mol dm–3. What is the value of Kc C [Cl2(g)] = 2[HCl(g)]
for the above reaction? D 2[Cl2(g)] = [HCl(g)] B
A 0.250
B 0.440 12 Propanoic acid and ethanol react producing an
C 4.00 ester and water.
D 16.0 D propanoic acid + ethanol ester + water
At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant,
Kc, for the reaction is 2.45.
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g)
In an experiment, 2.00 moles of propanoic acid,
Equal number of moles of N2(g) and O2(g) are 2.00 moles of ethanol and 2.40 moles of water
placed, under certain conditions, in a closed are mixed. What is the equilibrium concentration
container. Which of the following describes the of the ester?
changes which occur as the system proceeds
A 0.900 mol dm–3
B 1.10 mol dm–3
C 1.47 mol dm–3
D 3.30 mol dm–3 A
22
13 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) 16 Consider the following equilibrium:
Kc = 4.50 dm3 mol–1 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
In an experiment, a mixture of 4.00 moles of A flask is filled with NOCl(g), NO(g) and Cl2(g).
sulphur dioxide and 1.50 moles of oxygen is Initially there is a total of 5.00 moles of gases
allowed to reach equilibrium. present. When equilibrium is reached, there is a
The amount of sulphur trioxide present at total of 6.00 moles of gases present. Which of
equilibrium would be the following explains this observation?
A 5.50 moles. A A net forward reaction occurs because Qc <

B 4.00 moles. K c.
C 3.00 moles. B A net forward reaction occurs because Qc >
D less than 3 moles. D K c.
C A net backward reaction occurs because Qc
14 Given the following equilibrium constants: < Kc.
D A net backward reaction occurs because Qc
H2S(aq) H+(aq) + HS–(aq)
> Kc. A
Kc = 9.50 x 10–8 mol dm–3
HS–(aq) H+(aq) + S2–(aq) 17 Consider the following equilibrium system:
Part B
Kc = 1.00 x 10–19 mol dm–3
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
What is the equilibrium constant for the following
reaction?
position of equilibrium to shift to the right?
S2–(aq) + 2H+(aq) H2S(aq)
A Adding Fe2O3(s)
–27
A 9.50 x 10 B Adding Fe(l)
B 9.75 x 10–14 C Removing CO(g)
C 9.50 x 1011 D Removing CO2(g) D
D 1.05 x 1026 D
15 Consider the following reaction: information.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Kc = 64.0 dm6 mol–2 Kc = 0.100 mol dm–3
A 1.00 dm3 container is filled with 0.280 mole
18 Which of the following changes will cause the
of N2(g), 0.600 mole of H2(g) and 0.540 mole
position of equilibrium to shift to the left?
of NH 3(g). The system is allowed to reach
equilibrium. A Adding more CaO(s)
B Removing CaCO3(s)
Which of the following combinations is correct
C Decreasing the volume
as the system proceeds towards equilibrium?
D Increasing the surface area of CaO(s) C
Direction
of net reaction Pressure of system 19 Initially, 30.0 g of CaCO3(s) were placed in a 2.00
A Forward increases dm3 container. What mass of CO2(g) would be
B Forward decreases present at equilibrium?
C Backward increases (Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
D Backward decreases B
A 0.100 g
B 2.20 g
C 8.80 g
D 15.0 g C
23
Directions: Questions 20 and 21 refer to the following 22 What would be observed?
information.
A The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.
Consider the following equilibrium system: B The mixture first lightens, and then darkens.
C The mixture gets lighter.
2CrO42–(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l)
D The mixture get darker. C
A little dilute sulphuric acid is added to the above
equilibrium system. 23 Which of the following graphs represents how the
concentration of Br–(aq) ions in the mixture varies
20 What would be observed? until a new state of equilibrium is established?
A The mixture first becomes orange in colour, A B
and then colourless.
<#Sm BR
>
<#Sm BR
>
B The mixture first becomes yellow in colour,
and then colourless.
C The mixture becomes orange in colour.
D The mixture becomes yellow in colour. C U 5JNF U 5JNF
C D
21 Which of the following graphs represents how
Part B
<#Sm BR
>
<#Sm BR
>
the concentration of CrO 42–(aq) ions in the
mixture varies until a new state of equilibrium is
established?
U 5JNF U 5JNF
A B
<$S0m BR
>
<$S0m BR
>
24 Tooth enamel, Ca 5(PO 4) 3OH, establishes the

following equilibrium:
U 5JNF U 5JNF
Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)
C D 5Ca2+(aq) + 3PO43–(aq) + OH–(aq)
<$S0m BR
>
<$S0m BR
>
Which of the following, when added to the

above equilibrium system, will cause the position
of equilibrium to shift to the right?
U 5JNF U 5JNF
A H+(aq)
B B OH–(aq)
C Ca2+(aq)
Directions: Questions 22 and 23 refer to the following D Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) A
information.
25 Each of the following equilibrium systems is
The following equilibrium exists in aqueous bromine.
disturbed by increasing the pressure as a result
Br2(aq) + H2O(l) Br–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + OBr–(aq) of decreasing the volume.
A little dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added to In which of the systems will the number of moles
the above equilibrium system. of products increase?
A 2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g)
B N2F4(g) 2NF2(g)
C Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) SiCl4(g)
D N2(g) + C2H2(g) 2HCN(g) C
24
Directions: Questions 26 and 27 refer to the following 28 The system below reaches equilibrium in a closed
information. reaction vessel.
The diagram below shows a gas syringe containing 4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s)
a pale brown mixture of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) at Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Mn2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
equilibrium at room temperature: ΔH < 0
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Which of the following actions will increase the
pale yellow dark brown mass of Cl2(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
HBTTZSJOHF A Adding some MnO2(s)
B Increasing the temperature
SVCCFSDBQ C Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel
D Adding something that precipitates the
/0 H
QMVOHFS
/0 H
Mn2+(aq) ions D
Some N2O4(g) is added to the gas syringe at time t 29 Consider the following graph which relates to
while the volume and the temperature of the mixture this equilibrium system:
are both kept constant.
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
Part B
CH3COO–(aq) + H3O+(aq) ΔH < 0
26 What would be observed?
A The mixture first darkens, and then lightens.
B The mixture first lightens, and then becomes
colourless. <)0 BR
>
C The mixture gradually gets darker.
D The mixture gradually becomes colourless.
C
27 Which of the following graphs represents how U 5JNF

the concentration of NO2(g) in the mixture varies
until a new state of equilibrium is established? Which of the following actions caused the change
in the concentration of H3O+(aq) at time t?
A B
A Addition of HCl(aq)
</0 H
>
</0 H
>
B Decreasing the temperature

C Addition of CH3COO–(aq) ions
D Increasing the volume of the container C
U 5JNF U 5JNF
C D
</0 H
>
</0 H
>
U 5JNF U 5JNF
25
Directions: Questions 30 and 31 refer to the following 32 Consider the following equilibrium system in a
information. closed reaction vessel:
The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by CH3CHO(g) CH4(g) + CO(g) ΔH > 0
the following reaction:
What would happen if some CH4(g) is added to
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) the system?
ΔHO = +206 kJ
A The amounts of all substances increase, relative
to their previous equilibrium amounts.
30 Which of the following sets of conditions will
B The value of Kc increases.
favour the formation of hydrogen?
C The amounts of CH3CHO(g) and CO(g) both
A Low pressure and low temperature increase, relative to their previous equilibrium
B Low pressure and high temperature amounts.
C High pressure and low temperature D The amounts of CH3CHO(g) and CH4(g) both
D High pressure and high temperature B increase, relative to their previous equilibrium
amounts. D
31 Equal amounts of CH4(g) and H2O(g) are placed in
a reaction vessel and allowed to react. After 10 33 The graph below shows the effect of temperature
minutes, equilibrium has been reached. At that and pressure on the equilibrium yield of the
Part B
time, some H2(g) is added to the mixture and a product in a gaseous equilibrium system.
new state of equilibrium is established.
BUN
Which of the following graphs represents the
changes in the concentrations of CH4(g) and H2(g) :JFMEPGQSPEVDU
BUN
in the reaction mixture?
BUN
A B
<) H
>
$PODFOUSBUJPO
$PODFOUSBUJPO
NPMENm
NPMEN
<$) H
>
m
<$) H
>
5FNQFSBUVSF
<) H
>
Which of the following reactions would have the
5JNF 5JNF relationship between the yield, temperature and
NJO
NJO
pressure shown in the graph?
<) H
> A H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH > 0
C D
<$) H
> B PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) ΔH < 0
$PODFOUSBUJPO
$PODFOUSBUJPO
<$) H
> C N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ΔH > 0
NPMENm
NPMEN
m
D CH3CH(OH)CH3(g)
<) H
>
CH3COCH3(g) + H2(g) ΔH < 0 C
5JNF 5JNF
NJO
NJO
26
Directions: Questions 34 and 35 refer to the following Directions: Questions 37 and 38 refer to the following
information. information.
Methanol is manufactured by the reaction of carbon The equilibrium constant, K c , for the thermal
monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a ZnO / decomposition of calcium carbonate is 2.70 x 10–3
Cr2O3 catalyst: mol dm–3 at 1 000 K.
ZnO / Cr2O3 CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH > 0
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
15.0 g of CaCO3(s) are introduced into a 5.00 dm3
34 Which of the following combinations describes the evacuated vessel, and the system is allowed to attain
effect of increasing the pressure of the system? equilibrium at 1 000 K.
Equilibrium yield Reaction rate

37 What is the percentage of decomposition of
A Decreases increases CaCO3(s) in the equilibrium system?
B Decreases decreases
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca
= 40.1)
D Increases decreases C
A 1.80%
35 Which of the following combinations describes B 4.05%
Part B
the effect of removing the catalyst from the C 9.00%
system? D 13.9% C
Equilibrium yield Reaction rate

38 Which of the following actions will cause the
A Decreases decreases percentage of decomposition of CaCO3(s) of the
B No change decreases equilibrium system to increase?
C No change no change
(1) Adding some CaCO3(s)
D Decreases no change B
(2) Increasing the temperature
(3) Removing some CaO(s)
36 Transport of oxygen in the body involves
the complex molecules haemoglobin and A (1) only
oxyhaemoglobin. B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin
If carbon monoxide (CO) is present in the air,
poisoning can occur because 39 Consider the following reaction:
A the equilibrium constant for the reaction is 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
reduced.
Initially, some NOCl(g) is placed in an empty flask.
B CO reacts with oxygen to form CO2, driving
Which of the following statements describe the
the equilibrium to the left.
changes which occur as the system proceeds
C the position of equilibrium shifts to the left
because haemoglobin bonds strongly with
CO. (1) The rate of the backward reaction
D CO catalyzes the decomposition of increases.
oxyhaemoglobin into haemoglobin and (2) The concentration of NOCl(g) increases.
oxygen. C (3) The concentration of NO(g) increases.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B
27
NO2Cl(g) + NO(g) NOCl(g) + NO2(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)
Adding which of the following substances will Which of the following statements is / are correct
cause the equilibrium concentration of NO2(g) to when the volume of the system is decreased?
increase?
(1) The position of equilibrium shifts to the
(1) NOCl(g) right.
(2) NO(g) (2) The rate of the backward reaction is greater
(3) NO2Cl(g) than that of the forward reaction.
(3) The value of Kc decreases.
A (1) only
B (2) only A (1) only
C (1) and (3) only B (2) only
D (2) and (3) only D C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only A
44 For which of the following equilibrium systems
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
will the amounts of reactants increase with an
Kc = 1.20 x 104 dm3 mol–1
Part B
increase in the container volume?

Some SO2(g) is added to the equilibrium system.
(1) C(g) + CO2(g) 2CO(g)
Which of the following statements are correct?
(2) N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(1) The position of equilibrium shifts to the (3) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
right.
A (1) only
(2) The rate of the forward reaction
B (2) only
increases.
C (1) and (3) only
(3) The value of Kc increases.
D (2) and (3) only D
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only 45 Chlorine trifluoride, a colourless gas, can be
C (2) and (3) only decomposed into its element.
D (1), (2) and (3) A
2ClF3(g) 3F2(g) + Cl2(g) ΔHO = +159 kJ
42 Consider the following equilibrium system: Which of the following statements is / are
correct?
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) ΔH = +58 kJ
pale yellow dark brown (1) The decomposition is a redox reaction.
(2) When an equilibrium mixture is heated,
Shifting the position of equilibrium to the left is
its colour fades.
accompanied by
(3) When the volume of the container of
(1) an increase in the volume of the system. an equilibrium mixture is increased, more
(2) a release of heat by the system to the Cl2(g) will form.
surroundings.
A (1) only
(3) a decrease in the average relative molecular
B (2) only
mass of the gas molecules in the system.
C (1) and (3) only
A (1) only D (2) and (3) only C
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
28
2NO(g) + Br2(g) 2NOBr(g) ΔH < 0 CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
ΔH = –41 kJ mol–1
position of equilibrium to shift to the right? Which of the following will cause a shift in the
position of equilibrium?
(1) Adding some NO(g)
(2) Increasing the volume (1) Adding a catalyst
(3) Decreasing the temperature (2) Changing the temperature
(3) Changing the volume
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only A (1) only
C (2) and (3) only B (2) only
D (1), (2) and (3) B C (1) and (3) only
47 Consider the following equilibrium system in a
closed reaction vessel: 50 Which of the following statements about enzymes
are correct?
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔH < 0
(1) Enzymes are proteins.
Part B
Which of the following action(s) can cause an
(2) Enzymes increase the rate of biochemical
increase in the value of Kc?
reactions.
(1) Adding some CO(g) (3) Enzymes increase the equilibrium constant
(2) Decreasing the temperature of biochemical reactions.
(3) Transferring the reaction mixture to a vessel
A (1) and (2) only
of larger volume
B (1) and (3) only
A (1) only C (2) and (3) only
B (2) only D (1), (2) and (3) A
C (1) and (3) only

Cu2+(aq) + 4Br–(aq) CuBr42–(aq)
blue colourless green
Cooling the system changes its colour from green
to blue.
Which of the following statements is / are
correct?
(1) The forward reaction is exothermic.
(2) The value of Kc decreases when the system
is cooled.
(3) A net backward reaction occurs when the
system is cooled.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only D
29
51 All chemical equilibrium systems have equal At equilibrium, both the forward and backward D
concentrations of reactants and products. reactions stop.
52 Adding some O2(g) to an equilibrium system of When some O2(g) is added to the equilibrium A
Part B
SO2(g), O2(g) and SO3(g) will cause a net increase system, a net reaction will occur to consume
in the concentration of SO3(g). some of the O2(g).
53 Adding some CaO(s) to an equilibrium system Adding some CaO(s) to the equilibrium system D
of CaCO3(s), CaO(s) and CO2(g) will cause the will cause the value of Kc to increase.
position of equilibrium to shift to the left.
54 Keeping the volume constant, adding some The new equilibrium concentration of NO2(g) C
NO2(g) to an equilibrium system of N2O4(g) and will increase relative to its previous equilibrium
NO2(g) will cause the mixture to get darker concentration.
gradually.
55 Decreasing the volume of the container of an Decreasing the volume of the container of A
equilibrium system of H2(g), I2(g) and HI(g) will the equilibrium system will cause the
cause the purple colour of the system to become concentration of I2(g) to increase.
deeper.
56 When the volume of the gas syringe containing Increasing the volume of the gas syringe C
an equilibrium system of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) is containing the equilibrium system will cause
increased, the mixture first darkens and then more NO2(g) to form.
lightens.
57 For an equilibrium system with an endothermic For an equilibrium system with an endothermic C
forward reaction, increasing the temperature forward reaction, increasing the temperature
will cause the position of equilibrium to shift will cause the value Kc to increase.
to the left.
58 A temperature of 1 000 °C is usually used in Increasing the temperature will increase the D
the Haber process. yield of ammonia in the Haber process.
30
59 The pressure used for converting sulphur dioxide Increasing the pressure will increase the yield C
to sulphur trioxide in the Contact process is of sulphur trioxide.
usually 200 atmospheres.
60 Catalysts are used in many industrial processes. Catalysts will not affect the percentage of the B
product in the equilibrium mixture.
Short questions
61 For each of the following equilibrium system,
(i) write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc;
(ii) State the units of Kc.
a) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) (2 marks)

[CO2(g)]3
Kc =
[CO(g)]3 (1)
Part B
Kc has no units. (1)
b) MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g) (2 marks)
Kc = [CO2(g)] (1)
–3
The units of Kc are mol dm . (1)
c) 3O2(g) 2O3(g) (2 marks)

[O3(g)]2
Kc =
[O2(g)]3 (1)
3 –1
The units of Kc are dm mol . (1)
d) CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) (2 marks)

[CH3OH(g)]
Kc =
[CO(g)][H2(g)]2 (1)
6 –2
The units of Kc are dm mol . (1)
62 Given the following reactions and their corresponding equilibrium constants at 1 292 °C:
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) Kc1 = 1.60 x 10–11 mol dm–3
2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g) Kc2 = 1.30 x 10–10 mol dm–3
Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc3, for the following reaction
CO2(g) + H2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g)
at the same temperature. (3 marks)

[H2(g)]2[O2(g)]
Kc1 =
[H2O(g)]2
[CO(g)]2[O2(g)]
Kc2 =
[CO2(g)]2
31
[H2O(g)][CO(g)]
Kc3 =
[CO2(g)][H2(g)] (1)
1
= x Kc2
Kc1
1
= x 1.30 x 10–10 mol dm–3
–11
1.60 x 10 mol dm
–3 (1)
= 2.85 (1)
63 When bromine is dissolved in water, the following equilibrium system is established:
Br2(l) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Br–(aq) + HOBr(aq)

yellow-brown
colourless
Part B
In an experiment, dilute sodium hydroxide solution and then dilute hydrochloric acid are added to the system.
The observations made are listed below.
Step Procedure Observation
I Adding dilute sodium hydroxide solution A colourless solution is formed
II Adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the resulting solution A yellow-brown solution is formed
Explain the observations using Le Chatelier’s principle. (6 marks)
When dilute sodium hydroxide solution is added, the hydroxide ions react with the hydrogen ions to form water. Thus, the
concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. (1)
The system responds by reducing this change. (1)
A net forward reaction occurs to produce more hydrogen ions. (1)
A colourless solution is observed as the concentration of Br2(aq) decreases. (1)
When hydrogen ions are added, the system responds by reducing this change.
A net backward reaction occurs to consume some of the hydrogen ions. (1)
A yellow-brown solution is observed as the concentration of Br2(aq) increases. (1)
32
64 Each of the following equilibrium systems is disturbed by increasing the pressure as a result of decreasing
the volume of the reaction vessel. Decide whether the number of moles of reaction product(s) will increase,
decrease, or remain the same. Explain your answer in each case.
a) 2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g) (3 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net backward reaction occurs. (1)
Thus, the number of moles of reaction products will decrease. (1)
Part B
b) CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) (3 marks)
The number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation, (1)
so changing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium. (1)
Thus, the number of moles of reaction products will remain the same. (1)
c) Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) SiCl4(g) (3 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decrease the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction occurs. (1)
Thus, the number of moles of reaction product will increase. (1)
33
65 Consider the reaction between copper(II) ions and chloride ions:
Cu2+(aq) + 4Cl–(aq) CuCl42–(aq)

blue yellow
The Cu2+(aq) ion is blue while the CuCl42–(aq) ion is yellow, so a mixture of these two appears green.
The table below lists the colour of two samples of equilibrium mixture of the same composition kept at
different temperatures.
Temperature Colour of equilibrium mixture
10 °C blue
90 °C green
Deduce and explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic. (3 marks)
When the system is cooled, it appears blue because the concentration of Cu2+(aq) ions increases. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is decreased, the system will undergo a net backward reaction so as to raise
Part B
the temperature. (1)
Thus, the backward reaction should be an exothermic reaction. / The forward reaction should be an endothermic reaction. (1)
66 Consider the following equilibrium system in a closed container:
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH > 0
Complete the table to describe the effect of various actions on the position of equilibrium of the system.
(5 marks)
Action Position of equilibrium
(a) The volume of the reaction vessel is increased. shifts to the right (1)
(b) Some CaCO3(s) is removed. no effect (1)
(c) Some CO2(g) is added. shifts to the left (1)
(d) A few drops of NaOH(aq) are added. shifts to the right (1)
(e) The temperature is increased. shifts to the right (1)
34
67 In the manufacture of nitric acid, ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen monoxide by the following reaction:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔHO = –906 kJ
In an experiment, a mixture of NH3(g), O2(g), NO(g) and H2O(g) is allowed to reach equilibrium in a cylinder
fitted with a movable piston. Give the effect of each of the following changes on items listed in the table
below:
a) Adding a catalyst (2 marks)
b) Increasing the temperature (2 marks)
c) Increasing the pressure by decreasing the volume (2 marks)
(b) Increasing the

Effect of change on (a) Adding a catalyst (c) Increasing the pressure
temperature
the rate of the
increases (0.5) increases (0.5) increases (0.5)
forward reaction
the rate of the
increases (0.5) increases (0.5) increases (0.5)
backward reaction
Part B
the position of
no effect (0.5) shifts to the left (0.5) shifts to the left (0.5)
equilibrium
the equilibrium
no effect (0.5) decreases (0.5) no effect (0.5)
constant, Kc
68 A particular industrial process involves the following steps.
B(g)
A(g) B(g)
Reaction 2
Reaction 1
2C(g) + B(g) 2D(g)
A(g) + B(g) 2C(g) separation chamber product D(g)
ΔH = –150 kJ
ΔH = +100 kJ temperature 300 °C
pressure 10 atm
B(g) and C(g) recycling
35
a) It is possible to alter the temperature and pressure at which Reaction 2 occurs.
In the table below, indicate what effect the following changes would have on the rate, equilibrium yield
and value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for Reaction 2. (3 marks)
Would the rate of Would the equilibrium Would the value of Kc

Reaction 2 become yield of Reaction 2 of Reaction 2 become
higher, lower or remain become higher, lower or higher, lower or remain
unchanged? remain unchanged? unchanged?
The temperature of
Reaction 2 is increased to higher (0.5) lower (0.5) lower (0.5)
600 °C.
The pressure of Reaction
remain
2 is decreased to 5 atm lower (0.5) lower (0.5)
unchanged (0.5)
at constant temperature.
b) Heat is released in Reaction 2. Describe how the heat can be used within this industrial process.
(1 mark)
Part B
Provide heat for Reaction 1. / Increase the rate of Reaction 1. / Heat the incoming reactants. / Generate electricity. (1)
Structured questions
69 When nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen, a dynamic equilibrium is established.
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ΔHO = –115 kJ
a) State TWO features of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium. (2 marks)
Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction. (1)
Concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. (1)
b) At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction is 65.0 dm3 mol–1.
The concentrations of NO(g) and O2(g) in an equilibrium mixture are 0.600 mol dm–3 and 0.300 mol dm–3
respectively. What is the equilibrium concentration of NO2(g)? (2 marks)
[NO2(g)]2
Kc =
[NO(g)]2[O2(g)]
3 –1 [NO2(g)]2
65.0 dm mol =
(0.600 mol dm–3)2(0.300 mol dm–3) (1)
–3
[NO2(g)] = 2.65 mol dm (1)
36
c) In each of the following cases, sketch on the given graph to show the expected variation in the concentration
of NO2(g) in the equilibrium mixture in (b) until the attainment of a new state of equilibrium. Explain your
answer in each case.
i) Some O2(g) is introduced into the equilibrium mixture at time t1, while the volume and the temperature
are both kept constant. (2 marks)
</0 H
>
U 5JNF
An increase in the concentration of O2(g) will shift the position of equilibrium to the right. (1)
Part B
Thus, the concentration of NO2(g) will increase.
ii) The temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased at time t2. (3 marks)
</0 H
>
U 5JNF
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the backward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. Thus, the concentration
of NO2(g) will decrease. (1)
d) State and explain how the pressure should be changed to give a higher yield of NO2(g). (2 marks)
Increase the pressure. (1)
the pressure. (1)
A net forward reaction will occur.
Thus, the yield of NO2(g) will increase.
37
70 The ester ethyl ethanoate is hydrolyzed when it is heated with water in the presence of an acid catalyst. An
equilibrium is established.
CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l)
a) A 0.600 mole sample of ethyl ethanoate was heated with 4.00 mole of water. At equilibrium, 68.0% of
the ester was hydrolyzed. Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction. (4 marks)
Number of moles of ester reacted = 0.600 mol x 68.0% = 0.408 mol
Number of moles of ester in equilibrium mixture = (0.600 – 0.408) mol = 0.192 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of water in equilibrium mixture = (4.00 – 0.408) mol = 3.59 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of ethanoic acid in equilibrium mixture = 0.408 mol (0.5)
Number of moles of ethanol in equilibrium mixture = 0.408 mol (0.5)
3
Let V dm be the total volume of the equilibrium mixture.
[CH3COOH(l)][CH3CH2OH(l)]
Kc =
[CH3COOCH2CH3(l)][H2O(l)]
Part B
=
( 0.408
V )( 0.408
V ) (1)
( 0.192
V )( 3.59
V )
= 0.242 (1)
b) A student repeated the experiment using the same initial quantities. During the experiment she noticed
that the water in the condenser had stopped flowing. There was a sweetish smell coming from the top
of the condenser.
What effect, if any, will this problem have on
i) the concentrations of the products in the flask? (2 marks)
Ester was lost. (1)
The concentrations of the products would decrease. (1)
ii) the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc?
Explain your answer in each case. (2 marks)
The value of Kc would remain constant. (1)
The value of Kc does not change with concentration. / The value of Kc only changes with temperature. (1)
38
71 Hydrogen gas can be made from carbon monoxide and steam as shown by the following equation.
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
The diagram below shows how the concentrations of H2O(g) and H2(g) change with time as equilibrium is
established.
$PODFOUSBUJPO
) H
)0 H
5JNF 9
a) On the time axis mark with an X the time at which equilibrium is first established. (1 mark)
b) State Le Chatelier’s principle. (2 marks)
Part B
Le Chatelier’s principle states that if the condition of a system in equilibrium is changed, the position of equilibrium
will shift (1)
so as to reduce that change. (1)
c) The volume and the temperature of the equilibrium mixture are both kept constant. Predict the effect of
each of the following changes on the position of equilibrium:
i) adding carbon monoxide to the equilibrium mixture; and (2 marks)
The system responds by reducing the change. A net forward reaction occurs to use up some of the extra carbon
monoxide. (1)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1)
ii) removing steam from the equilibrium mixture. (2 marks)
The system responds by reducing the change. A net backward reaction occurs to produce more steam. (1)
The position of equilibrium shifts to the left. (1)
39
d) This reaction is usually carried out at 450 °C.
i) State and explain the effect on the rate of production of hydrogen if this reaction is carried out at a
temperature above 450 °C. (3 marks)
The rate of production of hydrogen will increase. (1)
The reactant particles have more energy and collide more often. (1)
A larger portion of the reactant particles have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. (1)
ii) State and explain the effect on the yield of hydrogen if the reaction is carried out in the presence of
a catalyst. (2 marks)
No effect on the yield of hydrogen. (1)
A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward reaction and the backward reaction to the same extent. (1)
Part B
72 Methanol can be produced by using a reversible reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
2H2(g) + CO(g) CH3OH(g)
When 2.00 mole of hydrogen and 1.00 mole of carbon monoxide are mixed and heated to a high temperature
in a container of volume 1.50 dm3, the equilibrium yield of methanol is 0.800 mole.
a) Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction at this temperature and give its
units. (4 marks)
According to the equation, 2 moles of H2(g) react with 1 mole of CO(g) to give 1 mole of CH3OH(g).
As 0.800 mole of CH3OH(g) is produced at equilibrium, the amount of H2(g) would decrease by 2 x 0.800 mole while
that of CO(g) would decrease by 0.800 mole.
Equilibrium concentration( 2.00 – 2 x 0.800

1.50 ) mol dm –3
(1.00 – 0.800
1.50 ) –3
mol dm
0.800
1.50
mol dm–3
= 0.267 mol dm–3 = 0.133 mol dm–3 = 0.533 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
0.533 mol dm
Kc =
(0.267 mol dm–3)2(0.133 mol dm–3) (1)
6 –2
= 56.3 (1) dm mol (1)
40
b) The pressure of the equilibrium mixture is increased whilst keeping the temperature constant. The position
of equilibrium shifts to the right.
i) Explain why the position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1 mark)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. (1)
ii) What is the effect, if any, on the value of Kc? (1 mark)
No effect. (1)
c) The temperature of the equilibrium mixture is increased whilst keeping the pressure constant. The value
Part B
of Kc decreases.
i) Explain what will happen to the position of equilibrium. (2 marks)
As the value of Kc decreases, it can be deduced that the concentration of the product decreases while the
concentrations of the reactants increase, (1)
i.e. the position of equilibrium shifts to the left. (1)
ii) Deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
(3 marks)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the mixture will undergo a net backward reaction so as
to lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the backward reaction should be endothermic reaction / the reaction between carbon monoxide and
hydrogen should be an exothermic reaction. (1)
The sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen should be negative. (1)
41
d) Describe and explain what will happen to the rate of the reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen
when the pressure is increased by decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel. (3 marks)
Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel will cause the concentrations of the reactants to increase. (1)
The chance of collision between reactant particles increases and the frequency of effective collisions increases. (1)
Hence the rate of the reaction will increase. (1)
73 The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the following reaction is 5.00 mol dm–3 at 873 K.
COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g)
2.00 moles of COCl2(g) are introduced into an evacuated vessel of 4.00 dm3 kept at 873 K and allowed to
achieve equilibrium.
Part B
a) Calculate the percentage dissociation of COCl2(g) when equilibrium is achieved. (4 marks)
Let y% be the percentage dissociation of COCl2(g).
COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g)

2.00
mol dm–3 –3
Initial concentration 0 mol dm 0 mol dm–3
4.00
y y y
2.00 – 2.00 x 2.00 x 2.00 x
Equilibrium concentration 100 mol dm –3 100 mol dm –3 100 mol dm–3
4.00 4.00 4.00
(1)
y y
Kc = 5.00 mol dm –3
=
( 2.00 x
4.00
100
mol dm–3 )( y
2.00 x
4.00
100
)
mol dm–3
2.00 – 2.00 x
100 mol dm–3
4.00 (1)
Rearranging the equation gives
5.00 ( 200 – 2y
400 ) (
=
2y 2
400 )
y2 + 1 000 y – 100 000 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation gives two solutions:
y = 91.6 or – 1 092 (rejected) (2)
∴ the percentage dissociation of COCl2(g) is 91.6%.
42
b) While keeping the temperature of the system at 873 K, the volume of the reaction vessel is decreased.
State and explain the effect on
i) the position of equilibrium; (3 marks)
The pressure of the system will increase when the volume of the reaction vessel decreases. (1)
This will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
ii) the value of Kc. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
The value of Kc only changes with temperature. (1)
Part B
74 When heated, phosphorus pentachloride dissociates.
O –1
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ΔH = +93 kJ mol
3
At 227 °C, an equilibrium mixture in a 1.00 dm vessel contains 0.400 mole of PCl5(g), 0.108 mole of PCl3(g)
and 0.900 mole of Cl2(g).
a) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction at 227 °C. (3 marks)
[PCl3(g)][Cl2(g)]
Kc =
[PCl5(g)]
=
( 0.108
1.00
mol dm–3
)( 0.900
1.00
mol dm–3
)
0.400
mol dm–3
1.00 (1)
–3
= 0.243(1) mol dm (1)
b) i) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of adding more PCl5(g) at a constant temperature. Explain
your answer. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
The value of Kc does not change with concentration. / The value of Kc only changes with temperature. (1)
43
ii) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of increasing the temperature of the reaction vessel. Explain
your answer. (3 marks)
The value of Kc increases. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net reaction so as to lower the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. More PCl3(g) and Cl2(g)
are produced. (1)
So, the value of Kc increases.
c) In another experiment, a 1.00 dm3 reaction vessel is filled with 0.100 mole of PCl5(g), 0.100 mole of
PCl3(g) and 0.100 mole of Cl2(g) at 227 °C.
Part B
i) Calculate Qc of the system and decide whether the system is at equilibrium. (2 marks)
Qc =
( 0.100
1.00
mol dm–3
)( 0.100
1.00 )
mol dm–3
0.100
mol dm–3
1.00
= 0.100 mol dm–3 (1)
Qc ≠ Kc, thus the system is not at equilibrium. (1)
ii) If the system is not at equilibrium, in which direction will the net reaction proceed? Explain your
answer. (2 marks)
When Qc < Kc, the concentration of PCl3(g) and Cl2(g) will increase while that of PCl5(g) will decrease until
Qc = Kc. (1)
Thus a net forward reaction will occur. (1)
44
75 X(g) reacts with Y(g) reversibly to give Z(g). A mixture of X(g) and Y(g) is allowed to react in a closed container
of volume 1.0 dm3 kept at a constant temperature. The graph below shows the changes in concentrations
of X(g), Y(g) and Z(g) in the container with time.
(X, Y and Z do not represent symbols of elements.)

$PODFOUSBUJPO NPMENm
9 H
: H

Part B
; H

5JNF NJO
a) With reference to the above graph,
i) deduce the chemical equation for the reversible reaction between X(g), Y(g) and Z(g). (1 mark)
From the curve, it can be deduced that 3 moles of X(g) react with 1 mole of Y(g) to give 2 moles of Z(g).
The equation for the reaction is 3X(g) + Y(g) 2Z(g). (1)
ii) write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. (1 mark)
[Z(g)]2
Kc =
[X(g)]3[Y(g)] (1)
b) Compare the rate of the forward reaction and that of the backward reaction
i) at the 10th minute after X(g) and Y(g) are mixed. (1 mark)
At the 10th minute, the rate of forward reaction is greater than the rate of backward reaction. (1)
45
ii) at the 60th minute after X(g) and Y(g) are mixed. (1 mark)
(You are not required to perform any calculation.)
At the 60th minute, the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of backward reaction. (1)
c) If the mixture X(g) and Y(g) is allowed to react at the same temperature but in a closed container of
volume 0.5 dm3 instead,
i) will the rate of attainment of equilibrium remain the same? Explain. (3 marks)
The rate of attainment of equilibrium will increase. (1)
Decreasing the volume of the container will cause the concentration of the reactants to increase. (1)
Part B
ii) will the yield of Z(g) be the same? Explain. (3 marks)
The yield of Z(g) will increase. (1)
The pressure of the system will increase when the volume of the container decreases. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the side with a fewer number of moles of gas. (1)
More Z(g) will form.
76 Methoxymethane, CH3OCH3, is used as an environmentally friendly propellant in spray cans. It can be made
from methanol according to the following equation:
2CH3OH(g) CH3OCH3(g) + H2O(g) ΔH = –24 kJ
The equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction at 350 °C is 5.74.
a) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction. (1 mark)

[CH3OCH3(g)][H2O(g)]
Kc =
[CH3OH(g)]2 (1)
46
b) Calculate the value of Kc’, at 350 °C for the following reaction. (1 mark)
CH3OCH3(g) + H2O(g) 2CH3OH(g)

[CH3OH(g)]2
Kc’ =
1
=
Kc
1
=
5.74
= 0.174 (1)
c) A 1.00 dm3 vessel at 350 °C contains 0.500 mole of CH3OH(g), 0.100 mole of CH3OCH3(g) and 0.700
mole of H2O(g).
i) Calculate Qc of the system and decide whether the system is at equilibrium. (2 marks)
Qc =
[CH3OH(g)]2
( 0.100 mol
1.00 dm3 )( 0.700 mol
1.00 dm3 )
Part B
=
( )
2
0.500 mol
1.00 dm3
= 0.280 (1)
Qc ≠ Kc, thus the system is not at equilibrium. (1)
ii) If the system is not at equilibrium, in which direction will a net reaction proceed? Explain your
answer. (2 marks)
When Qc < Kc, the concentrations of CH3OCH3(g) and H2O(g) will increase while that of CH3OH(g) will decrease until
Qc = Kc. (1)
Thus, a net forward reaction will occur. (1)
d) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of equilibrium of the above
system. (3 marks)
As the backward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction, (1)
i.e. the position of equilibrium will shift to the left. (1)
47
e) State and explain the effect of an increase in pressure on the position of equilibrium of the above
system. (2 marks)
The number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation, (1)
so changing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium. (1)
f) In an experiment, methanol is pumped into an empty 20.0 dm3 reactor vessel. At equilibrium the vessel
contains 0.340 mole of methanol at 350 °C.
i) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of methanol at equilibrium. (1 mark)

0.340 mol
Concentration of methanol =
20.0 dm3
= 0.0170 mol dm–3 (1)
ii) Calculate the number of moles of methoxymethane present at equilibrium. (2 marks)

Part B
Let x mol dm–3 be the equilibrium concentration of CH3OCH3(g).
2CH3OH(g) CH3OCH3(g) + H2O(g)
–3
Equilibrium concentration 0.0170 mol dm x mol dm–3 x mol dm–3
–3 2
(x mol dm )
Kc = 5.74 =
(0.0170 mol dm–3)2
x = 0.0407 (1)
–3 3
Number of moles of CH3OCH3(g) = 0.0407 mol dm x 20.0 dm
= 0.814 mol (1)
iii) Calculate the number of moles of methanol initially pumped into the reaction vessel. (2 marks)
Number of moles of CH3OH(g) reacted = 2 x 0.814 mol
= 1.63 mol (1)
Number of moles of CH3OH(g) at equilibrium = 0.340 mol
Number of moles of CH3OH(g) initially = (1.63 + 0.340) mol
= 1.97 mol (1)
48
77 When hydrogen and iodine gases are allowed to react, an equilibrium is established according to the following
equation.
O
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH = –10 kJ
colourless purple colourless
A 2.00 dm3 container is filled with 0.0700 mole of H2(g) and 0.0600 mole of I2(g). Equilibrium is established
after 15.0 minutes when there is 0.0600 mole of HI(g) present.
a) Sketch and label the curves for changes in the concentrations of H2(g), I2(g) and HI(g) for the time interval
of 0 to 30.0 minutes. (3 marks)

Part B

<)* H
>
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>
<* H
>

5JNF NJO
b) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. (2 marks)

[HI(g)]2
Kc =
[H2(g)][I2(g)]
(0.0300 mol dm–3)2
=
(0.0200 mol dm–3)(0.0150 mol dm–3) (1)
= 3.00 (1)
c) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc’, for the following reaction. (1 mark)
2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)

[H2(g)][I2(g)]
Kc’ for this reaction =
[HI(g)]2
1
=
3.00
= 0.333 (1)
49
d) Explain the following observations when changes are made to an equilibrium mixture of H2(g), I2(g) and
HI(g).
Include reference to the equilibrium position and any other factors.
i) When the temperature is decreased, the purple colour becomes paler. (2 marks)
The purple colour becomes paler because the position of equilibrium shifts to the right. (1)
The forward reaction is exothermic.
When the temperature is decreased, the system will undergo a net forward reaction so as to raise the
temperature. (1)
ii) When the pressure is increased by decreasing the volume, the purple colour becomes deeper.
(3 marks)
Part B
The molecules are pushed closer together. / The concentration of I2(g) increases. (1)
Increasing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium, (1)
because the number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation. (1)
78 At high temperatures, nitrogen is oxidized by oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide in a reversible reaction as
shown in the equation below.
O
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) ΔH = +180 kJ
a) The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction is 5.00 x 10–3 at 3 000 °C.
What is the equilibrium constant, Kc’, for the following reaction at 3 000 °C?
4NO(g) 2N2(g) + 2O2(g) (2 marks)
Kc = 5.00 x 10–3
[NO(g)]2
=
[N2(g)][O2(g)]
2 2
Kc’ = [N2(g)] [O2(g)]
[NO(g)] 4 (1)
( )
2
1
= –3
5.00 x 10
= 4.00 x 104 (1)
50
b) The rate at which equilibrium is reached could be increased by increasing the pressure or temperature.
In each case explain why the rate increases.
i) Increasing the pressure (2 marks)
Increasing the pressure will cause the concentrations of the reactants to increase. (1)
ii) Increasing the temperature (2 marks)
The reactant particles have more energy and collide more often. (1)
A larger portion of the reactant have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. (1)
Part B
c) State and explain the effect of an increase in pressure and the effect of an increase in temperature, on
the yield of nitrogen monoxide.
i) Effect of an increase in pressure. (3 marks)
The yield of nitrogen monoxide does not change. (1)
The number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation. (1)
So, changing the pressure has no effect on the position of equilibrium. (1)
ii) Effect of an increase in temperature. (3 marks)
The yield of nitrogen monoxide increases. (1)
As the forward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
51
d) N2(g), O2(g) and NO(g) were mixed together and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations of the
gases were then measured at various times and the results plotted. At time t, a change was made to
the composition of the mixture.
/ H
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U 5JNF
i) What change was made to the mixture at time t? (1 mark)

Part B
Nitrogen was added. (1)
ii) Explain the changes that happen to the mixture after time t. (2 marks)
The concentration of NO(g) increased while those of N2(g) and O2(g) decreased.
It can be deduced that the position of equilibrium shifted to the right. (1)
A new state of equilibrium was attained (1)
when the concentrations of the substances become constant.
79 Chemists were investigating the production of a chemical, XY2(g), that can be formed from X2(g) and Y2(g)
as shown in the reaction below.
X2(g) + 2Y2(g) 2XY2(g)
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction, and deduce its units. (2 marks)
[XY2(g)]2
Kc =
[X2(g)][Y2(g)]2 (1)
3 –1
Units of Kc is dm mol . (1)
b) State and explain the effect of a decrease in pressure on
i) the position of equilibrium; (2 marks)
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
increase the pressure. (1)
52
ii) the rate of reaction. (3 marks)
Decreasing the pressure will cause the concentrations of the reactants to decrease. (1)
The chance of collision between reactant particles decreases and the frequency of effective collisions decreases. (1)
Hence the rate of reaction will decrease. (1)
c) The chemists measured the percentage conversion of X2(g) at various temperatures. The results are shown
in the graph below.

1FSDFOUBHFDPOWFSTJPOPG9 H

Part B

5FNQFSBUVSF $
i) Use the graph to predict the percentage conversion of X2(g) at 350 °C. (1 mark)
13.5% (1)
ii) Deduce from the graph whether the production of XY2(g) from X2(g) and Y2(g) is an exothermic or
an endothermic reaction. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
The production of XY2(g) from X2(g) and Y2(g) is an endothermic reaction. (1)
The percentage conversion of X2(g) increases with increasing temperature. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net forward reaction so as to
lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the production of XY2(g) (the forward reaction) should be an endothermic reaction.
53
d) The chemists decided to use a catalyst in the process. State the effect of using a catalyst on:
i) the rate of conversion of X2(g) and Y2(g) into XY2(g); (1 mark)
The rate of conversion increases. (1)
ii) the percentage conversion of X2(g) and Y2(g) into XY2(g) at equilibrium. (1 mark)
No change. (1)
80 Fe3+(aq) ions and SCN–(aq) ions react in solution to give a deep red [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq) ions.
Fe3+(aq) + SCN–(aq) [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq)

yellow-brown colourless deep red
a) A student makes changes to separate samples of the equilibrium mixture. The changes are listed in the
table below.
Part B
Complete the table by placing ticks in the appropriate boxes to indicate the effect of each change on
(1) the intensity of the red colour of the mixture; and
(2) the concentration of Fe3+(aq) ions
once a new state of equilibrium has been attained. (3 marks)
3+
(1) Intensity of the red colour of (2) Concentration of Fe (aq)
Change to the mixture compared with initial ions compared with initial
equilibrium mixture equilibrium equilibrium
less intense more intense decreases increases
(i) Adding 1 drop of FeCl3(aq) ✔ (0.5) ✔ (0.5)

(ii) Adding 1 drop of AgNO3(aq)
+
(Ag (aq) ions will form a ✔ (0.5) ✔ (0.5)
AgSCN precipitate)
(iii) Adding NH4Cl(s) (NH4Cl(s)
3+
reacts with Fe (aq) ions to ✔ (0.5) ✔ (0.5)
form complex ions)
54
b) The forward reaction is exothermic. The graph below shows the initial equilibrium concentration of the
ions. The temperature of the system is increased at t1.

'F BR
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4$/m BR
U U 5JNF
i) Sketch on the graph to show the expected variation in the concentrations until the attainment of a
new state of equilibrium at t2. (2 marks)
ii) Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Part B
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by lowering the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is exothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. (1)
3+ – 2+
Thus, the concentrations of Fe (aq) ions and SCN (aq) ions increase while that of [Fe(SCN)] (aq) ions decreases.
c) The following table lists the compositions of two equilibrium mixtures.
Fe3+(aq) SCN–(aq) [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq)
Concentration in equilibrium mixture 1 (mol dm–3) 3.91 x 10

–2
8.02 x 10
–5
9.22 x 10
–4
Concentration in equilibrium mixture 2 (mol dm–3) 6.27 x 10–3 3.65 x 10–4 ?
Calculate the concentration of [Fe(SCN)]2+(aq) ions in equilibrium mixture 2. (2 marks)

9.22 x 10–4 mol dm–3
Kc =
(3.91 x 10 mol dm–3)(8.02 x 10–5 mol dm–3)
–2
[[Fe(SCN)]2+(aq)]
=
(6.27 x 10–3 mol dm–3)(3.65 x 10–4 mol dm–3) (1)
2+ –4 –3
[[Fe(SCN)] (aq)] = 6.73 x 10 mol dm (1)
55
81 Under suitable conditions, the equilibrium represented below was established.
2CH4(g) 3H2(g) + C2H2(g) ΔHO = +377 kJ
The following graph shows the concentrations of the substances in the equilibrium mixture at a certain
temperature and pressure.
C
JJ

$) H

C
JJ
) H

Part B

$) H

U U
5JNF
a) i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. (1 mark)
[H2(g)]3[C2H2(g)]
Kc =
[CH4(g)]2 (1)
ii) With reference to the above graph, calculate Kc under the experimental conditions. (2 marks)
(1.20 mol dm–3)3(0.400 mol dm–3)
Kc =
(1.60 mol dm–3)2
= 0.270 (1) mol2 dm–6 (1)
56
b) At time t1, the concentration of CH4(g) was increased to 2.00 mol dm–3 and a new state of equilibrium
was established at t2.
i) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of each gas at time t2. (6 marks)
Let x mol dm–3 be the increase in concentration of C2H2(g) when a new state of equilibrium was established.
2CH4(g) 3H2(g) + C2H2(g)
Initial concentration 2.00 mol dm–3 1.20 mol dm–3 0.400 mol dm–3
New equilibrium concentration (2.00 – 2x) mol dm–3 (1.20 + 3x) mol dm–3 (0.400 + x) mol dm–3
–3 3
Kc = 0.270 mol2 dm–6 = ((1.20 + 3x) mol dm ) ((0.400 +–3 x) mol dm–3)
((2.00 – 2x) mol dm )2 (1)
27(0.400 + x)4
0.270 =
4(1.00 – x)2
(0.400 + x)4
0.0400 =
(1.00 – x)2
Part B
2
0.200 (1.00 – x) = (0.400 + x)
x2 + x – 0.0400 = 0
x = 0.0385 or –1.04 (rejected) (2)
∴ the equilibrium concentrations at time t2 are as follows:
–3
[CH4(g)] = (2.00 – 2 x 0.0385) mol dm
= 1.92 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
[H2(g)] = (1.20 + 3 x 0.0385) mol dm
= 1.32 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
[C2H2(g)] = (0.400 + 0.0385) mol dm
= 0.439 mol dm–3 (1)
ii) Sketch on the graph to show the changes in concentration of CH4(g) and H2(g). (2 marks)
57
c) Describe the conditions that would produce a high yield of hydrogen at equilibrium. Explain your
answers.
i) Temperature (3 marks)
A high temperature is required. (1)
When a high temperature is used, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase.
ii) Pressure (2 marks)

Part B
A low pressure is required. (1)
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
increase the pressure. (1)
d) A different equilibrium mixture was produced, starting from CH4(g) alone.
When 1.00 moles of CH4(g) were charged into a container of volume 0.250 dm3, it was found that the
equilibrium mixture formed contained 0.730 moles of CH4(g). Calculate the number of moles of H2(g)
and C2H2(g) present in this equilibrium mixture. (3 marks)
Number of moles of CH4(g) reacted = (1.00 – 0.730) mol
= 0.270 mol (1)

3
Number of moles of H2(g) in the equilibrium mixture = x 0.270 mol
2
= 0.405 mol (1)

0.270
Number of moles of C2H2(g) in the equilibrium mixture = mol
2
= 0.135 mol (1)
58
82 The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔHO = +206 kJ
a) Initially, 0.0600 mole of CH4(g), 0.0800 mole of H2O(g), 0.280 mole of CO(g) and 0.740 mole of H2(g) are
placed in a 4.00 dm3 container. At equilibrium, the concentration of H2(g) is 0.200 mol dm–3. Calculate
the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. (5 marks)
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

0.0600 0.0800 0.280 0.740
mol dm–3 mol dm–3 –3
Initial concentration mol dm mol dm–3
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
= 0.0150 mol dm–3 = 0.0200 mol dm–3 = 0.0700 mol dm–3 = 0.185 mol dm–3
As the concentration of H2(g) increased by 0.0150 mol dm–3 when equilibrium is reached, that of CO(g) would increase
–3
by 5.00 x 10 mol dm–3 while that of both CH4(g) and H2O(g) would decrease by 5.00 x 10–3 mol dm–3.
Species
CH4(g) H2O(g) CO(g) H2(g)
Part B
Initial concentration (mol dm–3) 0.0150 0.0200 0.0700 0.185
–3
Change in concentration (mol dm ) –0.00500 –0.00500 +0.00500 +0.0150 (2)
Equilibrium concentration (mol dm–3) 0.0100 0.0150 0.0750 0.200
3
[CO(g)][H2(g)]
Kc =
[CH4(g)][H2O(g)]
–3 –3 3
(0.0750 mol dm )(0.200 mol dm )
=
(0.0100 mol dm )(0.0150 mol dm–3)
–3 (1)
2 –6
= 4.00 (1) mol dm (1)
b) In another experiment, some methane and steam are placed in a closed container and allowed to react
at a fixed temperature. The following graph shows the changes in concentrations of methane and carbon
monoxide as the reaction proceeds.
) H
$PODFOUSBUJPO
$) H
$0 H

$0 H

5JNF
59
i) On the graph above, draw a line to show the change in concentration of hydrogen as the reaction
proceeds. Label this line. (1 mark)
ii) On the graph above, draw a line to show how the formation of carbon monoxide would differ over
time in the presence of a catalyst. Label this line. (1 mark)
c) A high temperature of over 1 000 °C is used in the production of hydrogen by this reaction.
i) Explain why a high temperature is needed to produce a high yield of hydrogen. (2 marks)
When a high temperature is used, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
ii) Give one disadvantage of using temperatures much higher than 1 000 °C. (1 mark)
The cost of energy is high. / The amount of energy used is high. (1)
Part B
d) State and explain how the overall pressure must be changed to increase the yield of hydrogen.
(2 marks)
Decrease the pressure. (1)
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to increase
the pressure. (1)
83 Dinitrogen tetroxide is a pale yellow gas. It exists in equilibrium with nitrogen dioxide, a dark brown gas.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
pale yellow dark brown
a) 0.400 mole of N2O4(g) is heated in a closed reaction vessel of volume 16.0 dm3. A state of equilibrium
is established at a constant temperature. The equilibrium mixture is found to contain 0.180 mole of
N2O4(g).
i) What is the number of moles of NO2(g) in the equilibrium mixture? (2 marks)
Number of moles of N2O4(g) reacted = (0.400 – 0.180) mol
= 0.220 mol (1)
Number of moles of NO2(g) in the equilibrium mixture = 2 x 0.220 mol
= 0.440 mol (1)
60
ii) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. (3 marks)
[NO2(g)]2
Kc =
[N2O4(g)]
=
( 0.440
16.0 )
mol dm–3 2
(1)
0.180
mol dm–3
16.0
= 0.0672 (1) mol dm–3 (1)
b) The diagram below shows a gas syringe containing a pale brown mixture of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) at
equilibrium at 25 °C.
SVCCFSDBQ
QMVOHFS " #
BNJYUVSFPG/0 H
BOE/0 H
Part B
i) Keeping the volume constant, the temperature is then raised to 35 °C. The brown colour becomes
more intense.
Is the forward reaction below exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) (3 marks)
The forward reaction is endothermic. (1)
When the temperature is increased, the brown colour becomes more intense because more NO2(g) is produced. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net forward reaction so as to
lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the forward reaction should be an endothermic reaction.
ii) Keeping the temperature at 35 °C, the plunger of the syringe is then pushed in so as to halve the
volume at time t.
(1) State and explain your expected observations. (5 marks)
The brown colour of the mixture becomes more intense for a moment (1)
and then gets paler gradually. (1)
When the volume of the syringe is halved, the concentration of NO2(g) doubles. (1)
A decrease in volume will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas.
61
The concentration of NO2(g) decreases, but not back to its concentration before time t. (1)
(2) Sketch on the given graph to show the expected variation in the concentration of NO2(g) in the
mixture until the attainment of a new state of equilibrium. (1 mark)
</0 H
>
Part B
U 5JNF
84 The dissociation of NH4HS(s) can be represented by the following equation:
NH4HS(s) NH3(g) + H2S(g) ΔH > 0
0.700 mole of NH4HS(s) is introduced into an evacuated vessel of 2.00 dm3 kept at 310 K. When equilibrium
is attained, 1.00% of the NH4HS(s) is found to have dissociated.
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the dissociation of NH4HS(s). (1 mark)
Kc = [NH3(g)][H2S(g)] (1)
b) Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the dissociation at 310 K. (3 marks)
Number of moles of NH4HS(s) dissociated = 0.700 mol x 1.00%
–3
= 7.00 x 10 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of NH4HS(s) dissociates to give 1 mole of NH3(g) and 1 mole of H2S(g),
–3
7.00 x 10 mole of NH4HS(s) has dissociated.
∴ number of mole of NH3(g) formed = number of moles of H2S(g) formed
–3
= 7.00 x 10 mol (1)
Kc = [NH3(g)][H2S(g)]
=
( 7.00 x 10–3
2.00
mol dm
–3
)( 7.00 x 10–3
2.00
mol dm
–3
)
= 1.23 x 10–5 (1) mol2 dm–6 (1)
62
c) If more NH4HS(s) is added to the equilibrium system at 310 K, will the equilibrium concentration of NH3(g)
change? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
The equilibrium constant depends only on temperature. Adding NH4HS(s) will not affect the equilibrium concentration of
NH3(g). (1)
d) What will happen to the percentage dissociation of NH4HS(s) if the temperature of the above equilibrium
system is increased? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by lowering the temperature. (1)
Part B
As the dissociation of NH4HS(s) is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, the percentage dissociation of NH4HS(s) will increase. (1)
85 Part of the process by which coal can be converted into a combustible mixture of gases involves passing
steam over white hot coke.
H2O(g) + C(s) H2(g) + CO(g) ΔH = +131 kJ
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. State the units of Kc. (2 marks)
[H2(g)][CO(g)]
Kc =
[H2O(g)] (1)
–3
Units of Kc : mol dm (1)
b) At 1 000 K, the value of Kc for the reaction is 3.00 x 10–2.
In an experiment, 6.00 moles of steam and an excess of solid carbon are heated in a 5.00 dm3 container.
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of H2O(g), H2(g) and CO(g). (5 marks)
Let x mol dm–3 be the decrease in the concentration of H2O(g) when equilibrium is reached.
H2O(g) + C(s) H2(g) + CO(g)

6.00
mol dm–3 –3
Initial concentration 0 mol dm 0 mol dm–3
5.00
= 1.20 mol dm–3
Equilibrium concentration (1.20 – x) mol dm–3 x mol dm–3 x mol dm–3

–3 2
(x mol dm )
Kc = 3.00 x 10–2 mol dm–3 =
(1.20 – x) mol dm–3 (1)
63
3.00 x 10–2 (1.20 – x) = x2
x2 + 0.0300 x – 0.0360 = 0
x = 0.175 or –2.05 (rejected) (2)
–3
i.e. the decrease in the concentration of H2O(g) is 0.175 mol dm .
The equilibrium concentrations are as follows:
[H2O(g)] = (1.20 – 0.175) mol dm–3
= 1.03 mol dm–3 (1)
[H2(g)] = [CO(g)]
–3
= 0.175 mol dm (1)
Part B
c) State and explain how the amount of steam in the equilibrium mixture would change if there is an
increase in
i) the pressure; (3 marks)
The amount of steam will increase. (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decrease the number of moles of gas. This helps to
reduce the pressure. (1)
ii) the temperature. (3 marks)
The amount of steam will decrease. (1)
As the forward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
64
86 A crucial reaction in the manufacture of sulphuric acid involves the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur
trioxide by oxygen in the air.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = –197 kJ
A catalyst is used in the process.
a) Name the catalyst used in the process. (1 mark)
Vanadium(V) oxide (1)
b) The high yield is only achieved under certain conditions. After each condition, explain why it leads to an
increased yield of sulphur trioxide.
i) There needs to be an excess of air in the reacting gas mixture. (2 marks)
An excess of air is needed to provide excess oxygen (1)
to drive the position of equilibrium to the right (1)
so that a high yield of sulphur trioxide can be obtained.
Part B
ii) The catalyst needs to be cooled. (3 marks)
When the temperature is decreased, the system will respond by raising the temperature. (1)
As the forward reaction is exothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. (1)
Thus, a high yield of sulphur trioxide can be obtained.
Also the catalyst gets heated up and a high temperature may denature the catalyst. (1)
c) In an experiment, a mixture of 1.59 moles of sulphur dioxide and 0.855 mole of oxygen is introduced to
a 30.0 dm3 container at 800 K. When equilibrium is reached, it is found that 94.3% of sulphur dioxide
is converted to sulphur trioxide.
Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, at 800 K. (4 marks)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
According to the equation, 2 moles of SO2(g) react with 1 mole of O2(g) to give 2 moles of SO3(g). As 94.3% of SO2(g)
is converted to SO3(g), the amount of SO2(g) would decrease by (1.59 x 0.943) mole and that of O2(g) would decrease
by ( 1.59 x 0.943
2 )
mole; the amount of SO3(g) would increase by (1.59 x 0.943) mole.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Equilibrium 1.59 x 0.943
concentration ( 1.59 – 1.59 x 0.943

30.0 )
mol dm–3 ( 0.855 –
30.0
2
) mol dm–3 ( 1.59 x 0.943
30.0 ) mol dm–3
= 3.02 x 10–3 mol dm–3 = 3.51 x 10–3 mol dm–3 = 0.0500 mol dm–3 (1)
65
(0.0500 mol dm–3)2
Kc =
(3.02 x 10 –3
mol dm–3)2(3.51 x 10–3 mol dm–3) (1)
4 3 –1
= 7.81 x 10 (1) dm mol (1)
Part B
87 Consider the following equations which show reversible reactions.
Reaction 1 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔHO = –900 kJ
Reaction 2 CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔHO = –91 kJ
a) In industry these reactions are carried out in the presence of catalysts. A platinum catalyst is used in
Reaction 1 and copper catalyst is used in Reaction 2.
State and explain the effect on the yield of a reaction when a catalyst is used. (2 marks)
No effect. (1)
b) State and explain which of the above reactions will give an increase in the yield of product(s) when the
pressure is increased at a constant temperature. (3 marks)
Reaction 2 (1)
the pressure. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the side of the equation with a fewer number of moles of gas, i.e. the product
side of Reaction 2. (1)
Thus, the yield of the product in Reaction 2 will increase.
66
c) State and explain the effect on the yield of NO(g) when the temperature is increased in Reaction 1 at a
constant pressure. (3 marks)
As the backward reaction is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. (1)
Thus, the yield of NO(g) will decrease. (1)
d) i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for Reaction 2. State the units of Kc. (2 marks)
[CH3OH(g)]
Kc =
[CO(g)][H2(g)]2 (1)
6 –2
Units of Kc : dm mol (1)
ii) The numerical value for the equilibrium constant, Kc, of Reaction 2 is 14.5 at 500 K. At equilibrium
the concentrations of CO(g) and H2(g) are 0.120 and 0.0953 mol dm–3 respectively. Calculate the
equilibrium concentration of CH3OH(g). (2 marks)
[CH3OH(g)]
Kc = 14.5 dm6 mol–2 =
Part B
(0.120 mol dm–3)(0.0953 mol dm–3)2 (1)
–3
[CH3OH(g)] = 0.0158 mol dm (1)
iii) What does the size of the equilibrium constant, Kc, tell you about the position of equilibrium for
Reaction 2? (1 mark)
The position of equilibrium lies to the product side. (1)
88 In the Haber process, ammonia is synthesized by the exothermic reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The table shows the percentage yield of ammonia, under different conditions of pressure and temperature,
when the reaction has reached equilibrium.
Temperature (K) 600 800 1 000
% yield of ammonia at 100 atm 50 10 2
a) i) Explain why, at a given temperature, the percentage yield of ammonia increases with an increase in
pressure. (2 marks)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
Thus, the percentage yield of ammonia increases.
67
ii) Give a reason why a high pressure of 500 atmospheres is NOT normally used in the Haber process.
(1 mark)
Too expensive to generate. / The cost of building and running the plant is too high. (1)
b) Many industrial ammonia plants operate at a compromise temperature of about 723 K.
i) State one advantage, other than cost, of using a temperature lower than 723 K. Explain your
answer. (3 marks)
The yield of ammonia increases. (1)
Part B
ii) State the major advanatge of using a temperature higher than 723 K. (1 mark)
The rate of production of ammonia is higher. (1)
iii) Hence explain why 723 K is referred to as a compromise temperature. (1 mark)
723 K is a balance between rate and yield. (1)
c) In a simulation of the process, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is placed in a closed container. The
initial concentrations of nitrogen and hydrogen are 0.500 mol dm–3 and 1.50 mol dm–3 respectively. When
the equilibrium is attained at 723 K, 25.0% of the original nitrogen are consumed.
i) Calculate the respective concentrations of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia in the equilibrium
mixture. (3 marks)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole of N2(g) reacts with 3 moles of H2(g) to give 2 moles of NH3(g).
–3
As 25.0% of N2(g) are consumed, therefore the concentration of N2(g) decreases by (0.500 x 0.250) mol dm , that
–3 –3
of H2(g) decreases by (3 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm and that of NH3(g) increases by (2 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm .
–3
Equilibrium concentration of N2(g) = (0.500 – 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
= 0.375 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
Equilibrium concentration of H2(g) = (1.50 – 3 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
= 1.13 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
Equilibrium concentration of NH3(g) = (2 x 0.500 x 0.250) mol dm
= 0.250 mol dm–3 (1)
68
ii) Calculate Kc for the reaction at 723 K. (3 marks)
(0.250 mol dm–3)2
Kc =
(0.375 mol dm–3)(1.13 mol dm–3)3 (1)
6 –2
= 0.116 (1) dm mol (1)
89 In the Contact process, sulphur dioxide is catalytically oxidized to sulphur trioxide according to the
equation:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH < 0
The following table summarizes several possible conditions for the preparation of sulphur trioxide:
Conditions
Case
Part B
Reactants Pressure (atm) Temperature (°C)
A SO2(g) + excess O2(g) 500 400
B excess SO2(g) + O2(g) 500 1 000
C excess SO2(g) + air 1 1 000
D SO2(g) + excess air 1 400
Which of the cases would represent
a) the theoretical conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of sulphur trioxide? Explain your answer.
(5 marks)
Case A (1)
the pressure. (1)
Thus, a high pressure will increase the yield of SO3(g).
Thus, a low temperature will increase the yield of SO3(g).
69
b) the most economical conditions for the industrial preparation of sulphur trioxide? Explain your answer.
(4 marks)
Case D (1)
Air is readily available and cheap. (1)
At lower pressure, the cost of building and running the plant is lower. (1)
At lower temperature, the cost of energy is lower / less fuel is required. (1)
90 Ethanol is manufactured by catalytic hydration of ethene:
CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g)
a) The reaction represented by the above equation can reach a position of dynamic equilibrium. State TWO
features of a system that is in dynamic equilibrium. (2 marks)
Part B
Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction (1)
Concentration of the reactants and product remain constant. (1)
b) In a simulation study of the manufacturing process, 0.900 mole of ethene and 0.600 mole of steam are
mixed in a closed container of volume 1.20 dm3. When equilibrium is attained, 5.00% of the ethene are
converted into ethanol.
Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, under the above conditions. (4 marks)
According to the equation, 1 mole of CH2=CH2(g) reacts with 1 mole of H2O(g) to give 1 mole of CH3CH2OH(g).
As 5.00% of CH2=CH2(g) are converted to CH3CH2OH(g), the amounts of both CH2=CH2(g) and H2O(g) would decrease
by (0.900 x 0.0500) mole while that of CH3CH2OH(g) would increase by (0.900 x 0.0500) mole.

Equilibrium
concentration ( 0.900 – 0.900 x 0.0500

1.20 ) mol dm–3 ( 0.600 – 0.900 x 0.0500
1.20 ) mol dm–3 ( 0.900 x 0.0500
1.20 ) mol dm–3
= 0.713 mol dm–3 = 0.463 mol dm–3 = 0.0375 mol dm–3 (1)
–3
(0.0375 mol dm )
Kc =
(0.713 mol dm )(0.463 mol dm–3)
–3
(1)
3 –1
= 0.114 (1) dm mol (1)
70
c) The following table lists the percentage conversion of ethene using excess steam at various reaction
conditions used in industry.
Pressure (atm) Temperature (°C) Percentage conversion (%)
50 200 45
50 320 30
80 200 60
80 320 45
Part B
i) State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the percentage conversion. (3 marks)
The percentage conversion increases with pressure. (1)
An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to
The position of equilibrium will shift to the side of the equation with a fewer number of moles of gas, i.e. shift to
the right. (1)
ii) Deduce the sign of the enthalpy change for the forward reaction. Explain your answer. (3 marks)
When the temperature is increased, the percentage conversion decreases. (1)
It can be deduced that when the temperature is increased, the system will undergo a net backward reaction so as
to lower the temperature. (1)
Hence the backward reaction should be an endothermic reaction / the forward reaction should be an exothermic
reaction.
The sign of the enthalpy change for the forward reaction should be negative. (1)
71
iii) The equation for the formation of ethanol shows that equal numbers of moles of ethene and steam
are required. In industry however excess steam is used.
Suggest why excess steam in used. (1 mark)
Using excess steam will shift the position of equilibrium to the right. (1)
91 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Chlorine for disinfection

Chlorine is used in water treatment for disinfection.
When chlorine is added to pure water, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) are formed.
Part B
Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
The principal disinfecting action of aqueous chlorine is due to the hypochlorous acid formed.
Hypochlorous acid dissociated into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions.

+ –
HOCl(aq) H (aq) + OCl (aq)
The concentrations of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions in chlorinated water depend on the pH of the
water.
Instead of using chlorine gas, some plants apply sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to water. Sodium
hypochlorite completely dissociates in water to form sodium ions and hypochlorite ions. In solution, the
hypochlorite ions hydrolyze to form the disinfectant hypochlorous acid according to the following equation:
–
OCl (aq) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) + OH–(aq)
a) State Le Chatelier’s principle. (2 marks)
Le Chatelier’s principle states that if the conditions of a system in equilibrium is changed, the position of equilibrium
will shift (1)
so as to reduce that change. (1)
72
b) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain how the pH of the chlorinated water will affect the concentrations
of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions in the water. (4 marks)
Decreasing the pH of the chlorinated water means increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
The system will respond by reducing this change. (1)
More hypochlorous acid will form. (1)
OR
Increasing the pH of the chlorinated water means decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
The system will respond by reducing this change. (1)
The position of equilibrium will shift to the right. (1)
More hypochlorite ions will form. (1)
c) Suppose the equilibrium constant for the following reaction is K1.
Part B
OCl–(aq) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) + OH–(aq)
What is the equilibrium constant K2 for the following reaction?
2HOCl(aq) + 2OH–(aq) 2OCl–(aq) + 2H2O(l) (2 marks)

–
[HOCl(aq)][OH (aq)]
K1 =
[OCl–(aq)][H2O(l)] (1)
[OCl–(aq)]2[H2O(l)]2
K2 =
[HOCl(aq)]2[OH–(aq)]2
1
= 2
K1 (1)
d) The hypochlorous acid produced in a solution of sodium hypochlorite can react further to produce small
amount of chlorine according to the following equation:
HOCl(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Cl2(g) + H2O(l)
What will happen to the concentration of chlorine if a little sodium hydroxide solution is added to a
sodium hypochlorite solution? Explain your answer. (4 marks)
When sodium hydroxide solution is added, the hydroxide ions react with the hydrogen ions to form water. (1)
Thus, the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases. (1)
The system responds by reducing this change.
A net backward reaction occurs to produce more hydrogen ions. (1)
Thus, the concentration of chlorine will decrease. (1)
73
92 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Carbon dioxide and formation of stalactites and stalagmites in limestone caves

In addition to being a component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide also dissolves in the water of the oceans.
The dissolving process can be described by the following equations:
CO2(g) CO2(aq) ...... equation (1)
H (aq) + HCO3–(aq) ...... equation (2)

+
CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
In nature, surface water often becomes acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in it. This acidic
solution can dissolve limestone:
Ca (aq) + 2HCO3–(aq) ...... equation (3)

2+
CaCO3(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
Openings formed in the limestone as the calcium carbonate dissolves.

Part B
Slight cooling of the water saturated with carbon dioxide can reduce the solubility of carbon dioxide. The
position of equilibrium shifts, resulting in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. This precipitate, the stalactite,
is formed immediately when the seeping water comes into contact with air currents in a cave. Stalagmites
are formed on the floors of caves in the same way.
a) Suggest why the balance between CO2(g) in the atmosphere and CO2(aq) in the oceans CANNOT be
regarded as a true dynamic equilibrium. (1 mark)
The system is not closed. (1)
b) Based on equations (1) and (2), explain the likely effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric
carbon dioxide on the pH of water at the ocean surface. (5 marks)
When the concentration of CO2(g) increases, the system responds by reducing the change. (1)
The position of equilibrium of the first system will shift to the right. (1)
The concentration of CO2(aq) will increase. (1)
When the concentration of CO2(aq) increases, the position of equilibrium of the second system will shift to the right.
The concentration of hydrogen ions will increase. (1)
Thus, the pH of the water at the ocean surface will decrease. (1)
74
c) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why slight cooling of the water saturated with carbon dioxide will
result in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. (3 marks)
Slight cooling of the water saturated with carbon dioxide can reduce the solubility of carbon dioxide.
Some carbon dioxide bubbles out of the solution and the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases. (1)
The system responds by reducing the change. (1)
The position of equilibrium of the system represented by equation (3) shifts to the left, (1)
Part B
resulting in the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
75
93 Ethanoic acid and ethanol react to form ethyl ethanoate and water in the presence of concentrated sulphuric
acid.
CH3COOH(l) + CH3CH2OH(l) CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l)
Describe briefly how you can carry out an experiment to determine the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the
esterification reation. Suggest also how you can calculate Kc from the experimental results obtained. (No
actual calculation is required.)
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.) (9 marks)
Mix equal number of moles of ethanoic acid and ethanol in a pear-shaped flask.
3 3
Withdraw 1.00 cm of this mixture and add to a conical flask containing 25 cm of distilled water. (0.5)
3
Titrate the contents of the conical flask against standard sodium hydroxide solution. V1 cm of the alkali are required to
reach the end point. (0.5)
Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to the acid-alcohol mixture in the pear-shaped flask. (0.5)
Part B
3 3
Titrate 1.00 cm of the resulting mixture against standard sodium hydroxide solution. V2 cm of the alkali are required to
reach the end point. (0.5)
Heat the mixture in the pear-shaped flask under reflux for 2 hours. After cooling, withdraw 1.00 cm3 of the mixture
and (0.5)
3
titrate against standard sodium hydroxide solution. Vf cm of the alkali are required to reach the end point. (0.5)
The concentration of CH3COOH(l) in the original mixture (Xi) can be obtained from V1 and the concentration of
NaOH(aq). (0.5)
The concentration of CH3COOH(l) in the mixture after reflux (Xf) can be obtained from [Vf – (V2 – V1)] and the concentration
of NaOH(aq). (0.5)
Change in concentration of CH3COOH(l) = Xf – Xi
According to the equation, 1 mole of CH3COOH(l) reacts with 1 mole of CH3CH2OH(l) to give 1 mole of CH3COOCH2CH3(l)
and H2O(l).
The concentrations of substances in the mixture after reflux are as follows:
[CH3CH2OH(l)] = Xf
[CH3COOCH2CH3(l)] = [H2O(l)] = Xf – Xi
[CH3COOCH2CH3(l)][H2O(l)]
Equilibrium constant (Kc) =
[CH3COOH(l)][CH3CH2OH(l)] (1)
2
(Xf – Xi)
=
Xf 2
(1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
76
94 The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction:
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ΔHO = +206 kJ
Discuss how the yield of hydrogen in the process is affected by changing the pressure, changing the temperature
and using a catalyst.
(For this question, you are required to give answers in paragraph form.) (9 marks)
• An increase in pressure will bring about a net reaction that decreases the number of moles of gas. This helps to reduce
the pressure. (1)
A net backward reaction will occur. Thus, the yield of hydrogen will decrease. (1)
OR
A decrease in pressure will bring about a net reaction that increases the number of moles of gas. This helps to increase
the pressure. (1)
Part B
A net forward reaction will occur. Thus, the yield of hydrogen will increase. (1)
• When the temperature is increased, the system will respond by reducing the temperature. (1)
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net forward reaction. Thus, the yield of
hydrogen will increase. (1)
OR
As the production of hydrogen is endothermic, the system will undergo a net backward reaction. Thus, the yield of
hydrogen will decrease. (1)
• The yield of hydrogen is not affected by a catalyst. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
77

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Topic 11 Chemical Equilibrium

Part A Unit-based exercise

Unit 39 An introduction to 5 The direction in which a net reaction will proceed

a) When Qc < Kc, a net forward reaction

2SO3(g) 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

16 What are the changes in the rate of the forward

A X(g) Y(g) + 2Z(g) Kc[H2O(g)]

29 Which of the following graphs shows how the

A 0.218 dm3 mol–1

In an experiment, 4.00 moles of NO(g) and 0.900

Equal volumes of two 1.00 mol dm–3 solutions of

32 What is the equilibrium concentration of

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) Kc = 4.50 Reaction Direction

the system proceeds towards equilibrium?

Kc. C (1) and (3) only

a) a net forward reaction will occur;

b) the position of equilibrium will shift to the

side of the equation with a fewer number the concentration of a reactant in an

Multiple choice questions 21 Consider the following equilibrium system:

2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

A Adding O2(g) A solution of Ba(NO3)2 is added, and a BaCrO4

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

5JNF 5JNF reactions change when the volume of the reaction

C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) A Increases increases

A To the left increases 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

FeO(s) + H2(g) Fe(s) + H2O(g)

D CO(g) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CO2(g) D

37 The value of equilibrium constant for a gaseous

A a catalyst is used. Equilibrium yield of H2(g) Reaction rate

A Low pressure and low temperature

C High pressure and high temperature

A Lower higher lower Experiment 2: Experiment 1 was repeated, but

Amount Amount Amount

B C2H6(g) C2H4(g) + H2(g) ΔH > 0

52 Phosgene (COCl2(g)) is manufactured by passing

concentration changes at time t? CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g) ΔH < 0

B Removal of H2(g) favour the formation of phosgene?

D Decrease temperature, increase volume C

50 Which of the following graphs represents the rate

of the forward reaction when the temperature of

D Decreasing the temperature B

58 Consider the following equilibrium system:

(1) Adding NaCl(aq)

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH < 0 59 Consider the following equilibrium system:

C (1), (2) and (3) only

C (2) and (3) only this equilibrium system:

61 For which of the following equilibrium systems

(1) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(3) HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

62 The following reaction reaches equilibrium in a (1) A change in temperature

1st statement 2nd statement

67 At a constant temperature, increasing the Increasing the concentration of a reactant C

Multiple choice questions

C D A 2.32 x 10–3 mol dm–3

D 8.70 x 10–2 mol dm–3 A

11 An equal number of moles of steam and chlorine

A 5.50 moles. A A net forward reaction occurs because Qc <

24 Tooth enamel, Ca 5(PO 4) 3OH, establishes the

Which of the following, when added to the

27 Which of the following graphs represents how U 5JNF

B Decreasing the temperature

Equilibrium yield Reaction rate